Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| laboratory bio-assay of temephos and fenthion against some vector species of public health importance. | laboratory studies carried out using temephos and fenthion, two commonly used larvicides under urban malaria scheme (nmep) and nfcp for the control of mosquito larvae. the results revealed that the lc50 and lc90 values for temephos against aedes aegypti 0.0177 and 0.0559, anopheles stephensi 0.0148 and 0.0472, culex quinquefasciatus 0.0157 & 0.0480 and for culex vishnui group of mosquitoes 0.043 & 0.0118 ppm respectively. the results obtained revealed that there is a 62.8 & 94.12 times increase ... | 2004 | 16295670 |
| high-level gene expression in aedes albopictus cells using a baculovirus hr3 enhancer and ie1 transactivator. | aedes aegypti is the key vector of both the yellow fever and dengue fever viruses throughout many parts of the world. low and variable transgene expression levels due to position effect and position effect variegation are problematic to efforts to create transgenic laboratory strains refractory to these viruses. transformation efficiencies are also less than optimal, likely due to failure to detect expression from all integrated transgenes and potentially due to limited expression of the transpo ... | 2004 | 15251037 |
| kupffer and stellate cell proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver. | 2004 | 14960199 | |
| malaria vectors in the changing environment of the southern punjab, pakistan. | the pakistani punjab experienced several devastating malaria epidemics during the twentieth century. since the 1980s, however, malaria has been at a low ebb, while in other areas of pakistan and neighbouring india malaria is on the increase. this raises the question of whether transmission in the pakistani punjab may have been influenced by a change in vector species abundance or composition, possibly induced by environmental changes. to investigate this question, routinely-collected government ... | 2004 | 15138083 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| antibodies against maebl ligand domains m1 and m2 inhibit sporozoite development in vitro. | maebl is a type 1 membrane protein that is implicated in the merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands. this apical organelle protein is structurally similar to the ebl erythrocyte binding proteins, such as eba-175, except that the tandem ligand domains of maebl are similar to part of the extracellular domain of apical membrane antigen 1 and not the duffy binding-like domain. although midgut and salivary gland sporozoites are morphologically similar, ... | 2004 | 15155670 |
| characterization of the first non-insect invertebrate functional angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace): leech ttace resembles the n-domain of mammalian ace. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a zinc metallopeptidase that plays a major role in blood homoeostasis and reproduction in mammals. in vertebrates, both transmembrane and soluble ace, containing one or two homologous active sites, have been characterized. so far, several aces from invertebrates have been cloned, but only in insects. they are soluble and display a single active site. using biochemical procedures, an ace-like activity was detected in our model, the leech, theromyzon tessulat ... | 2004 | 15175004 |
| enhancement of cry19aa mosquitocidal activity against aedes aegypti by mutations in the putative loop regions of domain ii. | improvements in the mosquitocidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry19aa were achieved by protein engineering of putative surface loop residues in domain ii through rational design. the improvement of aedes toxicity in cry19aa was 42,000-fold and did not affect its toxicity against anopheles or culex. | 2004 | 15184189 |
| imaging movement of malaria parasites during transmission by anopheles mosquitoes. | malaria is contracted when plasmodium sporozoites are inoculated into the vertebrate host during the blood meal of a mosquito. in infected mosquitoes, sporozoites are present in large numbers in the secretory cavities of the salivary glands at the most distal site of the salivary system. however, how sporozoites move through the salivary system of the mosquito, both in resting and feeding mosquitoes, is unknown. here, we observed fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites within live anopheles s ... | 2004 | 15186404 |
| adult anopheline ecology and malaria transmission in irrigated areas of south punjab, pakistan. | surface irrigation in the punjab province of pakistan has been carried out on a large scale since the development of the indus basin irrigation system in the late 19th century. the objective of our study was to understand how the population dynamics of adult anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) could be related to malaria transmission in rural areas with intensive irrigation and a history of malaria epidemics. in this paper we present our observations from three villages located along an i ... | 2004 | 15189239 |
| a small peptide (cel-1000) derived from the beta-chain of the human major histocompatibility complex class ii molecule induces complete protection against malaria in an antigen-independent manner. | cel-1000 (dgqeekagvvstgliggg) is a novel potential preventative and therapeutic agent. we report that cel-1000 confers a high degree of protection against plasmodium sporozoite challenge in a murine model of malaria, as shown by the total absence of blood stage infection following challenge with 100 sporozoites (100% protection) and by a substantial reduction (400-fold) of liver stage parasite rna following challenge with 50,000 sporozoites. cel-1000 protection was demonstrated in a/j (h-2(a)) a ... | 2004 | 15215094 |
| induction of plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking antibodies in nonhuman primates by a combination of dna and protein immunizations. | malaria transmission-blocking vaccination can effectively reduce and/or eliminate transmission of parasites from the human host to the mosquito vector. the immunity achieved by inducing an antibody response to surface antigens of male and female gametes and parasite stages in the mosquito. our laboratory has developed dna vaccine constructs, based on pfs25 (a plasmodium falciparum surface protein of 25 kda), that induce a transmission-blocking immune response in mice (c. a. lobo, r. dhar, and n. ... | 2004 | 14688103 |
| mice deficient in interleukin-4 (il-4) or il-4 receptor alpha have higher resistance to sporozoite infection with plasmodium berghei (anka) than do naive wild-type mice. | balb/c interleukin-4 (il-4(-/-)) or il-4 receptor-alpha (il-4ralpha(-/-)) knockout (ko) mice were used to assess the roles of the il-4 and il-13 pathways during infections with the blood or liver stages of plasmodium in murine malaria. intraperitoneal infection with the blood-stage erythrocytes of plasmodium berghei (anka) resulted in 100% mortality within 24 days in balb/c mice, as well as in the mutant mouse strains. however, when infected intravenously with the sporozoite liver stage, 60 to 8 ... | 2004 | 14688111 |
| effect of cpg oligodeoxynucleotides on the immunogenicity of pfs25, a plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine antigen. | antibodies directed against pfs25, a protein present on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes of plasmodium falciparum, completely block pathogen transmission. we evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) on the immunogenicity of recombinant pfs25 (rpfs25) formulated in alum (al). immunization of mice with rpfs25 plus cpg odn improved both the antibody titer (a 30-fold-higher antibody response than that with rpfs25-al alone) and avidity. coadministration of cpg odn ... | 2004 | 14688140 |
| assessing fitness costs for transgenic aedes aegypti expressing the gfp marker and transposase genes. | the development of transgenic mosquitoes that are refractory to the transmission of human diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever has received much interest due to the ability to transform a number of vector mosquito species with transposable elements. transgenic strains of mosquitoes have been generated with molecular techniques that exhibit a reduced capacity to transmit pathogens. these advancements have led to questions regarding the fitness of transgenic mosquitoes and the abilit ... | 2004 | 14711992 |
| a review of the emergence of plasmodium falciparum-dominated malaria in irrigated areas of the thar desert, india. | recently, there has been a resurgence of malaria in several parts of india, and the thar desert in north-western india, is currently suffering from the impact of repeated annual epidemics. nearly all malaria epidemics in the thar desert have come about with the progression of canal-irrigation work, particularly the massive indira gandhi nahar pariyojana (ignp). therefore, the thar desert provides an excellent model for understanding the underlying factors responsible for the exacerbation of mala ... | 2004 | 14732244 |
| allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | background: removal of exhaled air from total body emanations or artificially standardising carbon dioxide (co2) outputs has previously been shown to eliminate differential attractiveness of humans to certain blackfly (simuliidae) and mosquito (culicidae) species. whether or not breath contributes to between-person differences in relative attractiveness to the highly anthropophilic malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto remains unknown and was the focus of the present study. methods: the ... | 2004 | 14748930 |
| analysis of the plasmodium and anopheles transcriptomes during oocyst differentiation. | understanding the life cycle of the malaria parasite in its mosquito vector is essential for developing new strategies to combat this disease. subtractive hybridization cdna libraries were constructed that are enriched for plasmodium berghei and anopheles stephensi genes expressed during oocyst differentiation on the midgut. sequencing of 1485 random clones led to the identification of 1137 unique expressed sequence tags. of the 608 expressed sequence tags with data base hits, 320 (53%) had sign ... | 2004 | 14627711 |
| analysis of the plasmodium and anopheles transcriptional repertoire during ookinete development and midgut invasion. | plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to undergo sexual differentiation and development in anopheline mosquitoes for transmission to occur. to isolate genes specifically induced in both organisms during the early stages of plasmodium differentiation in the mosquito, two cdna libraries were constructed, one enriched for sequences expressed in differentiating plasmodium berghei ookinetes and another enriched for sequences expressed in anopheles stephensi guts containing invading ookinete ... | 2004 | 14627712 |
| immunity promotes virulence evolution in a malaria model. | evolutionary models predict that host immunity will shape the evolution of parasite virulence. while some assumptions of these models have been tested, the actual evolutionary outcome of immune selection on virulence has not. using the mouse malaria model, plasmodium chabaudi, we experimentally tested whether immune pressure promotes the evolution of more virulent pathogens by evolving parasite lines in immunized and nonimmunized ("naïve") mice using serial passage. we found that parasite lines ... | 2004 | 15221031 |
| fatal myositis due to the microsporidian brachiola algerae, a mosquito pathogen. | 2004 | 15229306 | |
| tents pre-treated with insecticide for malaria control in refugee camps: an entomological evaluation. | a refugee shelter that is treated with insecticide during manufacture would be useful for malaria control at the acute stage of an emergency, when logistic problems, poor co-ordination and insecurity limit the options for malaria control. | 2004 | 15253773 |
| immune haemolymph proteins in response to bacterial infection and identification of a putative bacteria binding protein in malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | induction of haemolymph proteins in mosquito a. stephensi due to wounding or bacterial infection (e. coli) was analyzed using sds-page. wounding response of pupa revealed subsequent induction of two polypeptides (21 and 74 kda). two other polypeptides (44 and 57 kda) were induced commonly in both pupa and adult female haemolymph upon bacterial infection. in vitro binding assay revealed identification of 44 kda, a putative bacterial binding protein, a more relevant protein for further elucidation ... | 2004 | 15260104 |
| the efficacy of inhibitors involved in spermidine metabolism in plasmodium falciparum, anopheles stephensi and trypanosoma evansi. | in the present study, we have tested the effect of different polyamine inhibitors of the spermidine metabolizing enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase and homospermidine synthase in different chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum strains, in the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) and in a trypanosoma evansi clone i from strain stib 806 k china. recent experiments have shown that agmatine is a growth inhibitor of the malaria parasite p. falciparum (kaiser et al. 2001) in vitro. a co ... | 2004 | 15278440 |
| molecular dissection of the human antibody response to the structural repeat epitope of plasmodium falciparum sporozoite from a protected donor. | the circumsporozoite surface protein is the primary target of human antibodies against plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, these antibodies are predominantly directed to the major repetitive epitope (asn-pro-asn-ala)n, (npna)n. in individuals immunized by the bites of irradiated anopheles mosquitoes carrying p. falciparum sporozoites in their salivary glands, the anti-repeat response dominates and is thought by many to play a role in protective immunity. | 2004 | 15283866 |
| transforming growth factor-betas and related gene products in mosquito vectors of human malaria parasites: signaling architecture for immunological crosstalk. | the participation of a divergent mosquito transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) and mammalian tgf-beta1 in the anopheles stephensi response to malaria parasite development [infect. genet. evol. 1 (2001) 131-141; infect. immun. 71 (2003) 3000-3009] suggests that a network of anopheles tgf-beta ligands and signaling pathways figure prominently in immune defense of this important vector group. to provide a basis for identifying the roles of these proteins in anopheles innate immunity, we ident ... | 2004 | 15302159 |
| evaluation of pirimiphos-methyl (50% ec) against the immatures of anopheles stephensi/an. culicifacies (malaria vectors) and culex quinquefasciatus (vector of bancroftian filariasis). | in india, temephos and fenthion are used as larvicides in fresh and polluted waters. since use of same insecticide may precipitate resistant, as an alternative bioefficacy of pirimiphos-methyl--an organophosphorus insecticide was evaluated against immatures of anopheles and culex species in different breeding habitats in district ghaziabad (u.p.) and goa. | 2004 | 15332481 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of teknar hp-d, a biolarvicidal formulation of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, against mosquito vectors. | larvicidal efficacy of teknar hp-d, an improved biolarvicidal formulation of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti), against anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was determined in the laboratory, and in field the efficacy of the formulation was tested against cx. quinquefasciatus breeding in cesspits, unused wells and drains. the toxicity of the formulation to gambusia affinis (larvivorous fish), notonecta sp. and diplonychus indicus (water bugs) was also evaluate ... | 2004 | 15350862 |
| competitive release of drug resistance following drug treatment of mixed plasmodium chabaudi infections. | malaria infections are often genetically diverse, potentially leading to competition between co-infecting strains. such competition is of key importance in the spread of drug resistance. | 2004 | 15367331 |
| inducible peroxidases mediate nitration of anopheles midgut cells undergoing apoptosis in response to plasmodium invasion. | plasmodium berghei invasion of anopheles stephensi midgut cells causes severe damage, induces expression of nitric-oxide synthase, and leads to apoptosis. the present study indicates that invasion results in tyrosine nitration, catalyzed as a two-step reaction in which nitric-oxide synthase induction is followed by increased peroxidase activity. ookinete invasion induced localized expression of peroxidase enzymes, which catalyzed protein nitration in vitro in the presence of nitrite and h(2)o(2) ... | 2004 | 15456781 |
| conditional mutagenesis using site-specific recombination in plasmodium berghei. | reverse genetics in plasmodium, the genus of parasites that cause malaria, still faces major limitations. only red blood cell stages of this haploid parasite can be transfected. consequently, the function of many essential genes in these and subsequent stages, including those encoding vaccine candidates, cannot be addressed genetically. here, we establish conditional mutagenesis in plasmodium by using site-specific recombination and the flp/frt system of yeast. site-specific recombination is ind ... | 2004 | 15465918 |
| conservation of capa peptide-induced nitric oxide signalling in diptera. | in d. melanogaster malpighian (renal) tubules, the capa peptides stimulate production of nitric oxide (no) and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp), resulting in increased fluid transport. the roles of no synthase (nos), no and cgmp in capa peptide signalling were tested in several other insect species of medical relevance within the diptera (aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and glossina morsitans) and in one orthopteran out-group, schistocerca gregaria. nos immunoreactivity was detect ... | 2004 | 15498959 |
| distinct trafficking and localization of stevor proteins in three stages of the plasmodium falciparum life cycle. | the genome of plasmodium falciparum harbors three extensive multigene families, var, rif, and stevor (for subtelomeric variable open reading frame), located mainly in the subtelomeric regions of the parasite's 14 chromosomes. stevor variants are known to be expressed in asexual parasites, but no function has as yet been ascribed to this protein family. we have examined the expression of stevor proteins in intraerythrocytic sexual stages, gametocytes, and extracellular sporozoites isolated from i ... | 2004 | 15501792 |
| molecular differentiation of colonized human malaria vectors by 28s ribosomal dna polymorphisms. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, an. stephensi liston, an. freeborni aitken, and an. quadrimaculatus say are cultured and studied in molecular genetic and transgenic laboratories with increasing frequency. with limited research space, these mosquitoes are often maintained in the same insectary. under these conditions, cross-contamination of colonies can occur and have devastating consequences to affected research programs. we have developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the 28s ... | 2004 | 15516651 |
| essential role of membrane-attack protein in malarial transmission to mosquito host. | after ingestion of infected blood by a mosquito, malarial parasites are fertilized in the mosquito midgut and develop into motile ookinetes. these ookinetes invade epithelial cells by rupturing the cell membrane and migrate through the cytoplasm toward the basal lamina, on which they develop to oocysts. here we report that a microneme protein with a membrane-attack complex and perforin (macpf)-related domain, which we name membrane-attack ookinete protein (maop), is produced in the ookinete stag ... | 2004 | 15520375 |
| molecular characterization of brevibacillus laterosporus and its potential use in biological control. | thirty-three strains of brevibacillus laterosporus, including three novel strains isolated from brazilian soil samples, were examined for genetic variability by the use of different pcr-based methods. molecular markers that could characterize bacterial strains with regards to their pathogenic potential were investigated. in addition, toxicity was assessed by the use of insects belonging to the orders lepidoptera and coleoptera and the mollusk biomphalaria glabrata. among the targets tested, biom ... | 2004 | 15528531 |
| use of polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm vectest screening results in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax vk 210 laboratory-infected anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | we evaluated polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to confirm immunoassays for malaria parasites in mosquito pools after a failure to detect malaria with pcr during an outbreak in which pools tested positive using vectest and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). we combined vectest, elisa, and pcr to detect plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax vk 210. each mosquito pool, prepared in triplicate, consisted of 1 exposed anopheles stephensi and up to 9 unfed mosquitoes. the results of vectest ... | 2004 | 15532925 |
| resting behavior and malaria vector incrimination of anopheles stephensi in goa, india. | malaria in goa, india, has been endemic ever since an outbreak occurred in 1986. anopheles stephensi liston has always been suspected as a malaria vector in this area. due to lack of knowledge on its resting behavior, sufficient adult females could not be collected and incriminated as vectors in the past. in this study mosquito collections were conducted in three endemic urban and suburban areas of goa. in well-built houses, 67 h of collections did not yield a single an. stephensi mosquito, alth ... | 2004 | 15532935 |
| a malaria membrane skeletal protein is essential for normal morphogenesis, motility, and infectivity of sporozoites. | membrane skeletons are structural elements that provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane and define cell shape. here, we identify and characterize a putative protein component of the membrane skeleton of the malaria parasite. the protein, named pbimc1a, is the structural orthologue of the toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex protein 1 (tgimc1), a component of the membrane skeleton in tachyzoites. using targeted gene disruption in the rodent malaria species plasmodium berghei, we sho ... | 2004 | 15533999 |
| investigation of negative cross-resistance as a resistance-management tool for insecticide-treated nets. | resistance management for insecticide-treated nets (itns) remains a challenge. options are limited, because a safe and highly active insecticide with a persistence of several months is required. these criteria have only been met by pyrethroids, although organophosphates (ops) and carbamates have been considered as alternatives for impregnation of eave curtains. it has been observed that some pyrethroid-resistant mosquito strains show increased op susceptibility over pyrethroid-susceptible strain ... | 2004 | 15535623 |
| cross-talk between nitric oxide and transforming growth factor-beta1 in malaria. | malaria has re-emerged as a global health problem, leading to an increased focus on the cellular and molecular biology of the mosquito anopheles and the parasite plasmodium with the goal of identifying novel points of intervention in the parasite life cycle. anti-parasite defenses mounted by both mammalian hosts and anopheles can suppress the growth of plasmodium. nonetheless, the parasite is able to escape complete elimination in vivo, perhaps by thwarting or co-opting these mechanisms for its ... | 2004 | 15579025 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| the role of programmed cell death in plasmodium-mosquito interactions. | many host-parasite interactions are regulated in part by the programmed cell death of host cells or the parasite. here we review evidence suggesting that programmed cell death occurs during the early stages of the development of the malaria parasite in its vector. zygotes and ookinetes of plasmodium berghei have been shown to die by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the midgut lumen of the vector anopheles stephensi, or whilst developing in vitro. several morphological markers, indicative of ... | 2004 | 15582523 |
| an analysis of the microsporidian genus brachiola, with comparisons of human and insect isolates of brachiola algerae. | the genus brachiola is the newest microsporidian genus established for a human infection with the type species being b. vesicularum in skeletal muscle. subsequently, the microsporidium, nosema algerae, identified from mosquitoes, was added to this genus because of morphological and physiological similarities. the present report illustrates a confirmed case of brachiola algerae infecting skeletal muscle in a 56-year-old woman who was being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with immunosuppressive d ... | 2004 | 15666726 |
| deet mosquito repellent sold through social marketing provides personal protection against malaria in an area of all-night mosquito biting and partial coverage of insecticide-treated nets: a case-control study of effectiveness. | deet (diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the widely used mosquito repellent, has the potential to prevent malarial infection but hitherto there has been no study demonstrating this possibility during normal everyday use. mosbar, a repellent soap containing deet, was promoted through social marketing in villages in eastern afghanistan. this was followed up with a case-control study of effectiveness against malarial infection conducted through local clinics. mosbar was purchased by 43% of households. rep ... | 2004 | 14996363 |
| reconstruction of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis cry11a endotoxin from fragments corresponding to its n- and c-moieties restores its original biological activity. | subtilisin hydrolyzes cry11a endotoxin (of 70 kd) produced by bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis to fragments of 33- and 36-kd, which correspond to n- and c-terminal halves of the endotoxin molecule. thermitase (a serine protease from thermoactinomyces vulgaris) and insect gut proteases from diptera and lepidoptera exhibit the same hydrolytic effect on cry11a. hydrolyzates maintain high toxicity with respect to larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex pipiens. the 33- and 36- ... | 2004 | 15000685 |
| isonicotinic acid hydrazide: an anti-tuberculosis drug inhibits malarial transmission in the mosquito gut. | we studied the transmission-blocking effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (inh), a widely used anti-tuberculosis drug, against plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium berghei. inh-treatment of infected animals did not inhibit parasite development in the blood of the vertebrate host, but did inhibit exflagellation, ookinete formation, and oocyst development in the mosquito. oocyst development was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. the ed(50) in the p. gallinaceum/chicken/aedes aegypti model and ... | 2004 | 15013786 |
| fitness of anopheline mosquitoes expressing transgenes that inhibit plasmodium development. | one potential strategy for the control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases is the introduction into wild vector populations of genetic constructs that reduce vectorial capacity. an important caveat of this approach is that the genetic construct should have minimal fitness cost to the transformed vector. previously, we produced transgenic anopheles stephensi expressing either of two effector genes, a tetramer of the sm1 dodecapeptide or the phospholipase a2 gene (pla2) from honeybee venom. ... | 2004 | 15082552 |
| comparative study of brain cd8+ t cells induced by sporozoites and those induced by blood-stage plasmodium berghei anka involved in the development of cerebral malaria. | to obtain insight into the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of plasmodium infections, we developed an improved rodent model that mimics human malaria closely by inducing cerebral malaria (cm) through sporozoite infection. we used this model to carry out a detailed study on isolated t cells recruited from the brains of mice during the development of cm. we compared several aspects of the immune response related to the experimental model of plasmodium berghei anka infection induced b ... | 2004 | 15102792 |
| plasmodium falciparum ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium of anopheles stephensi is consistent with the time bomb model. | plasmodium falciparum gametocytes grown in vitro were fed through membrane feeders to laboratory-reared anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. intact midguts, including entire bloodmeal contents, were removed between 24 and 48 h post-bloodfeeding. giemsa-stained histological sections were prepared from the midguts and examined by light microscopy. contrary to previous reports, ookinetes were clearly visible within midgut epithelial cells, demonstrating intracellular migration across the midgut wall. oo ... | 2004 | 15648689 |
| efficacy of different organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to the larvae of malaria vector anopheles stephensi, liston. | evaluation of the potency of four organophosphate (op) (malathion, fenthion, fenitrothion and temephos) and two synthetic pyrethroid (sp) compounds (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) was carried out against larvae of anopheles stephensi, the major malaria vector in district bikaner (rajasthan). different concentrations supplied by who were used for determining the percent mortalities. lc50 values as calculated by probit analysis were 1.2740, 0.0600, 0.0405, 0.0046, 0.0019 and 0.0016 mg/l respective ... | 2004 | 15907079 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| larvicidal activity of a neem tree extract (neemarin) against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran. | an insecticide containing azadirachtin, a neem tree (azadirachta indica) extract, was tested against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran under laboratory and field conditions. lc50 and lc90 values for neemarin were 0.35 and 1.81 mg/l for anopheles stephensi, the main local malaria vector, and 0.69 and 3.18 mg/l for culex quinquefasciatus. the mortality in the pupal stage was significantly higher than the other stages. in field trials, using recommended dosages of 1 and 2 l/hectare, m ... | 2004 | 16335649 |
| larval susceptibility of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine mosquitos. | the objective of the present study is to determine the bioefficacy of different crude extracts of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine larvae. larval susceptibility of crude carbon-tetrachloride, methanol and petroleum-ether extracts of ajuga remota leaves was observed against the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi and the filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus. among the extracts tested, petroleum-ether extract was the most effective with lc50 values of 0.033% after 24 hours and 0.0 ... | 2004 | 15689074 |
| variations in the insecticide-resistance spectrum of anopheles stephensi after selection with deltamethrin or a deltamethrin-piperonyl-butoxide combination. | when the larvae of anopheles stephensi, a malaria vector, were selected with deltamethrin for 40 successive generations, there was a 60-fold increase in larval resistance to deltamethrin but no increase in the resistance of the adult mosquitoes. this result, and the observation that deltamethrin selection of adults for 40 generations resulted in only a six-fold increase in adult resistance to deltamethrin, indicated some stage specificity. when f(24) deltamethrin-resistant larvae were selected w ... | 2004 | 15667718 |
| piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: anophelinae). | anopheles stephensi (liston) is a well-known vector of malarial parasite in tropical countries. the developing trend of resistance in mosquitoes toward synthetic mosquitocidal agents makes their management extremely difficult. effectiveness of essential oils with aroma therapeutic values seems to be an emerging tool to combat this vector. piperitenone oxide isolated from essential oil of a new genotype, mentha spicata l. variety viridis, has been evaluated for larvicidal, ovicidal, oviposition-d ... | 2004 | 15311462 |
| evaluation of solanum xanthocarpum extracts as mosquito larvicides. | mosquito larvicidal activity of crude carbon-tetra-chloride, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of solanum xanthocarpum fruits was examined against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. among the extracts tested, carbon-tetra-chloride extract was the most effective with lc50 values of 5.11 ppm after 24 hours and 1.27 ppm after 48 hours of treatment against an. stephensi. in the case of cx. quinquefasciatus the petroleum ether extract was observed as most toxic with lc50 values of 62 ... | 2005 | 16334274 |
| effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | the effects of the neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) limonoids azadirachtin, salannin, deacetylgedunin, gedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione and deacetylnimbin on anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) were investigated. in exploring advantages of pure neem limonoids, we studied the larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal and antiovipositional activity of neem limonoids. azadirachtin, salannin and deacetylgedunin showed high bioactivity at all doses, while the rest of the neem limonoids were less ... | 2005 | 16112073 |
| mtdna inheritance in the mosquitoes of anopheles stephensi. | the inheritance of mtdna was tested in malaria vector mosquitoes of anopheles stephensi strains using pcr-rflp analysis for its utility in addressing epidemiological questions related to the transmission and spread of malaria. reciprocal crosses were made between two haplotypes with distinct mtdna restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) profiles through 20 consecutive generations. all of the progenies produced by these crosses had the mtdna haplotype of the female parent suggesting that, ... | 2005 | 16050989 |
| larvicidal potential of nerium indicum and thuja oriertelis extracts against malaria and japanese encephalitis vector. | ethanolic and acetone extracts of nerium indicum and thuja orientelis have been studied against iii instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. ethanolic extract of n. indicum is found more effective than its acetone extract against anopheline larvae with lc50 values of 185.99 and 148.05 ppm for former and 229.28 and 149.43 ppm for the later after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure. the acetone extract with lc50 values of 209.00 and 155.97 ppm is more effective in case of culicine la ... | 2005 | 16459552 |
| utility of expanded polystyrene (eps) beads in the control of vector-borne diseases. | the use of chemicals or bio-larvicides for the control of culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles stephensi breeding in pit latrines and overhead tanks (oht) respectively is discouraged owing to many undesirable impacts in the environment. due to faecal contamination and poor survival, use of predatory fish in ohts is not feasible. the use of expanded polystyrene (eps) beads is a potential alternative in these habitats. eps beads not only prevent oviposition but also kill the immature by forming a ... | 2005 | 16394319 |
| light deprivation affects larval development and arrestin gene expression in anopheles stephensi. | the role of light exposure on the final stages of development of anopheles stephensi larvae to pupae and adult mosquitoes was explored. we demonstrated a significant reduction in the development of adult mosquitoes when larvae were bred in the absence of light compared with the control group bred in alternating 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. to correlate these findings at the molecular level, rna levels of the visual arrestin gene were examined. arrestins are an important gene family that play ... | 2005 | 16363162 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern lake victoria, uganda. | alternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. the study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four lake victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow. | 2005 | 16336684 |
| identification of aedes aegypti and its respective life stages by real-time polymerase chain reaction. | an aedes aegypti-specific, fluorogenic probe hydrolysis (taq-man), polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for real-time screening using a field-deployable thermocycler. laboratory-based testing of a. aegypti, a. aegypti (trinidad strain), culex pipiens, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus individual adult mosquitoes and mixed pools (n = 10) demonstrated 100% concordance in both in vitro sensitivity (six of six samples) and specificity (10 of 10 sam ... | 2005 | 16491948 |
| evaluating the costs of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites. | costly resistance mechanisms have been cited as an explanation for the widespread occurrence of parasitic infections, yet few studies have examined these costs in detail. a malaria-mosquito model has been used to test this concept by making a comparison of the fitness of highly susceptible lines of mosquitoes with lines that are resistant to infection. malaria infection is known to cause a decrease in fecundity and fertility of mosquitoes; resistant mosquitoes were thus predicted to be fitter th ... | 2005 | 16526504 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of hilmilin against mosquitoes. | hilmilin (diflubenzuron), an insect growth regulator, was tested for efficacy against anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus in the laboratory and in field conditions. fifty percent and 90% lethal concentrations (lc50 and lc90) of hilmilin formulations were determined by exposing early 4th-stage larvae to serial dilutions of the formulation, and data were subjected to log probit analysis. two doses (0.004 and 0.008 g/m2) were applied in different b ... | 2005 | 16506568 |
| [cloning, location and differential analysis of transcription factor relish gene from anopheles stephensi under different feeding conditions]. | to clone, locate and differentially analyze the transcription factor relish gene from anopheles stephensi, and to examine its signals-modulating action on prophenoloxidase cascade and melanization of plasmodium yoelii oocysts. | 2005 | 16562473 |
| a mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates male gametogenesis and transmission of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | differentiation of malaria parasites into sexual forms (gametocytes) in the vertebrate host and their subsequent development into gametes in the mosquito vector are crucial steps in the completion of the parasite's life cycle and transmission of the disease. the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sexual cycle are poorly understood. although several signal transduction pathways have been implicated, a clear understanding of the pathways involved has yet to emerge. here, we show that a plasmod ... | 2005 | 15864297 |
| midgut antibodies reduce the reproductive capacity of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | rabbits immunized with polypeptides of midgut of glucose fed a. stephensi resulted in high titer of antibodies (10(4)-10(6)) as detected by elisa. effect of antisera on fecundity, hatchability and engorgement was investigated. fecundity was reduced drastically (62.4%). eight polypeptides were recognized by the antisera raised against midgut tissues viz., 92, 85, 55, 52, 45, 38, 29 and 13 kda. cross reactivity of these antibodies with different tissues of a. stephensi as well as different species ... | 2005 | 15875716 |
| nanos (nos) genes of the vector mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. | a number of genetics-based strategies for the control of vector-borne diseases require the development of genetic drive systems for introgressing antipathogen effector genes into wild populations of insects. modified transposons whose mobilization is controlled by the dna elements of developmentally regulated genes offer a potential solution for introducing effector genes into mosquitoes. such elements could exhibit sex-, stage- and species-specific transposition, thus mitigating some of the con ... | 2005 | 15894194 |
| virulence and competitive ability in genetically diverse malaria infections. | explaining parasite virulence is a great challenge for evolutionary biology. intuitively, parasites that depend on their hosts for their survival should be benign to their hosts, yet many parasites cause harm. one explanation for this is that within-host competition favors virulence, with more virulent strains having a competitive advantage in genetically diverse infections. this idea, which is well supported in theory, remains untested empirically. here we provide evidence that within-host comp ... | 2005 | 15894623 |
| intravital observation of plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection of the liver. | plasmodium sporozoite invasion of liver cells has been an extremely elusive event to study. in the prevailing model, sporozoites enter the liver by passing through kupffer cells, but this model was based solely on incidental observations in fixed specimens and on biochemical and physiological data. to obtain direct information on the dynamics of sporozoite infection of the liver, we infected live mice with red or green fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites and monitored their behavior using ... | 2005 | 15901208 |
| the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) gene family of anopheles gambiae. | members of the m2 family of peptidases, related to mammalian angiotensin converting enzyme (ace), play important roles in regulating a number of physiological processes. as more invertebrate genomes are sequenced, there is increasing evidence of a variety of m2 peptidase genes, even within a single species. the function of these ace-like proteins is largely unknown. sequencing of the a. gambiae genome has revealed a number of ace-like genes but probable errors in the ensembl annotation have left ... | 2005 | 16329762 |
| pathogenesis of rift valley fever virus in mosquitoes--tracheal conduits & the basal lamina as an extra-cellular barrier. | knowledge of the fate of an arbovirus in a mosquito is fundamental to understanding the mosquito's competence to transmit the virus. when a competent mosquito ingests viremic vertebrate blood, virus infects midgut epithelial cells and replicates, then disseminates to other tissues, including salivary glands and/or ovaries. the virus is then transmitted to the next vertebrate host horizontally via bite and/or vertically to the mosquito's offspring. not all mosquitoes that ingest virus become infe ... | 2005 | 16355869 |
| transcriptome analysis of anopheles stephensi-plasmodium berghei interactions. | simultaneous microarray-based transcription analysis of 4987 anopheles stephensi midgut and plasmodium berghei infection stage specific cdnas was done at seven successive time points: 6, 20 and 40h, and 4, 8, 14 and 20 days after ingestion of malaria infected blood. the study reveals the molecular components of several anopheles processes relating to blood digestion, midgut expansion and response to plasmodium-infected blood such as digestive enzymes, transporters, cytoskeletal and structural co ... | 2005 | 15907562 |
| quantitative dynamics of plasmodium yoelii sporozoite transmission by infected anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria transmission begins with the injection of plasmodium sporozoites into the skin of a vertebrate host by infected anopheline mosquitoes. although the size of the sporozoite inoculum likely affects the course of the disease, the number of sporozoites injected by infected mosquitoes has not been determined in vivo. using a quantitative pcr assay, we determined the number of sporozoites injected into mice by single mosquitoes. analysis of 59 mosquito feedings showed that a single infected mos ... | 2005 | 15972531 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi: gametocytocidal activity of the anti-malarial compound cdri 80/53 (elubaquine) in rhesus monkeys. | the gametocytocidal action of a new enamine analogue of primaquine, elubaquine (compound cdri 80/53, bulaquine), has been evaluated against plasmodium cynomolgi b in rhesus monkeys. colony bred anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed on gametocyte carrying rhesus monkeys prior to and at varying intervals after oral administration of a single dose of elubaquine at doses ranging between 0.63 and 5.00 mg/kg. complete loss of oocyst development and mosquito infectivity was observed within 24 h after ... | 2005 | 16005457 |
| plasmodium ovale: parasite and disease. | humans are infected by four recognized species of malaria parasites. the last of these to be recognized and described is plasmodium ovale. like the other malaria parasites of primates, this parasite is only transmitted via the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes. the prepatent period in the human ranges from 12 to 20 days. some forms in the liver have delayed development, and relapse may occur after periods of up to 4 years after infection. the developmental cycle in the blood lasts approxima ... | 2005 | 16020691 |
| testing vitamin b as a home remedy against mosquitoes. | vitamin b is often recommended in the popular media as a systemic repellent against mosquitoes. this information is especially prevalent on the web. the results of a small number of published studies suggested that vitamin b complex supplements are not effective as repellents, but these studies were limited by the use of very few human subjects and only 1 species of mosquito, aedes aegypti. we extended this work with the use of larger samples of human subjects and with anopheles stephensi as the ... | 2005 | 16033124 |
| insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. | essential oils extracted from 10 medicinal plants were evaluated for larvicidal, adulticidal, ovicidal, oviposition-deterrent and repellent activities towards three mosquito species; anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the essential oils of juniperus macropoda and pimpinella anisum were highly effective as both larvicidal and ovicidal. the essential oil of p. anisum showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of a. stephensi and a. aegypti with equivalent ld95 values of ... | 2005 | 16051081 |
| cloning and characterization of two novel genes, cry24b and s1orf2, from a mosquitocidal strain of bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto. | two new crystal protein genes, cry24b and s1orf2, were cloned from a mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto strain. the cry24b and s1orf2 genes encoded a 76-kda and 62-kda protein, respectively. the cry24b protein retained five conserved regions commonly found in the existing cry proteins. the amino acid sequence of the s1orf2 had a high homology to that of the orf2 protein of b. thuringiensis serovar jegathesan. southern hybridization experiments with a cry24b gene-specific probe re ... | 2005 | 16059769 |
| malaria infection increases attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes. | do malaria parasites enhance the attractiveness of humans to the parasite's vector? as such manipulation would have important implications for the epidemiology of the disease, the question has been debated for many years. to investigate the issue in a semi-natural situation, we assayed the attractiveness of 12 groups of three western kenyan children to the main african malaria vector, the mosquito anopheles gambiae. in each group, one child was uninfected, one was naturally infected with the ase ... | 2005 | 16076240 |
| phytochemical studies on the seed extract of piper nigrum linn. | the petroleum ether extract of dried ground seeds of piper nigrum linn. and some column fractions of this extract were subjected to gc and gc-ms analysis, resulting in the identification of fourteen compounds (1-14) by using nist mass spectral search program 1998 and the kovat's retention indices. ten of the compounds (1, 2, 4-12) are reported for the first time from this plant. all the fractions showed insecticidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti and against the fourt ... | 2005 | 16076642 |
| a chemotactic response facilitates mosquito salivary gland infection by malaria sporozoites. | sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands is critical for malaria transmission to vertebrate hosts. after release into the mosquito hemocoel, the means by which malaria sporozoites locate the salivary glands is unknown. we developed a matrigel-based in vitro system to observe and analyze the motility of gfp-expressing plasmodium berghei sporozoites in the presence of salivary gland products of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes using temperature-controlled, low-light-level video microscopy. sp ... | 2005 | 16081617 |
| an anti-chitinase malaria transmission-blocking single-chain antibody as an effector molecule for creating a plasmodium falciparum-refractory mosquito. | indirect evidence has suggested the existence of a second chitinase gene, pgcht2, in the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum. we have now identified pgcht2 as the orthologue of the p. falciparum chitinase gene pfcht1, a malaria transmission-blocking target. computational phylogenetic evidence and biochemical and cell biological functional data support the hypothesis that an avian-related plasmodium species was the ancestor of both p. falciparum and p. reichenowi, and this single lineag ... | 2005 | 16088838 |
| genetically attenuated, p36p-deficient malarial sporozoites induce protective immunity and apoptosis of infected liver cells. | immunization with plasmodium sporozoites that have been attenuated by gamma-irradiation or specific genetic modification can induce protective immunity against subsequent malaria infection. the mechanism of protection is only known for radiation-attenuated sporozoites, involving cell-mediated and humoral immune responses invoked by infected hepatocytes cells that contain long-lived, partially developed parasites. here we analyzed sporozoites of plasmodium berghei that are deficient in p36p (p36p ... | 2005 | 16103357 |
| identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. | to date, no polymerase chain reaction diagnostic technique exists to directly identify mammalian blood meals from mosquitoes by sized dna fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. we have developed a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on mitochondrial cytochrome b to identify the mammalian blood hosts of field-collected mosquitoes. although designed for the study of african malaria vectors, the application of this tool is not restricted to this disease system. validation of ... | 2005 | 16103600 |
| enhanced t-cell response to mosquito extracts by nk cells in hypersensitivity to mosquito bites associated with ebv infection and nk cell lymphocytosis. | hypersensitivity to mosquito bites is characterized by severe systemic as well as local symptoms, and associated with chronic active ebv infection and nk cell lymphocytosis. in this hen disease, we investigated the response of pbmc to msg extracts. pbmc were taken from three defined cases of hen disease, three borderline cases, five individuals with simple exaggerated reactions to mosquito bites without systemic symptoms (simple responders), and eight healthy donors. pbmc, or purified cd4+, cd8+ ... | 2005 | 16108834 |
| fetuin-a, a hepatocyte-specific protein that binds plasmodium berghei thrombospondin-related adhesive protein: a potential role in infectivity. | malaria infection is initiated when the insect vector injects plasmodium sporozoites into a susceptible vertebrate host. sporozoites rapidly leave the circulatory system to invade hepatocytes, where further development generates the parasite form that invades and multiplies within erythrocytes. previous experiments have shown that the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap) plays an important role in sporozoite infectivity for hepatocytes. trap, a typical type-1 transmembrane protein, has ... | 2005 | 16113307 |
| fitness consequences of anopheles gambiae population hybridization. | the use of transgenic mosquitoes with parasite inhibiting genes has been proposed as an integral strategy to control malaria transmission. however, release of exotic transgenic mosquitoes will bring in novel alleles along with parasite-inhibiting genes that may have unknown effects on native populations. thus it is necessary to study the effects and dynamics of fitness traits in native mosquito populations in response to the introduction of novel genes. this study was designed to evaluate the dy ... | 2005 | 16174295 |
| gene expression patterns associated with blood-feeding in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | blood feeding, or hematophagy, is a behavior exhibited by female mosquitoes required both for reproduction and for transmission of pathogens. we determined the expression patterns of 3,068 ests, representing ~2,000 unique gene transcripts using cdna microarrays in adult female anopheles gambiae at selected times during the first two days following blood ingestion, at 5 and 30 min during a 40 minute blood meal and at 0, 1, 3, 5, 12, 16, 24 and 48 hours after completion of the blood meal and compa ... | 2005 | 15651988 |
| quantitative genetics of vector competence for la crosse virus and body size in ochlerotatus hendersoni and ochlerotatus triseriatus interspecific hybrids. | la crosse virus is a leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the united states. the mosquito ochlerotatus triseriatus is an efficient vector for la crosse virus, whereas the closely related o. hendersoni transmits only at very low rates. quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting the ability to orally transmit this virus and adult body size were identified in 164 f(2) female individuals from interspecific crosses of o. hendersoni females and o. triseriatus males using a combination of composite ... | 2005 | 15654112 |
| yellow fever 17d as a vaccine vector for microbial ctl epitopes: protection in a rodent malaria model. | the yellow fever vaccine 17d (17d) is safe, and after a single immunizing dose, elicits long-lasting, perhaps lifelong protective immunity. one of the major challenges facing delivery of human vaccines in underdeveloped countries is the need for multiple injections to achieve full efficacy. to examine 17d as a vector for microbial t cell epitopes, we inserted the h-2k(d)-restricted ctl epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium yoelii between 17d nonstructural proteins ns2b and n ... | 2005 | 15657290 |
| overexpression and altered nucleocytoplasmic distribution of anopheles ovalbumin-like srpn10 serpins in plasmodium-infected midgut cells. | the design of effective, vector-based malaria transmission blocking strategies relies on a thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions that occur during the parasite sporogonic cycle in the mosquito. during plasmodium berghei invasion, transcription from the srpn10 locus, encoding four serine protease inhibitors of the ovalbumin family, is strongly induced in the mosquito midgut. herein we demonstrate that intense induction as well as redistribution of srpn10 occurs specifi ... | 2005 | 15659062 |
| invariant valpha14 chain nkt cells promote plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein-specific gamma interferon- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing cd8+ t cells in the liver after poxvirus vaccination of mice. | understanding the protective mechanism in the liver induced by recombinant vaccines against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria is important for vaccine development. most studies in mice have focused on splenic and peripheral blood t cells and identified gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-producing cd8+ t cells as correlates of protection, which can be induced by prime-boost vaccination with recombinant poxviruses. invariant natural killer t (valpha14inkt) cells can also protect against liver stage ... | 2005 | 15664925 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| exit of plasmodium sporozoites from oocysts is an active process that involves the circumsporozoite protein. | plasmodium sporozoites develop within oocysts residing in the mosquito midgut. mature sporozoites exit the oocysts, enter the hemolymph, and invade the salivary glands. the circumsporozoite (cs) protein is the major surface protein of salivary gland and oocyst sporozoites. it is also found on the oocyst plasma membrane and on the inner surface of the oocyst capsule. cs protein contains a conserved motif of positively charged amino acids: region ii-plus, which has been implicated in the initial s ... | 2005 | 16201021 |
| rodent malaria parasites plasmodium chabaudi and p. vinckei do not increase their rates of gametocytogenesis in response to mosquito probing. | several vector-borne infectious agents facultatively alter their life history strategies in response to local vector densities. some evidence suggests that malaria parasites invest more heavily in transmission stage production (gametocytogenesis) when vectors are present. such a strategy could rapidly increase malaria transmission rates, particularly when adult mosquitoes begin to appear after dry seasons. however, in contrast to a recent experiment with a rodent malaria (plasmodium chabaudi), w ... | 2005 | 16243686 |
| an anopheles transgenic sexing strain for vector control. | genetic manipulation of mosquito species that serve as vectors for human malaria is a prerequisite to the implementation of gene transfer technologies for the control of vector-borne diseases. here we report on the development of transgenic sexing lines for the mosquito anopheles stephensi, the principal vector of human malaria in asia. male mosquitoes, expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) under the control of the beta2-tubulin promoter, are identified by their fluorescent gonads ... | 2005 | 16244659 |