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rocky mountain spotted fever in the united states, 2000-2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), a potentially fatal tick-borne infection caused by rickettsia rickettsii, is considered a notifiable condition in the united states. during 2000 to 2007, the annual reported incidence of rmsf increased from 1.7 to 7 cases per million persons from 2000 to 2007, the highest rate ever recorded. american indians had a significantly higher incidence than other race groups. children 5-9 years of age appeared at highest risk for fatal outcome. enzyme-linked immunoso ...201020595498
the dynamics of rna participation in the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks latreille 1806 (acari:ixodidae). i. nucleoli or cajal bodies?to understand the morphological and histological aspects of internal systems of ticks has become important matter since these arthropods have an impact in the areas of the economy and public health. in this context, this study has provided morphological data on female germinative cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, ectoparasites of dogs that maintain a close relationship with human on a daily basis. oocytes of engorged females were analyzed, through the pas reaction (detection of polysaccha ...201020605721
prevalence of ehrlichial infection among dogs and ticks in northeastern brazil.this study investigated the epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis in northeastern brazil, focusing the identification of the ehrlichia species and vectors involved. samples were collected from 472 domestic dogs residing in the health districts of cajazeiras and itapuã of salvador city. the average prevalence of antibodies reactive to e. canis by immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) (titer ≥ 1:80) was 35.6% (168/472). blood samples from the e. canis-seropositive animals were tested by nested pcr ...201020624344
[seroprevalence anti-ehrlichia canis antibodies in dogs of cuiabá, mato grosso].canine ehrlichiosis is a disease transmitted by ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus and caused by ehrlichia canis, obligatory intracellular bacteria. the present study examined the prevalence of anti-e. canis in 254 dogs from four administrative regions of cuiabá, mato grosso, by indirect immunofluorescence assay. there was a prevalence of 42.5% (108/254) without significant difference between the studied regions. the variables age, breed, sex, habitat, access to rural and ticks were analyzed. the an ...201020624348
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
babesia lengau sp. nov., a novel babesia species in cheetah (acinonyx jubatus, schreber, 1775) populations in south africa.in a previous paper, we reported on a large number of cheetah blood specimens that gave positive signals only for babesia and/or theileria genus-specific probes on the reverse line blot (rlb) assay, indicating the presence of a novel species or variant of an existing species. some of these specimens were investigated further by microscopic, serological, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. the near-full-length 18s rrna genes of 13 samples, as well as the second internal transcribed spacer (its ...201020519464
the expression of genes coding for distinct types of glycine-rich proteins varies according to the biology of three metastriate ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense.ticks secrete a cement cone composed of many salivary proteins, some of which are rich in the amino acid glycine in order to attach to their hosts' skin. glycine-rich proteins (grps) are a large family of heterogeneous proteins that have different functions and features; noteworthy are their adhesive and tensile characteristics. these properties may be essential for successful attachment of the metastriate ticks to the host and the prolonged feeding necessary for engorgement. in this work, we an ...201020529354
gastrointestinal and ectoparasites from urban stray dogs in fortaleza (brazil): high infection risk for humans?dogs are important definite or reservoir hosts for zoonotic parasites. however, only few studies on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in urban areas in brazil are available. we performed a comprehensive study on parasites of stray dogs in a brazilian metropolitan area. we included 46 stray dogs caught in the urban areas of fortaleza (northeast brazil). after euthanization, dogs were autopsied. ectoparasites were collected, and the intestinal content of dogs were examined for the presence of ...201020532563
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid diagnosis of babesia canis infections.vector-borne diseases are rising in interest due to global warming, which is believed to impact on the distribution of vectors into new areas thus influencing the occurrence and epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens. babesia canis belongs to the piroplasmidae and there are three described subspecies, namely b. canis canis, b. canis rossi and b. canis vogeli. they are each transmitted by a different tick-species, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis leachi and rhipicephalus sanguineus, respect ...201020537107
ticks (acari: ixodidae) on dogs from uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.uberlândia in minas gerais state, southeastern brazil, has 622 000 inhabitants and is located in the cerrado biome, the south american savannah. the city dog population is estimated at 82 000 and identification of tick species and infestation prevalence on this host has not been determined. a major infectious disease of dogs in the city, canine ehrlichiosis, is transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. at the same time, autochthonous leishmaniosis has been recently described in the city and ...201020537111
seasonal dynamics of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, on a confined dog population in italy.this study evaluated the seasonal dynamics of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) (acari: ixodidae) on naturally infested dogs in a private shelter in southern italy. from march to may 2008, 39 autochthonous mixed-breed young dogs and 10 beagles were enrolled in the study. from march 2008 until march 2009, every 21 +/- 2 days, 11 body sites of each dog were checked for ticks. at each follow-up, the number of ticks, their developmental stage, sex and location on the dog's body were recorded. adu ...201020557458
detection of leishmania infantum in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from brazil and italy.canine leishmaniosis is a widespread disease caused by leishmania parasites, which are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. however, in some areas where canine leishmaniosis is endemic, but the primary vectors have not been found, ticks have been suspected to play a role in transmitting the infection. herewith, we report the detection of leishmania infantum kinetoplast minicircle dna (kdna) in ticks collected from naturally infected dogs living in rural areas of southern italy (site a) and no ...201020127362
seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in greece.serum samples were collected from a total of 544 equids that included 524 horses, 13 mules, and 7 ponies from various regions of mainland greece and were examined by competitive-inhibition elisa (celisa) to evaluate the level of exposure of greek equids to theileria (babesia) equi and/or babesia caballi, the causative agents of piroplasmosis. association between seropositivity and host-related factors of species, gender, age, origin, activity and location were investigated. the overall seropreva ...201020138434
transovarial passage of leishmania infantum kdna in artificially infected rhipicephalus sanguineus.phlebotomine sand flies are the only proven biological vectors of leishmania parasites. however, rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks have long been suspected to transmit leishmania infantum in studies carried out in laboratory and natural conditions. in the present study, 5 microl of l. infantum promastigotes (1x10(6) cells per ml) was injected into the hemocel through the coxa i of four engorged females (f1, f2, f3 and f4). control ticks (f5 and f6) were injected with sterile phosphate-buffered sali ...201020138871
canine and feline vector-borne diseases in italy: current situation and perspectives.in italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, dipylidium caninum, leishmania infantum, dirofilaria immitis, and dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors ...201020145730
biogeography of tick-borne bhanja virus (bunyaviridae) in europe.bhanja virus (bhav) is pathogenic for young domestic ruminants and also for humans, causing fever and affections of the central nervous system. this generally neglected arbovirus of the family bunyaviridae is transmitted by metastriate ticks of the genera haemaphysalis, dermacentor, hyalomma, rhipicephalus, boophilus, and amblyomma. geographic distribution of bhav covers southern and central asia, africa, and southern (partially also central) europe. comparative biogeographic study of eight know ...201020182535
efficacy of the fipronil 10%+(s)-methoprene 9% combination against rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs: speed of kill, persistent efficacy on immature and adult stages and effect of water.this field trial was designed to test the efficacy, in terms of treatment and prevention, of the fipronil 10%+(s)-methoprene 9% combination against immature and adult stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs, and to assess the effect of a single plain water exposure. twenty-four dogs of various age, sex, weight and coat length were divided into two homogeneous groups, treated (t) and control (c), and housed into twin outdoor kennels. trial baseline was designed as day 0, whe ...201020185241
detection of "candidatus rickettsia sp. strain argentina"and rickettsia bellii in amblyomma ticks (acari: ixodidae) from northern argentina.ixodid ticks were collected from vegetation and from humans, wild and domestic mammals in a rural area in the semi-arid argentine chaco in late spring 2006 to evaluate their potential role as vectors of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. a total of 233 adult ticks, identified as amblyomma parvum, amblyomma tigrinum and amblyomma pseudoconcolor, was examined for rickettsia spp. we identified an sfg rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity, "candidatus rickettsia sp. strain argentina", in a. parvum ...201020186466
potential for tick-borne bartonelloses.as worldwide vectors of human infectious diseases, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes. each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine its geographic distribution, the pathogens it vectors, and the areas that pose risk for tick-borne diseases. researchers have identified an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, including anaplasma, borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. recent reports involving humans and ...201020202411
borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. in ticks removed from persons, texas, usa.data regarding the type, frequency, and distribution of tick-borne pathogens and bacterial agents are not widely available for many tick species that parasitize persons in the southern united states. we therefore analyzed the frequency and identity of pathogens and bacterial agents in ticks removed from humans and subsequently submitted to the texas department of state health services, zoonosis control program, from october 1, 2004, through september 30, 2008. the data showed associations of bac ...201020202419
the increasing recognition of rickettsial pathogens in dogs and people.dogs and people are exposed to and susceptible to infection by many of the same tick-borne bacterial pathogens in the order rickettsiales, including anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, e. ewingii, rickettsia rickettsii, r. conorii, and other spotted fever group rickettsiae. recent findings include descriptions of novel ehrlichia and rickettsia species, recognition of the occurrence and clinical significance of co-infection, and increasing awareness of rhipicephalus sangui ...201020207197
prevalence and seasonality of tick-borne pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from luxembourg.in europe, ixodid ticks are important arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens, but comprehensive studies of the prevalence of all relevant pathogens in central europe are scarce. as a result of ecological changes, the incidences of tick-borne infections are expected to increase. in this study, 1,394 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks sampled monthly during the active season from 33 ecologically distinct collection sites throughout luxembourg were screened for all human tick-borne pat ...201020228110
epidemiology of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsial infection in the amazon basin of peru.a seroprevalence study for igg antibodies against spotted fever group (sfgr) and typhus group (tgr) rickettsia among humans and domestic pets was conducted in the city of iquitos, located in the amazon basin of peru. of 1,195 human sera analyzed, 521 (43.6%) and 123 (10.3%) were positive for sfgr and tgr antibodies, respectively. district of residence and participant age were associated with antibody positivity for both groups, whereas rodent sightings in the home were associated with tgr antibo ...201020348519
novel technique for quantifying adhesion of metarhizium anisopliae conidia to the tick cuticle.the present study describes an accurate quantitative method for quantifying the adherence of conidia to the arthropod cuticle and the dynamics of conidial germination on the host. the method was developed using conidia of metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (metschn.) sorokin (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) and engorged rhipicephalus annulatus (say) (arachnida: ixodidae) females and was also verified for m. anisopliae var. acridum driver et milner (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae) and alphitobius ...201020363785
biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.abstract: the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most widespread tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. this tick can be found on dogs living in both urban and rural areas, being highly adapted to live within human dwellings and being active throughout the year not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in some temperate areas. depending on factors such as climate and host availability, rh. sanguineus can ...201020377860
canine babesiosis in northern portugal and molecular characterization of vector-borne co-infections.abstract:201020377861
canine vector-borne diseases in india: a review of the literature and identification of existing knowledge gaps.abstract: despite the combination of favourable climate for parasites and vectors, and large populations of stray dogs, information concerning the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of canine vector-borne diseases in india is limited. however, with the country's expanding economy and adaptation to western culture, higher expectations and demands are being placed on veterinary surgeons for improved knowledge of diseases and control. this review aims to provide an overview of the current state ...201020377862
experimental infection and co-infection of dogs with anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis: hematologic, serologic and molecular findings.abstract:201020377870
effects of prolonged exposure to low temperature on eggs of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the widespread geographical distribution of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) is related to the cosmopolitan distribution of its primary host and to its adaptability to different environments, under variable climate conditions. field studies have suggested that temperature is the most important factor driving the population dynamics of this tick species. in order to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure to low temperature on eggs of r. sanguineus, nine groups ...201020381253
use of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with/without diminazene diaceturate to treat naturally occurring canine babesiosis caused by babesia gibsoni.canine babesiosis is an important worldwide, tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus babesia. babesia gibsoni is the predominant species that causes canine babesiosis in taipei, taiwan. it is a small pleomorphic intraerythrocytic parasite that can cause erythrocyte destruction and hemolytic anemia. efficacy of oral administration of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with and without injections of diminazene diaceturate in the management of naturally o ...201020416095
the first report of hepatozoon canis identified in vulpes vulpes and ticks from italy.this is the first report on the presence of hepatozoon canis in vulpes vulpes in italy. during the years 2005 and 2006, a total of 119 foxes were collected and their spleen tissues were screened by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. in the same area, 290 ticks were picked off from dogs or collected from the environment. microscopy detected inclusion bodies regarded as belonging to the genus hepatozoon in four samples, whereas molecular diagnostics evidenced 16 foxes (13.4%) a ...201020420538
rickettsia infection in dogs and rickettsia parkeri in amblyomma tigrinum ticks, cochabamba department, bolivia.only few published data are available on ticks and tick-borne zoonotic pathogens in bolivia. to evaluate rickettsial seroprevalence and infection in dogs and ticks, during february-april 2007, we collected whole blood, sera, and ticks from dogs living in the rural, peri-urban, and urban areas of cochabamba, bolivia. dog sera were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test to detect igg antibodies against rickettsia rickettsii and 68.2% of samples were found to be positive (n = 30; 95% c ...201020426684
[rocky mountain spotted fever, a forgotten epidemic]. 201020464246
ticks on captive and free-living wild animals in northeastern brazil.from 2005 to 2009, 147 ticks found on 32 wild animals from or referred to two zoobotanical parks (parque zoobotânico arruda câmara and parque estadual dois irmãos) located in northeastern brazil were identified. ticks found on two veterinarians working in one of the parks (i.e., parque estadual dois irmãos), after return from forested areas within the park's territory, were also identified. the following tick-host associations were recorded: amblyomma fuscum neumann on boa constrictor l.; amblyo ...201019693679
ticks (acari: ixodidae) within various phytophysiognomies of a cerrado reserve in uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.cerrado biome, the south american savannah, covers about 2 million km(2) and is very rich in endemic species but threatened by agriculture. in this report free-living tick species are presented, and their seasonal and relative distribution within the various phytophysiognomies in a small cerrado reserve in minas gerais state, brazil. overall 2,694 free-living ticks were found during a 2 years sampling period with co(2) traps and cloth dragging. of these, 73.5% were amblyomma cajennense and 0.6% ...201019693680
predominance of ehrlichia chaffeensis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from kennel-confined dogs in limbe, cameroon.rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (n = 63) collected from five dogs (two adults and three puppies) housed in a kennel were screened for ehrlichial agents (ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, and e. ewingii) using a species-specific multicolor real-time taqman pcr amplification of the disulphide bond formation protein (dsb) gene. ehrlichia chaffeensis dna was detected in 33 (56%) ticks, e. canis dna was detected in four (6%) ticks, and one tick was coinfected. the e. chaffeensis and e. canis nucleotide ...201019693681
efficacy of the bm86 antigen against immature instars and adults of the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the bm86 antigen has been used to control ticks of the boophilus genera in integrated programs that also include the use of acaricides. because of recent phylogenetic studies have lead to the inclusion of all boophilus species within the rhipicephalus genera, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of the bm86 antigen on the biotic potential of rhipicephalus sanguineus. domestic dogs were vaccinated with bm86 and challenged with the three instars of r. sanguineus. male and female mongrel dogs were ...201019836894
tick saliva induces regulatory dendritic cells: map-kinases and toll-like receptor-2 expression as potential targets.ticks (acari: ixodidae) are bloodsucking ectoparasitic arthropods of human and veterinary medical importance. tick saliva has been shown to contain a wide range of bioactive molecules with vasodilatory, antihemostatic, and immunomodulatory activities. we have previously demonstrated that saliva from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells (dcs) stimulated with lps. here we examined the mechanism of this immune subversion, evaluating the effect of tick saliva on ...201019836139
molecular dissimilarities of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in brazil and its relation with samples throughout the world: is there a geographical pattern?in this study the genetic variability of rhipicephalus sanguineus within brazil and its relation with ticks of the same group from different continents was evaluated. mitochondrial 12s and 16s rdna fragments of r. sanguineus from seven brazilian states were sequenced and compared to genbank sequences of r. sanguineus and r. turanicus ticks from africa, asia, europe, south america and usa. results indicate a relatively high intra-specific variability between brazilian samples but also a global la ...201019774468
discovery of ectoparasiticidal hydrazonotrifluoromethanesulfonanilides.a series of hydrazonotrifluorosulfonanilide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against the ectoparasites ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus sanguineus. some compounds with excellent activity against tick were identified.201019962303
transcriptome analysis of the synganglion from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.tick control strategies rely heavily on chemicals (acaricides), most of which target the central nervous system. with increasing resistance, new acaricides are urgently needed but knowledge of tick neurobiology is surprisingly limited, notably the number of neural-specific gene sequences. one thousand and eight expressed sequence tags (ests) were obtained from a normalized cdna library from rhipicephalus sanguineus synganglia. putative functional identities were assigned to 44% whereas 34% were ...201020002796
evaluation of the vectorial capacity of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis.the vectorial capacity of rhipicephalus sanguineus in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis has been evaluated through a laboratory-controlled experiment. one healthy leishmania-free dog and two dogs naturally infected with leishmania were infested with r. sanguineus in various stages of development. engorged larvae, unfed nymphs, engorged nymphs, unfed adults, engorged female adults and fed male adults were collected from the experimental animals and examined for leishmania infectio ...201020012095
prevalence and geographical distribution of canine hemotropic mycoplasma infections in mediterranean countries and analysis of risk factors for infection.two hemoplasma species are known in dogs: mycoplasma haemocanis (mhc) and 'candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum' (cmhp). although their transmission routes are poorly understood, rhipicephalus sanguineus has been suggested as a potential tick vector. the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical importance of canine hemoplasmas in countries with a mediterranean climate where r. sanguineus is highly prevalent using taqman real-time pcr, and to molecularly ch ...201019931320
permethrin-induced morphological changes in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.the permethrin, active ingredient of the advantage(r) max3--bayer, has been widely used in the chemical control of ticks. these ectoparasites are one of the most important animal groups that cause serious damage to their hosts. this study evaluated the toxic effects of permethrin in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females subjected to four treatments: group i (control--distilled water), group ii (206 ppm of permethrin), group iii (1031 ppm of permethrin) and group iv (2062 ppm ...201020035820
feeding-associated gene expression in sheep scab mites (psoroptes ovis).the mite psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab. although not usually fatal, the disease can spread rapidly and is a serious animal welfare concern. vaccine development against ectoparasites has primarily focussed on two sources of candidate vaccine antigens - "exposed" antigens that are secreted in saliva during feeding on a host and "concealed" antigens that are usually expressed in the parasite gut and may be involved in digestion. here, we sought to identify genes encoding prote ...201019852923
differences in the behavior of rhipicephalus sanguineus tested against resistant and susceptible dogs.to ascertain whether brown dog tick rhipicephalus sp. infests resistant (beagle) and susceptible (english cocker spaniel) dogs differently, five animals of each breed were maintained in a kennel whose walls were infested with 7,000 larvae, 320 nymphs, 80 males and 80 females, in 3 infestations, at 10-day intervals. five times more ticks were found on cocker spaniels (498) than on beagles (96). substances were collected by rubbing pieces of clean flannel on the dogs for 15 min and these were test ...201020091335
the ccl3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha-binding protein evasin-1 protects from graft-versus-host disease but does not modify graft-versus-leukemia in mice.ccl3 is a protein of the cc chemokine family known to be important for t cell recruitment in inflammatory diseases. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects and putative mechanism of action of evasin-1, a novel ccl3-binding protein, in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). gvhd was induced by the transplantation of splenocytes from c57bl/6j to b6d2f1 mice. treatment of recipient mice with evasin-1 prevented mortality associated with gvhd. this was correlated ...201020100934
ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of china.this paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in china during a survey in all 28 provinces. this will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. to date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: argasidae-argas (7 species), carios (4 species) and ornithodoros (2 species); ixodidae-amblyomma (8 species), anomalohimalaya (2 species), dermacentor (12 species), haemaphysalis (44 species), hyalo ...201020101443
experimental infection of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks with the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, using experimentally infected dogs.we evaluated if rickettsia rickettsii-experimentally infected dogs could serve as amplifier hosts for hipicephalus sanguineus ticks. in addition, we checked if rh. sanguineus ticks that acquired ri. rickettsii from dogs could transmit the bacterium to susceptible hosts (vector competence), and if these ticks could maintain the bacterium by transstadial and transovarial transmissions. uninfected larvae, nymphs, and adults of rh. sanguineus were allowed to feed upon three groups of dogs: groups 1 ...201120569011
molecular detection of ehrlichia canis, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma platys, candidatus midichloria mitochondrii and babesia canis vogeli in ticks from israel.: ticks are vectors of important pathogens of human and animals. therefore, their microbial carriage capacity is constantly being investigated. the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of domestic animal pathogens in ticks collected from vegetation and the ground, from different parts of israel. non-engorged questing adult ticks were collected from 13 localities. a total of 1196 ticks in 131 pools-83 pools of rhipicephalus turanicus and 48 of rhipicephalus sanguineus (with two to ...201120636417
experimental infection of amblyomma aureolatum ticks with rickettsia rickettsii.we experimentally infected amblyomma aureolatum ticks with the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf). these ticks are a vector for rmsf in brazil. r. rickettsii was efficiently conserved by both transstadial maintenance and vertical (transovarial) transmission to 100% of the ticks through 4 laboratory generations. however, lower reproductive performance and survival of infected females was attributed to r. rickettsii infection. therefore, bec ...201121529391
rickettsia rickettsii transmission by a lone star tick, north carolina.only indirect or circumstantial evidence has been published to support transmission of rickettsia rickettsii by amblyomma americanum (lone star) ticks in north america. this study provides molecular evidence that a. americanum ticks can function, although most likely infrequently, as vectors of rocky mountain spotted fever for humans.201121529399
effect of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of dog ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi.effects of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi under laboratory conditions were investigated. the durations of time of water flooding were 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. engorged females of r. sanguineus and h. leachi leachi did not oviposit after being flooded for more than 48 and 6 hours, respectively. the preoviposition periods of both species were longer than ...201121584237
mathematical modelling of the impact of climatic conditions in france on rhipicephalus sanguineus tick activity and density since 1960.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, has a worldwide distribution in areas with a relatively warm climate, including mild winters. this tick plays an important role as vector for various animal and human pathogens, including bacteria and protozoa. based on precise daily meteorological data from the past 40 years, combined with mathematical modelling designed to predict tick activity, two modelling approaches were developed. the first examined the evolution of the number of weeks with fa ...201121590676
[tick-borne diseases in the republic of croatia].this study analyses occurence, trendline, occurence by months and geographical distribution of tick-transmitted diseases: lyme borreliosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis (tbm) and mediterranean spotted fever in the republic of croatia in the period between 1999 and 2008. the vector for lyme borreliosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis is ixodes ricinus, while mediterranean spotted fever is transmitted by the rhipicephalus sanguineus. lyme disease is endemic in entire continental croatia and c ...201121612103
rickettsia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and bartonella in ticks and fleas from dogs and cats in bangkok.abstract flea and tick specimens (5-10 fleas or ticks) on dogs and cats from various sites in bangkok were tested by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing to detect dna of bacteria rickettsia (glta and 17 kda genes), anaplasmataceae (16s rrna gene), and bartonella (pap31 and its genes). we confirmed that rickettsia sp. related to rickettsia felis was detected in 66 of 98 (67.4%) flea specimens from dogs, whereas 8 bartonella henselae and 2 bartonella clarridgeiae were detected in 10 of 54 ...201121612535
perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis.two species of hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. hepatozoon canis prevalent in africa, asia, southern europe, south america and recently shown to be present also in the usa causes infection mainly of hemolymphoid organs, whereas hepatozoon americanum prevalent in the southeastern usa causes myositis and severe lameness. h. americanum is transmitted by ingestion of the gulf coast tick amblyomma maculatum and also by predation on infected prey. h. canis is ...201121620568
babesiosis in an egyptian boy aquired from pet dog, and a general review.human babesiosis has been documented in many countries. it is a zoonotic protozoan disease of medical, veterinary and economic importance. in this study, a twelve years old boy was referred to the hospital with intermittent fever of unknown origin. on clinical, parasitological and serological bases the case proved to be babesiosis. the boy acquired the infection from his pet dog which was heavily infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus and suffered a mild feature of animal babesiosis. the patient ...201121634246
species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (acari: ixodoidea: ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in qazvin province, iran.this report presents the results of the first faunistic study of hard ticks in qazvin province of iran. the primary objective was to determine the species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks that parasitize domestic ruminants. information about the abiotic preferences of these species has been provided. a total of 286 cattle, 1,053 goats, and 2,050 sheep were examined in 13 villages in 28 flocks distributed throughout the studied areas. total direct body collections of ticks were ...201121805220
efficacy of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for treatment and control of tick species infesting dogs in europe.four studies were conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene in a spot-on formulation (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) for the therapeutic and preventive control of ixodid tick species affecting dogs in europe: ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. in each, untreated control dogs were compared to others treated with the novel combination. all dogs were infested with 50 adult, unfed ticks prior to treatme ...201121777735
efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for treatment and control of induced infestations of brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) on dogs.four laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate that a single topical dose of a novel spot-on combination containing fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) is efficacious against the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. in each study, 6-8 male and 6-8 female purpose-bred, laboratory mongrels, terrier cross or beagles were randomly assigned to one of two study groups (treated and untreated), based on pre-treatment parasite counts. starting on the day ...201121777733
the prevention of attachment and the detachment effects of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor variabilis on dogs.a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) was evaluated for the prevention of attachment of ticks and its ability to cause detachment of ticks. for the two prevention of attachment studies, 20 purpose-bred beagles were allocated each to two equal groups based on pretreatment tick counts (treated and untreated). each dog was exposed to 50 adult rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor variabilis weekly starting 24h after treatment. in study ...201121777732
the combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of rhipicephalus sanguineus.the motility of adult rhipicephalus sanguineus was evaluated subsequent to treatments of amitraz, fipronil and the combination of fipronil plus amitraz against a vehicle control in a petri dish assay using the lemnatec scanalyzer imaging system. the assay was run using a fixed dilution of amitraz (0.32µg/cm(2)); serial dilutions of fipronil (1.3, 0.33, 0.08, 0.02, or 0.005µg/cm(2)); and the same serial dilutions of fipronil in combination with the fixed dilution of amitraz. measurement of motili ...201121777731
acariasis on pet burmese python, python molurus bivittatus in malaysia.to identify the acari present on pet burmese pythons in malaysia and to determine whether there is any potential public health risk related to handling of the snakes.201121771459
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province, iran.to determine the rate of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) infection in hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province of iran.201121771418
a survey of canine tick-borne diseases in india.abstract: background: there are few published reports on canine babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, hepatozoon and haemotropic mycoplasma infections in india and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. this study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (tbd) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in india. results: ...201121771313
hepatozoon canis infection in ticks during spring and summer in italy.hepatozoon canis is a common protozoan of dogs, being among the most prevalent tick-borne pathogens infecting dogs around the world. it is primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick. in this study we tested ticks collected from dogs and from the environment in order to track the origin of an outbreak of h. canis infection detected in october 2009 in a private dog shelter in southern italy. ticks from dogs (n?=?267) were collected during the spring of 2009, whereas tick ...201121769649
israeli spotted fever, tunisia.to the editor: mediterranean spotted fever (msf) caused by rickettsia conorii was the first rickettsiosis described in tunisia. r. conorii was thought to be the only species existing in this country. however, authors reported other rickettsioses either from spotted fever group or typhus group (1,2). in sfax, a town in southern tunisia, physicians noted patients with severe forms of msf and suspected the presence of other species or a virulent r. conorii strain. we report 2 cases of israeli spott ...201121762610
diagnosis of imported canine filarial infections in germany 2008 - 2010.filarial infections of dogs are attracting attention across europe because of the risk of spread into previously non-endemic areas (e.g. dirofilaria repens with culicidae as vectors) and as emerging zoonotic agents. the occurrence of filarial infections in german dogs has been analysed based on 8,545 samples collected either from imported animals or following travel into endemic regions. all samples were tested by means of modified knott's test and heartworm antigen assay within the period 2008 ...201121739376
tick infestation and spotted-fever group rickettsia in shelter dogs, california, 2009.in response to an outbreak of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in baja california in early 2009, dogs at two shelters in neighbouring imperial county, california, were evaluated for ectoparasites. brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), a recognized vector for rmsf, were found on 35 (30%) of 116 dogs but all ticks tested negative for rickettsia rickettsii by pcr.201121824367
infection by spotted fever rickettsiae in people, dogs, horses and ticks in londrina, parana state, brazil.spotted fever is a disease caused by bacteria from the genus rickettsia of the spotted fever group (sfg). rickettsia rickettsii is likely the main agent of brazilian spotted fever (bsf). with the objective of gathering information on the circulation of sfg rickettsiae in londrina, parana state, ticks from dogs and horses and also blood from dogs, horses and humans were collected in a neighbourhood of the city which presented potential for circulation of rickettsiae between hosts and vectors. amb ...201121824336
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks in cyprus.in two surveys conducted from march 1999 to march 2001 and from january 2004 to december 2006, a total of 3,950 ticks (belonging to ten different species) were collected from seven domestic and wild animals (goat, sheep, cattle, dog, fox, hare, and mouflon) from different localities throughout cyprus. in order to establish their infection rate with spotted fever rickettsiae (sfg), ticks were pooled and tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting glta and ompa genes, followed by sequencing anal ...201121833539
rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodida, ixodidae) as intermediate host of a canine neglected filarial species with dermal microfilariae.the life cycles of filarioids of dogs presenting dermal microfilariae have been little studied. following the recent retrieval of dermal microfilariae identified as cercopithifilaria sp. in a dog from sicily (italy), this study was designed to assess the role of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus as an intermediate host of this filarial species. an experimental tick infestation was performed on an infected dog using 300 nymphs of r. sanguineus. engorged nymphs were collected and examine ...201121831524
detection of new francisella-like tick endosymbionts in hyalomma spp. and rhipicephalus spp. (acari: ixodidae) from bulgaria.we report on the identification of two new francisella-like endosymbionts (fles) found in three different tick species from bulgaria. the fles were characterized by 16s rrna and tul4 gene sequencing and seem to lack the molecular marker rd1. these two new taxa seem to be facultative secondary endosymbionts of ticks.201121705542
mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ...201121734244
ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. i. inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?the present study histologically analyzed the salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days in hosts which had been previously immunized with glandular extracts obtained from females from this same species in different periods of feeding, having as main objective verify the action of these extracts in the secretor cycle of these glands. for this, glandular extract of females fed for 2 days (sge2), glandular extract of females fed for 4 days (sge4), and glandular ex ...201121221641
ticks as vectors of leishmania parasites.sand flies are the only accepted biological vectors of leishmania parasites. however, secondary modes of transmission have been extensively discussed and speculated about in recent years. in particular, the hypothesis of ticks as vectors of leishmania infantum was studied in the 20th century and today is being revisited using modern molecular biology techniques. recent studies have shed new light on the discussion, but have also led to misleading conclusions on the role of ticks as leishmania ve ...201121227752
synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test.amitraz, a formamidine acaricide, has been reported to act as a synergist of contact insecticides and acaricides in both agriculture and animal health. a laboratory contact test was therefore conducted to determine whether amitraz at 12.5 ppm could improve the contact potency of fipronil on ticks. a controlled glass vial bioassay was used to assess the efficacy of fipronil alone, amitraz alone, and fipronil plus amitraz on unfed adult rhipicephalus sanguineus. assessments of lethality were made ...201121243407
deconstructing tick saliva: non-protein molecules with potent immunomodulatory properties.dendritic cells (dcs) are powerful initiators of innate and adaptive immune responses. ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasite arthropods that suppress host immunity by secreting immunomodulatory molecules in their saliva. here, compounds present in rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva with immunomodulatory effects on dc differentiation, cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression were identified. r. sanguineus tick saliva inhibited il-12p40 and tnf-a while potentiating il-10 cytokin ...201121270122
eschar-associated spotted fever rickettsiosis, bahia, brazil.in brazil, brazilian spotted fever was once considered the only tick-borne rickettsial disease. we report eschar-associated rickettsial disease that occurred after a tick bite. the etiologic agent is most related to rickettsia parkeri, r. africae, and r. sibirica and probably widely distributed from sao paulo to bahia in the atlantic forest.201121291605
a focus of dogs and rickettsia massiliae-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus in california.a recurrent focus of rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation was investigated in a suburban area of southern california after reports of suspected rocky mountain spotted fever in two dogs on the same property. abundant quantities of rh. sanguineus were collected on the property and repeatedly from each dog, and rickettsia massiliae dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). whole blood and serum samples from four dogs were tested by using pcr and microimmunofluorescent assay for antibodie ...201121292893
rna interference in ticks.ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases(1) and the most important vectors affecting cattle industry worldwide(2). ticks are classified in the subclass acari, order parasitiformes, suborder ixodida and are distributed worldwide from arctic to tropical regions(3). despite efforts to control tick infestations, these ectoparasites remain a serious problem for human and ...201121304465
species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in amasya, turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.ticks (acari:ixodidae) are important pests transmitting tick-borne diseases such as crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) to humans. between 2002 and 2009, numerous cchf cases were reported in turkey, including amasya province. in the current study, species diversity, seasonal abundance of ticks, and presence of cchf virus (cchfv) in ticks infesting humans in several districts of amasya province were determined. in the survey, a total of 2,528 ixodid ticks were collected from humans with tick b ...201121337953
cytotoxic effects of permethrin in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.because of the medical and veterinary importance of ticks and the wide use of synthetic chemical substances such as permethrin (active ingredient of advantage® max3 - bayer)for their control, this study evaluated the effects of different concentrations (206, 1031 and 2062 ppm) of the acaricide on the salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females. results showed that permethrin is a potent substance that acts morpho-physiologically in the tick glandular tissue, causing changes ...201121352824
a further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum.ticks--vectors of medical and veterinary importance--are themselves also significant pests. tick salivary proteins are the result of adaptation to blood feeding and contain inhibitors of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, and angiogenesis, as well as vasodilators and immunomodulators. a previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of amblyomma variegatum is revisited in light of recent advances in tick sialomes and provides a database to perform a proteomic study ...201121362191
tick paralysis in australia caused by ixodes holocyclus neumann.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of various animals, including humans, and are abundant in temperate and tropical zones around the world. they are the most important vectors for the pathogens causing disease in livestock and second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens causing human disease. ticks are formidable arachnids, capable of not only transmitting the pathogens involved in some infectious diseases but also of inducing allergies and causing toxicoses and paralysis, wit ...201121396246
experimental primary and secondary infections of domestic dogs with ehrlichia ewingii.in this study, the infection dynamics of ehrlichia ewingii, causative agent of granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, was examined in experimentally infected dogs by using a combination of physical examination, hematologic and biochemical analyses, and molecular and serologic assays. for the experimental trials, blood from an e. ewingii-infected dog was inoculated intravenously into two na+»ve dogs and two dogs with prior experimental exposure to e. ewingii (both were negative for e. ...201121397411
cold-stress response of engorged females of rhipicephalus sanguineus.we investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to low temperature on engorged females of rhipicephalus sanguineus. five groups of two females (f1-f5) were maintained at 8 ± 2°c, 70 ± 10% rh, and 24 h scotophase, for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days. one group was maintained in the incubator (26 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh, and 24 h scotophase) as control. the results show that egg hatch rate, longevity and reproductive fitness of engorged females of r. sanguineus are negatively correlated with the duration o ...201121431929
tick-borne bacteria in mouflons and their ectoparasites in cyprus.the cypriot mouflon (ovis orientalis ophion), a once almost extirpated species of wild sheep, is under strict surveillance because it can be threatened by likely transmission of pathogenic bacteria, such as anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., and coxiella burnetii, primarily from domestic ungulates. we collected 77 blood samples from cypriot mouflons and 663 of their ectoparasites (rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, hyalomma margin ...201121441182
aquaporin water channel agaqp1 in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae during blood feeding and humidity adaptation.altered patterns of malaria endemicity reflect, in part, changes in feeding behavior and climate adaptation of mosquito vectors. aquaporin (aqp) water channels are found throughout nature and confer high-capacity water flow through cell membranes. the genome of the major malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae contains at least seven putative aqp sequences. anticipating that transmembrane water movements are important during the life cycle of a. gambiae, we identified and characterized the a. ...201121444767
the hard-tick fauna of mainland portugal (acari: ixodidae): an update on geographical distribution and known associations with hosts and pathogens.this work is an updated revision of the available information on portuguese ixodid tick species. it includes data on tick biology, ecology, taxonomy and host/pathogen-associations. the current list of portuguese ixodid ticks comprises twenty species: dermacentor marginatus (sulzer, 1776), dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794), haemaphysalis hispanica gil collado, 1938, haemaphysalis inermis birula, 1895, haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago, 1878, hyalomma lusitanicum koch, 1844, hyal ...201121452063
risk factors for african tick-bite fever in rural central africa.african tick-bite fever is an emerging infectious disease caused by the spotted fever group rickettsia, rickettsia africae, and is transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma. to determine the seroprevalence of exposure to r. africae and risk factors associated with infection, we conducted a cross-sectional study of persons in seven rural villages in distinct ecological habitats of cameroon. we examined 903 plasma samples by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibodies to r. africae ...201121460018
susceptibility of four tick species, amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis, and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae), to nootkatone from essential oil of grapefruit.toxicity of nootkatone was determined in laboratory assays against unfed nymphs of amblyomma americanum l., dermacentor variabilis (say), ixodes scapularis say, and rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille. we determined the 50% lethal concentration (lc50) and 90% lethal concentration (lc90) of nootkatone by recording tick mortality 24 h after exposure in treated glass vials. nymphs were susceptible to nootkatone with lc50 values of 0.352, 0.233, 0.169, and 0.197 microg/cm2, and lc90 values of 1.001, ...201121485368
rickettsia rickettsii in rhipicephalus ticks, mexicali, mexico.circulation of a unique genetic type of rickettsia rickettsii in ticks of the rhipicephalus sanguineus complex was detected in mexicali, baja california, mexico. the mexican r. rickettsii differed from all isolates previously characterized from the endemic regions of rocky mountain spotted fever in northern, central, and southern americas. rhipicephalus ticks in mexicali are genetically different from rh. sanguineus found in the united states.201121485383
the immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases.abstract: the canine vector-borne infectious diseases (cvbds) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and the zoonotic potential of many of these agents is a significant consideration for human health. the successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections is dependent upon firm understanding of the underlying immunopathology of the diseases in which there are unique tripartite interactions between the microorganism, the vector and the host immune system. although signific ...201121489234
one health: the importance of companion animal vector-borne diseases.abstract: the international prominence accorded the 'one health' concept of co-ordinated activity of those involved in human and animal health is a modern incarnation of a long tradition of comparative medicine, with roots in the ancient civilizations and a golden era during the 19th century explosion of knowledge in the field of infectious disease research. modern one health tends to focus on zoonotic pathogens emerging from wildlife and production animal species, but one of the most significan ...201121489237
babesiosis due to the canine babesia microti-like small piroplasm in dogs - first report from portugal and possible vertical transmission.abstract:201121489238
why is southern african canine babesiosis so virulent? an evolutionary perspective.abstract: canine babesiosis is a common, highly virulent disease in southern africa with even pups and juveniles being severely affected. this contrasts with bovine babesiosis, for example, where host, parasite and vector co-evolved and young animals develop immunity after infection without showing clinical signs. babesia rossi, the main causative organism of canine babesiosis in sub-saharan africa, was first described from a side-striped jackal (canis adustus) in kenya. although data are meagre ...201121489239
diagnosis of hepatozoon canis in young dogs by cytology and pcr.abstract:201121489247
quantification of leishmania infantum dna in females, eggs and larvae of rhipicephalus sanguineus.:201121489252
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