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[polytypic strains in the genofund of tick-borne encephalitis virus].eighteen polytypic tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains containing the fragments of e and ns1 protein genes of siberian and far eastern, occasionally siberian and european subtypes were isolated in the european and asian parts of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) area. they were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, hybridization-fluorescence detection with genotype-specific probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and e protein sequencing. the polytypic ...201622905425
the first molecular evidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks in jilin, northeastern china.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis. the aim of this study was to investigate sfts virus (sftsv) infections in ticks in northeastern china. a total of 6427 ticks, including 5450 haemaphysalis longicornis, 463 dermacentor silvarum, 351 dermacentor nuttalli, and 163 ixodes persulcatus, were sampled in the liaoning, jilin, and heilongjiang provinces of northeastern china. viral megagenomic analysis of the ticks revealed 25 contigs targeting the m an ...201627460903
baltic lineage of tick-borne encephalitis virus: a putative evolutionary pathway.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is transmitted by ixodid ticks and has three subtypes. the most genetically heterogeneous and widely distributed is the siberian subtype which is subdivided into two main phylogenetic lineages, asian (tbev-sib(asia)) and baltic (tbev-sib(baltic)). according to the hypothesis of quantum evolution of tbev (kovalev et al., 2014b), tbev-sib(asia) originated about 370 years ago in siberia, but the question concerning the time and place of origin of tbev-sib(baltic ...201627478072
tick-borne encephalitis virus diversity in ixodid ticks and small mammals in south-western siberia, russia.the persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in nature is maintained by numerous species of reservoir hosts, multiple transmissions between vertebrates and invertebrates, and the virus adaptation to its hosts. our aim: was to compare tbev isolates from ticks and small wild mammals to estimate their roles in the circulation of the viral subtypes.201627303915
[detection of the siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus in the xinjiang uygur autonomous region, northwestern china].until the recent emergence/re-emergence of human-pathogenic viruses in ticks, tick-borne viruses have been neglected as causative agents of human disease (particularly in china). to gain insight into the diversity of tick-borne viruses in xinjiang uygur autonomous region (northwestern china), we conducted illumina deep sequencing-based screening for virus-derived small rnas in field-collected ixodes persulcatus ticks. we found 32, 631 unique virus-matched reads. in particular, 77 reads mapped to ...201627295880
[polymorphism in the phenotypic structure of a population of taiga tick and its epidemiological significance].the paper presents the results of 10-year (2005-2014) observations of an ixodespersulcatus schulze population. the purpose of this investigation was to trace long-term changes in the structure of the taiga tick population from the proportion of specimens with external skeletal anomalies and to assess a relationship between the pattern of imago phenotypic variation and the virus percentage of a carrier. there were a total of reports of the external skeletal structure of 1123 females gathered from ...201626720971
genetic variability of rickettsia spp. in ixodes persulcatus ticks from continental and island areas of the russian far east.rickettsia spp. are intracellular gram-negative bacteria transmitted by arthropods. two potentially pathogenic rickettsiae, candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae and rickettsia helvetica, have been found in unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks. the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and genetic variability of rickettsia spp. in i. persulcatus ticks collected from different locations in the russian far east. in total, 604 adult i. persulcatus ticks collected from four sites in the khaba ...201627424272
diversity of spotted fever group rickettsia infection in hard ticks from suifenhe, chinese-russian border.in order to investigate the diversity of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia infection in hard ticks, ticks were harvested from the forest areas in suifenhe city, along the chinese-russian border and conventional pcr was carried out using universal sfg rickettsia primers targeting glta and ompa genes to screen for their infection with sfg rickettsia organisms. results showed that of the 215 ticks belonging to ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis concinna and haemaphysalis japonica warburton, 1908 ...201626976703
tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine rantes expression via activation of irf-3 pathway.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (cns) and causes encephalitides in humans. although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in tbev-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood.201627576490
first evidence of established populations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in sweden.the tick species ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus are of exceptional medical importance in the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the palaearctic region. in russia and finland the range of i. persulcatus has recently increased. in finland the first records of i. persulcatus are from 2004. the apparent expansion of its range in finland prompted us to investigate if i. persulcatus also occurs in sweden.201627370406
molecular detection of anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. in ruminants from twelve provinces of china.anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. are tick-transmitted bacteria that are of significant economic importance as they can infect large and small ruminants and also people. there is little information on anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in ruminants in china. 16s rrna fret-qpcrs were used to screen convenience whole blood samples from 2,240 domestic ruminants in 12 provinces of china for anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. positive samples were further analyzed with a standard pcr for the glta. anaplasm ...201628096822
molecular detection and characterization of zoonotic and veterinary pathogens in ticks from northeastern china.tick-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals in china. in this study, ixodes persulcatus (n = 1699), haemaphysalis concinna (n = 412), haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 390), dermacentor nuttalli (n = 253), and dermacentor silvarum (n = 204) ticks were collected by flagging from northeastern china, and detected for infection with anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia, and hepatozoon spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing analysis. an ...201627965644
characterization of rickettsiae in ticks in northeastern china.tick-borne rickettsioses are considered important emerging zoonoses worldwide, but their etiological agents, rickettsiae, remain poorly characterized in northeastern china, where many human cases have been reported during the past several years. here, we determined the characteristics of rickettsia spp. infections in ticks in this area.201627623998
biosurveillance in central asia: successes and challenges of tick-borne disease research in kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan.central asia is a vast geographic region that includes five former soviet union republics: kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, turkmenistan, and uzbekistan. the region has a unique infectious disease burden, and a history that includes silk road trade routes and networks that were part of the anti-plague and biowarfare programs in the former soviet union. post-soviet union biosurveillance research in this unique area of the world has met with several challenges, including lack of funding and res ...201626870722
unique strain of borrelia miyamotoi in ixodes pacificus ticks, california, usa. 201627479523
evaluation of different nested pcrs for detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants and ticks.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammals, which has a broad geographical distribution and a high degree of clinical diversity. currently, numerous pcr assays have been developed and used for the detection of a. phagocytophilum in various specimens. however, their performance varies. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of five nested pcr assays by detection of 363 ruminant and tick samples, and to select the most appropriate methods ...201626911835
prevalence of anaplasma and bartonella spp. in ticks collected from korean water deer (hydropotes inermis argyropus).deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. in the republic of korea, the population of korean water deer (kwd, hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the korean war when much of the land was barren of trees. eighty seven haemaphysalis flava, 228 haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 ixodes nipponensis, and 40 ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 ...201626951985
antiplasmodial activity is an ancient and conserved feature of tick defensins.ancestral sequence reconstruction has been widely used to test evolution-based hypotheses. the genome of the european tick vector, ixodes ricinus, encodes for defensin peptides with diverse antimicrobial activities against distantly related pathogens. these pathogens include fungi, gram-negative, and gram-positive bacteria, i.e., a wide antimicrobial spectrum. ticks do not transmit these pathogens, suggesting that these defensins may act against a wide range of microbes encountered by ticks duri ...201627822206
babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife in different habitat types of slovakia.babesiosis is an emerging and potentially zoonotic disease caused by tick-borne piroplasmids of the babesia genus. new genetic variants of piroplasmids with unknown associations to vectors and hosts are recognized. data on the occurrence of babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife widen the knowledge on the geographical distribution and circulation of piroplasmids in natural foci. questing and rodent-attached ticks, rodents, and birds were screened for the presence of babesia-specific dna using molecu ...201627207099
chlamydia-like organisms (clos) in finnish ixodes ricinus ticks and human skin.ticks carry several human pathogenic microbes including borreliae and flavivirus causing tick-born encephalitis. ticks can also carry dna of chlamydia-like organisms (clos). the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of clos in ticks and skin biopsies taken from individuals with suspected tick bite. dna from clos was detected by pan-chlamydiales-pcr in 40% of adult ticks from southwestern finland. the estimated minimal infection rate for nymphs and larvae (studied in pools) was ...201627681922
tick-borne encephalitis: what travelers should know when visiting an endemic country.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is an acute febrile illness with neurological manifestations that is prevalent in forested areas of moderate climate in europe and asia. tbe virus is transmitted by ticks and rarely by unpasteurized milk and dairy products. the disease burden is attributed mainly to resulting long-term disability, especially in individuals over 50 y of age. currently, there is no causative treatment, but a very effective vaccination is available with a good safety profile. the vacci ...201627715427
novel borrelia species detected in echidna ticks, bothriocroton concolor, in australia.to date, little has been documented about microorganisms harboured within australian native ticks or their pathogenic potential. recently, a borrelia sp. related to the relapsing fever (rf) group was identified in a single tick removed from a wild echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus). the present study investigated the presence of borrelia in 97 bothriocroton concolor ticks parasitizing echidnas in queensland, new south wales, and victoria, australia, using nested pcr with borrelia-specific primers ...201627301754
molecular detection of rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the republic of korea.rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide.201728069059
distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across central mongolia.little is known regarding tick-borne diseases in mongolia, despite having 26% of the population still living nomadic pastoral lifestyles. a total of 1497 adult unfed ticks: 261 ixodes persulcatus, 795 dermacentor nuttalli, and 441 hyalomma asiaticum, were collected from three ecologically distinct regions in central mongolia. tick pools (n = 299) containing ~5 ticks each, were tested for rickettsia and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) using nested polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcrip ...201728153052
impact of air temperature variation on the ixodid ticks habitat and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the russian arctic: the case of the komi republic.the causes of the recent rise of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) incidence in europe are discussed. our objective was to estimate the impact of air temperature change on tbe incidence in the european part of the russian arctic.201728362566
comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of european subtype tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks, long-tailed ground squirrel (spermophilus undulatus), and human blood in the asian part of russia.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is divided into three subtypes: european (tbev-eu), siberian (tbev-sib), and far eastern (tbev-fe) subtypes. the geographical range of tbev-eu dominates in europe, but this subtype is present focally across the whole non-tropical forested eurasian belt, through russia to south korea. however, the tbev-eu strains isolated outside europe remain poorly characterized. in this study, full-genome sequences of eight tbev-eu isolates were determined. these strains we ...201728336423
detection and genetic characterization of a wide range of infectious agents in ixodes pavlovskyi ticks in western siberia, russia.the ixodes pavlovskyi tick species, a member of the i. persulcatus/i. ricinus group, was discovered in the middle of the 20(th) century in the russian far east. limited data have been reported on the detection of infectious agents in this tick species. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic variability of a wide range of infectious agents in i. pavlovskyi ticks collected in their traditional and recently invaded habitats, the altai mountains and novosibirsk province, ...201728545549
a novel zoonotic anaplasma species is prevalent in small ruminants: potential public health implications.tick-borne diseases currently represent an important issue for global health. a number of emerging tick-transmitted microbes continue to be discovered, and some of these are already identified as the cause of human infections. over the past two decades, anaplasma phagocytophilum is considered to be mainly responsible for human anaplasmosis. however, a novel zoonotic pathogen provisionally named "anaplasma capra" has recently been identified in china. in this study, we did an active surveillance ...201728558749
occurrence and genetic variability of kemerovo virus in ixodes ticks from different regions of western siberia, russia and kazakhstan.kemerovo virus (kemv), a member of the reoviridae family, orbivirus genus, is transmitted by ixodes ticks and can cause aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis. recently, this virus was observed in certain provinces of european part of russia, ural, and western and eastern siberia. however, the occurrence and genetic diversity of kemv in western siberia remain poorly studied. therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence and genetic variability of kemv in ixodes ticks from ...201727838528
francisella-like endosymbiont detected in haemaphysalis ticks (acari: ixodidae) from the republic of korea.a total of 6,255 ticks belonging to three genera and six species (haemaphysalis flava neumann, haemaphysalis longicornis neumann, haemaphysalis phasiana saito, ixodes nipponensis kitaoka & saito, ixodes persulcatus schulze, and amblyomma testudinarium koch) collected from may-august, 2013, at four southwestern provinces in the republic of korea (rok) were submitted to the armed forces research institute of medical sciences and assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. one pool each of h. flava ...201728981682
tick surveillance for borrelia miyamotoi and phylogenetic analysis of isolates in mongolia and japan.borrelia miyamotoi, recently recognized as a human pathogenic spirochete, was isolated from ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus in northern mongolia and honshu island, a major island in japan. although no human b. miyamotoi infections have been reported in mongolia, the prevalence of b. miyamotoi in ticks from mongolia is higher than that in ticks from hokkaido, japan, where human cases have been reported. moreover, the multi-locus sequence analysis of cultured isolates revealed that b. miyamotoi i ...201728768603
activity of tick antimicrobial peptide from ixodes persulcatus (persulcatusin) against cell membranes of drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus.persulcatusin (ip), which is an antimicrobial peptide found in ixodes persulcatus midgut, is active against gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus. multidrug-resistant bacteria in particular methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-intermediate s. aureus (visa) and vancomycin-resistant s. aureus (vrsa) are a worldwide clinical concern. in the present study, to explore the potential of ip as a new agent against multidrug-resistant s. aureus infections, we evaluated the ant ...201727531221
detection of rickettsia helvetica and candidatus r. tarasevichiae dna in ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in northeastern european russia (komi republic).the number of tick-borne infections in the northern european regions of russia has increased considerably in the last years. in the present study, 676 unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected in the komi republic from 2011 to 2013 to study tick-borne rickettsioses. rickettsia spp. dna was detected by pcr in 51 (7.6%) ticks. the nucleotide sequence analysis of glta fragments (765bp) from 51 ticks indicated that 60.8% and 39.2% of the ticks were infected with rickettsia helvetica and ca ...201728433730
bacteria of the family 'candidatus midichloriaceae' in sympatric zones of ixodes ticks: genetic evidence for vertical transmission.ixodes ticks transmit infectious agents and also harbor their own parasites and symbionts. the presumptive endosymbiont of ixodes ricinus, 'candidatus midichloria mitochondrii', has a unique ability to invade mitochondria within tick ovarian cells and is transovarially transmitted with 100% efficiency. a closely related bacterium, provisionally named montezuma (now 'candidatus lariskella arthropodarum'), was isolated from the ixodes persulcatus ticks and human blood in 2004 as well as from ixode ...201728091705
a brief history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the late 1930s (based on reminiscences of members of the expeditions, their colleagues, and relatives).tick-borne encephalitis virus is the etiological agent of a severe human disease transmitted by hard ticks. it occurs in large parts of eastern, central, and western asia and in europe with thousands of human cases each year. here, the discovery of the virus by soviet scientists in the late 1930s in the far east is described. the pioneering work involved with this discovery, which resulted in great scientific and epidemiological achievement, was undertaken under the most difficult conditions, an ...201728526419
mapping the distribution of tick-borne encephalitis in mainland china.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) has become an increasing public health threat in recent years, ranging from europe, through far-eastern russia to japan and northern china. however, the neglect of its expansion and scarce analyses of the dynamics have made the overall disease burden and the risk distribution of the disease being unclear in mainland china. in this study, we described epidemiological characteristics of 2117 reported human tbe cases from 2006 to 2013 in mainland china. about 99% of th ...201728461151
molecular and structural characterization of novel cystatins from the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus.cystatins are cysteine peptidase inhibitors that in ticks mediate processes such as blood feeding and digestion. the ixodid tick ixodes persulcatus is endemic to the eurasia, where it is the principal vector of lyme borreliosis. to date, no i. persulcatus cystatin has been characterized. in the present work, we describe three novel cystatins from i. persulcatus, named jpipcys2a, jpipcys2b and jpipcys2c. in addition, the potential of tick cystatins as cross-protective antigens was evaluated by va ...201728174118
the influence of preprandial insemination on feeding and oviposition of ixodes persulcatus females (acari: ixodidae) and some thoughts concerning mating strategies in ticks of the genus ixodes.prostriate ticks (subfamily ixodinae, genus ixodes) can copulate and the females can be inseminated before attachment to the host. in tests with ixodes persulcatus females collected in the field and fed without males on the host, it was shown that this preprandial insemination is necessary and sufficient for successful engorgement and oviposition if female feeding took place in up to 1 month after collection. a 2-month period between preprandial insemination and female feeding was followed by a ...201728705581
on the core bacterial flora of ixodes persulcatus (taiga tick).ixodes persulcatus is a predominant hard tick species that transmits a wide range of human and animal pathogens. since bacterial flora of the tick dwelling in the wild always vary according to their hosts and the environment, it is highly desirable that species-associated microbiomes are fully determined by using next-generation sequencing and based on comparative metagenomics. here, we examine such metagenomic changes of i. persulcatus starting with samples collected from the wild ticks and fol ...201728692666
[exoskeleton abnormalities in taiga tick females from populations of the asiatic part of russia].studies of the phenotypic structure of ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) populations in relation to their exoskeleton abnormalities are important in both theoretical and practical respects. the data on the species' population structure in asiatic part of russia are fragmentary. the goal of the study was to describe taiga tick population structure based on the pattern of females' exoskeleton abnormalities revealed in asiatic part of russia. a total of 3872 i. persulcatus females from 16 geograph ...201729211430
babesia divergens asia lineage is maintained between ixodes persulcatus and sika deer in hokkaido, japan.babesia divergens asia lineage parasites, which are closely related to b. divergens in europe and babesia sp. mo1 in the united states, was recently reported in sika deer (cervus nippon) in eastern japan. to identify the tick vector(s) for this parasite, we conducted a field survey in hokkaido, japan where the infection rate in sika deer is the highest in the country. a specific pcr system which detects and discriminates between lineages within b. divergens and between those lineages and b. vena ...201829374041
an improved real-time pcr method to identify hybrids between ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus ticks. 201829089248
tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from natural foci of the irkutsk region: clarification of the genotype landscape.the irkutsk region is the unique territory where all known subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) circulate. in the last years, the phenomenon of changes in tbev subtypes (substitution of the far-eastern subtype by the siberian one) was noted in some regions of the russian federation. the results of individual investigation of 11522 ixodes persulcatus ticks and brain specimens from 81 small mammals collected in natural foci of the irkutsk region during 2006-2014 are presented in the ar ...201829323856
comparative analysis of genomes of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from mosquitoes and ticks.the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strain lazo mp36 was isolated from the pool of mosquitoes aedes vexans collected in lazo region of khabarovsk territory in august 2014. phylogenetic analysis of the strain lazo mp36 complete genome (genbank accession number kt001073) revealed its correspondence to the tbev far eastern subtype and differences from the following strains: 1) from ticks ixodes persulcatus p. schulze, 1930 [vaccine strain 205 (jx498939) and strains khekhtzir 1230 (kf880805), c ...201829323844
borrelia miyamotoi infections in humans and ticks, northeastern china.we conducted an investigation of borrelia miyamotoi infections in humans and ticks in northeastern china. of 984 patients reporting recent tick bites, 14 (1.4%) were found to be infected with b. miyamotoi by pcr and genomic sequencing. the 14 patients had nonspecific febrile manifestations, including fever, headache, anorexia, asthenia, and arthralgia. rash, eschar, and regional lymphadenopathy were each observed in 1 patient. four (28.6%) patients were hospitalized because of severe disease. b. ...201829350133
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