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a multiplex single nucleotide polymorphism typing assay for detecting mutations that result in decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has become a major problem for the successful therapy of human infections caused by salmonella enterica, especially the life-threatening typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.201020511368
conjugate vaccines for enteric fever: proceedings of a meeting organized in new delhi, india in 2009.enteric fever is responsible for significant morbidity in south asia and high prevalence of severe disease is seen in children under two years of age. effective typhoid vaccines are available, but they cannot be used for children under two years of age and also have some limitations in older age groups. participants supported development of a salmonella typhi conjugate vaccine able to induce effective, long-lasting immunity in young children. the role of salmonella paratyphi a as a cause of ente ...201020601795
enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view.enteric fever continues to be an important infection among populations in endemic countries and among travelers to these areas. this review aims to describe recent epidemiological trends and developments in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.201020613510
an uncommon complication of salmonella paratyphi a infection. 201020645547
the original blood group pioneers: the hirszfelds.ludwik hirszfeld, together with his wife hanka, was the first to study the blood groups in large numbers of subjects (soldiers) during world war i at the macedonian front. they found significant differences in the distribution of the abo blood groups, that is, type a was more common in soldiers from north central europe, whereas type b was more common in those from eastern europe. their data were later (in the 1920s and 1930s) misused by german nationalists to support the concept of aryan suprem ...201020656191
antibacterial effects of goat and chicken heart tissues against human pathogenic bacteria.the crude buffer (tris buffer saline-i) extracts of muscles, liver, kidney and heart of goat and chicken (white leghorn) were screened against 16 clinical isolates. among the five tissues, the heart tissue of each animal showed significant bactericidal activities on many isolates. the acid extracted crude proteins of both heart tissues also showed significant antibacterial activities against many bacterial isolates. the crude proteins of goat heart tissues displayed strong bactericidal activitie ...201020726340
an outbreak of salmonella paratyphi a in a boarding school: a community-acquired enteric fever and carriage investigation.salmonella paratyphi a (spa) is rapidly becoming a common cause of enteric fever in south east asia. a large outbreak of spa occurred in a boarding middle school in china in 2004. there were 394 suspected cases; 95·5% were students. the highest incidence was in the youngest children (7th grade). forty-four of 151 (29%) blood cultures and 4/54 (7·4%) rectal swabs were positive for spa; three were from kitchen workers. the geometric mean levels of serum igg anti-lipopolysaccharide (anti-lps) from ...201020800009
trends and disease burden of enteric fever in guangxi province, china, 1994-2004.to determine the burden of enteric fever through trends in morbidity and mortality, bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance in guangxi, a southern, subtropical, coastal province of china with a disproportionally large burden of enteric fever.201020865074
emerging salmonella paratyphi a enteric fever and changing trends in antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella in shimla.this retrospective study incorporates a six years, six months (january 2000-june 2006) laboratory data comprising 258 isolates of salmonella. cultures were identified by standard methods. salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s.typhi) was the more frequent serotype isolated i.e., 61.62% with the remaining 38.37% being salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a). there was emergence of s. paratyphi a as the predominant serotype in 2003-2004 with resurgence of serotype typhi thereon. a ...201020061765
chronic subdural empyema and cranial vault osteomyelitis due to salmonella paratyphi a.intracranial infections, especially subdural empyema, due to salmonella are rare. subdural empyema caused by salmonella paratyphi a has been documented only once earlier in the literature. hence, we report a case of subdural empyema and osteomyelitis of cranial vault due to s. paratyphi a. a 42- year-old male presented with headache and purulent discharge from right parietal burr hole wound site. patient gave a history of head injury two years ago. he underwent burr hole evacuation of chronic su ...201020061768
conservative management of isolated splenic abscess in children.isolated splenic abscesses (sas) are rare in children. we report a single-center experience with emphasis on their diagnosis, etiology, treatment, and outcome.201020152354
disseminated salmonella paratyphi infection in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with infliximab.anti-tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha treatments are immunosuppressant and represent an important risk factor for developing infections. we report a case of salmonella paratyphi bacteraemia associated with soft tissue infection in a patient who used infliximab and had recently travelled to india. this case report provides supporting evidence, essentially based only on case reports, that patients receiving anti-tnf-alpha treatments have an increased susceptibility to salmonella infections, whic ...201019723134
bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis complicating salmonella paratyphi a infection.patients with enteric fever frequently develop neurological complications during their illness. among them, majority has encephalopathy, but focal deficits or peripheral nervous involvements are occasionally encountered. we describe a young woman who developed a neurological syndrome consistent with bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, with symptoms and signs including convulsion, impaired consciousness, external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, bulbar palsy and pyramidal signs, following salmonella pa ...201121232772
prevalence of multiple drug resistance and screening of enterotoxin (stn) gene in salmonella enterica serovars from water sources in lagos, nigeria.to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and carriage of enterotoxin (stn) gene among strains of salmonella isolated from water sources in lagos.201121277605
frequency of salmonella detection in a broiler flock depending on different litter materials--a field study.during the fattening period of a broiler flock four different litter materials (peat, chopped straw, shavings, silage) were tested simultaneously.the separated sections were tested for the presence of salmonella bacteria using the sock-sampling method as described in the regulation ec no. 646/2007 with slight modifications in the sampling technique and the laboratory protocol. in addition, some chemical and physical parameters regarding litter quality and house climate were analysed. samples wer ...201121306057
an assessment of potential public health risk associated with the extended survival of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in freshwater lake sediments.microcosm studies were performed to evaluate the survival of escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and vibrio parahaemolyticus in water and sediment collected from the freshwater region of vembanad lake (9'35 °n 76'25 °e) along the south west coast of india. all three test microorganisms showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher survival in sediment compared to overlying water. the survival in different sediment types with different particle size and organic carbon content revealed that sediment w ...201121316302
cell-associated flagella enhance the protection conferred by mucosally-administered attenuated salmonella paratyphi a vaccines.antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a, the agent of paratyphoid a fever, poses an emerging public health dilemma in endemic areas of asia and among travelers, as there is no licensed vaccine. integral to our efforts to develop a s. paratyphi a vaccine, we addressed the role of flagella as a potential protective antigen by comparing cell-associated flagella with exported flagellin subunits expressed by attenuated strains.201122069504
Epididymo-orchitis: An unusual manifestation of salmonellosis.Salmonellosis continues to be a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. The formation of focal abscesses may occur following either hematogenous or lymphatic spread. There are large number of serious and life-threatening clinical manifestations of Salmonella spp., ranging from osteomyelitis to infective endocarditis and meningitis. However, even though Salmonella epidydimo-orchitis is a relatively rare clinical manifestion, it can present, most often in male babies and a ...201122138654
antibacterial effect and cytotoxicity of beta-1,3-1, 4-glucanase from endophytic bacillus subtilis swb8.we studied the antibiotic activity and selective cytotoxicity of beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from endophytic bacillus subtilis swb8.201122260051
combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission.typhoid is a systemic infection caused by salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a, human-restricted bacteria that are transmitted faeco-orally. salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi a are clonal, and their limited genetic diversity has precluded the identification of long-term transmission networks in areas with a high disease burden. to improve our understanding of typhoid transmission we have taken a novel approach, performing a longitudinal spatial case-control study for typhoid in nepal, com ...201122645647
phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of two bangladeshi medicinal plants.the objectives of the present study were to investigate phytochemical screening and to assay cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of two medicinal plants, aglaonema hookerianum schott (family: araceae) and lannea grandis engl. (family: anacardiaceae) available in bangladesh. the brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that the ethanolic extracts of aglaonema hookerianum and lannea grandis possessed cytotoxic activities with lc50 5.25 (microg ml(-1)) and 5.75 ( ...201122518935
evaluation of the current trend of nalidixic acid susceptibility in typhoidal salmonellae; a marker of therapeutic failure for the fluoroquinolones.typhoid is a major health problem faced by the developing countries like pakistan. more than 20 million cases are reported annually worldwide. currently fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice to treat typhoid fever. in vivo resistance to fluoroquinolones leading to therapeutic failure is developing rapidly and is becoming a major concern for the clinicians. the objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity pattern of nalidixic acid over the last four years201122347587
testicular abscess caused by salmonella para-typhi.this case is the first report of a bacteriologically proven testicular abscess in a child caused by salmonella paratyphi 'a' in pakistan that clinically simulates a testicular tumour. the case also emphasises that a course of 2 weeks antibiotic is sufficient for testicular abscess if complete surgical debridement is done.201123272459
small bowel perforation secondary to enteric salmonella paratyphi a infection.a patient of pakistani-origin was admitted to bradford royal infirmary, uk, following a 3-week history of cough, headache and general malaise. he had recently spent 10 weeks in pakistan and on return had been diagnosed in the community with swine flu. he developed abdominal pain and diarrhoea in the week prior to admission, and presented to hospital with fever, tachycardia and raised inflammatory markers. he deteriorated rapidly, developing signs of peritonism and salmonella paratyphi a was grow ...201122696633
occurrence & antibiogram of salmonella typhi & s. paratyphi a isolated from rourkela, orissa.background & objectives : almost round-the-year occurrence of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a has been noticed in rourkela since last 13 and five years respectively. the incidence of infection along with the antibiogram of these two serotypes in this area were carried out. methods: the study was carried out at ispat general hospital, rourkela, india, between january 2005 and december 2008 with 5340 blood samples collected from patients with suspected enteric fever and pyrexia of unkn ...201121537098
comprehensive analysis of salmonella sequence polymorphisms and development of a ldr-ua assay for the detection and characterization of selected serotypes.salmonella is a major cause of food-borne disease, and salmonella enterica subspecies i includes the most clinically relevant serotypes. salmonella serotype determination is important for the disease etiology assessment and contamination source tracking. this task will be facilitated by the disclosure of salmonella serotype sequence polymorphisms, here annotated in seven genes (sefa, safa, safc, biga, inva, fima, and phsb) from 139 s. enterica strains, of which 109 belonging to 44 serotypes of s ...201121611799
isolation of salmonella paratyphi a from a female with diabetic foot ulcer. 201121623125
in vitro activity of azithromycin in salmonella isolates from pakistan.enteric fever is caused by salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a, b and c. it is a significant public health issue in pakistan, which is exacerbated by a high level of resistance some isolates display to drugs routinely used in treatment. azithromycin may be a treatment option for such isolates.201121628817
[Development of modified molecular beacon based real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection of Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella paratyphi C].To develop real-time PCR assay based on modified molecular beacon for simultaneous detection of S. choleraesuis and S. paratyphi C. The established method was applied to the rapid detection of S. choleraesuis in food and stool samples of food poisoning, and then was applied to the identification of Salmonella C.201121861361
identification of an antimicrobial peptide from human methionine sulfoxide reductase b3.human methionine sulfoxide reductase b3a (hmsrb3a) is an endoplasmic reticulum (er) reductase that catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of methionine-r-sulfoxide to methionine in proteins. in this work, we identified an antimicrobial peptide from hmsrb3a protein. the n-terminal er-targeting signal peptide (amino acids 1-31) conferred an antimicrobial effect in escherichia coli cells. sequence and structural analyses showed that the overall positively charged er signal peptide had an argand pro ...201122027001
the function of lactic acid bacteria and brine solutions on biogenic amine formation by foodborne pathogens in trout fillets.the influences of lactic acid bacteria and brine solutions on the biogenic amine formation by staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterococus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria monocytogenes, aeromonas hydrophila and salmonella paratyphi a in fermented trout fillets were investigated. fish fillets were divided into four groups, group 1 without any lactic acid bacteria inoculation, group 2 and group 3 with different salt concentration inoculated with lactic aci ...201125212358
synergistic and antagonistic effect of lactic acid bacteria on tyramine production by food-borne pathogenic bacteria in tyrosine decarboxylase broth.the effect of lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains on tyramine (tyr) and also other biogenic amines (ba) production by eight common food-borne pathogen (fbp) in tyrosine decarboxylase broth (tdb) was investigated by using a rapid hplc method. significant differences were observed among the fbp strains in ammonia (amn) and ba production apart from tryptamine, histamine (his) and spermine formation (p<0.05). salmonella paratyphi a was characterised as the main amine producer. lab had an important sy ...201125214109
antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds and leaf extracts in jatropha tanjorensis.jatropha tanjorensis was investigated scientifically to generate evidence for the efficacies reported in traditional systems and the results are given here.201222884742
the microbiological and clinical characteristics of invasive salmonella in gallbladders from cholecystectomy patients in kathmandu, nepal.gallbladder carriage of invasive salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining typhoid fever transmission. bile and tissue was obtained from 1,377 individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in kathmandu to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of invasive salmonella in the gallbladder in an endemic area. twenty percent of bile samples contained a gram-negative organism, with salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a isolated from 24 and 22 individuals, respectively. gallbl ...201223077595
Zoonotic bacteria, antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in ornamental fish: a systematic review of the existing research and survey of aquaculture-allied professionals.SUMMARYUsing systematic review methodology, global research reporting the frequency of zoonotic bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in ornamental fish, and human illness due to exposure to ornamental fish, was examined. A survey was performed to elicit opinions of aquaculture-allied personnel on the frequency of AMU and AMR in ornamental fish. The most commonly reported sporadic human infections were associated with Mycobacterium marinum, while Salmone ...201221906415
Screening of the Salmonella paratyphi A CMCC 50973 strain outer membrane proteins for the identification of potential vaccine targets.Outer membrane protein antigens usually have strong immunogenicities, closely interact with the immune system and play a significant role in the development of new vaccines. The outer membrane proteins of Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) were screened for immunogenicity and immunoprotection for potential vaccine targets. In this study, the bactericidal effect of antiserum against the total outer membrane proteins of S. paratyphi ...201221922141
bacteriology of a most popular street food (panipuri) and inhibitory effect of essential oils on bacterial growth.bacteriology of panipuri was studied and the antibacterial effect of eight essential oils (eos) was established on pathogens found in panipuri. samples were collected from twelve respective vendors from different locations in baripada city, orissa. samples were fractionated into two parts viz. khatta pani and smashed potato masala used in panipuri. total plate count and isolation of pathogenic bacteria were done on both basal and selective media. coliforms were detected primarily by presumptive ...201224082267
synthesis of novel spirooxindole derivatives by one pot multicomponent reaction and their antimicrobial activity.a series of novel spirooxindoles have been synthesized through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide generated from isatin and sarcosine or l-proline with the dipolarophile 1,4-naphthoquinone followed by spontaneous dehydrogenation. synthesised compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against eight bacteria and three fungi. all the spirooxindole derivatives exhibited significant antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus, s. aureus (mrsa), enterobacter aer ...201222405285
o:2-crm(197) conjugates against salmonella paratyphi a.enteric fevers remain a common and serious disease, affecting mainly children and adolescents in developing countries. salmonella enterica serovar typhi was believed to cause most enteric fever episodes, but several recent reports have shown an increasing incidence of s. paratyphi a, encouraging the development of a bivalent vaccine to protect against both serovars, especially considering that at present there is no vaccine against s. paratyphi a. the o-specific polysaccharide (o:2) of s. paraty ...201223144798
cross-reactive gut-directed immune response against salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a and b in typhoid fever and after oral ty21a typhoid vaccination.there are no vaccines against paratyphoid fever in clinical use. the disease has become more wide-spread and there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance among the strains. previous reports suggest that the oral live salmonella typhi ty21a-vaccine confers protection against paratyphoid b fever. data on efficacy against paratyphoid a fever are somewhat contentious. the present study investigated the immunological basis for such efficacy reports at a single-cell level: plasmablasts (identif ...201222858557
optimization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for salmonella paratyphi a subtyping.salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a infection has caused public health problems in some countries in recent years. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) has been used for the subtyping and epidemiological investigations of some serotypes of salmonella, mainly in outbreaks caused by non-typhoidal salmonella. in this study, different restriction endonucleases and electrophoresis parameters were compared for the pfge subtyping by using salmonella paratyphi a strain panels. two protocols for t ...201222443482
prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of salmonella from commercial broiler farms in two important poultry-producing regions of colombia.salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with diarrheal disease in humans. food animals, especially poultry, are important direct and indirect sources of human salmonellosis, and antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem of public health concern. the use of antimicrobials benefits producers but contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. as a step toward implementing the colombian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, ...201222564936
abdominal lymphadenopathy: an atypical presentation of enteric fever.this is a case report of a patient who presented to the aga khan university hospital with generalized abdominal lymphadenopathy and high-grade fever. due to ambiguous clinical findings, which were suggestive of either abdominal tuberculosis, or a lymphoma, the patient was started on empirical anti-tuberculous treatment due to the endemicity of tuberculosis in this region. the blood culture reports, however, were reported to grow colonies of salmonella paratyphi a; thus the diagnosis of the patie ...201223569940
antibiogram of salmonella isolates from blood with an emphasis on nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital in coastal karnataka: a prospective study.enteric fever is caused by the serotypes salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella paratyphi b and salmonella paratyphi c. after emergence of multidrug resistant salmonellae ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. treatment failure was observed with ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to nalidixic acid. recent reports suggest re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing nalidixic acid resistance. this study ...201223440906
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a in a tertiary care hospital.enteric fever is still an important public health problem in developing countries including nepal. a changing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a and emergence of multi drug resistance has increased to a great concern. aim of the study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a.201223281454
azithromycin and ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella bloodstream infections in cambodian adults.salmonella enterica is a frequent cause of bloodstream infection (bsi) in asia but few data are available from cambodia. we describe salmonella bsi isolates recovered from patients presenting at sihanouk hospital centre of hope, phnom penh, cambodia (july 2007-december 2010).201223272255
storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria.microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ...201222524115
pan-genomic analysis provides insights into the genomic variation and evolution of salmonella paratyphi a.salmonella paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) is a highly adapted, human-specific pathogen that causes paratyphoid fever. cases of paratyphoid fever have recently been increasing, and the disease is becoming a major public health concern, especially in eastern and southern asia. to investigate the genomic variation and evolution of s. paratyphi a, a pan-genomic analysis was performed on five newly sequenced s. paratyphi a strains and two other reference strains. a whole genome comparison revealed that ...201223028950
computed tomography features in enteric fever.enteric fever is a common infection in endemic areas; however, there are few reports describing the computed tomography (ct) manifestations of enteric fever. we aim to describe and illustrate ct findings in enteric fever in this study.201222892604
the discrimination of d-tartrate positive and d-tartrate negative s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b isolated in malaysia by phenotypic and genotypic methods.serotyping is not sufficient to differentiate between salmonella species that cause paratyphoid fever from the strains that cause milder gastroenteritis as these organisms share the same serotype salmonella paratyphi b (s. paratyphi b). strains causing paratyphoid fever do not ferment d-tartrate and this key feature was used in this study to determine the prevalence of these strains among the collection of s. paratyphi b strains isolated from patients in malaysia. a total of 105 isolates of s. p ...201222870596
salmonella paratyphi b var java infections associated with exposure to turtles in bizkaia, spain, september 2010 to october 2011.between september 2010 and october 2011, the unit of epidemiology in the department of public health in bizkaia, spain identified eight cases of salmonella paratyphi b var java infection and three cases of infection with its possible monophasic variant 4,5,12:b:- dt+. six cases reported contact with turtles and s. java was isolated from three of these turtles' habitats. the isolates from the patients and their respective turtles were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). ...201222748004
study of clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity in paratyphoid fever cases admitted at teaching hospital in south india.globally, there has been an increase in incidence of paratyphoid fever, including paratyphoid fever caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains. studying the clinical profile and antimicrobial sensitivity of paratyphoid fever would help in early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, rational use of antibiotics and prevent drug resistance.201224479019
[establishment of protein fingerprint database of salmonella paratyphi a using seldi-tof-ms].to establish a protein fingerprint database of salmonella paratyphi a by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (seldi-tof-ms).201222691346
profile of travel-associated illness in children, zürich, switzerland.the number of families traveling with their children to their country of origin and/or to tropical destinations has increased in switzerland and includes a changing profile and multinational range of patients. defining the profile of reported travel-associated illnesses will help to improve the prevention and treatment of such illnesses in children.201222530822
salmonella paratyphi neck abscess. 201222529636
salmonella paratyphi b and salmonella litchfield outbreaks associated with pet turtle exposure in spain.salmonellosis is an important public health problem. turtles are increasingly involved in the role of transmitters of this infection to humans.201322795887
co-infection: weil's syndrome with hepatitis b infection- a diagnostic and therapeutic hitch.undifferentiated acute febrile illness (afi) is a common clinical syndrome among patients seeking hospital care. detection of co-infections at the time of presentation is a diagnostic challenge, especially with limited laboratory support. even if detected, early treatment and cure of these co-infections can be difficult for the clinicians. we are presenting a rare case of hepatitis b and leptospirosis co-infection with high titres of salmonella paratyphi a and scrub typhus. there are a few repor ...201324298495
unusual increase in reported cases of paratyphoid a fever among travellers returning from cambodia, january to september 2013.from january to september 2013, a marked increase in notifications of salmonella paratyphi a infections among travellers returning from cambodia occurred in france. an investigation revealed 35 cases without a common source: 21 in france, five in germany, three in the netherlands, one in norway, one in the united kingdom, four in new-zealand. data suggest an ongoing event that should trigger further investigation. travellers to cambodia should observe preventive measures including good personal ...201324094059
salmonella paratyphi b septicemia in a neonate.septicemia is a major cause of death in neonates especially in developing countries. we report a case of septicemia in a neonate due to salmonella paratyphi b. the baby responded well to therapy and recovered completely.201324049752
differential epidemiology of salmonella typhi and paratyphi a in kathmandu, nepal: a matched case control investigation in a highly endemic enteric fever setting.enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by the bacteria salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a, is endemic in kathmandu, nepal. previous work identified proximity to poor quality water sources as a community-level risk for infection. here, we sought to examine individual-level risk factors related to hygiene and sanitation to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of enteric fever in this setting.201323991240
salmonella paratyphi b meningitis in an infant.we report a case of salmonella paratyphi b meningitis in a 90 day-old male infant who was admitted with complaints of fever, vomiting and one episode of vacant stare. clinically, the infant was found to be toxic and dull with a bulging anterior fontanelle. subsequently, blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures demonstrated the presence of salmonella paratyphi b organism.201323940494
highly specific and cost-efficient detection of salmonella paratyphi a combining aptamers with single-walled carbon nanotubes.in this paper, a panel of single-stranded dna aptamers with high affinity and specificity against salmonella paratyphi a was selected from an enriched oligonucleotide pool by a whole-cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) procedure, during which four other salmonella serovars were used as counter-selection targets. it was determined through a fluorescence assay that the selected aptamers had high binding ability and specificity to this pathogen. the dissociation c ...201323698275
[distribution of salmonella paratyphi a pagc gene and immunoprotective effect of its recombinant expressed products].to determine the distribution and sequence conservation of pagc gene in salmonella paratyphi a isolates, and the immunogenicity and immunoprotection of its recombinant expression products (rpagc).201323585003
a case report of acute acalculous cholecystitis due to salmonella paratyphi b complicated by biliary peritonitis.non-typhoidal salmonella are a rare case of acute acalculouscholecystitis (aac). salmonella paratyphi b, which accounts for one of the less invasive nts serotypes, has rarely been reported to cause cholecystitis. we describe a case of 65-year old previously healthy man, who present with signs of acute abdomen, due to biliary peritonitis as a complication of acute acalculouscholecystitis caused by salmonella paratyphi b. our case illustrates the potential severity of infection with salmonella par ...201324839535
invasive african nontyphoidal salmonella requires high levels of complement for cell-free antibody-dependent killing.nontyphoidal isolates of salmonella (nts), particularly salmonella typhimurium, are a major cause of invasive bacteremia in africa. despite this, no vaccine against nts is currently available for use in humans. if a nts vaccine is to be developed in a timely manner, there is a need to develop assays to assess its in vivo efficacy. assessment of potential efficacy of candidate vaccines in preclinical models is important for proof-of-concept and reduces attrition of vaccines in clinical trials. se ...201323085530
antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from pakistani spices against salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria.the main objective of this study was the phytochemical characterization of four indigenous essential oils obtained from spices and their antibacterial activities against the multidrug resistant clinical and soil isolates prevalent in pakistan, and atcc reference strains.201324119438
comparison of salmonella typhi and paratyphi a occurrence in a tertiary care hospital.enteric fever is an important public health problem in many underdeveloped and developing countries. in india, though salmonella enterica serotype typhi remains the predominant salmonella species causing enteric fever, isolation of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a is increasing. it occurs in all age groups and more common in summer season affecting mainly children.201324551623
revised ciprofloxacin breakpoints for salmonella: is it time to write an obituary?to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin among 50 blood stream isolates of salmonella enterica.201324392374
increasing rates of salmonella paratyphi a and the current status of its vaccine development.enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi is still a major disease burden mainly in developing countries. previously, s. typhi was believed to be the major cause of enteric fever. the real situation is now becoming clear with reports emerging from many asian countries of s. paratyphi, mostly s. paratyphi a, causing a substantial number of cases of enteric fever. although there have been advances in the use of the currently available typho ...201324053396
isolation and characterization of a rare waterborne lytic phage of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b.a lytic phage of salmonella serovar paratyphi b, named φspb, was isolated from surface waters of the pavana river in india. phage φspb is a member of the podoviridae family and is morphologically similar to the 7-11 phages of the c3 morphotype of tailed phages, characterized by a very long, cigar-shaped head. the head measured approximately 153 × 57 nm, and the tail size was 12 × 7 nm. the phage was stable over a wide range of ph (4-9) and temperature (4-40 °c). the adsorption rate constant was ...201323647344
salmonella spp. in patients suffering from enteric fever and food poisoning in thamar city, yemen.salmonella remains a public health concern around the world, including yemen although data on its incidence are few. this study determined the incidence of salmonella infection in 250 enteric fever and 210 food poisoning cases attending thamar general hospital and dar alshafaa medical clinic in 2008. in total, 773 clinical specimens were taken: 250 blood, 187 urine and 336 stool samples. of the patients with enteric fever and food poisoning, 16.4% and 15.2% respectively were infected with salmon ...201323520911
[distribution of salmonella paratyphi a outer membrane protein x gene and immune-protective effect related to its recombinant expressed products].to determine the distribution and sequence conservation of outer membrane protein x(ompx)gene in salmonella paratyphi a isolates as well as the immunogenicity and immuno-protection of ompx gene products.201324518024
a multi centre laboratory study of gram negative bacterial blood stream infections in sri lanka.data on causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of blood stream infections in sri lanka is scarce. information on trends of antibiotic resistance is necessary for the prescribers to treat patients effectively and policy makers to develop policies and guidelines.201323817934
antimicrobial activity and rutin identification of honey produced by the stingless bee melipona compressipes manaosensis and commercial honey.honey has been identified as a potential alternative to the widespread use of antibiotics, which are of significant concern considering the emergence of resistant bacteria. in this context, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of honey samples produced by a stingless bee species and by apis sp. against pathogenic bacteria, as well as to identify the presence of phenolic compounds.201323815879
survival of multi-drug resistant enteropathogenic escherichia coli and salmonella paratyphi in vembanadu lake as a function of saltwater barrier along southwest coast of india.the objective of the study was to evaluate the survival response of multi-drug resistant enteropathogenic escherichia coli and salmonella paratyphi to the salinity fluctuations induced by a saltwater barrier constructed in vembanadu lake, which separates the lake into a freshwater dominated southern and brackish water dominated northern part. therefore, microcosms containing freshwater, brackish water and microcosms with different saline concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ppt) inoculated with e. ...201323708579
antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial activity of calpurnia aurea leaf extract.in ethiopia, calpurnia aurea is used for the treatment of syphilis, malaria, rabies, diabetes, hypertension, diarrhoea, leishmaniasis, trachoma, elephantiasis, fungal diseases and different swellings. however, despite its traditional usage as an antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial agent, there is limited or no information regarding its effectiveness and mode of action in diarrhoea which may be caused by shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. hence, we evalu ...201323351272
bacteriophages lytic for salmonella rapidly reduce salmonella contamination on glass and stainless steel surfaces.a cocktail of six lytic bacteriophages, salmofresh™, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of surface-applied salmonella kentucky and brandenburg from stainless steel and glass surfaces by > 99% (2.1-4.3 log). both strains were susceptible to salmofresh™ in the spot-test assay. conversely, salmofresh™ was unable to reduce surface contamination with a salmonella paratyphi b strain that was not susceptible to the phage cocktail in the spot-test assay. however, by replacing two salmofresh™ co ...201324228226
antimicrobial efficacy and phytochemical analysis of indigofera trita linn.an in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various extracts of indigofera trita l. viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were carried out. a total of 21 microorganisms (19 bacteria and 2 fungal strains) were used for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method and a standard procedure was used to identify the phytochemical constituents. petroleum ether extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against staphylococcus aureus (14.40 mm), ...201324146483
determination of baseline widal titres amongst apparently healthy blood donors in ahmednagar, maharashtra, india.enteric fever is endemic in all parts of india. the widal agglutination test is widely used for its diagnosis. but the interpretation of widal test depends upon the baseline titre which is prevalent amongst healthy individuals in a particular geographical area.201324551619
antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the phenolics of leea indica leaf extract.this study investigated the phytochemical, antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of leea indica leaf ethanol extract. phytochemical values namely total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant capacity, dpph radical scavenging effect, fecl3 reducing power, dmso superoxide scavenging effect and iron chelating effects were studied by established methods. antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects were screened by disk diffusion technique, food poison technique and brine ...201323961238
antibacterial potential of a basic phospholipase a2 (vrv-pl-v) of daboia russellii pulchella (russell's viper) venom.microbial/bacterial resistance against antibiotics is considered as a potentially serious threat to public health. further, as these antibiotics elicit side effects, there is interest in developing new molecules with novel modes of action from diverse organisms. along these lines, in this study the antibacterial potential of the basic protein vrv-pl-v (vipera russellii venom phospholipase a2 fraction v) of daboia russellii pulchella venom was evaluated. vrv-pl-v demonstrated a potent antibacteri ...201425540009
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extract of the inflorescence of cocos nucifera (family: arecaceae) for enhanced antibacterial activity.green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant source has been given much importance. in the present study, silver nanoparticles (agnps) were synthesized using the ethyl acetate and methanol (ea: m 40:60) extracts of the inflorescence of the tree cocous nucifera. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by uv-visible spectroscope, ftir and tem analysis. the particle size of the synthesized agnps was 22nm as confirmed by tem. the qualitative assessment of reducing potential of the extracts ...201424762541
mix-infection of s. typhi and paratyphi a in typhoid fever and chronic typhoid carriers: a nested pcr based study in north india.enteric fever is a systemic disease caused by salmonella organism such as serotypes typhi and paratyphi a, b, c. salmonella paratyphi a contributes more than 50% of all the enteric fever cases and it has recently been projected as an emerging pathogen.201425584217
antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by marine ochrobactrum sp.metal nanoparticle synthesis is an interesting area in nanotechnology due to their remarkable optical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic and biomedical properties, but there needs to develop clean, non-toxic and environmental friendly methods for the synthesis and assembly of nanoparticles. biological agents in the form of microbes have emerged up as efficient candidates for nanoparticle synthesis due to their extreme versatility to synthesize diverse nanoparticles with varying size and shape. in ...201425763025
collagenases in an ether extract of bacterial metabolites used as an immunostimulator induces tnf-α and ifn-γ.non-specific immunostimulation by bacterial extracts and their components are widely accepted for the prevention and treatment of several infectious diseases. an ether extract of the metabolites of ß-streptococcus, staphylcoccus albus, staphylcoccus aureus, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenza, moraxella caterhalis, salmonella typhi (standard o & h), salmonella paratyphi (a & b) and diptheroid bacilli along with bile lipids is used as a licensed drug for immunostimulation. while characterizin ...201425203593
molecular clonality and detection of class 1 integron in multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica isolates from animal and human in iran.a total of 70 multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella isolates (44 human and 26 poultry) were examined. the conserved segment-pcr, restriction fragment length polymorphism-pcr analysis, and dna sequencing were used to determine the presence and cassette content of integrons. the genetic relatedness among the isolates was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the rate of integron carriage for mdr salmonella isolates was 91.4% and integron-positive isolates belonged to six distinct ser ...201424866249
development of a pcr test system for specific detection of salmonella paratyphi b in foods.salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi b is a globally distributed human-specific pathogen causing paratyphoid fever. the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for its detection in food. the spab_01124 gene was found to be unique to s. paratyphi b using comparative genomics. primers for fragments of the spab_01124 gene and the salmonella-specific inva gene were used in combination to establish a multiplex pcr assay that showed 100% specificit ...201424725227
complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, and s. paratyphi a and b, causative agents of paratyphoid fever, are major public health threats throughout the world. although two licensed typhoid vaccines are currently available, they are only moderately protective and immunogenic necessitating the development of novel vaccines. a major obstacle in the development of improved typhoid, as well as paratyphoid vaccines is the lack of known immunological correlat ...201425386175
salmonella enterica serovar typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the cause of typhoid, is host restricted to humans. s. typhi has a monophyletic population structure, indicating that typhoid in humans is a relatively new disease. antimicrobial usage is reshaping the current s. typhi global population and may be driving the emergence of a specific haplotype, h58, that is well adapted to transmission in modern settings and is able to resist antimicrobial killing more efficiently than other s. typhi. evidence gathered through g ...201425208300
case report: failure under azithromycin treatment in a case of bacteremia due to salmonella enterica paratyphi a.limited information is available regarding the clinical efficacy of azithromycin for the treatment of enteric fever due to fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi among travelers returning to their home countries.201425041573
paratyphoid fever: splicing the global analyses.the incidence of enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) is increasing in many parts of the world. although there is no major outbreak of paratyphoid fever in recent years, s. paratyphi a infection still remains a public health problem in many tropical countries. therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic countries such as india, nepal, pakistan and china ...201424904229
purification of o-specific polysaccharide from lipopolysaccharide produced by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a.the o specific polysaccharide (osp) of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a is a protective antigen and the target for vaccine development. lps is the major constituent of the outer membrane of s. paratyphi a with the osp exposed on the surface, in addition to the cell associated lps a large amount of free lps was present in the fermentation broth. a purification method was developed to take advantage of both sources of lps and to maximize recovery of osp. afte ...201424631090
counts, serovars, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of salmonella on raw chicken meat at retail in colombia.the objective of this study was to determine salmonella counts, serovars, and antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes on retail raw chicken carcasses in colombia. a total of 301 chicken carcasses were collected from six departments (one city per department) in colombia. samples were analyzed for salmonella counts using the most-probable-number method as recommended by the u.s. department of agriculture, food safety inspection service protocol. a total of 378 isolates (268 from our previous study) wer ...201424490916
a colonisation-inhibition culture consisting of salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium δhilassraflig strains protects against infection by strains of both serotypes in broilers.consumption of contaminated poultry meat is still an important cause of salmonella infections in humans and there is a need for control methods that protect broilers from day-of-hatch until slaughter age against infection with salmonella. colonisation-inhibition, a concept in which a live salmonella strain is orally administered to day-old chickens and protects against subsequent challenge, can potentially be used as control method. in this study, the efficacy of a salmonella typhimurium δhilass ...201424975814
literature review and clinical presentation of cervical spondylitis due to salmonella enteritidis in immunocompetent.a 48-year-old woman was presented to our clinic with some fever and neck pains for about one month. based on the symptoms and results of image, an empirical diagnosis of tuberculous cervical spondylitis was made. the pain was not significantly decreased after anti-tuberculosis therapy. and, 3 weeks later, she was re-admitted to our hospital for the unbearable pain. an exploration of the c4/5 by the anterior medial approach was recommended to evaluate the germ and debridement. bacteriological tes ...201424761205
poultry as a possible source of non-typhoidal salmonella enterica serovars in humans in bangladesh.we investigated salmonella enterica isolates from human clinical cases of gastroenteritis to determine the distribution of non-typhoidal salmonella serovars in the human population, and compared them to isolates originating from poultry by serotyping, phage typing, plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) to evaluate the potential role of poultry in human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in bangladesh. nine different serovars were identified am ...201424355536
antibacterial activity and synergistic effect of biosynthesized agnps with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples.silver nanoparticles form promising template for designing antimicrobial agents against drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms. thus, the development of a reliable green approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. in the present investigation, silver nanoparticles synthesized by a soil bacillus sp. were characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, ftir, sem, and eds. the antibacterial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, stand ...201424699812
detection of salmonella in blood by pcr using irob gene.salmonella, a genus of more than 2500 serological variants (serovars), includes many organisms that can cause human disease. enteric fever remains an important public health problem in developing countries. non typhoidal salmonella generally produce a self limited gastroenteritis in healthy individuals whereas in extremes of age and immunocompromised cause severe fatal disease. the protean manifestations make this disease a true diagnostic challenge.201425584214
separation, purification, and identification of flagellin, and preparation of its antisera.the aim of this study was to separate, purify, and identify salmonella paratyphi a flagellin, and to prepare its antisera. primary flagellin was isolated from s. paratyphi a using the acid lysis method. the flagellin was purified with weak anion exchange chromatography and the protein was identified with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), western blot, and negative staining with phosphotungstic acid with scanning electron microscopy (sem). the production of the ...201425501138
re-emergence of susceptibility to conventional first line drugs in salmonella isolates from enteric fever patients in nepal.enteric fever is endemic in nepal and poses a significant public health burden. the first-line drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole have not been part of empirical therapy for two decades due to the development of multidrug-resistant salmonella strains. the objective of this study was to determine the antibiogram pattern of salmonella serovars isolated from the blood of clinically suspected enteric fever patients.201425390062
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