Publications

adsorption-desorption dynamics of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in vineyard soils.	cyprodinil and fludioxonil are new-generation fungicides that are employed to protect grapevines from botrytis and various rots. in this work, their adsorption and desorption dynamics in eight vineyard soils from galicia (northwestern spain) were examined in batch and column experiments. both fungicides exhibited linear adsorption isotherms, with more ready adsorption (greater kd) of fludioxonil. kd values for cyprodinil were significantly correlated with soil organic matter content (r 2= 0.675, ...	2005	15998132
erecta receptor-like kinase and heterotrimeric g protein from arabidopsis are required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.	arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina is complex and depends on the ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways. a quantitative trait loci (qtl) analysis of resistance to this fungus was performed using two populations of recombinant inbred lines. three loci qrp1-qrp3 (for quantitative resistance to plectosphaerella) were identified and mapped on chromosome 2 (qrp1 and qrp2) and 5 (qrp3). qrp1, the locus showing the strongest effect, was ...	2005	15998304
necrotizing activity of five botrytis cinerea endopolygalacturonases produced in pichia pastoris.	five botrytis cinerea endopolygalacturonase enzymes (bcpgs) were individually expressed in pichia pastoris, purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. while the ph optima of the five enzymes were similar (approximately ph 4.5) the maximum activity of individual enzymes differed significantly. for hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid (pga), the v(max,app) ranged from 10 to 900 u mg(-1), while the k(m,app) ranged from 0.16 to 0.6 mg ml(-1). although all bcpgs are true endopolygalactur ...	2005	15998308
insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives.	chitosan, the n-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. in this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, n-alkyl chitosans (nac) and n-benzyl chitosans (nbc), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. the different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1h nmr spectroscopy. a high degree of substitution (ds) was obtained with n-(butyl)chitosan (ds 0.36) at a 1:1 ...	2005	15999339
improvement of the fungal biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride to enhance both antagonism and induction of plant systemic disease resistance.	biocontrol agents generally do not perform well enough under field conditions to compete with chemical fungicides. we determined whether transgenic strain sj3-4 of trichoderma atroviride, which expresses the aspergillus niger glucose oxidase-encoding gene, goxa, under a homologous chitinase (nag1) promoter had increased capabilities as a fungal biocontrol agent. the transgenic strain differed only slightly from the wild-type in sporulation or the growth rate. goxa expression occurred immediately ...	2005	16000810
mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits.	fresh fruits are prone to fungal contamination in the field, during harvest, transport, marketing, and with the consumer. it is important to identify fungal contaminants in fresh fruits because some moulds can grow and produce mycotoxins on these commodities while certain yeasts and moulds can cause infections or allergies. in this study, 251 fresh fruit samples including several varieties of grapes, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and various citrus fruits were surface-dis ...	2005	16023239
an antifungal protein from flageolet beans.	a protein with antifungal and hemagglutinating activities was isolated from dried flageolet beans (phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'flageolet bean'). the protein was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose but adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-cellulose. the protein demonstrated antifungal activity against mycophaerella arachidicola with an ic50 of 9.8 microm, but was inactive toward fusarium oxysporum and botrytis cinerea. its hemagglutinating activity could not be inhibited by a variety of the sugars tested. t ...	2005	16026901
antifungal activity and biotransformation of diisophorone by botrytis cinerea.	diisophorone (1) was tested against two strains of the necrotrophic plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. fungal sensitivity varied according to the strain. b. cinera 2100 was more sensitive than b. cinereauca992: its mycelial growth was significantly inhibited at concentrations of 50 ppm and above. although diisophorone (1) showed an effective control of b. cinerea, a detoxification mechanism was present. the detoxification of racemic diisophorone (1) by b. cinerea was investigated. incubation with ...	2005	16028992
molecular phylogeny of the plant pathogenic genus botrytis and the evolution of host specificity.	the cosmopolitan genus botrytis contains 22 recognized species and one hybrid. the current classification is largely based on morphological characters and, to a minor extent, on physiology and host range. in this study, a classification of the genus was constructed based on dna sequence data of three nuclear protein-coding genes (rpb2, g3pdh, and hsp60) and compared with the traditional classification. sexual reproduction and the host range, important fitness traits, were traced in the tree and ...	2005	15496556
the role of saprotrophy and virulence in the population dynamics of botrytis cinerea in vineyards.	abstract change in relative frequencies of the three main genetic types of botrytis cinerea (group i, group ii vacuma, and group ii transposa) were monitored over time from 1998 to 2000 in three bordeaux vineyards not treated with fungicides. during 2000, group i isolates, detected mostly at flowering comprised only 2.5% of the entire population. within group ii, the complementary frequencies of vacuma and transposa isolates differed significantly depending on grapevine phenological stages and o ...	2005	18943786
inducible expression of a phytolacca heterotepala ribosome-inactivating protein leads to enhanced resistance against major fungal pathogens in tobacco.	abstract plant genetic engineering has long been considered a valuable tool to fight fungal pathogens because it would limit the economically costly and environmentally undesirable chemical methods of disease control. ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) are potentially useful for plant defense considering their antiviral and antimicrobial activities but their use is limited by their cytotoxic activity. a new gene coding for an rip isolated from leaves of phytolacca heterotepala was expressed i ...	2005	18943992
modeling spatial characteristics in the biological control of fungi at leaf scale: competitive substrate colonization by botrytis cinerea and the saprophytic antagonist ulocladium atrum.	abstract a spatially explicit model describing saprophytic colonization of dead cyclamen leaf tissue by the plant-pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea and the saprophytic fungal antagonist ulocladium atrum was constructed. both fungi explore the leaf and utilize the resources it provides. leaf tissue is represented by a two-dimensional grid of square grid cells. fungal competition within grid cells is modeled using lotka-volterra equations. spatial expansion into neighboring grid cells is assumed ...	2005	18943048
lunatusin, a trypsin-stable antimicrobial peptide from lima beans (phaseolus lunatus l.).	an anti-fungal peptide designated as lunatusin, with a molecular mass around 7kda, was purified from the seeds of chinese lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.). the peptide was isolated using a simple protocol consisting of affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel and gel filtration on superdex 75. lunatusin exerted an anti-fungal activity toward fungal species such as fusarium oxysporum, mycosphaerella arachidicola and botrytis cinerea, and an antibacterial action on, bacillus megaterium, bacill ...	2005	16269344
algicidal and antifungal compounds from the roots of ruta graveolens and synthesis of their analogs.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of ruta graveolens roots yielded rutacridone epoxide with potent selective algicidal activity towards the 2-methyl-isoborneol (mib)-producing blue-green alga oscillatoria perornata, with relatively little effect on the green alga selenastrum capricornutum. the diol-analog of rutacridone epoxide, gravacridondiol, which was also present in the same extract, had significantly less activity towards o. perornata. rutacridone epoxide also show ...	2005	16271733
induction of resistance to gray mold with benzothiadiazole modifies amino acid profile and increases proanthocyanidins in grape: primary versus secondary metabolism.	field treatments of grapevine (cv. merlot) with the plant activator benzothiadiazole (bth, 0.3 mm) induced resistance against gray mold caused by botrytis cinerea. both incidence and severity of the disease were reduced. the resistance was associated with an increase of total polyphenols in berry skins, in particular, the proanthocyanidin fraction, that increased up to 36%. the amino acid profile of leaves was also modified by treatments, particularly lysine, that augmented 4-fold. other amino a ...	2005	16277413
a pathogen-inducible patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolase facilitates fungal and bacterial host colonization in arabidopsis.	genes and proteins related to patatin, the major storage protein of potato tubers, have been identified in many plant species and shown to be induced by a variety of environmental stresses. the arabidopsis patatin-like gene family (plps) comprises nine members, two of which (plp2 and plp7) are strongly induced in leaves challenged with fungal and bacterial pathogens. here we show that accumulation of plp2 protein in response to botrytis cinerea or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (avrrpt2) is dep ...	2005	16297072
a family 11 xylanase from the pathogen botrytis cinerea is inhibited by plant endoxylanase inhibitors xip-i and taxi-i.	the phytopathogen fungus botrytis cinerea produces various glycosidases which are secreted during plant infection. in this study, the xynbc1 cdna that encodes a xylanase from family 11 glycoside hydrolase from b. cinerea was identified by homology-based analysis, cloned by reverse transcription rt-pcr, fully sequenced, and heterologously expressed in pichia pastoris x-33. the purified recombinant protein obtained by chelating-affinity chromatography demonstrated high catalytic activity (180+/-23 ...	2005	16185656
isolation and identification of antifungal and antialgal alkaloids from haplophyllum sieversii.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the hexane/ethyl acetate/water (h/etoac/h2o) crude extract of the aerial parts of haplophyllum sieversii was performed because of preliminary screening data that indicated the presence of growth inhibitory components against colletotrichum fragariae, colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and colletotrichum acutatum. fractionation was directed using bioautographical methods resulting in the isolation of the bioactive alkaloids flindersine, anhydroevoxine, haplamine, and ...	2005	16190626
development of real-time pcr (taqman) assays for the detection and quantification of botrytis cinerea in planta.	real-time pcr assays based on taqman chemistry have been developed for the detection and quantification of botrytis cinerea, suitable for a wide range of different host plant species. assays were designed to the beta-tubulin gene, the intergenic spacer (igs) region of the nuclear ribosomal dna and also to a previously published, species-specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) marker; the assays were compared to a published method based on sybr green i technology. the assays desig ...	2005	16198585
production of an engineered killer peptide in nicotiana benthamiana by using a potato virus x expression system.	the decapeptide killer peptide (kp) derived from the sequence of a single-chain, anti-idiotypic antibody acting as a functional internal image of a microbicidal, broad-spectrum yeast killer toxin (kt) was shown to exert a strong microbicidal activity against human pathogens. with the aim to exploit this peptide to confer resistance to plant pathogens, we assayed its antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. synthetic kp exhibited antimicrobial activit ...	2005	16204558
[proteinase inhibitors as antistress proteins in higher plants].	physicochemical and functional characteristics of plant protein proteinase inhibitors as antistress biopolymers were studied to determine the mechanisms for plant resistance to phytopathogens and to obtain disease-resistant cereal and leguminous cultures. the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin inhibitors varied in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous cultures. study varieties of leguminous and cereal cultures were shown to contain endogenous inhibitors specific to proteinases of ph ...	2005	16212034
a case study from the interaction of strawberry and botrytis cinerea highlights the benefits of comonitoring both partners at genomic and mrna level.	strawberry fragaria x ananassa (cv. korona) was inoculated with botrytis cinerea by dipping berries in a conidial suspension. colonization by the pathogen was monitored using real-time pcr, elisa and ergosterol assays, the first showing the highest sensitivity. the expression of pathogen beta-tubulin and six polygalacturonases (bcpg1-6) and three host defence genes (polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (fapgip) and two class ii chitinases) were monitored using real-time rt-pcr. the maximum trans ...	2005	16219085
[bacillus subtilis and phenotypically similar strains producing hexaene antibiotics].	we studied metabolites synthesized by bacillus subtilis strains, including the type strain of b. atrophaeus and phenotypically similar cultures. these metabolites were presented by polyene antibiotics with conjugated double bonds. hexaenes from study strains inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic fungi fusarium culmorum, f. sporotrichiella, f. oxysporum, botrytis sorokiniana, alternaria tenuis, and phytophtora infestans. the degree of growth inhibition depended on the test fungus.	2005	16240655
antifungal effect of some spice hydrosols.	the antifungal effects of rosemary, cumin, sater (savory), basil and pickling herb hydrosols were investigated against rhizoctonia solani, fusarium oxysporum f. sp tulipae, botrytis cinerea and alternaria citri. hydrosols of sater and pickling herb showed the most relevant fungicidal activity.	2005	16243447
the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein pgip2 of phaseolus vulgaris has evolved a mixed mode of inhibition of endopolygalacturonase pg1 of botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes gray mold in >1,000 plant species. during infection, it secretes several endopolygalacturonases (pgs) to degrade cell wall pectin, and among them, bcpg1 is constitutively expressed and is an important virulence factor. to counteract the action of pgs, plants express polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) that have been shown to inhibit a variety of pgs with different inhibition kinetics, both competitive and noncompetitive. the pg-p ...	2005	16244152
gibberellins are involved in nodulation of sesbania rostrata.	upon submergence, azorhizobium caulinodans infects the semiaquatic legume sesbania rostrata via the intercellular crack entry process, resulting in lateral root-based nodules. a gene encoding a gibberellin (ga) 20-oxidase, srga20ox1, involved in ga biosynthesis, was transiently up-regulated during lateral root base nodulation. two srga20ox1 expression patterns were identified, one related to intercellular infection and a second observed in nodule meristem descendants. the infection-related expre ...	2005	16258018
post-translational modifications of recombinant b. cinerea epg 6.	the fungus botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous plant pathogen that infects more than 200 different plant species and causes substantial economic losses in a wide range of agricultural crops and harvested products. endopolygalacturonases (epgs) are among the first array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes secreted by fungi during infection. up to 13 epg glycoforms have been described for b. cinerea. the presence of multiple n-linked glycosylation modifications in bcpg1-6 is predicted by their deduced ami ...	2005	16259040
a secreted lipase encoded by lip1 is necessary for efficient use of saturated triglyceride lipids in fusarium graminearum.	a triglyceride lipase gene lip1 was identified in the genome of fusarium graminearum strain ph-1. the predicted protein encoded by lip1 contains 591 amino acid residues with a putative n-terminal signal peptide and shows 57 and 40-44 % identity to a botrytis cinerea lipase and five candida rugosa lipases, respectively. yeast cells overexpressing lip1 showed lipolytic activity against a broad range of triglyceride substrates. northern blot analyses revealed that expression of lip1 was activated i ...	2005	16339936
functional analysis of arabidopsis thaliana plant defensins.		2005	16366319
protection of originality of tokaji aszú: amines and organic acids in botrytized wines by high-performance liquid chromatography.	amine and organic acid composition of aszú wines from the tokaj region of hungary, nonbotrytized hungarian wines from different regions, and foreign botrytized wines were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. hungarian and foreign wines (36 hungarian and seven foreign botrytized wines) were compared in different ways by calculation of ratios of given amine compounds, analyses of variance, principal component, and discriminant analysis. in wines, putrescine and in some samples 3-met ...	2005	16366692
in vitro sensitivity of botrytis cinerea to anthraquinone and anthrahydroquinone derivatives.	the effect on mycelial growth of the fungus botrytis cinerea of a set of structurally related tricyclic hydroquinones [9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2,3,5,8-tetrahydroantracen-1(4h)-one and 9,10-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-5,8-dihydroanthracen-1(4h)-one derivatives] and tricyclic quinones [4,4-dimethylanthracen-1,9,10(4h)-trione derivatives] was studied. in general, the anthraquinones presented higher activity than the anthrahydroquinones. anthraquinone and anthrahydroquinone derivatives with methyl gr ...	2005	16366698
botcinins a, b, c, and d, metabolites produced by botrytis cinerea, and their antifungal activity against magnaporthe grisea, a pathogen of rice blast disease.	four new metabolites, botcinins a-d, were isolated from the culture filtrate of a strain of botrytis cinerea. their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly nmr techniques, molecular modeling, and the modified mosher's method. they exhibited antifungal activities against magnaporthegrisea, a pathogen of rice blast disease. botcinins b and c have a mic of 12.5 microm, and botcinins a and d are not active below 100 microm.	2005	16378371
primary pulmonary botryomycosis with multiple adjacent organ involvement mimicking mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.	botryomycosis is an unusual chronic suppurative disease characterized by the histological finding of sulphur granules containing the causative bacteria in an abscess. we describe a previously healthy 14-year-old girl who presented with chronic productive cough. chest computed tomography (ct) revealed a right lower mass with involvement of the parietal pleura, chest wall, diaphragm, liver and costovertebral junction. thoracostomy biopsy was performed due to suspicion of low-grade mucosa-associate ...	2005	16385377
beech leaf colonization by the endophyte apiognomonia errabunda dramatically depends on light exposure and climatic conditions.	ozone and light effects on endophytic colonization by apiognomonia errabunda of adult beech trees (fagus sylvatica) and their putative mediation by internal defence compounds were studied at the kranzberg forest free-air ozone fumigation site. a. errabunda colonization was quantified by "real-time pcr" (qpcr). a. errabunda-specific primers allowed detection without interference by dna from european beech and several species of common genera of plant pathogenic fungi, such as mycosphaerella, alte ...	2005	16388469
induction of resistance to the pathogenic agent botrytis cinerea in the cultivation of the tomato by means of the application of the protein "harpin"(messenger).	harpin(ea), an active component in messenger, was originally isolated from the bacterial plant pathogen erwinia amylovora based on its ability to elicit a hypersensitive response (hr). this bacterial pathogen causes "fire blight", a disease in apples and other members of the rosaceae. harpin(ea) also induces resistance in a variety of plants against a wide array of pathogens. the objective of this investigation was to determine indications of resistance induction to botrytis cinerea in the plant ...	2005	16637156
development of a biological control method against postharvest diseases of citrus fruits.	candida oleophila strain o was previously selected for its high and reliable antagonistic activity against botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum, two important wound pathogens on post-harvest apples. the application of these antagonistic strains on wound pathogens of citrus was more recently undertaken. the efficacy of yeast (applied at several concentrations from 10(5) to 10(8) cfu/ml) was assessed against p. digitatum and p. italicum inoculated after one hours (at a concentration of 10(5), ...	2005	16637158
botrytis infection warnings in strawberry: reduced enhanced chemical control.	the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of grey mould, the most important fungal fruit rot disease in strawberry in europe. currently disease control for grey mould is based on preventive spraying every five to seven days during flowering and harvest. replacing preventive spraying with applications based on infection warnings can optimize performance and reduce the amount of sprays needed. success of this approach will depend on the accuracy of the model used to predict disease ...	2005	16637160
a new post-harvest fungicide to control fruit rot on apple and pear.	philabuster is a new post-harvest fungicide developed by janssen pharmaceutica n.v.. it provides an advanced mould control by post-harvest treatments of citrus and pome fruit. the product is formulated as a stable suspension concentrate intended for dilution in water before use. philabuster 400 sc contains 200 g/l imazalil and 200 g/l pyrimethanil. both active ingredients have a different single site mode of action. imazalil inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (dmi), whereas pyrimethanil interferes ...	2005	16637162
selection of antagonists of postharvest apple parasites: penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea.	the objectives of this study were to constitute a collection of pathogenic agents of economic importance which cause losses of apple fruits after harvest namely botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum and to select in vivo efficient antagonistic strains able to protect fruits against both pathogens at 5 degrees c (p. expansum) and 25 degrees c (p. expansum & b. cinerea). twenty strains of p. expansum and ten strains of b. cinerea have been isolated from infected apple fruits. potential antagon ...	2005	16637169
biological control of botrytis gray mould and sclerotinia drop in lettuce.	research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the biological control of two most important fungal diseases of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.): 1) botrytis gray mould caused by botrytis cinerea pers. ex fr.; 2) sclerotinia drop caused by two pathogenic fungi, sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de bary and/or sclerotinia minorjagger. biological control in lettuce was carried out: 1) using coniothyrium minitans campbell, an antagonist fungus that attacks and destroys sclerotia within the soil; ...	2005	16637171
signum, a new fungicide for control of leaf diseases in outdoor vegetables.	during three years, the new fungicide signum, containing 6.7% pyraclostrobine + 26.7 % boscalid and developed by basf. has been evaluated in leek, carrots and cabbages in several outdoor field experiments under practical conditions and during one year in outdoor lettuce. in leek, phytophthora porri is one of the major leaf diseases causing lesions on differ ent places on the leaves, resulting in at least extra labour costs for trimming or even worse sometimes resulting in complete crop loss. so ...	2005	16637178
fungicidal activity of some o-acyl chitosan derivatives against grey mould botrytis cinerea and rice leaf blast pyricularia grisea.		2005	16637180
fungicidal effect of chitosan derivatives containing an n-alkyl group on grey mould botryti77s cinerea and rice leaf blast pyricularia grisea.		2005	16637181
treatments with gras compounds to keep fig fruit (ficus carica l.) quality during cold storage.	the trade of fresh fig fruit is restricted by its high perishability and numerous attempts have been done to extend the postharvest life. the main difficulties can be found in the fast ripening and the easiness of pathogen spread. although the ripening can be slowed by low storage temperatures (close to 0 degrees c) the control of pathogens remains still unsolved since no pesticide treatments are allowed. generally recognized as save compounds (g.r.a.s.) are possible candidates to fulfil this vo ...	2005	16637198
altered growth and polyamine catabolism following exposure of the chocolate spot pathogen botrytis fabae to the essential oil of ocimum basilicum.	biomass of the fungal pathogen botrytis fabae in liquid culture amended with two chemotypes of the essential oil of basil, ocimum basilicum, was reduced significantly at concentrations of 50 ppm or less. the methyl chavicol chemotype oil increased the activity of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (adometdc), but polyamine concentrations were not significantly altered. in contrast, the linalol chemotype oil decreased adometdc activity in b. fabae, although again ...	2005	16392245
differences in the initial events of infection of botrytis cinerea strains isolated from tomato and grape.	various stages of the infection process among b. cinerea strains isolated from tomatoes or grapes, belonging to different genetic groups, were compared. it was found that strains of b. cinerea isolated from either grapes or tomatoes showed differences in adhesion patterns and in the percentage of germination on tomato cutin. in strains isolated from tomato the first stage of adhesion occurred faster than in strains isolated from grape. at the same time strains isolated from tomato showed a highe ...	2005	16396356
exposure to moulds in flats and the prevalence of allergic diseases--preliminary study.	the presented study concerned mycological analysis of buildings in lódź and evaluation of the role between filamentous fungi contaminated flats and inhabitants health (allergic airway diseases). 49 inhabitants of 20 flats with signs of moulds contamination were examined. air samples were collected in houses and outdoors. in all inhabitants skin prick tests (spt) to common allergens and to standardized particular fungal extracts were performed. moreover, total and serum specific ige to moulds, re ...	2005	16457375
micromycetes, producers of toxins, detected on stored vegetables.	in 2003-2004, investigations of mycological contamination of stored and newly harvested vegetables were carried out. the aim of the study was to detect fungal species able to synthesize toxic metabolites, which are spread on vegetables under various conditions. for mycological investigations, samples of carrots, onions and cabbage were taken from storehouses with different storage periods and conditions. penicillium expansum, p. nalgiovense, mucor silvaticus and penicillium verrucosum were more ...	2005	16457482
annual variation of fungal spores in atmosphere of porto: 2003.	the seasonal distribution of fungal spore concentration in the city of porto, portugal, was continuously studied, from 1 january to 31 december 2003, using a 7-day volumetric burkard trap. in portugal, aerobiological studies are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no published data on the atmospheric concentration of fungal spores. the aim of this work therefore is to initiate the aeromycological studies in porto. the total airborne spore concentration fluctuated between 2 and 2,198 spores/m( ...	2005	16457491
partition of the botrytis cinerea complex in france using multiple gene genealogies.	in micro-organisms biodiversity is often underestimated because relevant criteria for recognition of distinct evolutionary units are lacking. phylogenetic approaches have been proved the most useful in fungi to address this issue. botrytis cinerea, a generalist fungus causing gray mold, illustrates this problem. it long has been thought to be a single variable species. recent population genetics studies have shown that b. cinerea is a species complex. however conflicting partitions were proposed ...	2005	16722218
bioactive constituents from turkish pimpinella species.	a new 'phenylpropanoid', 4-(3-methyloxiran-2-yl)phenyl 2-methylbutanoate (1), a new trinorsesquiterpene, 4-(6-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en-7-yl)butan-2-one (2), and eight known compounds (3-10) were isolated from the essential oils of several pimpinella species growing in turkey. the structures of the new compounds were determined by 1d- and 2d-nmr analyses. the absolute configuration of 1 was established via comparison of its optical rotation with that of 'epoxypseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrat ...	2005	17191975
microwave-assisted, one-pot syntheses and fungicidal activity of polyfluorinated 2-benzylthiobenzothiazoles.	polyfluorinated 2-benzylthiobenzothiazoles 3a-l are prepared via a microwave-assisted, one-pot procedure. the advantages, such as good to excellent yields, shorter reaction time (14-21min), readily available starting material, and simple purification procedure, distinguish the present protocol from other existing methods used for the synthesis of 2-benzylthiobenzothiazoles. bioassay indicated that most of the compounds showed significant fungicidal activity against rhizoctonia solani, botrytis c ...	2006	17008103
study of the three-way interaction between trichoderma atroviride, plant and fungal pathogens by using a proteomic approach.	the main molecular factors involved in the complex interactions occurring between plants (bean), two different fungal pathogens (botrytis cinerea, rhizoctonia solani) and an antagonistic strain of the genus trichoderma were investigated. two-dimensional (2-d) electrophoresis was used to analyze separately collected proteomes from each single, two- or three-partner interaction (i.e., plant, pathogenic and antagonistic fungus alone and in all possible combinations). differential proteins were subj ...	2006	17008992
skin test reactivity to molds in pre-school children with newly diagnosed asthma.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of sensitization to molds and to house dust mites (hdm) in pre-school children with newly-diagnosed asthma.	2006	17168977
the cauliflower or gene encodes a dnaj cysteine-rich domain-containing protein that mediates high levels of beta-carotene accumulation.	despite recent progress in our understanding of carotenogenesis in plants, the mechanisms that govern overall carotenoid accumulation remain largely unknown. the orange (or) gene mutation in cauliflower (brassica oleracea var botrytis) confers the accumulation of high levels of beta-carotene in various tissues normally devoid of carotenoids. using positional cloning, we isolated the gene representing or and verified it by functional complementation in wild-type cauliflower. or encodes a plastid- ...	2006	17172359
study of amine composition of botrytized grape berries.	aliphatic primary and biogenic amines of grape varieties from two vintages were studied. we established that appearance and/or increase of both primary aliphatic and biogenic amines is due to microbiota living in/on grape berries. aszú, gray rotten grapes infected mainly with botrytis cinerea, grape berries infected mainly with penicillium species, and intact grape berries were compared on the basis of amine composition using t-test, analysis of variance, and multivariate statistical analysis (p ...	2006	17090141
structural and functional diversity within the cystatin gene family of hordeum vulgare.	phytocystatins are inhibitors of cysteine proteinases from plants putatively involved in defence and as endogenous regulators of protein turnover. seven genes encoding cystatins (hvcpi-1 to hvcpi-7), identified from est collections and from an endosperm cdna library, have been characterized. the intron-exon structure of their corresponding orfs has been determined and the predicted three-dimensional models for the seven barley cystatins have been established, based on the known crystal structure ...	2006	17099080
a novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from amaranthus viridis linn seeds.	a lectin from the seeds of amaranthus viridis linn has been purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-linked amino activated silica. amaranthus viridis lectin (avl) has a native molecular mass of 67 kda. it is a homodimer composed of two 36.6 kda subunits. the lectin gave a single band in non-denaturing page at ph 4.5 and ph 8.3 and a single peak on hplc size exclusion and cation exchange columns. the purified lectin was specific for both t-antigen and n-acetyl-d-lactosamine, markers f ...	2006	17100645
odor-active alcohols from the fungal transformation of alpha-farnesene.	submerged microbial cultures were screened for their potential to oxifunctionalize alpha-farnesene. the major oxidation product in all transforming cultures, 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3(e),5(e)10-tetraen-7-ol, showed a pleasant citrus-like odor and peak concentrations of 170 mg l-1. an aspergillus niger isolate from mango generated another two terpene alcohols identified as diastereomeric menth-1-en-3-[2-methyl-1,3-butadienyl]-8-ol, a new natural compound with an apricot-like odor. the regiospeci ...	2006	17117793
characterization of some mushroom and earthy off-odors microbially induced by the development of rot on grapes.	grape rot is one of the major causes of degradation of many grape components and, thus, of deterioration in wine quality. in particular, the association of botrytis cinerea with other, less visible, fungi frequently leads to the development of organoleptic defects in grapes and sometimes in wines. this study examines the nature of the volatile compounds responsible for mushroom, mossy, or earthy odors detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry in organic extracts of rotten grapes and musts. 2-m ...	2006	17117809
a class iii histidine kinase acts as a novel virulence factor in botrytis cinerea.	filamentous ascomycetes contain large numbers of histidine kinases (hk) that belong to eleven classes. members of class iii from different species were previously shown to be involved in osmoregulation and resistance to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides. we have inactivated the gene encoding the single group iii hk, bos1, in the economically important plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. bos1 inactivation had pleiotropic effects on the fungus. besides the expected osmosensitivity and resist ...	2006	16941908
[analysis of shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of brassica plants].	in this study, we analyzed shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of brassica plants including cauliflower (brasscia oleracea l.var. botrytis), broccoli (b. oleracea l.var italica), chinese cabbage (brasscia compestris spp. pekinensis) and cabbage (brasscia oleracea.l.). it has been showed that all of their apical meristems changed from the original tunica-corpus structure to the intergrade subarea, to typical 5-subarea structure and to 4-subarea structure when they went into repro ...	2006	16944593
a hemagglutinin with mitogenic activity from dark red kidney beans.	a 67-kda hemagglutinin composed of two identical subunits was purified from phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'dark red kidney bean'. it was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose but adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel. the hemagglutinin was highly purified after the two aforementioned chromatographic steps as revealed by a single peak in gel filtration on superdex 75 and a single band in sds-page. the hemagglutinating activity was stable between 25 degrees c and 70 degrees c, and between ph 4 and ph 11, and in the prese ...	2006	16945595
trehalose metabolism is important for heat stress tolerance and spore germination of botrytis cinerea.	to analyse the role of trehalose as stress protectant and carbon storage compound in the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea, mutants defective in trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps1) and neutral trehalase (tre1) were constructed. the deltatps1 mutant was unable to synthesize trehalose, whereas the deltatre1 mutant showed elevated trehalose levels compared to the wild-type and was unable to mobilize trehalose during conidial germination. both mutants showed normal vegetative growth and were not ...	2006	16946258
stereoisomeric distribution of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in dry and sweet white wines made from vitis vinifera (var. sauvignon blanc and semillon).	the enantiomeric distribution of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3mh) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3mha) in vitis vinifera wines was determined by combining two techniques: specific purification of volatile thiols from the wines using p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and separation of the chiral molecules by gas-phase chromatography on a cyclodextrin capillary column. the r and s enantiomer ratios of these two thiols in dry white sauvignon blanc and semillon wines are approximately 30:70 for a3mh and 50:50 for 3m ...	2006	16968090
isolation and characterization of a novel mung bean protease inhibitor with antipathogenic and anti-proliferative activities.	a novel protease inhibitor, designated mungoin, with both antifungal and antibacterial activities, and exhibiting a molecular mass of 10kda in sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was isolated from mung bean (phaseolus mungo) seeds. the isolation procedure involved a combination of extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex, and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on sp-toyopearl. its isoelectric point was estimated to be 9.8 by isoelectri ...	2006	16971020
isolation and characterization of a novel thermostable non-specific lipid transfer protein-like antimicrobial protein from motherwort (leonurus japonicus houtt) seeds.	in screening for potent antimicrobial proteins from plant seeds, a novel heat-stable antimicrobial protein, designated ljamp2, was purified from seeds of the motherwort (leonurus japonicus houtt), a medicine herb, with a procedure involving cation exchange chromatography on a cm ff column, and reverse phase hplcs on c8 column and c18 column. ljamp2 exhibited a molecular mass of 6.2 kda determined. automated edman degradation determined the partial n-terminal sequence of ljamp2 to be nh2-aigcntva ...	2006	16979797
effect of ascorbate oxidase over-expression on ascorbate recycling gene expression in response to agents imposing oxidative stress.	ascorbate oxidase (ao) is a cell wall-localized enzyme that uses oxygen to catalyse the oxidation of ascorbate (aa) to the unstable radical monodehydroascorbate (mdha) which rapidly disproportionates to yield dehydroascorbate (dha) and aa, and thus contributes to the regulation of the aa redox state. here, it is reported that in vivo lowering of the apoplast aa redox state, through increased ao expression in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l. cv. xanthi), exerts no effects on the expressio ...	2006	16997902
the antifungal activity of widdrol and its biotransformation by colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) penz. & sacc. and botrytis cinerea pers.: fr.	widdrol (1) was tested against the necrotrophic plant pathogens botrytis cinerea and colletotrichum gloeosporioides. while 1 was found to be inactive against c. gloeosporioides, it showed a selective and effective control of b. cinerea, significantly inhibiting the mycelial growth of the fungus at concentrations of 100 ppm and above. in addition, the biotransformation of 1 by both fungi was studied. incubation with c. gloeosporioides and b. cinerea afforded four and one biotransformation product ...	2006	17002416
metschnikowia strains isolated from botrytized grapes antagonize fungal and bacterial growth by iron depletion.	noble-rotted grapes are colonized by complex microbial populations. i isolated pigment-producing metschnikowia strains from noble-rotted grapes that had antagonistic activity against filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. a red-maroon pigment was formed from a diffusible colorless precursor released by the cells into the medium. the conversion of the precursor required iron and could occur both in the cells (red colonies) and in the medium (red halos around colonies). the intensity of pigmenta ...	2006	17021223
molecular basis of ergosterol-induced protection of grape against botrytis cinerea: induction of type i ltp promoter activity, wrky, and stilbene synthase gene expression.	type i lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are basic, 9-kda cystein-rich proteins believed to be involved in plant defense mechanisms. a 2,100-bp fragment containing the coding region of vitis vinifera lipid transfer protein 1 (vvltp1) and 1,420-bp of its promoter region was isolated by screening a grape genomic library. in silico analysis revealed several putative, defense-related, cis-regulatory elements such as w- and myb-boxes, involved in the binding of wrky and myb transcription factors, respec ...	2006	17022174
yeast increases resistance in arabidopsis against pseudomonas syringae and botrytis cinerea by salicylic acid-dependent as well as -independent mechanisms.	cell-wall and glucopeptide components of yeast have been reported to exhibit elicitor activity. the mode of action of defense activation by yeast is not known so far. in this study, we used the model plant arabidopsis to investigate the activation of defense responses by yeast, the effect on resistance against different pathogens, and the mode of action. treatment of arabidopsis plants with an autoclaved yeast suspension induced the expression of systemic acquired resistance-related genes and ac ...	2006	17022178
[collagenolytic activity in several species of deuteromycetes under various storage conditions].	the ability of deuteromycetes of the genera penicillium, aspergillus, and botrytis to retain collagenolytic activity was studied after both 2 and 10 years of storage on a czapek medium under a layer of mineral oil at 4 degrees c, as well as in silica gel granules at 20 and -60 degrees c. the enzymatic activity of several species, including botrytis terrestris, penicillium janthinellum, penicillium chrysogenum, and penicillium citrinum, was retained under both conditions of storage. aspergillus r ...	2006	17022462
comparison of composition and antifungal activity of artemisia argyi lévl. et vant inflorescence essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide.	essential oil of artemisia argyi lévl. et vant inflorescence was obtained by supercritical co(2) extraction and hydrodistillation. the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize its components and was also tested for antifungal activity. a total of 61 compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled oil. the major components were 1,8-cineole (4.46%), borneol (3.58%), terpinol (10.18%), spathulenol (10.03%), caryophyllene oxide (6.51%), juniper camphor (8.74%), camazu ...	2006	17032625
leaf hairs influence phytopathogenic fungus infection and confer an increased resistance when expressing a trichoderma alpha-1,3-glucanase.	the leaf surface of a very large number of plant species are covered by trichomes. non-glandular trichomes are specialized unicellular or multicellular structures that occur in many different plant species and function in xenobiotic detoxification and protecting the plant against pest attack. by analysing the susceptibility of trichome mutants, evidence is provided that indicates the influence of leaf trichomes on foliar fungal infections in arabidopsis thaliana, probably by facilitating the adh ...	2006	17043085
arabidopsis wrky33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.	plant wrky transcription factors are key regulatory components of plant responses to microbial infection. in addition to regulating the expression of defense-related genes, wrky transcription factors have also been shown to regulate cross-talk between jasmonate- and salicylate-regulated disease response pathways. the two pathways mediate resistance against different types of microbial pathogens, and there are numerous reports of antagonistic interactions between them. here we show that mutations ...	2006	17059405
the grapevine polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (vvpgip1) reduces botrytis cinerea susceptibility in transgenic tobacco and differentially inhibits fungal polygalacturonases.	polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) selectively inhibit polygalacturonases (pgs) secreted by invading plant pathogenic fungi. pgips display differential inhibition towards pgs from different fungi, also towards different isoforms of pgs originating from a specific pathogen. recently, a pgip-encoding gene from vitis vinifera (vvpgip1) was isolated and characterised. pgip purified from grapevine was shown to inhibit crude polygalacturonase extracts from botrytis cinerea, but this inhibit ...	2006	17072564
changing green leaf volatile biosynthesis in plants: an approach for improving plant resistance against both herbivores and pathogens.	green leaf volatiles (glvs) are commonly emitted by green plants, and their production is drastically enhanced when they are under biotic stress. to clarify the ecological function of naturally emitted glvs, we studied the response of arabidopsis, whose glv biosynthesis had been modified, when subjected to herbivory or a pathogenic infection. there was a significant increase in glv production after herbivory by cabbage white butterfly larvae and pathogen (gray mold) infection in hydroperoxide ly ...	2006	17075049
stereoselective total synthesis of the proposed structure of 2-epibotcinolide.	[structure: see text] the total synthesis of pseudo 2-epibotcinolide (1b) through several featured synthetic approaches has been attained. first, the chiral linear precursors of the nine-membered ring compound is stereoselectively constructed by the asymmetric aldol reaction for producing beta-hydroxy ester units. second, the key cyclization reaction to form the nine-membered lactone moiety is efficiently achieved by the extremely facile and powerful mixed-anhydride method promoted by 2-methyl-6 ...	2006	17078697
the distribution and evolutionary history of the prp8 intein.	we recently described a mini-intein in the prp8 gene of a strain of the basidiomycete cryptococcus neoformans, an important fungal pathogen of humans. this was the second described intein in the nuclear genome of any eukaryote; the first nuclear encoded intein was found in the vma gene of several saccharomycete yeasts. the evolution of eukaryote inteins is not well understood. in this report we describe additional prp8 inteins (bringing the total of these to over 20). we compare and contrast the ...	2006	16737526
prevention and control of pests and diseases.	a well-controlled growth environment with plants that are not unduly stressed is essential for arabidopsis molecular biology research. even if they do not kill the plants outright, insect pests and microbial pathogens can cause subtle changes in gene expression or plant metabolism that affect experimental results. therefore, regular scouting for infestations, frequent cleaning of plant growth areas, proper disposal of dead or diseased plant material, and controlled access to the greenhouses or g ...	2006	16739564
two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profile of the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungi causing disease in a number of important crops. it is considered a very complex species in which different populations seem to be adapted to different hosts. in order to characterize fungal virulence factors, a proteomic research was started. a protocol for protein extraction from mycelium tissue, with protein separation by 2-de and ms analysis, was optimised as a first approach to defining the b. cinerea proteome. around 400 spots were detected in 2-d ...	2006	16544282
dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi.	the methanol extract of stems of catalpa ovata g don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against magnaporthe grisea (hebert) barr (rice blast) on rice plants, botrytis cinerea pers ex fr (tomato grey mould) and phytophthora infestans (mont) de bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, puccinia recondita rob ex desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and blumeria graminis (dc) speer f. sp. hordei marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. an antifungal substance was isolated and i ...	2006	16550502
mass spectrometry in grape and wine chemistry. part ii: the consumer protection.	controls in food industry are fundamental to protect the consumer health. for products of high quality, warranty of origin and identity is required and analytical control is very important to prevent frauds. in this article, the "state of art" of mass spectrometry in enological chemistry as a consumer safety contribute is reported. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms) and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms) methods have been developed to determine pesticides, ethyl carbamate, ...	2006	16555227
casar82a, a pathogen-induced pepper sar8.2, exhibits an antifungal activity and its overexpression enhances disease resistance and stress tolerance.	pepper sar8.2 gene (casar82a) was previously reported to be locally or systemically induced in pepper plants by biotic and abiotic stresses. in this study, the physiological and molecular functions of the pepper sar8.2 protein in the plant defense responses were investigated by generating arabidopsis transgenic lines overexpressing the casar82a gene. the transgenic arabidopsis plants grew faster than the wild-type plants, indicating that the casar82a gene was involved in plant development. the e ...	2006	16786294
biodegradation of the fungicide iprodione by zygosaccharomyces rouxii strain dbvpg 6399.	iprodione is a contact fungicide used to control several pathogens such as botrytis cinerea, monilia, and sclerotinia. this paper reports the ability of an iprodione-resistant strain of zygosaccharomyces rouxii to degrade iprodione at a concentration of 1 mg l(-1). the yeast z. rouxii was chosen also for its ability to grow at high osmolarity. also of note is that in bioremediation situations and in the food industry such resistance could be important. the kinetic and metabolic behaviors of the ...	2006	16787022
necrotrophic mycoparasitism of botrytis cinerea by cellulolytic and ligninocellulolytic basidiomycetes.	twenty-six isolates representing 17 species of aphyllophoraceous, wood-decaying basidiomycetes and five species of agaricoid, turf-borne, thatch-decaying basidiomycetes were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulose, lignin, and melanin by using colorimetric degradation assays on agar media. selected ligninocellulolytic basidiomycetes capable of degrading melanin were screened for antagonism of botrytis cinerea per.:fr. the greatest inhibition of botrytis colony and hyphal growth in vitr ...	2006	16788718
beta-carotene accumulation induced by the cauliflower or gene is not due to an increased capacity of biosynthesis.	the cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) or gene is a rare carotenoid gene mutation that confers a high level of beta-carotene accumulation in various tissues of the plant, turning them orange. to investigate the biochemical basis of or-induced carotenogenesis, we examined the carotenoid biosynthesis by evaluating phytoene accumulation in the presence of norflurazon, an effective inhibitor of phytoene desaturase. calli were generated from young seedlings of wild type and or mutant pl ...	2006	16790254
the phytoalexins from cauliflower, caulilexins a, b and c: isolation, structure determination, syntheses and antifungal activity.	our continuous search for phytoalexins from crucifers led us to examine phytoalexin production in florets of cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) under abiotic (uv light) elicitation. four known (isalexin, s-(-)-spirobrassinin, 1-methoxybrassitin, brassicanal c) and three new (caulilexins a-c) phytoalexins were isolated. the syntheses and antifungal activity of caulilexins a-c against the economically important pathogenic fungi leptosphaeria maculans, rhizoctonia solani and sclerotinia ...	2006	16806330
analysis of defensive responses activated by volatile allo-ocimene treatment in arabidopsis thaliana.	since volatile allo-ocimene enhances resistance of arabidopsis thaliana against botrytis cinerea, we attempted to dissect the factors involved in this induced resistance. the penetration of b. cinerea hyphae into arabidopsis epidermis and the growth of hyphae after penetration were suppressed on allo-ocimene-treated leaves. allo-ocimene also induced lignification on cell walls and veins of the leaves. the treatment induced accumulation of antifungal substances including the arabidopsis phytoalex ...	2006	16808931
expression and functional analyses of the plastid lipid-associated protein chrc suggest its role in chromoplastogenesis and stress.	chromoplastogenesis during flower development and fruit ripening involves the dramatic overaccumulation of carotenoids sequestered into structures containing lipids and proteins called plastid lipid-associated proteins (paps). chrc, a cucumber (cucumis sativus) pap, has been suggested to be transcriptionally activated in carotenoid-accumulating flowers by gibberellin (ga). mybys, a myb-like trans-activator identified here, may represent a chromoplastogenesis-related factor: its expression is flo ...	2006	16815957
overexpression in arabidopsis of a plasma membrane-targeting glutamate receptor from small radish increases glutamate-mediated ca2+ influx and delays fungal infection.	ionotropic glutamate receptors (iglurs) are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. although homologues of the iglurs have been identified in higher plants, their roles are largely unknown. in this work we isolated a full-length cdna clone (rsglur) encoding a putative glutamate receptor from small radish. an rsglur: mgfp fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane. in arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing the full-length cdna, glutamate tre ...	2006	16819306
evidence for protein degradation by botrytis cinerea and relationships with alteration of synthetic wine foaming properties.	botrytis cinerea is an important fungal pathogen particularly dreaded in the cool climate vineyard. it is responsible for important damage, especially the decrease in foamability of sparkling wines, such as champagne. different studies have shown that proteins are largely involved in the stabilization of champagne foam despite their low concentration. other works demonstrated changes in the electrophoretic characteristics of must proteins originating from botrytized grapes, although the cause of ...	2006	16819930
identification of an abscisic acid gene cluster in the grey mold botrytis cinerea.	like several other phytopathogenic fungi, the ascomycete botrytis cinerea is known to produce the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba) in axenic culture. recently, bcaba1, the first fungal gene involved in aba biosynthesis, was identified. neighborhood analysis of bcaba1 revealed three further candidate genes of this pathway: a putative p450 monooxygenase-encoding gene (bcaba2), an open reading frame without significant similarities (bcaba3), and a gene probably coding for a short-chain dehydrogena ...	2006	16820452
a mutation in the gtp hydrolysis site of arabidopsis dynamin-related protein 1e confers enhanced cell death in response to powdery mildew infection.	we screened for mutants of arabidopsis thaliana that displayed enhanced disease resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen erysiphe cichoracearum and identified the edr3 mutant, which formed large gray lesions upon infection with e. cichoracearum and supported very little sporulation. the edr3-mediated disease resistance and cell death phenotypes were dependent on salicylic acid signaling, but independent of ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling. in addition, edr3 plants displayed enhanced suscept ...	2006	16824181
enhancement of fungicidal and insecticidal activity by reductive alkylation of chitosan.	a series of n-alkyl chitosan (nac) derivatives were synthesized using a reductive alkylation reaction to examine their fungicidal and insecticidal activity. the chemical structures were characterized by ir and (1)h nmr spectroscopy, and the degree of substitution (ds) ranged from 0.02 to 0.37. their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the grey mould botrytis cinerea pers ex fr (leotiales: sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast pathogen pyricularia grisea sacc [teleomorph: magnaporthe gri ...	2006	16847817
antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure.	to investigate the relation between the chemical structure and the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, eugenol, menthol and two synthesized carvacrol derivative compounds: carvacrol methyl ether and carvacryl acetate against bacteria, escherichia coli, pseudomonas fluorescens, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, bacillus subtilis, a yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and one fungi botrytis cinerea.	2006	16869897
arabidopsis thaliana: a model host plant to study plant-pathogen interaction using chilean field isolates of botrytis cinerea.	one of the fungal pathogens that causes more agriculture damage is botrytis cinerea. botrytis is a constant threat to crops because the fungus infects a wide range of host species, both native and cultivated. furthermore, botrytis persists on plant debris in and on the soil. some of the most serious diseases caused by botrytis include gray mold on vegetables and fruits, such as grapes and strawberries. botrytis also causes secondary soft rot of fruits and vegetables during storage, transit and a ...	2006	16874397
generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a filamentous plant pathogen of a wide range of plant species, and its infection may cause enormous damage both during plant growth and in the post-harvest phase. we have constructed a cdna library from an isolate of b. cinerea and have sequenced 11,482 expressed sequence tags that were assembled into 1,003 contigs sequences and 3,032 singletons. approximately 81% of the unigenes showed significant similarity to genes coding for proteins with known functions: more than 50% of ...	2006	16874411
botrytis cinerea virulence is drastically reduced after disruption of chitin synthase class iii gene (bcchs3a).	botrytis cinerea is an important phytopathogenic fungus requiring new methods of control. chitin biosynthesis, which involves seven classes of chitin synthases, could be an attractive target. a fragment encoding one of the class iii enzymes was used to disrupt the corresponding bcchs3a gene in the b. cinerea genome. the resulting mutant exhibited a 39% reduction in its chitin content and an 89% reduction in its in vitro chitin synthase activity, compared with the wild-type strain. bcchs3a mutant ...	2006	16882034