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pasteurellosis in elk (cervus elaphus): dna fingerprinting of isolates. 19958560727
plant compositional constituents affecting between-plant and animal species prediction of forage intake.the purpose of the study was to identify plant compositional constituents that influence forage intake. emphasis was put on the ratio in vitro digestibility of organic matter (ivdom):ndf because preliminary work with cattle and a limited number of forages showed the ratio to account for more variation in intake than either ivdom or ndf alone. the compositional constituents were tested in intake prediction models using local and published data (n = 302) on grass pastures, silages, hays, straws, l ...19958567482
ligands for eph-related tyrosine kinase receptors are developmentally regulated in the cns.elk is a member of the eph family of receptor-like tyrosine kinases. although its function is unknown, elk is postulated to play a role in nervous system development. using northern analysis, we examined the developmental regulation of rnas encoding elk, and several ligands for the eph family of rtks, the lerks. expression of elk, lerk-1, and lerk-2 rnas is high in all regions examined in the embryonic and postnatal rat brain and decreases to low levels with age. one exception is the adult olfac ...19958568920
locations of the ets subfamily members net, elk1, and sap1 (elk3, elk1, and elk4) on three homologous regions of the mouse and human genomes.net, elk1, and sap1 are related members of the ets oncoprotein family. we show by in situ hybridization on banded chromosomes with specific cdna probes that their map positions on mouse and human chromosomes (respectively) are net, 10c-d1 and 12q22-q23 (now called elk3), sap1, 1e3-g and 1q32 (elk4), and elk1, xa1-a3 and xp11.2-p11.1 (elk1), as well as a second locus 14q32 (elk2) unique to the human genome. the results for the mouse net, sap1, and elk1 and human elk3 genes are new. the human elk1 ...19958575773
[evaluation of the meat quality of game].the carcasses of 140 roe deer, 129 wild boars, 81 red deer and 55 fallow deer were examined to determine meat quality with respect to the influence of typical hunting situations. after hunting, many carcasses had not been cooled, which significantly influenced meat-quality parameters. the ph-value, detected electrochemically, gave the most reliable results out of all the meat-quality parameters investigated. determination of the ph-value with regard to the ph indexes ascertained for different po ...19958578914
bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (cervidae) in germany.from 1990 until 1992, 355 blood samples of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (n = 123), red deer (cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow deer (dama dama) (n = 87) and other cervid species (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 175) in germany were tested for prevalence of pestivirus antibodies. seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv); only one animal had antibodies for border disease virus. microneutralization test titers ran ...19958583646
immobilization of rocky mountain elk with telazol and xylazine hydrochloride, and antagonism by yohimbine hydrochloride.ten trapped rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were successfully immobilized with a combination of 500 mg telazol and 60 mg xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) from 9 july to 25 august 1993 in custer state park, south dakota (usa). mean (sd) dosages of 2.5 (0.6) mg/kg telazol and 0.3 (0.1) mg/kg xylazine hcl, respectively, were administered, resulting in a mean (sd) induction time of 4.6 (0.8) min. induction time varied with weight and dosage. respiratory rate (breaths/min) increased following ...19958583649
neither erk nor jnk/sapk map kinase subtypes are essential for histone h3/hmg-14 phosphorylation or c-fos and c-jun induction.the effects of egf, tpa, uv radiation, okadaic acid and anisomycin on erk and jnk/sapk map kinase cascades have been compared with their ability to elicit histone h3/hmg-14 phosphorylation and induce c-fos and c-jun in c3h 10t1/2 cells. egf and uv radiation activate both erks and jnk/sapks but to markedly different extents; egf activates erks more strongly than jnk/sapks, whereas uv radiation activates jnk/sapks much more strongly than erks. anisomycin and okadaic acid activate jnk/sapks but not ...19958586671
simultaneous comparison between transtympanic and extratympanic electrocochleography.electrocochleography (ecog) has become a mainstay in the diagnostic armamentarium used by otolaryngologists and audiologists in the evaluation of patients suffering auditory and vestibular symptoms. controversy exists, however, regarding the relative accuracy of ecog when recorded with a non-invasive external auditory canal (eac) electrode as compared to that recorded using a transtympanic electrode. in an effort to resolve this controversy, 19 healthy volunteers (37 ears) with no history of oto ...19958588643
application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants.a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ...19958592352
experimental infections of sarcocystis spp. in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves.four 4-mo-old elk calves (cervus elaphus) obtained from northeastern oregon (usa) each were inoculated orally with 250,000 sporocysts of sarcocystis spp., including s. sybillensis and s. wapiti. three similar elk calves of comparable ages and weights served as uninoculated controls maintained with the inoculated elk during the experimental period between september and december 1993. body weights were evaluated at 0 and 90 days postinoculation (pi); packed cell volumes of whole blood were evaluat ...19958592375
studies on the hypodermosis affecting red deer in central and southern spain.from november 1992 to february 1993, 455 red deer (cervus elaphus) were surveyed in order to estimate the prevalence of warble fly (hypoderma actaeon) larvae under the skin of this ungulate species. material came from montes de toledo, sierra morena, sierra de alcaraz, and sierras de cazorla, segura y las villas natural park (central and southern spain). we observed a prevalence of 92%, with a mean +/- sd intensity of 35.7 +/- 41.3 grubs per parasitized host; there was a maximum of 317 larvae pe ...19958592379
diagnosing pregnancy in free-ranging elk using fecal steroid metabolites.we validated fecal metabolite analysis as a noninvasive means of diagnosing pregnancy in uncaptured, free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). during november 1991, we collected blood samples from 21 radiocollared, 1- to 10-year-old female elk in yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa), and determined their pregnancy status by radioimmunoassay of serum pregnancy specific protein b and serum progesterone concentrations. from december 1991 through april 1992, we collected three to ...19958592383
[serologic investigations on the occurrence of maedi-visna antibodies in game ruminants].the lentiviruses of small domestic ruminants (maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) have been shown to be infective for each other. there are only few investigations of virus susceptibility of other species of animals. the aim of our study reported here was to evaluate sera of wild animal species for lentivirus antibodies. 344 sera of capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus and dama dama from a territory with known sheep populations prevalence were tested in the agar gel immunodiffus ...19958593775
comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors elk-1, sap-1a and sap-2 (erp/net).a transcription factor ternary complex composed of serum response factor (srf) and ternary complex factor (tcf) mediates the response of the c-fos serum response element (sre) to growth factors and mitogens. three ets domain proteins, elk-1, sap-1 and erp/net, have been reported to have the properties of tcf. here we compare elk-1 and sap-1a with the human erp/net homologue sap-2. all three tcf rnas are ubiquitously expressed at similar relative levels. all three proteins contain conserved regio ...19957540136
expression of the prolactin receptor gene during the breeding and non-breeding seasons in red deer (cervus elaphus): evidence for the expression of two forms in the testis.the red deer is a seasonally breeding mammal with a circannual cycle of prolactin secretion which reaches its peak during the non-breeding season. this study investigated expression of the prolactin receptor gene in red deer tissues collected in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. a 562 bp fragment of the extracellular domain of the red deer prolactin receptor cdna was amplified from red deer liver poly(a)+ rna by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers designed ...19957561644
manipulating melatonin in red deer (cervus elaphus): differences in the response to food restriction and lactation on the timing of the breeding season and prolactin-dependent pelage changes.in this study, we investigated the influence of food availability and lactation upon seasonality in red deer. this was examined by testing the hypothesis that advancing the timing of breeding and autumn moult using the hormone melatonin will be prevented when the food availability of lactating hinds is severely restricted. this hypothesis was rejected. implanting 1 g of melatonin between june 22 and november 30 resulted in advances in the timing of the onset of ovarian activity and winter coat g ...19957561720
stressful life events and psychological status in black south african women.the relationship between stressful life events and psychological status in black south african women was explored, using a semistructured interview that consisted of a demographic questionnaire; the xhosa life event scale (xles; swartz, elk, teggin, & gillis, 1983), which comprises mainly personal stressors; the township life event scale (tles; bluen & odesnik, 1988), which comprises mainly sociopolitical stressors; and the general health questionnaire (ghq, goldberg, 1972, 1978). the participan ...19957564304
differential activation of c-fos promoter elements by serum, lysophosphatidic acid, g proteins and polypeptide growth factors.the upstream regulatory region of the c-fos promoter contains two growth factor-regulated promoter elements: the serum response element, which binds a ternary complex comprising serum response factor (srf) and a ternary complex factor (tcf); and the sis-inducible element (sie) which binds stat transcription factors. we used transient transfection of c-fos promoter mutants in nih 3t3 cells to assess the contributions of these elements to activation by different extracellular stimuli. colony-stimu ...19957588632
mouse elk oncogene maps to chromosome x and a novel elk oncogene (elk3) maps to chromosome 10.the elk protein is a member of the ets family found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. human elk1 encoded by elk1 binds alone or together with serum response factor to dna and regulates gene expression in a variety of biological processes. using a panel of interspecific backcross mice, we have mapped the elk oncogene (elk) and a novel type elk oncogene (elk3), closely related to elk1. elk maps to chr x, and elk3 maps to the proximal region of chr 10.19957601474
a comparative study of the histopathologic features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, fallow deer (dama dama), sika deer (cervus nippon), and red deer and elk (cervus elaphus).sections of tuberculous lesions from 23 elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus), 12 fallow deer (dama dama), 10 sika deer (cervus nippon), and 30 cattle were examined and compared. lesions were scored for caseous necrosis, mineralization, neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and acid-fast bacilli. some differences in lesion morphology between the species were noted. elk/red deer lesions had marked variation and often differed from bovine lesions in several characteri ...19957604487
elaeophorosis in red deer caused by elaeophora elaphi: lesions of natural disease.this is the first study of the lesions produced by elaeophora elaphi, a filarial worm first reported in 1986. only the morphologic characteristics of this species have been described previously. samples for the study were taken from 74 red deer (cervus elaphus), 1-10 years old, slaughtered in central spain. grossly, filariae were observed in the transverse, left, or right branches of the portal vein of 18 animals. in addition to filariae, whitish thrombi were found in the right and left branches ...19957604492
johne's disease in red deer. 19957604515
differential expressions of the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinase genes (sek, elk, eck) in the developing nervous system of the mouse.to examine the roles of the eph subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase (rtk), we isolated mouse cdnas for sek, elk, and eck and localized their mrnas in the developing mouse, with particular reference to the cns development, by in situ hybridization. sek mrna is most abundantly expressed throughout development; sek was detected in the germinal layer of the embryonic cns during mid- to late-gestation and was widely expressed in the early postnatal brain. elk was expressed in the mantle layer of th ...19957609620
erk2/p42 map kinase stimulates both autonomous and srf-dependent dna binding by elk-1.a ternary complex comprised of srf, ternary complex factor (tcf) and the c-fos sre is the target of several extracellular signal regulated pathways. phosphorylation of the tcf elk-1 is a key event in the activation of this complex. we demonstrate that erk2/p42 phosphorylation of elk-1 stimulates its recruitment into ternary complexes with srf. moreover, phosphorylation of elk-1 also stimulates its autonomous srf-independent binding to high affinity binding sites. thus part of the effect of erk2/ ...19957615093
luteolytic potency of a prostaglandin analogue at different stages of the oestrous cycle in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.the luteolytic effect of the prostaglandin f2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, was investigated in red deer by monitoring concentrations of plasma progesterone, the induction of oestrus and ovulation, and fertility. oestrus was synchronized in 48 adult hinds by intravaginal delivery of exogenous progesterone for 12 days and i.m. injection of 250 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin at progesterone withdrawal. a single i.m. dose of 500 micrograms cloprostenol was administered at day 4, 6, 8, 10, 1 ...19957616503
integration of map kinase signal transduction pathways at the serum response element.the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain transcription factors bind with serum response factor (srf) to the serum response element (sre) and mediate increased gene expression. the tcf protein elk-1 is phosphorylated by the jnk and erk groups of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases causing increased dna binding, ternary complex formation, and transcriptional activation. activated sre-dependent gene expression is induced by jnk in cells treated with interleukin-1 and by erk afte ...19957618106
membrane-bound lerk2 ligand can signal through three different eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases.the eph-related family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of at least 13 members, several of which display distinctive expression patterns in the developing and adult nervous system. recently, a small family of ligands, structurally related to the b61 protein, was identified. binding of these ligands to eph-related receptors did not, however, elicit measurable biological signals in cultured cells. in order to study functional interactions between b61-related ligands and eph-related receptors, ...19957621826
susceptibility of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and two species of north american molluscs to elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: metastrongyloidea).an experimental study was done to determine whether elaphostrongylus cervi can be transmitted to common intermediate and definitive hosts indigenous to north america. first-stage larvae of e. cervi obtained from red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) in new zealand developed to the infective third stage in snails (triodopis multilineata) and slugs (deroceros reticulatum). two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with 102 or 406 third-stage larvae. one animal developed a patent infec ...19957623202
gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog-induced patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy.we conducted two studies to determine the pattern of gnrh analog-induced lh secretion in adult female wapiti during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy. in the first study, we measured lh secretion during the breeding season and anestrus in five females challenged with each of five doses of gnrh analog (0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms/50 kg bw). in the second study, lh response was determined in six pregnant females treated with six doses of gnrh analog (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 microgr ...19957626720
influence of prenatal photoperiod on postnatal plasma concentrations of progesterone and prolactin in female red deer (cervus elaphus) reared in constant equatorial photoperiod.prenatal photoperiod influences postnatal prolactin secretion and the timing of reproductive development in male red deer reared from birth in a constant equatorial photoperiod (12:12 light:dark). the present trial investigated whether a similar phenomenon occurs in female red deer. female deer whose mothers had been exposed for the last 14 weeks of gestation to long (group l, 18:6 light:dark) or short day length (group s, 6:18 light:dark) were kept from birth in constant equatorial day length w ...19957629694
dna bending in the ternary nucleoprotein complex at the c-fos promoter.transcriptional induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene in response to serum growth factors is mediated in part by a ternary complex that forms on the serum response element (sre) within its promoter. this complex consists of elk-1, serum response factor (srf) and the sre. elk-1 is phosphorylated by map kinase, which correlates with the induction of c-fos transcription. in this study we have investigated the protein-induced dna bending which occurs during the formation and post-translational modif ...19957630721
the spatial distribution of borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes ricinus in the connemara region of county galway, ireland.studies were carried out in the connemara area of county galway in the west of ireland in order to determine the abundance and distribution of the tick, ixodes ricinus and the prevalence of its infection with borrelia burgdorferi. the tick was very abundant locally, in particular when associated with cattle, sheep and enclosed red deer. large numbers of ticks not only occurred on the pastures, but also on adjacent roadside verges. no infections with b. burgdorferi could be demonstrated when nymp ...19957634971
evolution of protamine p1 genes in mammals.protamine p1 genes have been sequenced following pcr amplification from 11 mammals representing five major mammalian orders: rodentia (rat and guinea pig), carnivora (cat and bear), proboscidea (elephant), perissodactyla (horse), and artiodactyla (camel, deer, elk, moose, and gazelle). the predicted amino acid sequence for these genes together with previously reported sequences results in a data set of 25 different p1 genes and 30 different p1 amino acid sequences. the alignment of all these seq ...19957643410
elf-2, a new member of the eph ligand family, is segmentally expressed in mouse embryos in the region of the hindbrain and newly forming somites.the eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are notable for distinctive expression patterns in the nervous system and in early vertebrate development. however, all were identified as orphan receptors, and only recently have there been descriptions of a corresponding family of ligands. we describe here a new member of the eph ligand family, designated elf-2 (eph ligand family 2). the cdna sequence for mouse elf-2 indicates that it is a transmembrane ligand. it ...19957651410
protein synthesis inhibitors reveal differential regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and stress-activated protein kinase pathways that converge on elk-1.inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as anisomycin and cycloheximide, lead to superinduction of immediate-early genes. we demonstrate that these two drugs activate intracellular signaling pathways involving both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and stress-activated protein kinase (sapk) cascades. the activation of either pathway correlates with phosphorylation of the c-fos regulatory transcription factor elk-1. in hela cells, anisomycin stabilizes c-fos mrna when protein synthesis is ...19957651411
relationship between fluoride content in bones and the age in european elk (alces alces l.).the relation between fluoride content in bones (jaws) and the age of elks living in poland in areas of relatively low pollution by industrial emissions was studied. multiple regression analysis was performed by making use of 11 mathematical models. the relationship between fluoride content in bones and the animals age is best described by square root and linear models.19957656178
johne's disease in a herd of farmed red deer.an outbreak of johne's disease in a herd of farmed red deer was studied for four years. serological, histopathological and cultural techniques were used to monitor the progress of the disease, and delayed type hypersensitivity skin tests were also applied. the results of the serological tests showed that they were poor predictors of future clinical cases and did not consistently identify animals harbouring mycobacteria. the histopathological methods provided a sensitive and specific means of con ...19957661952
histogenesis of antlerogenic tissues cultivated in diffusion chambers in vivo in red deer (cervus elaphus).in a previous study we showed that formation of deer pedicle and first antler proceeded through four ossification pattern change stages: intramembranous, transition, pedicle endochondral, and antler endochondral. in the present study antlerogenic tissues (antlerogenic periosteum, apical periosteum/perichondrium, and apical perichondrial of pedicle and antler) taken from four developmental stages were cultivated in diffusion chambers in vivo as autografts for 42-68 days. the results showed that a ...19957673872
induction of c-fos expression through jnk-mediated tcf/elk-1 phosphorylation.growth factors induce c-fos transcription by stimulating phosphorylation of transcription factor tcf/elk-1, which binds to the serum response element (sre). under such conditions elk-1 could be phosphorylated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) erk1 and erk2. however, c-fos transcription and sre activity are also induced by stimuli, such as uv irradiation and activation of the protein kinase mekk1, that cause only an insignificant increase in erk1/2 activity. however, both of these ...19958846788
the value of immunodiagnostic tests in detecting tuberculosis in an infected red deer herd and in eradication of the disease by selection.the sensitivity and specificity of intradermal tuberculin test (tb test) were studied in an infected red deer (cervus elaphus) herd (n = 109) in comparison to the results of other examinations including gross pathology, histopathology, mycobacterium bovis culture, and the lymphocyte-stimulation test (lst). in our case, relative sensitivity was 79.5% and relative specificity was 45.7%. the predictive value in negative and positive cases was 80.0% and 44.9%, respectively. on the basis of the resul ...19958882737
cdna cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal localization of net(epht2), a human eph-related receptor protein-tyrosine kinase gene preferentially expressed in brain.by screening a human fetal brain cdna expression library using a monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, we have isolated a cdna clone encoding a receptor type protein-tyrosine kinase belonging to the eph family, net (neuronally expressed eph-related tyrosine kinase). net shows 87% homology in nucleotide sequence and 99% homology in the deduced amino acid sequence to rat elk, suggesting that net is the human homologue of elk. the net gene is mapped to human chromosome 3q21-q23 by pcr screening ...19958666391
wegener's granulomatosis.since its first description by wegener in 1936, wegener's granulomatosis has undergone significant changes in terms of clinical scope, diagnosis, and treatment. it is no longer tenable to insist on the fulfillment of the wegener's triad to make the diagnosis. the wide range of clinical presentations is encompassed by the elk (ear, nose, and throat; lung; kidney) classification in which any combination or singular involvement of the major sites can be considered within the wegener's spectrum if s ...19959363097
triplets in red deer (cervus elaphus). 19958825315
reduction and repair of colonic intussusception in a wapiti/red hybrid hind (cervus elaphus). 19958825316
[history of the laryngology department in the military hospital in ełk]. 19959499857
patch selection by red deer in relation to energy and protein intake: a re-evaluation of langvatn and hanley's (1993) results.langvatn and hanley (1993) recently reported that patch use by red deer (cervus elaphus) was more strongly correlated with short term rates of intake of digestible protein than dry matter. such short term measures overlook effects of gut filling, which may constrain intake by ruminants over longer time scales (i.e., daily rates of gain). we reanalyzed langvatn and hanley's data using an energy intake model incorporating such a processing constraint, to determine whether their conclusions are rob ...199528307585
herbivorous mammals as seed dispersers in a mediterranean dehesa.endozoochrous seed dispersal by herbivorous mammals has been verified repeatedly and its possible influence on the structure and function of herbaceous communities has been suggested. quantitative studies, however, are lacking in the field of seed dispersal via the dung of herbivore guilds in little-altered environments. the present paper analyses seed dispersal via rabbit, fallow deer, red deer and cow dung in a mediterranean dehesa (open woodland used for hunting and ranching) during the seedi ...199528307361
nucleotide-sequence of a canine oral papillomavirus containing a long noncoding region.the dna genome of a canine oral papillomavirus (copv) was completely sequenced and found to consist of 8607 base pairs, which were the longest of all known papillomaviruses (pvs). its organization was similar to that of other pvs except that it lacked early gene 5 (e5) and possessed a unique long noncoding region (l-ncr) between the end of the early genes and the beginning of the late genes. copv also possessed a short noncoding region (s-ncr) which contained a putative upper regulatory region ( ...199521552821
medical microbiologysubacute progressive degenerative diseases of the nervous system are important because they appear to be caused by infectious agents that are smaller than conventional viruses and composed mainly of protein related to a cell protein. few, if any, of these diseases are curable. although some are genetically determined, most occur sporadically, and a history of the disease does not appear in close relatives. therefore, ...199621413288
polymorphisms in the promoter region of the waf1/cip1 gene.the waf1/cip1 gene encodes p21(waf1), a cdk inhibitor which is implicated in cell growth arrest and differentiation, and is activated by wild-type p53. we examined the presence of mutations in a part of the 5' flanking region which is known to contain p53 binding sites, in 50 cases of lung cancer and 11 individuals with no history of cancer. polymorphisms were identified in the region close to: but not within, the p53 binding sites. the first polymorphism occurred at nucleotide -2203 prior to th ...199621541551
risk factors associated with bruising in red deer at a commercial slaughter plant.bruising of slaughter animals has both economic and welfare implications. in order to identify potential risk factors we surveyed bruising of red deer carcasses from a single deer slaughter plant (dsp) over a three year period. downgrading due to bruising did not vary between the three years surveyed [1991, n = 21 454, 6.5% downgraded (dg); 1992, n = 22 289, 7.9% dg; 1993, n = 22 262, 6.1% dg]. from an intensive examination of one year's kill (1991) we related the incidence of bruising to variou ...199622060828
effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis).we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ...199624227589
comparative rumen morphology of sympatric sika deer (cervus nippon) and red deer (c. elaphus scoticus) in the ahimanawa and kaweka ranges, central north island, new zealand.eighteen sika deer (cervus nippon) and 14 red deer (c. elaphus scoticus) were sampled from two areas where these closely related species are sympatric. total body weight, carcass weight, age class, sex, and internal parameters (e.g. liver weight, kidney weight, rumen volume) were recorded. samples of rumen wall mucosa taken from the dorsal rumen wall, atrium ruminis, caudoventral blindsac, and ventral rumen wall were used to compare rumen morphology between the two species (and also any area, se ...199628307077
prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition elisa.a competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to mcfv in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the usa. we evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), 103 biston (b ...19968827669
use of an indwelling peripheral catheter for 3-5 day chemotherapy administration in the outpatient setting.registered nurses (rns) and clinical pharmacists in the hematology-oncology clinic at walter reed army medical center conducted a descriptive study to determine the effectiveness and safety of using indwelling peripheral intravenous catheters (pics) for daily administration of various chemotherapeutic agents given intermittently over a 3-5 day period to outpatients. eighty-nine adult outpatients requiring daily doses of chemotherapy including fluorouracil (5-fu) (solopak, elk grove village, il), ...19969060358
mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus) as experimental definitive hosts for fascioloides magna.in august 1992, six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) fawns and four elk (cervus elaphus) calves (n = 2) or yearlings (n = 2) each were inoculated orally with 50, 250, or 2,000 metacercariae of the liver fluke fascioloides magna to evaluate their potential to serve as definitive hosts. animals were maintained for up to 403 days. three mule deer each inoculated with 50 metacercariae survived the infection and shed eggs in feces; thus mule deer can function as definitive hosts for f. magna. ...19969359058
the short- and long-term consequences of corporal punishment. proceedings of a conference. elk grove village, illinois, february 9-10, 1996. 19969064635
age-associated changes in basal c-fos transcription factor binding activity in rat hearts.the early response proto-oncogene c-fos is expressed at very low levels in the mammalian heart at baseline. to further investigate the mechanism of altered c-fos expression with age, we studied in the basal state the binding of five transcription proteins to their cognate sites in the c-fos promoter/enhancer region, in adult and old f344 rats. our results show a reduced binding of e2f and ap1 proteins to the c-fos promoter in aging hearts. the major calcium/cyclic amp response element (cre) and ...19968986626
[further studies on parasitic arthropods of the elk alces alces in poland].in the northeastern part of poland, 239 elks (5% of the polish population) were examined and 7 species of ectoparasites were found. the most frequent included: lipoptena cervi (94%) and chorioptes texanus is new species in poland and it was noted at 50 sites from warmia and the mazurian lake district.19969012137
a comparative ultrastructural study of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminant species (mammalia, artiodactyla).the ultrastructural similarities and differences of the parotid gland acinar cells of nine wild ruminants (roe deer, nyala, tahr, eld's deer, red deer, pere david's deer, european mouflon, african buffalo, sable antelope) representing three feeding types i.e. concentrate selectors (cs), grass and roughage eaters (gr) and intermediate feeders (im) were compared. the parotid acinar cells of the cs contained more granular endoplasmic reticulum, golgi-complexes and secretory granules than those of t ...19969090994
comparison of some blood parameters of captured and farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.in studies on the adaptation of red deer (cervus elaphus) to farm conditions, some blood parameters of 3- to 9-year-old captured and farmed hinds were compared. the test variable included blood plasma creatine kinase (ck), alanine aminotransferase (alt), and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activities, the concentrations of glucose, urea, total protein (tp), serum cortisol, haemoglobin (hb), and the blastogenic transformation of lymphocytes upon stimulation by the nonspecific mitogens phaseolus vulga ...19969141279
determinants of dna-binding specificity of ets-domain transcription factors.several mechanisms are employed by members of transcription factor families to achieve sequence-specific dna recognition. in this study, we have investigated how members of the ets-domain transcription factor family achieve such specificity. we have used the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily as an example. erk2 mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulates serum response factor-dependent and autonomous dna binding by the tcfs elk-1 and sap-la. phosphorylated elk-1 and sap-la exhibit specifici ...19968668149
multiple p21ras effector pathways regulate nuclear factor of activated t cells.the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat) is a major target for p21ras and calcium signalling pathways in the il-2 gene and is induced by p21ras signals acting in synergy with calcium/calcineurin signals. one p21ras effector pathway involves the map kinase erk-2, and we have examined its role in nfat regulation. expression of dominant negative mapkk-1 prevents nfat induction. constitutively active mapkk-1 fully activates erk-2 and the transcription factor elk-1, but do ...19968670897
macrophage function in deer.macrophage inflammatory and immune functions were characterised in red deer (cervus elaphus), for use as a model for natural infection with bovine tuberculosis. highly enriched populations of deer macrophages were obtained from 14 day cultures of plastic-adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells. cervine macrophages produced superoxide anion in response to respiratory burst stimuli (serum-opsonised zymosan and phorbol myristic acetate), but nitric oxide production could not be detected under t ...19968677637
oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced binding of nuclear factor-kappab to dna and the subsequent expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in macrophages.a large body of evidence suggests that oxidized ldl (oxldl) has a role in atherogenesis. one effect is the impact on macrophage function. we have studied the effects of oxldl and oxysterols on the binding of the transcription factors nuclear factor (nf)-kappab and ap-1 to dna. these transcription factors are involved in the regulation of several genes and expressed during activation of macrophages, for example by endotoxin (lps). oxldl did not induce binding of nf-kappab. however, the lps-induce ...19968690807
the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in small island populations: large mammals in the hebrides.conventionally, small populations living on islands are expected to lose genetic variation by drift. fluctuations in population size, combined with polygynous mating systems, are expected to contribute to the process by increasing sampling effects on genetic variation. however, in individually monitored populations of red deer on rum and soay sheep on st. kilda, which experience fluctuations in population size, two processes have been identified which mitigate loss of genetic variation. first, i ...19968693018
regulation of reproductive seasonality in the red deer hind: oestradiol-dependent and -independent influences on the patterns of lh concentrations.the control of reproductive seasonality was studied in farmed adult red deer hinds that had been either ovariectomized or ovariectomized and oestradiol-treated (s.c. implants). the breeding season, delineated by progesterone secretion in intact hind herdmates, was characterized by high (mean 0.6, range 0.1-2.5 ng ml-1 plasma) lh concentrations in ovariectomized oestradiol-treated hinds. in contrast, during the non-breeding season plasma lh concentrations in these animals were significantly lower ...19968699404
[human spongiform encephalopathies. diseases caused by prions].spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are common denominators for a group of diseases, all fatal, which show characteristic neuropathological changes. in man the group includes four diseases: kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob's disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker's disease (gss) and fatal familial insomnia (ffi). in animals it comprises the following six: scrapie (sheep and goats), transmissible mink encephalopathy (mink), chronic wasting disease (mule/elk), exotic ungulate encephalopath ...19968701521
simulating secondary succession of elk forage values in a managed forest landscape, western washingtonmodern timber management practices often influence forage production for elk (cervus elaphus) on broad temporal and spatial scales in forested landscapes. we incorporated site-specific information on postharvesting forest succession and forage characteristics in a simulation model to evaluate past and future influences of forest management practices on forage values for elk in a commercially managed douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii, psme)-western hemlock (tsuga heterophylla, tshe) forest in we ...19968703108
fluoride exposure in cervids inhabiting areas adjacent to aluminum smelters in norway. i. residue levels.mandibular fluorine concentrations were determined in 1,425 red deer (cervus elaphus), 240 moose (alces alces), and 424 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) collected in norway from 1990 to 1993 in seven municipalities in which aluminum smelters are located, in eight neighboring municipalities, and in eight reference areas representing background levels. background fluorine concentration was significantly correlated with age in all three species. roe deer had the highest mean background fluorine level ...19968722253
fluoride exposure in cervids inhabiting areas adjacent to aluminum smelters in norway. ii. fluorosis.mandibles from 1104 red deer (cervus elaphus), 147 moose (alces alces), and 453 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected between 1990 and 1993 in the vicinity of seven norwegian aluminum smelters, were examined for dental fluorotic and osteofluorotic lesions. the metacarpal or metatarsal bones from 214 of these cervids also were evaluated. dental fluorotic lesions occurred in all three cervid species. prevalence of dental fluorosis was generally low at the various locations, with the exception ...19968722254
efficacy and safety of naltrexone hydrochloride for antagonizing carfentanil citrate immobilization in captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).we evaluated efficacy and safety of naltrexone for antagonizing carfentanil immobilization in 12 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a randomized incomplete block experiment. in three replicate trials, elk were hand-injected with 10 micrograms carfentanil citrate/kg body weight intramuscularly. fifteen min after each elk became recumbent, we administered naltrexone hcl (25% of dose intravenously, 75% subcutaneously) dosed at 0 (control), 25, 50, or 100 mg/mg carfentanil; af ...19968722260
[the craniometric characteristics of the elk (alces alces l.) of eurasia].comparative craniometric investigation was done on the elk in eurasia. four morphological forms are distinguished, thus favoring the subdivision of alces alces l. into four subspecies: a. a. alces, a. a. cameloides, a. a. pfizenmayeri, and a. a. buturlini.19968723622
protection of balb/c mice against homologous and heterologous species of brucella by rough strain vaccines derived from brucella melitensis and brucella suis biovar 4.to evaluate stable rough mutants derived from brucella melitensis 16m and b suis 2579 (biovar 4) as vaccines against homologous and heterologous brucella spp in the balb/c mouse model. design, animals, and procedure: rough mutants vtrm1 and vtrs1 were obtained from b melitensis 16m and b suis 2579, respectively, by allelic exchange of rfbu gene encoding mannosyltransferase with a tn5-disrupted rfbu gene. mice were vaccinated with vtrm1 or vtrs1 and challenge exposed 8 weeks later.19968723881
integration of growth factor signals at the c-fos serum response element.a transcription factor ternary complex composed of serum response factor (srf) and a second factor, ternary complex factor (tcf), mediates the response of the c-fos serum response element to growth factors and mitogens. in nih3t3 fibroblasts, tcf binding is required for transcriptional activation by the sre in response to activation of the ras-raf-erk pathway. we compared the properties of three members of the tcf family, elk-1, sap-1 and sap-2 (erp/net). although all the proteins contain sequen ...19968735278
calcium influx via the nmda receptor induces immediate early gene transcription by a map kinase/erk-dependent mechanism.the regulation of gene expression by neurotransmitters is likely to play a key role in neuroplasticity both during development and in the adult animal. therefore, it is important to determine the mechanisms of neuronal gene regulation to understand fully the mechanisms of learning, memory, and other long-term adaptive changes in neurons. the neurotransmitter glutamate stimulates rapid and transient induction of many genes, including the c-fos proto-oncogene. the c-fos promoter contains several c ...19968757255
transfer of bovine microsatellites to the cervine (cervus elaphus).bovine microsatellites were used to amplify dna of red deer (cervus elaphus). fourteen of 27 bovine systems (52%) displayed polymorphism, while no (ca)n-repeat was detected in seven systems and six systems gave no amplificates in red deer. the allele number ranged from 2 to 7, the polymorphism information content between 0.24 and 0.76. the results demonstrate that transfer of microsatellite systems between families of the same order (artiodactyla) is possible. molecular genetic research will hel ...19968759122
analysis of srf, sap-1 and elk-1 transcripts and proteins in human cell lines.we have analysed the expression of the genes encoding transcription factors involved in c-fos transcriptional regulation, i.e. the serum response factor (srf) and the ets-related proteins elk-1 and sap-1, in a variety of human cell lines. rna was determined by northern blot analysis, and proteins were detected on western blots: the two analyses gave essentially identical results. srf was expressed at similar levels in all cell lines tested. in contrast, sap-1 and elk-1 expression varied from one ...19968764983
swayback in a blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and a black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou).ataxia associated with myelopathy and low liver copper concentrations is described in a blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) from the karoo nature reserve, graaff-reinet. this syndrome, which occurs in neonatal and delayed forms, has been described in sheep, goats, pigs and domesticated red deer, but reports in other ungulates, including antelope, are very rare and generally unconfirmed by histopathological examination. the 2 animals examined exhibited a ...19968765071
a comparison of gross pathology, histopathology, and mycobacterial culture for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in elk (cervus elaphus).using the isolation of mycobacterium bovis as the reference standard, this study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity and kappa statistic of gross pathology (abattoir postmortem inspection), histopathology, and parallel or series combinations of the two for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 430 elk and red deer. two histopathology interpretations were evaluated: histopathology i, where the presence of lesions compatible with tuberculosis was considered positive, and histopathology ii, where les ...19968785715
role of estrogen and prostaglandin f2 alpha in premature luteal regression in monovulatory and superovulated red deer (cervus elaphus).the superovulation of red deer hinds with ecg is commonly associated with premature luteal regression. this study was an investigation of the endocrine mechanisms regulating luteal function after superovulation. four groups of hinds (n = 7-8 per group) were treated with progesterone-impregnated intravaginal controlled internal drug-releasing (cidr) devices for 12 days to synchronize estrus (cidr device withdrawal = day 0). group 1 served as controls; group 2 received an i.m. injection of 0.25 mg ...19968788185
the transcription factor tcf/elk-1: a nuclear sensor of changes in the cellular redox status. 19968794197
ability to culture dermal papilla cells from red deer (cervus elaphus) hair follicles with differing hormonal responses in vivo offers a new model for studying the control of hair follicle biology.red deer stags annually grow two distinct seasonal coats, a winter coat and a summer coat; in addition, they produce a mane during the breeding season when plasma testosterone levels are high, which is replaced by the short neck hairs of the summer coat when testosterone levels are low. as two very different hair types are produced from the same follicle under hormonal regulation, they offer an interesting model for studying the effects of hormones, particularly androgens, on mammalian hair grow ...19968795289
ligand activation of elk receptor tyrosine kinase promotes its association with grb10 and grb2 in vascular endothelial cells.elk is a member of the eph-related tyrosine kinase family that includes receptors signaling axonal guidance, neuronal bundling, and angiogenesis. we recently identified elk expression in human renal microvascular endothelial cells and sought to identify intracellular proteins through which it signals responses. the cytoplasmic domain of elk was used as "bait" in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify interactive proteins expressed from a randomly primed embryonic murine library (e9.5-10.5). among ...19968798570
glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signals through the ret receptor and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase.glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of growth factors, was first identified by its ability to promote the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in culture. we demonstrate that gdnf treatment of several neuroblastoma cell lines leads to dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the ret receptor and that other transforming growth factor-beta family members are not able to activate the ret receptor. gdnf treatment of neurob ...19968798576
ghf-1/pit-1 functions as a cell-specific integrator of ras signaling by targeting the ras pathway to a composite ets-1/ghf-1 response element.activation of the rat prolactin (rprl) promoter by ras is a prototypical example of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation in a highly differentiated cell type. using a series of site-specific mutations and deletions of the proximal rprl promoter we have mapped the major ras/raf response element (rre) to a composite ets-1/ghf-1 binding site located between positions -217 and -190. mutation of either the ets-1 or ghf-1 binding sites inhibits ras and raf activation of the rprl promoter, and in ...19968798730
dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (dlk) activates p46sapk and p38mapk but not erk2.because the catalytic domain of dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (dlk) bears sequence similarity to members of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase kinase kinase subfamily, this protein kinase was investigated for its ability to activate map kinase pathways. when transiently transfected and overexpressed in either cos 7 cells or nih3t3 cells, wild type dlk potently activated p46(sapk) (sapk/jnk) but had no detectable effect in activating p42/44(mapk). dlk also activated p38(mapk) when ov ...19968798750
pax-5 (bsap) recruits ets proto-oncogene family proteins to form functional ternary complexes on a b-cell-specific promoter.the paired box transcription factor pax-5 (b-cell-specific activator protein) is a key regulator of lineage-specific gene expression and differentiation in b-lymphocytes. we show that pax-5 functions as a cell type-specific docking protein that facilitates binding of the early b-cell-specific mb-1 promoter by proteins of the ets proto-oncogene family. transcriptional activity of the mb-1 promoter in pre-b-cells is critically dependent on binding sites for pax-5:ets complexes. ternary complex ass ...19968804314
molecular cloning of two novel transmembrane ligands for eph-related kinases (lerks) that are related to lerk-2.a search of the nucleic acid database of expressed sequence tags (ests) revealed several partial cdna sequences that could encode proteins homologous to the ligands for eph-related kinases (lerks). oligonucleotides designed from the ests were used to probe a human brain cdna library and obtain overlapping clones that encoded two different novel lerks (nlerk-1 and nlerk-2). nlerk-1 and nlerk-2 are most closely related to human lerk-2/elk-ligand and they form a subclass of lerks that contain a tra ...19968804996
signalling pathways: jack of all cascades.the transcription factors that bind the c-fos promoter element sre are targeted by multiple, independent signalling cascades; the identities of these signalling pathways and their modes of activation are being elucidated.19968805215
modification of the mycobacterium bovis extracellular protein mpb70 with fluorescein for rapid detection of specific serum antibodies by fluorescence polarization.the principle of fluorescence polarization described by perrin (f. perrin, j. phys. radium 7:390-401, 1926) was applied to the development of a novel assay that used fluorescein-labeled mycobacterium bovis secretory protein mpb70 for rapid detection of anti-mpb70 antibodies in selected sera from three m. bovis-infected species (elk, ilama, and bison). labeling of purified mpb70 with fluorescein isothiocyanate resulted in the incorporation of 0.96 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 3) flu ...19968807210
elk-l3, a novel transmembrane ligand for the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, expressed in embryonic floor plate, roof plate and hindbrain segments.the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases has 13 distinct members and seven ligands for these receptors have been described to date. these receptors and their ligands have been implicated in regulating neuronal axon guidance and in patterning of the developing nervous system and may also serve a patterning and compartmentalization role outside of the nervous system as well. the ligands are all membrane-attached, and this attachment appears to be crucial for their normal function; five of the k ...19968808709
effects of glucose or insulin infusions on growth hormone secretion in male red deer.the growth hormone (gh) secretory pattern in male red deer is associated with the seasonal growth cycle. during this cycle metabolic state changes from weight gain in spring to weight loss in winter. however, short-term metabolic changes due to feeding could also alter the gh pattern. to investigate the effect of such changes on gh secretion, the acute feedback of blood glucose level on the gh secretory pattern was examined. six yearling male red deer were infused iv with glucose (g; 150 mg/kg/h ...19968812391
experimental and theoretical quantification of the development of damage in fatigue tests of bone and antler.this study concerns the development of damage (as measured by a reduction in elastic modulus) in two kinds of bones differing considerably in their degrees of mineralisation: laminar bone from bovine femur and osteonal bone from red deer antler. antler bone is much tougher than 'ordinary' bone and its failure properties have been investigated in: (i) monotonic tensile tests and (ii) creep rupture experiments. tensile fatigue is another way of examining how damage develops in bone. the developmen ...19968817365
flying scapula in a red deer (cervus elaphus). 19968819292
dose rate and mode of exposure are key factors in jnk activation by uv irradiation.single exposure of cells to uvc (254 nm for 30 s) or to uvb (300 nm for 10 min) was shown to activate jun-nh2 kinases which, in turn, phosphorylate their substrates elk-1, c-jun and atf-2. while uvc (40-80 j/m2) activates jnk up to 4 h, with maximal induction after 30 min, uvb (150-300 j/m2) activates jnk over a prolonged period, up to 24 h, with maximal induction after 6 h. uv-mediated activation of src-related tyrosine kinases and mapk revealed different kinetics, with maximal induction after ...19968824537
observations on the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed red deer in central southern england.the epidemiology of the gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed red deer was followed over three years on two farms in north hertfordshire. worm counts on 10 animals (four months to 10 years old) between november and march showed that mixed ostertagid infections were dominant with very small numbers of trichostrongylus axei, cooperia punctata and oesophagostomum species also present in some individuals. an increase in the faecal nematode egg count of the hinds in summer was followed by an increase ...19968883346
conservation of a 31-bp bovine subrepeat in centromeric satellite dna monomers of cervus elaphus and other cervid species.a centromeric satellite dna clone was isolated from the genome of the european red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and designated ce-pst1. this clone was localized to the centromeric region of all red deer chromosomes with the exception of a single pair of metacentric autosomes and the y chromosome. dna sequence analysis of the 806-bp ce-pst1 clone showed 73.0-78.9% sequence homology to four previously isolated cervid centromeric satellite dna clones, suggesting that the ce-pst1 clone is yet a ...19968889241
molecular cloning of elk-3, a new member of the ets family expressed during mouse embryogenesis and analysis of its transcriptional repression activity.we isolated a cdna clone, elk-3, that encodes a novel ets transcription factor from 16-day mouse embryos. the deduced amino acid sequence of the protein was homologous to human elk-1 and sap-1. this protein, elk-1, and sap-1 shared some unique structural properties such as an ets dna-binding site in the amino-terminal region, a serum response factor interacting domain and phosphorylation sites of serine or threonine residues in the carboxy-terminal region. northern blotting weakly revealed that ...19968892757
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