Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
two capa-genes are expressed in the neuroendocrine system of rhodnius prolixus.capa-peptides have been isolated from a broad range of insect species and are typical of the neurosecretory system of the abdominal ventral nerve cord. in rhodnius prolixus, which is known to transmit chagas' disease, capa-peptides have potent antidiuretic effects. recently, two capa-genes were isolated from this hemipteran insect; it was the first description of the occurrence of multiple capa-genes from a single insect species. the expression of peptides from one of these capa-genes was confir ...201019778561
characterization of the external female genitalia of six species of triatominae (hemiptera: reduviidade) by scanning electron microscopy.by macroscopic and microscopic dorsal side observation, it was noted that the ix and x segments of two species each of panstrongylus and triatoma terminate in an elongated way, whereas they terminate abruptly in the two species of rhodnius. scanning observation of the dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior sides of the female genitalia of panstrongylus herreri, panstrongylus megistus, rhodnius colombiensis, rhodnius prolixus, triatoma infestans and triatoma vitticeps revealed that these six spec ...201020512241
[new trap for the capture of triatomines in wild and peridomestic habitats].wild triatomines have become increasingly important in the transmission of chagas disease because of their frequent house entry behavior. knowledge of their biology is limited, and few tools are available for their collection. these needs led to the design of a new trap for live triatomines.201122159544
crustacean cardioactive peptide in the chagas' disease vector, rhodnius prolixus: presence, distribution and physiological effects.crustacean cardioactive peptide (ccap), a cyclic nonapeptide (pfcnaftgcamide), has multifunctional roles in insects including stimulating visceral and cardiac muscle contraction, and regulating ecdysis. previously, we have sequenced the cdna for ccap from rhodnius prolixus central nervous system (cns) and shown expression of the ccap transcript in neurons of the cns. in the present study, we have biochemically identified and sequenced ccap from 5th instar r. prolixus cns using matrix-assisted la ...201121875591
learning the way to blood: first evidence of dual olfactory conditioning in a blood-sucking insect, rhodnius prolixus. i. appetitive learning.it has been largely assumed that the individual experience of insects that are disease vectors might not only contribute to animal fitness, but also have an important influence on parasite transmission. nevertheless, despite the invested efforts in testing the capacity to learn and remember information in blood-sucking insects, only little conclusive information has been obtained to date. adapting a classical conditioning approach to our haematophagous model, we trained larvae of rhodnius prolix ...201121865515
functional proteomics of neuropeptidome dynamics during the feeding process of rhodnius prolixus.in hematophagous insects, blood intake triggers a prompt response mediated by neuropeptides, which regulates a variety of physiological processes. here we report a quantitative proteomic analysis of the postfeeding response in the central nervous system of rhodnius prolixus, a vector of chagas disease. the concentration of neuropeptides nvp-like, itg-like, kinin-precursor peptide, and neuropeptide-like precursor 1 (nplp1) significantly changes in response to blood intake. we also performed a neu ...201121699238
infestation by triatomine bugs in indigenous communities of valledupar, colombia.to calculate triatomine infestation indices in indigenous communities in colombia.201121670864
isolation, cloning and expression of the crustacean cardioactive peptide gene in the chagas' disease vector, rhodnius prolixus.the blood-gorging bug, rhodnius prolixus, is a major vector of chagas' disease in central and south america. we have cloned and characterized the crustacean cardioactive peptide (ccap) gene in r. prolixus. the rhoprccap gene contains five exons and four introns, and encodes a 129 amino acid prepropeptide, which following post-translation processing, produces ccap. the predicted rhoprccap amino acid sequence is identical to ccap of crustaceans and other insects, i.e. it is highly conserved. rhopr ...201120624439
[rhodnius prolixus in nicaragua: geographical distribution, control, and surveillance, 1998-2009].present an overview of the control of rhodnius prolixus, the principal vector in the transmission of chagas' disease in central america, during the period 1998-2009 in nicaragua. describe the vector control carried out and the geographical distribution of the infested localities.201122262270
substrate texture properties induce triatomine probing on bitten warm surfaces.in this work we initially evaluated whether the biting process of rhodnius prolixus relies on the detection of mechanical properties of the substrate. a linear thermal source was used to simulate the presence of a blood vessel under the skin of a host. this apparatus consisted of an aluminium plate and a nickel-chrome wire, both thermostatized and presented at 33 and 36°c, respectively. to evaluate whether mechanical properties of the substrate affect the biting behaviour of bugs, this apparatus ...201121682881
nitrophorins: nitrite disproportionation reaction and other novel functionalities of insect heme-based nitric oxide transport proteins.nitrophorins (nps) comprise a unique class of heme proteins used by the blood-sucking insect rhodnius prolixus to deliver the signaling gas molecule no into the blood vessel of a host during feeding. upon no release, histamine can be scavenged by coordination to the heme iron. although the protein is of similar size as the mammalian globin monomers and shares the same cofactor and proximal histidine coordination, nitrophorin structure, in contrast, is almost entirely composed of a β-barrel. comp ...201121491557
the activity of platelet activating factor-acetyl hydrolase (paf-ah) in the salivary glands of rhodnius prolixus.in this work, we investigated the activity of the platelet activating factor acetyl hydrolase (paf-ah) in the salivary gland homogenates and saliva of rhodnius prolixus. paf-ah activity in the salivary gland homogenates was lower than in the saliva. preliminary characterization of the enzyme demonstrated that it hydrolyzed the substrate 2-thio-paf, was detectable just in 1 pair of salivary gland homogenates in 0.5 ml buffer, and was stable under different conditions. pmsf, tpck, tlck, pepstatin ...201121439293
lipid accumulation and utilization by oocytes and eggs of rhodnius prolixus.insect eggs must contain the necessary nutrients for embryonic growth. in this article, we investigated the accumulation of triacylglycerol (tag) in growing oocytes and its utilization during embryonic development. tag makes up about 60% of the neutral lipids in oocytes and accumulates as oocytes grow, from 2.2 ± 0.1 µg in follicles containing 1.0 mm length oocytes to 10.2 ± 0.8 µg in 2.0 mm length oocytes. lipophorin (lp), the hemolymphatic lipoprotein, radioactively labeled in free fatty acid ...201121308762
identification of the elusive peptidergic diuretic hormone in the blood-feeding bug rhodnius prolixus: a crf-related peptide.probing of a host and ingestion of a blood-meal in a fifth instar rhodnius prolixus results in a cascade of tightly integrated events. the huge blood-meal is pumped into the anterior midgut during feeding, then modified by diuresis and stored until it is digested. while serotonin is known to be a diuretic hormone in r. prolixus, a peptidergic factor(s) was also known to play a role in diuresis. in the present study we employed molecular techniques and mass spectrometry to determine the sequence ...201121228196
identification of kinin-related peptides in the disease vector, rhodnius prolixus.we have used an in silico approach to identify a gene from the blood-gorging vector, rhodnius prolixus, that is predicted to produce an insect kinin prepropeptide. the prepropeptide is 398 amino acids in length and can potentially produce a large number of kinin-related peptides following post-translational processing. a comparison with other insect kinin precursor sequences demonstrates greatest conservation at the c-terminal region of the kinin peptides. multiple peptides predicted from the ki ...201120934474
calreticulin expression levels and endoplasmic reticulum during late oogenesis and early embryogenesis of rhodnius prolixus stahl.this study reports the cloning, expression analysis and localization of calreticulin (crt) in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) during late oogenesis and early embryogenesis of the insect rhodnius prolixus. crt was cloned and sequenced from cdna extracted from unfertilized eggs. real-time pcr showed that crt expression remains at lower levels during late oogenesis when compared to vitellogenic oocytes or day 0 laid fertilized eggs. immunofluorescence microscopy showed that this protein is located i ...201120857219
isolation and characterization of the cdna encoding dh(31) in the kissing bug, rhodnius prolixus.rhodnius prolixus undergoes a period of rapid diuresis after ingesting large blood meals. neurohormones with either diuretic or anti-diuretic activity control diuresis by acting on several tissues including the malpighian tubules. one of the neurohormones that potentially plays a role in diuresis is diuretic hormone 31 (dh(31)) which belongs to the insect calcitonin-like family of diuretic hormones. here we determine the complete cdna sequences of three rhopr-dh(31) splice variants (rhopr-dh(31) ...201120797422
learning the way to blood: first evidence of dual olfactory conditioning in a blood-sucking insect, rhodnius prolixus. ii. aversive learning.after having demonstrated that blood-sucking bugs are able to associate a behaviourally neutral odour (l-lactic acid) with positive reinforcement (i.e. appetitive conditioning) in the first part of this study, we tested whether these insects were also able to associate the same odour with a negative reinforcement (i.e. aversive conditioning). learned aversion to host odours has been repeatedly suggested as a determinant for the distribution of disease vectors among host populations. nevertheless ...201121865516
response to heat in rhodnius prolixus: the role of the thermal background.heat is the principal host-associated cue for the blood-sucking bug rhodnius prolixus. it is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the "proboscis extension response" (per), an essential element of the feeding behaviour of this insect. the aim of this study was to determine whether the temperature of an object itself or the thermal contrast between the object and the environmental background is responsible for triggering the per. thermal stimuli at 25-50°c were presented in thermal environment ...201121806990
adaptation of the repellency response to deet in rhodnius prolixus.for many years it has been accepted that deet interferes with the detection of odours from the host instead of having a repellent effect. however, recent work showed that deet acts as an odorant molecule and elicits a behavioural response in the absence of other stimuli. therefore, deet must promote some phenomenon connected with the stimuli-sensory system interaction, such as a sensory adaptation, where the sensory system regulates its sensitivity to different stimuli intensities during continu ...201121801727
[new aspects of the xenodiagnostic method using rhodnius prolixus]. 201114056690
influence of the intestinal anticoagulant in the feeding performance of triatomine bugs (hemiptera; reduviidae).triatomines are haematophagous insects in all post-embryonic life stages. they are vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. their vectorial ability is influenced by their feeding performance, which varies greatly amongst species. recent work showed that inhibition of the coagulation process in the anterior midgut (crop) environment considerably influences the blood meal size. in this work, we performed a comparative study of the level of anticoagulant activity in the ...201121447340
mdl28170, a calpain inhibitor, affects trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, ultrastructure and attachment to rhodnius prolixus midgut.trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of chagas' disease. during the parasite life cycle, many molecules are involved in the differentiation process and infectivity. peptidases are relevant for crucial steps of t. cruzi life cycle; as such, it is conceivable that they may participate in the metacyclogenesis and interaction with the invertebrate host.201121483751
importance and physiological effects of hemolymphagy in triatomines (hemiptera: reduviidae).triatomines are hematophagous insects and the vectors for trypanosoma cruzi in the americas. although their preferred meal is blood from vertebrate hosts, unfed triatomine nymphs are often seen feeding on different arthropod species. triatomine saliva has a wide range of activities that aid the hematophagic process. however, nothing is known about its role during hemolymphagy. in the current study, we reproduced hemolymphagy under laboratory conditions and evaluated the influence of hemolymphagy ...201121485376
microscopic and molecular characterization of ovarian follicle atresia in rhodnius prolixus stahl under immune challenge.in this work we characterized the degenerative process of ovarian follicles of the bug rhodnius prolixus challenged with the non-entomopathogenic fungus aspergillus niger. an injection of a. niger conidia directly into the hemocoel of adult r. prolixus females at the onset of vitellogenesis caused no effect on host lifespan but elicited a net reduction in egg batch size. direct inspection of ovaries from the mycosed insects revealed that fungal challenge led to atresia of the vitellogenic follic ...201121540034
mitochondrial disfunction in trypanosoma cruzi: the role of serratia marcescens prodigiosin in the alternative treatment of chagas disease.abstract: background: chagas disease is a health threat for many people, mostly those living in latin america. one of the most important problems in treatment is the limitation of existing drugs. prodigiosin, produced by serratia marcescens (rhodnius prolixus endosymbiont), belongs to the red-pigmented bacterial prodiginine family, which displays numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties. here we ...201121548954
modeling horizontal gene transfer (hgt) in the gut of the chagas disease vector rhodnius prolixus.abstract: background: paratransgenesis is an approach to reducing arthropod vector competence using genetically modified symbionts. when applied to control of chagas disease, the symbiont bacterium rhodococcus rhodnii, resident in the gut lumen of the triatomine vector rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera: reduviidae), is transformed to export cecropin a, an insect immune peptide. cecropin a is active against trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease.while proof of concept has been achiev ...201121569540
nmr studies of nitrophorin distal pocket side chain effects on the heme orientation and seating of np2 as compared to np1.the nitrophorins (np) of the adult blood-sucking insect rhodnius prolixus fall into two pairs based on sequence identity (np1,4 (90%) and np2,3 (79%)), which differ significantly in the size of side chains of residues which contact the heme. these residues include those in the distal pocket of np2 (i120) and np1 (t121) and the "belt" that surrounds the heme of np2 (s40, f42), and np1(a42, l44). to determine the importance of these residues and others conserved or very similar for the two pairs, ...201121767470
behavioural responses to human skin extracts and antennal phenotypes of sylvatic first filial generation and long rearing laboratory colony rhodnius prolixus.chagas disease is a major public health issue and is mainly spread by triatominae insects (hemiptera: reduviidae). rhodnius prolixus is the main vector species in northern south america. host-seeking behaviour in r. prolixus is mediated by different compounds that are produced by and emanate from the host or microbiota on the host's skin. we tested the behavioural responses of sylvatic first filial generation (f1) and colony insects to extracts of human skin with a dual choice olfactometer. in a ...201121739035
[evaluation of the toxic activity of the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin in two panamanian field populations of rhodnius pallescens (hemíptera: reduviidae)].systematic evaluation of the susceptibility of disease vectors to insecticides permits the detection of the development of insecticide resistance over time. this is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of control methods and to plan management strategies of the resistance.201122159478
phase contrast x-ray synchrotron imaging for assessing external and internal morphology of rhodnius prolixus.phc-sr-μct is a nondestructive technique that allows the microanatomical investigations and 3d images reconstructions. this technique is performed in blood sucker, rhodnius prolixus-one of the most important insect vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, ethiologic agent of chagas' disease in latin america-was able to provide excellent information about the microanatomy of the thorax and head allowing a new tool for further studies of development and physiology of triatomine by a non-invasive method of ob ...201122137661
Paratransgenic control of vector borne diseases.Conventional methodologies to control vector borne diseases with chemical pesticides are often associated with environmental toxicity, adverse effects on human health and the emergence of insect resistance. In the paratransgenic strategy, symbiotic or commensal microbes of host insects are transformed to express gene products that interfere with pathogen transmission. These genetically altered microbes are re-introduced back to the insect where expression of the engineered molecules decreases th ...201122110385
prolixicin: a novel antimicrobial peptide isolated from rhodnius prolixus with differential activity against bacteria and trypanosoma cruzi.we identified and characterized the activity of prolixicin, a novel antimicrobial peptide (amp) isolated from the hemipteran insect, rhodnius prolixus. sequence analysis reveals one region of prolixicin that may be related to the diptericin/attacin family of amps. prolixicin is an 11-kda peptide containing a putative 21 amino acid signal peptide, two putative phosphorylation sites and no glycosylation sites. it is produced by both adult fat body and midgut tissues in response to bacterial infect ...201121906194
involvement of sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the development and attachment of trypanosoma cruzi to the luminal midgut surface in the vector, rhodnius prolixus.summaryin the present study, we investigated the involvement of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in both the in vivo development and adhesion of t. cruzi epimastigotes to the luminal surface of the digestive tract of the insect vector, rhodnius prolixus. pre-incubation of t. cruzi, dm 28c epimastigotes with heparin, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate or protamine chloridrate inhibited in vitro attachment of parasites to the insect midgut. enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate moieties by hep ...201121902871
characterization of jbure-iib isoform of canavalia ensiformis (l.) dc urease.ureases, nickel-dependent enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and bicarbonate, are widespread in plants, bacteria, and fungi. previously, we cloned a cdna encoding a canavalia ensiformis urease isoform named jbure-ii, corresponding to a putative smaller urease protein (78kda) when compared to other plant ureases. aiming to produce the recombinant protein, we obtained jbure-iib, with different 3' and 5' ends, encoding a 90kda urease. three peptides unique to the jbure-ii/-ii ...201121893219
female metasternal gland odours mediate male aggregation in rhodnius prolixus, a triatomid bug.we investigated whether metasternal gland (mg) products mediate male aggregation during mating in rhodnius prolixus (heteroptera: reduviidae) stål, 1859, through selective occlusion of female mgs. pairs of insects presenting intact mgs mated and other males aggregated around them confirming conclusions from previous studies. however, when female mgs were occluded, males did not aggregate. conversely, the occlusion of male mgs did not affect aggregation of males. the present experiments demonstra ...201122077398
genetics and evolution of triatomines: from phylogeny to vector control.triatomines are hemipteran bugs acting as vectors of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi. this parasite causes chagas disease, one of the major parasitic diseases in the americas. studies of triatomine genetics and evolution have been particularly useful in the design of rational vector control strategies, and are reviewed here. the phylogeography of several triatomine species is now slowly emerging, and the struggle to reconcile the phenotypic, phylogenetic, ecological and epidemiological ...201121897436
Looking for reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR experiments in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become one of the most used techniques to measure gene expression. However, normalization of gene expression data against reference genes is essential, although these are usually used without any kind of validation. The expression of seven genes was compared in organs of Rhodnius prolixus under diverse conditions, using published software to test gene expression stability. Rp18S and elongation factor 1 (RpEF -1) were the most reliable genes for normalization ...201121929722
[seroprevalence for trypanosoma cruzi infection and associated factors in an endemic area of venezuela].this study investigated risk factors associated with positive serological status for trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 26 rural communities including 905 households, 2,156 humans, and 333 dogs in lara state, venezuela. serology was performed with elisa and maba. data were obtained from entomological, demographic, and clinical surveys. risk factors were determined through binary logistic regression. seroprevalence was 7.24% in humans and 6.9% in canines. positive serological status was positively a ...201122031196
vital statistics of triatominae (hemiptera: reduviidae) under laboratory conditions: iii. rhodnius neglectus.five cohorts of 100 eggs of rhodnius neglectus lent 1954 (hemiptera reduviidae) were reared simultaneously in the laboratory under constant conditions (26 +/- 1 degrees c and 60 +/- 10% rh), with mortality and fecundity data recorded weekly. we calculated stage-specific developmental times, age-specific mortality and fecundity, stage-specific and total preadult mortality, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r0 = 0.21), the finite population growth rate (h = 1.23), the net reproductive ra ...201121845936
transcriptome and gene expression profile of ovarian follicle tissue of the triatomine bug rhodnius prolixus.insect oocytes grow in close association with the ovarian follicular epithelium (ofe), which escorts the oocyte during oogenesis and is responsible for synthesis and secretion of the eggshell. we describe a transcriptome of ofe of the triatomine bug rhodnius prolixus, a vector of chagas disease, to increase our knowledge of the role of fe in egg development. random clones were sequenced from a cdna library of different stages of follicle development. the transcriptome showed high commitment to t ...201121736942
acidocalcisomes as calcium- and polyphosphate-storage compartments during embryogenesis of the insect rhodnius prolixus stahl.the yolk of insect eggs is a cellular domain specialized in the storage of reserve components for embryo development. the reserve macromolecules are stored in different organelles and their interactions with the embryo cells are mostly unknown. acidocalcisomes are lysosome-related organelles characterized by their acidic nature, high electron density and large content of polyphosphate bound to several cations. in this work, we report the presence of acidocalcisome-like organelles in eggs of the ...201122096545
induced-antibacterial factors in the hemolymph of rhodnius prolixus. 20113075694
serotonin has kinin-like activity in stimulating secretion by malpighian tubules of the house cricket acheta domesticus.serotonin stimulates secretion by malpighian tubules (mt) of a number of insects, and functions as a diuretic hormone in rhodnius prolixus and in larval aedes aegypti. serotonin is here shown to be a potent stimulant of secretion by mt of the house cricket, acheta domesticus, with an apparent ec(50) of 9.4 nmol l(-1), although its diuretic activity is just 25% of the maximum achievable with either the native crf-related peptide, achdo-dh, or a crude extract of the corpora cardiaca. in this respe ...201120688119
the proctolin gene and biological effects of proctolin in the blood-feeding bug, rhodnius prolixus.we have reinvestigated the possible presence or absence of the pentapeptide proctolin in rhodnius prolixus and report here the cloning of the proctolin cdna. the transcript is expressed in the central nervous system (cns) and some peripheral tissues. the proctolin prepropeptide encodes a single copy of proctolin along with a possible proctolin-precursor-associated peptide. we have biochemically identified proctolin in cns extracts and shown its distribution using proctolin-like immunoreactivity. ...201122654816
cytoplasmic travels of the ecdysteroid receptor in target cells: pathways for both genomic and non-genomic actions.signal transduction of the insect steroid hormones, ecdysteroids, is mediated by the ecdysteroid receptor, ecr. in various cells of the insect rhodnius prolixus, ecr is present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, where it undergoes daily cycling in abundance and cellular location at particular developmental times of the last larval instar that are specific to different cell types. ecr favors a cytoplasmic location in the day and a nuclear location in the night. this study is the first to exam ...201222654867
interaction between trypanosoma rangeli and the rhodnius prolixus salivary gland depends on the phosphotyrosine ecto-phosphatase activity of the parasite.trypanosoma rangeli is the trypanosomatid that colonizes the salivary gland of its insect vector, with a profound impact on the feeding capacity of the insect. in this study we investigated the role of the phosphotyrosine (p-tyr) ecto-phosphatase activity of t. rangeli in its interaction with rhodnius prolixus salivary glands. long but not short epimastigotes adhered to the gland cells and the strength of interaction correlated with the enzyme activity levels in different strains. differential i ...201222749957
physalin b inhibits trypanosoma cruzi infection in the gut of rhodnius prolixus by affecting the immune system and microbiota.physalin b is a natural secosteroidal, extracted from the solanaceae plant, physalis angulata, and it presents immune-modulator effects on the bloodsucking bug, rhodnius prolixus. in this work, r. prolixus was treated with physalin b at a concentration of 1 mg/ml of blood meal (oral application), or 20 ng/insect (applied topically) or 57 ng/cm(2) of filter paper (contact treatment), and infected with trypanosoma cruzi dm28c clone (2×10(6) epimastigotes/insect). the three types of applications si ...201223085484
glycoinositolphospholipids from trypanosomatids subvert nitric oxide production in rhodnius prolixus salivary glands.rhodnius prolixus is a blood-sucking bug vector of trypanosoma cruzi and t. rangeli. t. cruzi is transmitted by vector feces deposited close to the wound produced by insect mouthparts, whereas t. rangeli invades salivary glands and is inoculated into the host skin. bug saliva contains a set of nitric oxide-binding proteins, called nitrophorins, which deliver no to host vessels and ensure vasodilation and blood feeding. no is generated by nitric oxide synthases (nos) present in the epithelium of ...201223077586
bioluminescent imaging of trypanosoma cruzi infection in rhodnius prolixus.usually the analysis of the various developmental stages of trypanosoma cruzi in the experimentally infected vertebrate and invertebrate hosts is based on the morphological observations of tissue fragments from animals and insects. the development of techniques that allow the imaging of animals infected with parasites expressing luciferase open up possibilities to follow the fate of bioluminescent parasites in infected vectors.201223013827
trypanosoma cruzi: effects of azadirachtin and ecdysone on the dynamic development in rhodnius prolixus larvae.the effects of azadirachtin and ecdysone on the trypanosoma cruzi population in the rhodnius prolixus gut were investigated. t. cruzi were rarely found in the gut compartments of azadirachtin-treated larvae. high parasite numbers were observed in the stomach of the control and ecdysone groups until 10 days after treatment and in the small intestine and rectum until 25 days after treatment. high percentages of round forms developed in the stomachs of all groups, whereas azadirachtin blocked the d ...201222626520
validation of reference genes for expression analysis in the salivary gland and the intestine of rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera, reduviidae) under different experimental conditions by quantitative real-time pcr.rhodnius prolixus is a blood-feeding insect that can transmit trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma rangeli to vertebrate hosts. recently, genomic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens have increased significantly, and r. prolixus has been one of the main species studied among the triatomines. however, the paucity of information on many of the fundamental molecular aspects of this species limits the use of the available genomic information. the present study aimed to facilitate gene ...201222395020
elimination of rhodnius prolixus in central america.rhodnius prolixus is one of the main vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of chagas disease. in central america, it was first discovered in 1915 in el salvador, from where it spread northwest to guatemala and mexico, and southeast to nicaragua and costa rica, arriving also in honduras in the late 1950s. indoor residual spraying (irs) by the antimalaria services of costa rica prevented its spread southwards, and similar irs programmes appear to have eliminated it from el salvador by the ...201222357219
trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins mediate the adherence of epimastigotes to the midgut epithelial cells of rhodnius prolixus.heparin-binding proteins (hbps) have been demonstrated in both infective forms of trypanosoma cruzi and are involved in the recognition and invasion of mammalian cells. in this study, we evaluated the potential biological function of these proteins during the parasite-vector interaction. hbps, with molecular masses of 65·8 kda and 59 kda, were isolated from epimastigotes by heparin affinity chromatography and identified by biotin-conjugated sulfated glycosaminoglycans (gags). surface plasmon res ...201222310218
[attalea butyracea palms adjacent to housing as a source of infestation by rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera: reduviidae)].the presence of rhodnius prolixus in palms on the eastern plains area of colombia provide a high risk for infection with trypanosoma cruzi. intensive surveillance of the palm tree habitat are necessary to confirm the presence of bugs and provide evidence that this habitat is a source of house infestations.201223242302
investigation of the potential involvement of eicosanoid metabolites in anti-diuretic hormone signaling in rhodnius prolixus.the use of naturally occurring plant-derived compounds for controlling insect pests remains an attractive alternative to potentially dangerous synthetic chemical compounds. one prospective plant-based compound, isoforms of the so-called jack bean urease (jbu) from the jack bean, canavalia ensiformis, as well a derived peptide, jaburetox-2ec, have insecticidal effects on an array of insect species. in the chagas' disease vector, rhodnius prolixus, some of the physiological effects attributed to t ...201222079222
the distribution and physiological effects of the myoinhibiting peptides in the kissing bug, rhodnius prolixus.the myoinhibiting peptides (mips), also designated as allatostatin-bs or prothoracicostatic peptides in some insects, are neuropeptides that are characterized by two tryptophan (w) residues at the c-terminal, denoted as the w(x(6))wamide motif. they are believed to be the ancestral ligands for the drosophila sex peptide (sp) receptor. physiological functions of mips include the inhibition of contraction of insect visceral muscles, in addition to allatostatic and prothoracicostatic activities. th ...201222783161
okb, a novel family of brain-gut neuropeptides from insects.in insects, neuropeptides play a central role in the control of most physiological processes. the knowledge and characterization of new neuropeptide families, is of interest on the fields of genetics, genomics, neurobiology, endocrinology and evolution. this knowledge also provides the tools for the design of peptidomimetics, pseudopeptides or small molecules, capable of disrupting the physiological processes regulated by the signaling molecules and their receptors. this is a promising target fo ...201222480496
extracellular application of cobalt: a fast and simple method for delineating invertebrate neurosecretory pathways.the extracellular cobalt backfilling technique was shown to be an excellent method to obtain cobalt backfills of invertebrate neurosecretory cells (nscs). aqueous cobalt was placed in an extracellular suction electrode into which a portion of a neurohaemal (nh) region containing the axons and/or terminals of nscs was drawn. spontaneously discharging extracellular action potentials were recorded as the cobalt was applied to the nh region, and the greater the electrical activity, the more extensiv ...20123347089
a nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) potentially useful for the separation of rhodnius prolixus from members of the rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex (hemiptera: reduviidae).the design and application of rational strategies that rely on accurate species identification are pivotal for effective vector control. when morphological identification of the target vector species is impractical, the use of molecular markers is required. here we describe a non-coding, single-copy nuclear dna fragment that contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) with the potential to distinguish the important domestic chagas disease vector, rhodnius prolixus, from members of the four s ...201223219914
disintegrins from hematophagous sources.bloodsucking arthropods are a rich source of salivary molecules (sialogenins) which inhibit platelet aggregation, neutrophil function and angiogenesis. here we review the literature on salivary disintegrins and their targets. disintegrins were first discovered in snake venoms, and were instrumental in our understanding of integrin function and also for the development of anti-thrombotic drugs. in hematophagous animals, most disintegrins described so far have been discovered in the salivary gland ...201222778902
trypanosoma cruzi immune response modulation decreases microbiota in rhodnius prolixus gut and is crucial for parasite survival and development.trypanosoma cruzi in order to complete its development in the digestive tract of rhodnius prolixus needs to overcome the immune reactions and microbiota trypanolytic activity of the gut. we demonstrate that in r. prolixus following infection with epimastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi clone dm28c and, in comparison with uninfected control insects, the midgut contained (i) fewer bacteria, (ii) higher parasite numbers, and (iii) reduced nitrite and nitrate production and increased phenoloxidase and an ...201222574189
VectorBase: improvements to a bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vector genomics.VectorBase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is a NIAID-supported bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. It hosts data for nine genomes: mosquitoes (three Anopheles gambiae genomes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), tick (Ixodes scapularis), body louse (Pediculus humanus), kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Hosted data range from genomic features and expression data to population genetics and ontologies. We describe improvements ...201222135296
lysophosphatidylcholine: a novel modulator of trypanosoma cruzi transmission.lysophosphatidylcholine is a bioactive lipid that regulates a large number of cellular processes and is especially present during the deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of atheromatous plaque. such molecule is also present in saliva and feces of the hematophagous organism rhodnius prolixus, a triatominae bug vector of chagas disease. we have recently demonstrated that lpc is a modulator of trypanosoma cruzi transmission. it acts as a powerful chemoattractant for inf ...201222132309
structure and ligand-binding properties of the biogenic amine-binding protein from the saliva of a blood-feeding insect vector of trypanosoma cruzi.proteins that bind small-molecule mediators of inflammation and hemostasis are essential for blood-feeding by arthropod vectors of infectious disease. in ticks and triatomine insects, the lipocalin protein family is greatly expanded and members have been shown to bind biogenic amines, eicosanoids and adp. these compounds are potent mediators of platelet activation, inflammation and vascular tone. in this paper, the structure of the amine-binding protein (abp) from rhodnius prolixus, a vector of ...201223275168
cruzipain promotes trypanosoma cruzi adhesion to rhodnius prolixus midgut.trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of chagas' disease. cysteine peptidases are relevant to several aspects of the t. cruzi life cycle and are implicated in parasite-mammalian host relationships. however, little is known about the factors that contribute to the parasite-insect host interaction.201223272264
cathepsin l of triatoma brasiliensis (reduviidae, triatominae): sequence characterization, expression pattern and zymography.triatoma brasiliensis is considered one of the main vectors of chagas disease commonly found in semi-arid areas of northeastern brazil. these insects use proteases, such as carboxypeptidase b, aminopeptidases and different cathepsins for blood digestion. in the present study, two genes encoding cathepsin l from the midgut of t. brasiliensis were identified and characterized. mature t. brasiliensis cathepsin l-like proteinases (tbcatl-1, tbcatl-2) showed a high level of identity to the cathepsin ...201222100382
[action of altozar, altozide sr-10 and derivatives of farnesylic and 3,11-dimethyl-2-dodecenoic acids on rhodnius prolixus stal. bugs]. 20126355802
the gap gene giant of rhodnius prolixus is maternally expressed and required for proper head and abdomen formation.the segmentation process in insects depends on a hierarchical cascade of gene activity. the first effectors downstream of the maternal activation are the gap genes, which divide the embryo in broad fields. we discovered a sequence corresponding to the leucine-zipper domain of the orthologue of the gene giant (rp-gt) in traces from the genome of rhodnius prolixus, a hemipteran with intermediate germ-band development. we cloned the rp-gt gene from a normalized cdna library and characterized its ex ...201221763688
metamorphosis of a clock: remodeling of the circadian timing system in the brain of rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera) during larval-adult development.the rhythmic phenomena expressed by organisms change over their lifetimes, but little is known of accompanying reorganization of the central circadian timing system in the brain. especially dramatic changes in overt rhythms and morphology occur during transformation of larval insects into the adult form (metamorphosis). in rhodnius prolixus, both the physiology of metamorphosis and its hormonal control are known in detail. here we report changes in the brain timing system as revealed by pigment ...201221830222
rhythmic release of prothoracicotropic hormone from the brain of an adult insect during egg development.prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth) is a brain neurohormone that has been studied for over 80 years. the only known target of ptth is the prothoracic glands (pgs) of larvae, which synthesize the insect molting hormones (ecdysteroids) and a massive literature exists on this axis. the pgs degenerate around the time of adult emergence, yet presence of ptth has been reported in the brains of several adult insects. using an in vitro bioassay system, we confirm that ptth is present in the adult female b ...201222079105
cloning of the cdna, localization, and physiological effects of fglamide-related allatostatins in the blood-gorging bug, rhodnius prolixus.allatostatins (asts) are insect neuropeptides that were first identified as inhibitors of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by the corpora allata. there are three families of asts in insects, defined by their c-terminus conserved regions, one of which is fglamide. here we determine, for the first time in a hemipteran, the complete 1013 bp cdna sequence encoding the rhodnius prolixus fgla/asts (rhopr-fgla/asts), and confirm the transcript size using northern blot. phylogenetic analysis suggests that ...201222061445
elimination of rhodnius prolixus in el salvador, central america.epidemiological studies performed in el salvador between 1955-1972 demonstrated a high frequency of two triatomine vectors (triatoma dimidiata and rhodnius prolixus). however, the frequency of r. prolixus decreased by 1976 and this species has not been found since 1995. the main factors influencing the elimination of r. prolixus in el salvador are discussed in this paper.201223295761
insulin-like and testis ecdysiotropin neuropeptides are regulated by the circadian timing system in the brain during larval-adult development in the insect rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera).insulin-like peptides (ilps) regulate numerous functions in insects including growth, development, carbohydrate metabolism and female reproduction. this paper reports the immunohistochemical localization of ilps in brain neurons of rhodnius prolixus and their intimate associations with the brain circadian clock system. in larvae, three groups of neurons in the protocerebrum are ilp-positive, and testis ecdysiotropin (te) is co-localized in two of them. during adult development, the number of ilp ...201222964530
natural infection of triatomines (hemiptera: reduviidae) by trypanosomatids in two different environments in the municipality of ouro preto do oeste, state of rondônia, brazil.this study analyzed the occurrence and the contamination of triatomines by trypanosomatids in orbignya speciosa (babassu) specimens in the state of rondônia, brazil, in two different environments (pasture and woods).201222760144
assignment of the 1h nmr resonances of protein residues in close proximity to the heme of the nitrophorins: similarities and differences among the four proteins from the saliva of the adult blood-sucking insect rhodnius prolixus.the nuclear overhauser effects (noes) observed between heme substituent protons and a small number of nearby protein side chain protons in the water-elimination fourier transform noe spectroscopy (weft-noesy) spectra of high- and low-spin wild-type nitrophorin (np) 2 and its ligand complexes have been analyzed and compared with those observed for the same complexes of wild-type np3. these assignments were made on naturally abundant isotope samples, with the most useful protein side chains being ...201222711329
identification of (l)-3-hydroxykynurenine o-sulfate in the buccal gland secretion of the parasitic lamprey, lethenteron japonicum.parasitic lampreys are known to secrete proteins having anticoagulant and vasodilator activities from the buccal glands during feeding on their host's blood. however, small molecules in the secretion have never been explored in detail. we examined the secretion of japanese liver lamprey (lethenteron japonicum) for small molecules and found an intensely fluorescent substance upon gel filtration. after purification by anion-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase hplc, structure of the compound ...201222648634
an unusual myosuppressin from the blood-feeding bug rhodnius prolixus.the myosuppressin (ms) gene was cloned from a central nervous system (cns) cdna library of the hematophagous insect rhodnius prolixus and is predicted to contain two introns and three exons. the mrna transcribed from the myosuppressin gene encodes an 88 amino acid prepropeptide, which results in a mature decapeptide after post-translational modification. when compared with the myosuppressins isolated from other insects, the r. prolixus myosuppressin has a unique amino acid sequence (pqdidhvfmrfa ...201222623197
a caged cyanide.a photoactivatable caged cyanide, 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) cyanide, was synthesized, which upon irradiation in the near uv releases cyanide. it is demonstrated that the compound can be used to induce formation of the fe(iii)-cn(-) complex in the heme protein nitrophorin 4 from rhodnius prolixus.201222406687
identification of the native n-terminus of the membrane attaching ferriheme protein nitrophorin 7 from rhodnius prolixus.all species of the genus rhodnius have a characteristic red coloration in their salivary glands due to the presence of heme proteins. some of these secreted proteins, known as nitrophorins (nps), are responsible for many of the antihemostatic activities of rhodnius saliva such as anticoagulant and antihistamine. several nps have been described (np1-4 and np7), where np7 is the only one with affinity to phospholipid membranes. computational prediction suggested that np7 also has an extended n-ter ...201222349021
nuclear inelastic scattering and mössbauer spectroscopy as local probes for ligand binding modes and electronic properties in proteins: vibrational behavior of a ferriheme center inside a β-barrel protein.in this work, we present a study of the influence of the protein matrix on its ability to tune the binding of small ligands such as no, cyanide (cn(-)), and histamine to the ferric heme iron center in the no-storage and -transport protein nitrophorin 2 (np2) from the salivary glands of the blood-sucking insect rhodnius prolixus. conventional mössbauer spectroscopy shows a diamagnetic ground state of the np2-no complex and type i and ii electronic ground states of the np2-cn(-) and np2-histamine ...201222295945
natriuresis and diuretic hormone synergism in r. prolixus upper malpighian tubules is inhibited by the anti-diuretic hormone, rhoprcapa-α2.insects contain an array of hormones that coordinate the actions of the excretory system to achieve osmotic and ionic balance. in the hematophagous insect, rhodnius prolixus, two diuretic hormones have been identified, serotonin (5ht) and a corticotropin releasing factor-related peptide (rhoprdh), and both lead to an increase in fluid secretion by malpighian tubules (mts). however, only 5ht activates reabsorption by the lower mts to recover k(+) and cl(-). an anti-diuretic hormone (rhoprcapa-α2) ...201222154955
anti-diuretic factors in insects: the role of capa peptides.insects have adapted to live in a wide variety of habitats and utilize an array of feeding strategies that present challenges to their ability to maintain osmotic balance. regardless of the feeding strategy, water and ion levels within the haemolymph (insect blood) are maintained within a narrow range. this homeostasis involves the action of a variety of tissues, but is often chiefly regulated by the excretory system. until recently, most research on the hormonal control of the excretory tissues ...201222226757
identification of a point mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance in the para-type sodium channel of triatoma infestans, a vector of chagas' disease.the voltage-gated sodium channel is the target site of pyrethroid insecticides. point mutations in the domain ii region of the channel have been implicated in pyrethroid resistance of several insect species. we identified the sequence of domain ii from the para sodium channel in rhodnius prolixus, a vector of chagas' disease. with this information, we cloned and sequenced the domain ii of the sodium channel from the other main chagas' disease vector: triatoma infestans. we also identified the pr ...201222210132
vector control intervention towards interruption of transmission of chagas disease by rhodnius prolixus, main vector in guatemala.in guatemala, the ministry of health (moh) began a vector control project with japanese cooperation in 2000 to reduce the risk of chagas disease infection. rhodnius prolixus is one of the principal vectors and is targeted for elimination. the control method consisted of extensive residual insecticide spraying campaigns, followed by community-based surveillance with selective respraying. interventions in nine endemic departments identified 317 villages with r. prolixus of 4,417 villages surveyed. ...201223147143
triacylglycerol biosynthesis occurs via the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in the insect rhodnius prolixus.although triacylglycerol (tag) stores play a critical role in organisms, mechanisms underlying tag synthesis are poorly understood in invertebrates. in mammals, the synthesis of glycerolipids, including tag, diacylglycerol (dag) and phospholipids (pl), occurs predominantly by the glycerol-3-phosphate (g3p) pathway in most cell types, except for in enterocytes. in these cells, the monoacylglycerol (mag) pathway accounts for the majority of glycerolipid production. the insect rhodnius prolixus, a ...201222902317
gene identification and enzymatic properties of a membrane-bound trehalase from the ovary of rhodnius prolixus.trehalose represents the main hemolymph sugar in most insects and its metabolic availability is regulated by trehalase. in this study, trehalase activity associated with the reproductive system was investigated in the insect rhodnius prolixus, a hematophagous hemipteran vector of chagas' disease. a single-copy gene that encodes a membrane-bound trehalase (rptre-2) was identified in the genome of r. prolixus. rptre-2 deduced amino acid sequence is closely related to other insect membrane-bound tr ...201222851503
identification, spatial expression analysis and functional characterization of a pyrokinin-1 receptor in the chagas' disease vector, rhodnius prolixus.the capability or capa gene, encodes a pyrokinin-related peptide (known as pyrokinin-1, pk1) that contains the consensus carboxy-terminal sequence of wfgprl-nh(2). although the capa precursor polypeptide in rhodnius prolixus yields the anti-diuretic hormone, rhoprcapa-α2, no function has yet been elucidated for the pyrokinin-1 peptide, rhoprcapa-αpk1. in order to elucidate the possible physiological roles of the pk1-related peptides in r. prolixus, we have isolated and functionally characterized ...201222820129
triatomine infestation in guatemala: spatial assessment after two rounds of vector control.in 2000, the guatemalan ministry of health initiated a chagas disease program to control rhodnius prolixus and triatoma dimidiata by periodic house spraying with pyrethroid insecticides to characterize infestation patterns and analyze the contribution of programmatic practices to these patterns. spatial infestation patterns at three time points were identified using the getis-ord gi*(d) test. logistic regression was used to assess predictors of reinfestation after pyrethroid insecticide administ ...201222403315
learned host preference in a chagas disease vector, rhodnius prolixus.it has been largely assumed that the individual experience of disease vector insects may affect host choice and, as a consequence, have an important influence on parasite transmission. in particular, it is speculated that vector insects should be able to learn and remember the most and/or less defensive hosts, shifting their preference accordingly. nevertheless, despite the invested efforts in testing the capacity to learn and remember information of blood-sucking insects, only little conclusive ...201222138145
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the membrane-binding haemprotein nitrophorin 7 from rhodnius prolixus.nitrophorins (nitric oxide transport proteins) are haemproteins originating from the blood-feeding insect rhodnius prolixus. they consist of an eight-stranded β-barrel, which classifies them into the lipocalin family. nitrophorin 7 (np7) and the e27v mutant protein np7(e27v) were crystallized at 277 k using the vapour-diffusion method with peg as the precipitating agent. data sets for wild-type np7 and np7(e27v) were collected to 1.80 å resolution from single crystals at 100 k using synchrotron ...201222232167
recent experiments towards a model for fluid secretion in rhodnius upper malpighian tubules (umt).three different methods have been used to improve a model for fluid secretion in upper malpighian tubules (umt) of the blood sucking insect rhodnius prolixus. (i) in the first, umt double perfusions in 5th instar rhodnius were used to measure their fluid secretion rate. they were stimulated to secrete with 5-ht. double perfusions allowed access separately to the basolateral and the apical cell membranes with pharmacological agents known to block different ion transport functions, namely atpases, ...201222206885
nmr studies of the dynamics of nitrophorin 2 bound to nitric oxide.the rhodnius nitrophorins are β-barrel proteins of the lipocalin fold with a heme protruding from the open end of the barrel. they are found in the saliva of the blood-sucking insect rhodnius prolixus, which synthesizes and stores nitric oxide (no) in the salivary glands, where no is bound to iron. no is released by dilution and an increase in ph when the insect spits its saliva into the tissues of a victim, to aid in obtaining a blood meal. in the adult insect, there are four nitrophorins, np1- ...201324116947
investigations of the signaling cascade involved in diuretic hormone stimulation of malpighian tubule fluid secretion in rhodnius prolixus.in insects, the excretory system is comprised of the malpighian tubules (mts) and the hindgut, which collectively function to maintain ionic and osmotic balance of the haemolymph and rid the organism of toxic compounds or elements in excess. secretion by the malpighian tubules of insects is regulated by a variety of hormones including peptidergic factors as well as biogenic amines. in rhodnius prolixus, two endogenous diuretic hormones have been identified; the biogenic amine serotonin (5-hydrox ...201324080126
expression, purification, and solid-state nmr characterization of the membrane binding heme protein nitrophorin 7 in two electronic spin states.the nitrophorins (nps) comprise a group of no transporting ferriheme b proteins found in the saliva of the blood sucking insect rhodnius prolixus . in contrast to other nitrophorins (np1-4), the recently identified membrane binding isoform np7 tends to form oligomers and precipitates at higher concentrations in solution. hence, solid-state nmr (ssnmr) was employed as an alternative method to gain structural insights on the precipitated protein. we report the expression and purification of (13)c, ...201324033104
long-term effects and parental rnai in the blood feeder rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera; reduviidae).rna interference (rnai) has been widely employed as a useful alternative to study gene function in insects, including triatomine bugs. however, several aspects related to the rnai mechanism and functioning are still unclear. the aim of this study is to investigate the persistence and the occurrence of systemic and parental rnai in the triatomine bug rhodnius prolixus. for such, the nitrophorins 1 to 4 (np1-4), which are salivary hemeproteins, and the rhodniin, an intestinal protein, were used as ...201323999100
silencing of maternal heme-binding protein causes embryonic mitochondrial dysfunction and impairs embryogenesis in the blood sucking insect rhodnius prolixus.the heme molecule is the prosthetic group of many hemeproteins involved in essential physiological processes, such as electron transfer, transport of gases, signal transduction, and gene expression modulation. however, heme is a pro-oxidant molecule capable of propagating reactions leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. the blood-feeding insect rhodnius prolixus releases enormous amounts of heme during host blood digestion in the midgut lumen when it is exposed to a physiological ...201323986441
circadian regulation of hemolymph and ovarian ecdysteroids during egg development in the insect rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera).ecdysteroids, classically studied as the molting hormones of insects, occur at lower levels in the adult stage, but their source and significance in adult physiology is debated. in rhodnius prolixus, a blood meal initiates a cycle of egg development and ecdysteroids appeared in the hemolymph within 1-2h of feeding. systematic changes in hemolymph ecdysteroid titer then occurred during egg development. there was a clear circadian rhythm in the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer throughout egg developmen ...201323954834
rhodnius prolixus and rhodnius robustus-like (hemiptera, reduviidae) wing asymmetry under controlled conditions of population density and feeding frequency.habitat change in rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of the species, particularly when feeding frequency and population density vary in nature. to estimate the effect of these variables in stability on development, the degree of directional asymmetry (da) and fluctuating asymmetry (fa) in the wing size and shape of r. prolixus and r. robustus-like were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. da and fa in wing size and shape were significant in both ...201323938387
perimicrovillar membrane assembly: the fate of phospholipids synthesised by the midgut of rhodnius prolixus.in this study, we describe the fate of fatty acids that are incorporated from the lumen by the posterior midgut epithelium of rhodnius prolixus and the biosynthesis of lipids. we also demonstrate that neutral lipids (nl) are transferred to the haemolymphatic lipophorin (lp) and that phospholipids remain in the tissue in which they are organised into perimicrovillar membranes (pmms). 3h-palmitic acid added at the luminal side of isolated midguts of r. prolixus females was readily absorbed and was ...201323827998
Refresh
firstprev
12345678910...
nextlast
Displaying items 801 - 900 of 1154