Publications

doctor migration -- daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10858144
doctor migration -- daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10858141
doctor migration--daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10745951
doctor migration--daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10745949
doctor migration--daniel in the lions' den		2000	10745950
doctor migration--daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10721379
doctor migration--daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10721378
the lion of the union: the pelvic wound of joshua lawrence chamberlain.	major general joshua lawrence chamberlain is a true american hero. his medical history and war wounds provide a rare snapshot of civil war era medicine. in particular the most devastating injury was a rifle shot through the pelvis rupturing the bladder and urethra. we describe this injury and how it affected his life to provide insight into late 19th century urological care.	2000	10687962
letter to the editor concerning arnold-chiari malformation in a captive african lion cub.		2000	10682766
immobilization of california sea lions using medetomidine plus ketamine with and without isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole.	the use of medetomidine and ketamine, alone and in combination with isoflurane, with atipamezole reversal was evaluated for immobilizing 51 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) for a variety of medical procedures at a rehabilitation center in northern california (usa) between may 1997 and august 1998. animals were given 140 microg/kg medetomidine with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly. mean (+/-sd) time to maximal effect was 8+/-5 min. at the end of the procedure, animals were given 20 ...	2000	10682753
a study to investigate the ability of subjects with chronic lung diseases to provide evidential breath samples using the lion intoxilyzer 6000 uk breath alcohol testing device.	the lion intoximeter 3000 has been used for evidential breath testing in the u.k. for some years. some individuals with lung diseases have difficulty in providing evidential breath samples using the device. this study describes an investigation that we have carried out on a newer instrument--the lion intoxilyzer 6000uk--which is now in use in the u.k. the study was designed to investigate the ability of subjects with a variety of lung diseases to provide evidential breath samples using this devi ...	2000	10926340
doctor migration -- daniel in the lions' den.		2000	10858143
substance abuse and trauma in cape town.	to obtain baseline data on the incidence of acute alcohol intoxication, chronic alcoholism and illicit drug usage among a cohort of injured patients.	2000	10853402
use of maternal reserves as a lactation strategy in large mammals.	the substrate demands of lactation must be met by increased dietary intake or by mobilization of nutrients from tissues. the capacity of animals to rely on stored nutrients depends to a large extent on body size; large animals have greater stores, relative to the demands of lactation, than do small animals. the substrate demands of lactation depend on the composition and amount of milk produced. animals that fast or feed little during lactation are expected to produce milks low in sugar but high ...	2000	10828179
ultrafiltration of large volumes for the determination of colloidally bound artificial radionuclides in natural waters.	a methodology based on large volume ultrafiltration (> 1000 l) is developed in order to characterize the artificial radionuclides associated with the colloidal populations in natural waters. "inorganic elements" and organic carbon sinks or sources due to sorption or post desorption within the ultrafiltration assembly/membranes of the sartorius system are underlined and discussed from methodological step experiments as well as recoveries obtained for artificial radionuclides such as 106ru, 125sb, ...	2000	10800731
fred hollows lecture: digital screening for eye disease.	the purpose of this study was to explore progress, in the adaptation to community screening for blinding eye disease, of digital imaging devices and technology for storage and transmission. available imaging systems were compared to gold standard clinical photography in terms of sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of common blinding eye conditions. since the use of expensive non-portable imaging devices is likely to be limited for widespread community screening purposes, a portable fundus ...	2000	10981779
screening for amblyogenic factors using a volunteer lay network and the mti photoscreener. initial results from 15,000 preschool children in a statewide effort.	to describe the results from a statewide preschool vision screening program using the mti photoscreener (medical technology and innovations, inc., cedar falls, ia).	2000	10964820
ecology. the lion and the lamb find closure.	interactions between enemies and their victims are found in all ecological communities. but what has puzzled ecologists is how victims and enemies coexist together for long periods of time without all of the victims being killed off. in a perspective, hastings explains a new model (keeling et al.), which shows that variation in the distribution of victim and enemy species acts as a stabilizing factor in interactions between them.	2000	11186394
pattern of skin diseases at the university teaching hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia.	skin diseases are among the leading causes of hospital visits in ethiopia. an analysis was performed to describe the pattern of skin diseases at a teaching hospital in addis ababa, ethiopia.	2000	11123441
paired-associate learning and memory interference in schizophrenia.	patients with frontal lobe damage have been shown to exhibit disproportionate impairments of second list learning as a result of interference effects. based upon the assumption that schizophrenia is associated with frontal dysfunction, we attempted to explore how various manipulations of paired-associate learning tasks would interfere with schizophrenic patients' memory performance. patients with schizophrenia were administered four tests of paired-associate learning, in which cue and response w ...	2000	11074079
mortality of sea lions along the central california coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom.	over 400 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central california coast during may and june 1998. a bloom of pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the monterey bay region during the same period. this bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (da), a neurotoxin that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids. these ...	2000	10638756
genomic ancestry of the american puma (puma concolor).	puma concolor, a large american cat species, occupies the most extensive range of any new world terrestrial mammal, spanning 110 degrees of latitude from the canadian yukon to the straits of magellan. until the recent holocene, pumas coexisted with a diverse array of carnivores including the american lion (panthera atrox), the north american cheetah (miracynonyx trumani), and the saber toothed tiger (smilodon fatalis). genomic dna specimens from 315 pumas of specified geographic origin (261 cont ...	2000	10833043
differences between antigenic determinants of pig and cat zona pellucida proteins.	despite many efforts, the control of reproduction in feral cat populations is still a problem in urban regions around the world. immunocontraception is a promising approach; thus the present study examined the suitability of the widely used pig zona pellucida proteins (pzp) for contraception in feral domestic cats. purified zona pellucida proteins obtained from pig and cat ovaries were used to produce highly specific antisera in rabbits. antibodies against pzp raised in rabbits or lions were not ...	2000	10864809
degenerative spinal disease in large felids.	degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. in contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (panthera leo), 16 tigers (panthera tigris), 4 leopards (panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (panthera onca) from the knoxville zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. the medical record, radiograph ...	2000	10884118
parasites and parasite stages of free-ranging wild lions (panthera leo) of northern tanzania.	fecal samples from 33 lions (panthera leo) in serengeti national park and ngorongoro crater conservation area in northern tanzania contained 19 different parasites, 12 of which, including aelurostrongylus sp., a species of acanthocephala, a species of anoplocephalidae, capillaria sp., demodex sp., eimeria sp., habronema sp., isospora felis, isospora rivolta, one species of isospora that was previously undescribed from lions, one species of trematoda that was previously undescribed from lions, an ...	2000	10884125
trypanosoma cruzi infection in leontopithecus rosalia at the reserva biológica de poco das antas, rio de janeiro, brazil.	wild golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia) - endangered primates that are native to the brazilian atlantic coastal forest - were surveyed for the presence of trypanosoma cruzi with the use of giemsa-stained blood smears, hemocultures and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifat). positive ifat with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:1280 were observed in 52% of the 118 wild tamarins examined and the parasite was isolated from 38 tamarins. no patent parasitemia was observed among the tamarin ...	2000	10904398
epizootic vesicular disease in captive california sea lions.	an epizootic of vesicular disease occurred in a group of semi-domesticated california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during the months of april and may 1997. ten castrated mature male sea lions, ages 12 to 19 yr, were housed in three adjacent open-ocean net enclosures in san diego bay (california, usa). four animals (40%) developed oral and extremity vesicles, anorexia, and were reluctant to perform learned behaviors. one animal developed vesicles but maintained a normal appetite and behavio ...	2000	10941736
conservation value of a native forest fragment in a region of extensive agriculture.	a survey of mammals and birds was carried out in a semi-deciduous forest fragment of 150 ha located in a zone of intensive agriculture in ribeirão preto, state of são paulo, south-eastern brazil. line transect sampling was used to census mammals and birds during six days, totalling 27.8 km of trails and 27.8 hours of observation. twenty mammal species were confirmed in the area (except bats and small mammals), including rare or endangered species, such as the mountain lion (puma concolor), the m ...	2000	10959107
disseminated blastomycosis in two california sea lions (zalophus californianus).	two captive california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from different facilities were diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis. the first, a 12-yr-old male, died after a 3-wk history of progressive anorexia and lethargy. gross examination revealed acute jejunitis with focal perforation and associated peritonitis, along with severe purulent bronchopneumonia. the second, a 15-yr-old female, was euthanized after a 2-wk history of severe cutaneous ulceration and declining clinical condition. gro ...	2000	10982135
toxoplasmosis in golden-headed lion tamarins (leontopithecus chrysomelas) and emperor marmosets (saguinus imperator) in captivity.	from 1991 to 1995, eight new world nonhuman primates of the family callitrichidae belonging to the collection of fundacão parque zoologico de são paulo died of toxoplasmosis. of the eight affected nonhuman primates, four were leontopithecus chrysomelas (one male, three females) and four were saguinus imperator (two males, two females). the most commonly affected organs were the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes, with hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions. histopathologic examination revealed protozoa tha ...	2000	10982139
malassezia pachydermatis isolated from a south american sea lion (otaria byronia) with dermatitis.	a fungus was isolated from the skin of an otaria byronia and from the water of the pool in which the animal was kept. it formed creamy colonies with soft texture on dixon agar and grew well without supplements of long-chain fatty acids. cells were ovoid to cylindrical in shape, budded from a broad base, and budded and divided at the same location. thus, the isolate was identified as m. pachydermatis. we compared this very rare isolate from a marine mammal with four strains of m. pachydermatis us ...	2000	10993190
foraging energetics and diving behavior of lactating new zealand sea lions, phocarctos hookeri.	the new zealand sea lion, phocarctos hookeri, is the deepest- and longest-diving sea lion. we were interested in whether the diving ability of this animal was related to changes in its at-sea and diving metabolic rates. we measured the metabolic rate, water turnover and diving behavior of 12 lactating new zealand sea lions at sandy bay, enderby island, auckland islands group, new zealand (50 degrees 30's, 166 degrees 17'e), during january and february 1997 when their pups were between 1 and 2 mo ...	2000	11060226
identification of novel cytochrome p450 1a genes from five marine mammal species.	marine mammals, being endangered by the chronic exposure of hydrophobic environmental contaminants as an assorting result of global pollution, are especially focused as indicators for organochlorine pollution. the use of contaminant-induced xenobiotic metabolizers, particularly p450 (cyp) 1a, in marine mammals can be effective as potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and/or toxic effects. in this study, we identified the first marine mammalian cyps. six novel cyp1a cdna fragments were ...	2000	11064121
corneal endothelial cell survival in organ cultures under acute oxidative stress: effect of vip.	human corneal endothelium, a neural crest-derived tissue, has a very limited regenerative capacity and may depend on trophic factors for its survival throughout life, as well as after injury and during storage before transplantation. the purpose of this study was to determine whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), a 28-amino acid neurotrophic factor present in human aqueous humor, promotes the survival of corneal endothelium in corneal organ cultures, and whether vip is produced by the cor ...	2000	11095600
common metastatic carcinoma of california sea lions (zalophus californianus): evidence of genital origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus.	tissues from 10 adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus, seven females and three males) that had metastatic carcinoma in sublumbar area lymph nodes were examined histologically. a distinctive epithelial proliferative lesion interpreted as intraepithelial neoplasia was found in genital tracts of all ten animals; in vagina (5/7), cervix (7/7), uterus (3/7), penis (3/3) and prepuce (3/3). intraepithelial neoplasia closely resembled metastatic carcinomas and was directly contiguous with i ...	2000	11105950
prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-4 infection in cats in central michigan.	the gammaherpesvirus bovine herpesvirus-4 (bhv-4) has been isolated from a wide variety of animals, including lions and domestic cats. although bhv-4 antibodies have been detected in normal cats and cats with urinary disorders, the epidemiology and pathogenic role of bhv-4 in cats is unknown. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of bhv-4 antibodies and viral nucleic acid in a population of free-roaming cats. plasma and peripheral blood leukocyte samples were collected from 5 ...	2000	11110380
suicide in a lions' den.	the case of a young man who committed suicide in a lions' den of a zoo is presented. special attention is paid to the injury pattern which was characterised by numerous penetrating, stab-like wounds and lesions. the remarkable circumstances and history of this incident are most likely connected to a psychological or psychiatric disorder of the victim.	2000	11197612
the man-eaters with bad teeth.	two cases of man-eating lions feeding on large numbers of humans (1898, 1991) are discussed. the forensic dental evidence from the lions' remains and eyewitness reports indicate all three lions had serious dental/oral pathology, which may have contributed to their selection of human food over more challenging natural animal prey.	2000	11199522
retrospective analysis of an outbreak of b virus infection in a colony of debrazza's monkeys (cercopithecus neglectus).	in 1981, an outbreak of herpetic disease developed in a colony of debrazza's monkeys (cercopithecus neglectus). in seven of eight infected animals, clinical signs of infection included vesicular and ulcerative lesions on the lips, tongue, and/or palate. histologic examination of lesions revealed intranuclear inclusion bodies, and electron microscopy revealed nucleocapsids and virions with typical herpesvirus morphology. although a virus was isolated that appeared similar to monkey b virus, techn ...	2000	11200573
parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xxxviii. ixodid ticks collected from 23 wild carnivore species.	ixodid ticks were collected from 104 wild carnivores belonging to 23 species in various nature reserves and on several farms in all nine provinces of south africa. seven feral cats in a nature reserve were also examined. twenty-four tick species belonging to seven genera were recovered and identified. amongst these ticks we consider the adults of haemaphysalis leachi, haemaphysalis spinulosa, haemaphysalis zumpti, ixodes rubicundus, rhipicentor nuttalli, rhipicephalus simus and rhipicephalus tur ...	2000	11206391
gastric ollulanus tricuspis infection identified in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) with chronic vomiting.	gastritis, vomition and weight loss are common in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). gastric spiral bacteria (helicobacter spp.) and the very small, viviparous nematode ollulanus tricuspis, a stomach worm of cats, are believed to be important causes. three sibling cheetahs at wellington zoo, new zealand, developed chronic vomiting, diarrhoea and debility. their parents were both south african-born. response to antibacterial treatment was poor. endoscopic examinations revealed chronic lymphopla ...	2000	11212940
feline papillomas and papillomaviruses.	papillomaviruses (pvs) are highly species- and site-specific pathogens of stratified squamous epithelium. although pv infections in the various felidae are rarely reported, we identified productive infections in six cat species. pv-induced proliferative skin or mucous membrane lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical screening for papillomavirus-specific capsid antigens. seven monoclonal antibodies, each of which reacts with an immunodominant antigenic determinant of the bovine papillomavir ...	2000	10643975
prevalence of bartonella henselae antibody in florida panthers.	serum samples from 28 free-ranging florida panthers (puma concolor coryi) and seven mountain lions from texas (p. concolor stanleyana) living in south florida (usa) between 1997 to 1998 were tested for antibodies to bartonella henselae. twenty percent (7/35) of the samples were reactive to b. henselae antisera with a subspecies prevalence of 18% (5/ 28) for florida panthers and 28% (2/7) for cougars from texas (usa). there was not a significant sex related difference in infection rates among the ...	2000	10682759
effects of allocare-givers on fitness of infants and parents in callitrichid primates.	the effects of callitrichid primate helpers (allocare-givers other than an infant's father) on the survival, reproduction or behavior of infants and parents are reviewed, using both published studies and data from free-ranging golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia). three lines of evidence suggest that helpers may increase their own inclusive fitness: (1) the number of adult males acting as helpers in free-ranging groups is correlated with the number of surviving infants in 3 callitrichid ...	2000	10686485
serological and demographic evidence for domestic dogs as a source of canine distemper virus infection for serengeti wildlife.	following an epidemic of canine distemper virus (cdv) in serengeti lions in 1994, the role of domestic dogs in the epidemiology of the disease was investigated by serological and demographic analyses. from 1992 to 1994, data were collected from two domestic dog populations bordering the serengeti national park. several lines of evidence indicated that patterns of cdv infection differed significantly between higher-density dog populations of serengeti district to the west of the park and lower-de ...	2000	10727832
molecular tracking of mountain lions in the yosemite valley region in california: genetic analysis using microsatellites and faecal dna.	twelve microsatellite loci were characterized in california mountain lions (puma concolor) and sufficient polymorphism was found to uniquely genotype 62 animals sampled at necropsy. microsatellite genotypes obtained using mountain lion faecal dna matched those from muscle for all of 15 individuals examined. dna from potential prey species and animals whose faeces could be misidentified as mountain lion faeces were reliably distinguished from mountain lions using this microsatellite panel. in a f ...	2000	10736046
extensive subcutaneous soft tissue calcification in a neonate following hypothermia: case report.	a ten-hour old newborn found in the street where a dog was savaging him, was brought to black lion hospital in 1998. the history, physical findings and radiological features suggested widespread subcutaneous fat necrosis, which later became calcified. although this is a rare condition, medical workers need to be aware of the possibility of this self-limiting disease, which may occur in abandoned and hypothermic neonates.	2000	12858910
menu of gravettian people from southern moravia.	there are a number of upper palaeolithic sites of gravettian people in the southern moravia. these people had eaten animals and their bones were used for creating artefacts. their food was based on several species that lived in the vicinity of their settlement unit. the sites dolní vĕstonice ii (under western slope--uws), iia and iii and pavlov (1952, 1953, 1957 and 1958) have been studied to obtain a picture of the menu of gravettian people in this region. hunted animals fall into two groups, t ...	2000	15828198
predator avoidance, breeding experience and reproductive success in endangered cheetahs, acinonyx jubatus.	i examine three hypotheses about predator avoidance behaviour: (1) avoidance increases an individual's reproductive success; (2) avoidance changes with breeding experience according to one of three described models; and (3) any reproductive or experience benefits accrued to individuals by avoidance are reflected in their spatial distribution. these hypotheses were tested on cheetahs which incur substantial juvenile mortality from predation by two larger competitors: spotted hyaenas, crocuta croc ...	2000	10924211
comparative biology of uncinaria spp. in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) in california.	studies on several aspects of the life cycle of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) were conducted on material collected on san miguel island (smi), california and at the marine mammal center, sausalito, california in 1997, 1998, and 1999. examination of z. californianus intestines for adult hookworms and feces for eggs revealed that longevity of these parasites in pups is about 6-8 mo, and infections are prob ...	2000	11191915
molecular and morphometric evidence for separate species of uncinaria (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) in california sea lions and northern fur seals: hypothesis testing supplants verification.	california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) are each believed to host distinct hookworm species (uncinaria spp.). however, a recent morphometric analysis suggested that a single species parasitizes multiple pinniped hosts, and that the observed differences are host-induced. to explore the systematics of these hookworms and test these competing hypotheses, we obtained nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal dna (d2/d3 28s, d18/d19 28s, and internal ...	2000	11128487
whence the red panda?	the evolutionary history of the red panda (ailurus fulgens) plays a pivotal role in the higher-level phylogeny of the "bear-like" arctoid carnivoran mammals. characters from morphology and molecules have provided inconsistent evidence for placement of the red panda. whereas it certainly is an arctoid, there has been major controversy about whether it should be placed with the bears (ursids), ursids plus pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walrus), raccoons (procyonids), musteloids (raccoons plus weasel ...	2000	11083933
utilization management: reduced costs--improved service.	this is the first of a two-part series in which the authors discuss utilization management initiatives at lions gate hospital in north vancouver, british columbia. these initiatives included data collected from the hospital medical records institute that led to a change in care patterns in the psychiatry department, adapting an external same-day surgery program that reduced bed-days, and an analysis of emergency room admissions that led to 55 per cent reduction in the number of these patients wa ...	2000	10124283
rural medicine in alaska: the view from point lions.		2000	7446867
the demography of the lion-tailed macaque (macaca silenus) in rain forest fragments in the anamalai hills, south india.	we examined demographic consequences of habitat fragmentation in the lion-tailed macaque in the anamalai hills in southern western ghats. the parameters examined were group size, age/sex composition, and birth rate, in relation to various habitat parameters. demographic parameters were estimated for 11 groups in 8 rain forest fragments, during january to may 1996. area, tree density, canopy cover, canopy height, and tree basal area were estimated for these fragments. as fragment area decreased, ...	2000	30545164
temporal records of δ(13)c and δ (15)n in north pacific pinnipeds: inferences regarding environmental change and diet.	sea lion and seal populations in alaskan waters underwent various degrees of decline during the latter half of the twentieth century and the cause(s) for the declines remain uncertain. the stable carbon ((13)c/(12)c) and nitrogen ((15)n/(14)n) isotope ratios in bone collagen from wild steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the bering sea and gulf of alaska were measured for the period 1951-1997 to test the hypothesi ...	2001	24577700
phylogenetic relationships within the eared seals (otariidae: carnivora): implications for the historical biogeography of the family.	phylogenetic relationships within the family otariidae were investigated using two regions of the mitochondrial genome. a 360-bp region of the cytochrome b gene was employed for the primary phylogenetic analysis, while a 356-bp segment of the control region was used to enhance resolution of the terminal nodes. traditional classification of the family into the subfamilies arctocephalinae (fur seals) and otariinae (sea lions) is not supported, with the fur seal callorhinus ursinus having a basal r ...	2001	11697921
current prevalence of adult uncinaria spp. in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, california, with notes on the biology of these hookworms.	a prevalence survey for hookworms (uncinaria spp.) was done in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, ca, in 2000. intestines of dead pups were examined for adult hookworms in july. these parasites were found in 95% of 20 fur seal pups and 100% of 31 sea lion pups. the number of hookworms varied from 4 to 2142 (mean = 760) in fur seal pups and from 20 to 2634 (mean = 612) in sea lion pups. a direct relationship was evid ...	2001	11390084
accumulation of silver in the liver of three species of pinnipeds.	silver in the three species of pinnipeds [northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), and harbor seal (phoca vitulina)] caught in the north pacific ocean were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, in order to understand accumulation and distribution of silver in pinnipeds. in northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of silver were observed in the liver and body hair. some 70% of the silver burden was concentrated in the liver. ...	2001	11202650
different underlying mechanisms for deficits in concept formation in dementia.	we investigated the different mechanisms that may underlie deficits in verbal concept formation among patients with alzheimer's disease (ad) and ischaemic vascular dementia (ivd) associated with periventricular and deep white matter alterations. concept formation was assessed with the wais-r similarities subtest (sim). two types of errors were re-coded from the 0-point responses as scored by the wais-r manual. in set errors (e.g., dog-lion "they're alive") were coded when patients reported a ver ...	2001	14590153
irradiation of diets fed to captive exotic felids: microbial destruction, consumption, and fecal consistency.	two frozen, raw horse meat-based diets fed to captive exotic felids at brookfield zoo were irradiated to determine the extent of microbial destruction and whether radiation treatment would affect consumption and/or fecal consistency in exotic cats. fifteen cats, two african lions (panthera leo), two amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), one amur leopard (panthera pardus orientalis), two clouded leopards (neofelis nebulosa), two caracals (felis caracal), one bobcat (felis rufus), and five fishin ...	2001	12785680
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from brazilian zoos.	serum samples from 37 captive exotic felids in 12 zoos from six brazilian states were assayed for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. titers greater than or equal to 1:20 were considered positive. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 24 of 37 (64.9%) felids, including one european lynx (lynx lynx), two jungle cats (felis chaus), two servals (leptailurus serval), two tigers (panthera tigris), three leopards (panthera pardus), ...	2001	12785684
restoration of reproductive potential following expiration or removal of melengestrol acetate contraceptive implants in golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia).	although reversible contraception is important to successful management of small populations, there are concerns about the reversibility of melengestrol acetate (mga), the most commonly used implant in captive animals. female golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia) placed in potential breeding situations after surgical mga implant removal showed a 75% return to reproduction within 2 yr, unlike golden-headed tamarins (leontopithecus chrysomelas), which have had a 29% return to reproduction ...	2001	12785695
structure and patterns of sequence variation in the mitochondrial dna control region of the great cats.	mitochondrial dna control region structure and variation were determined in the five species of the genus panthera. comparative analyses revealed two hypervariable segments, a central conserved region, and the occurrence of size and sequence heteroplasmy. as observed in the domestic cat, but not commonly seen in other animals, two repetitive sequence arrays (rs-2 with an 80-bp motif and rs-3 with a 6-10-bp motif) were identified. the 3' ends of rs-2 and rs-3 were highly conserved among species, ...	2001	16120284
characterization of otostrongylus circumlitus from pacific harbor and northern elephant seals.	otostrongylus circumlitus (railliet, 1899) from pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi) and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were examined using morphological and molecular methods to determine whether northern elephant seals along the central california coast are infected by the same species of otostrongylus as are pacific harbor seals in the same area. fixed nematodes were examined and measured using light microscopy. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amp ...	2001	11227905
eradication of posterior capsule opacification: documentation of a marked decrease in nd:yag laser posterior capsulotomy rates noted in an analysis of 5416 pseudophakic human eyes obtained postmortem.	(1) to report the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (nd:yag) laser posterior capsulotomy rate (%) of eight rigid and foldable intraocular lens (iol) designs in a series of 5416 pseudophakic human eyes obtained postmortem, accessioned in our center between january 1988 and january 2000. (2) to identify factors that are instrumental in reducing the incidence of posterior capsule opacification, (pco, secondary cataract) and hence the need for nd:yag laser posterior capsulotomy.	2001	11237905
human immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen testing in cornea donors.	testing for the p24 antigen of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may detect early hiv infection in the seronegative window; however, falsely reactive results may occur in cadaver specimens. although neither the food and drug administration (fda) nor the eye bank association of america requires p24 testing of cornea donors, many tissue banks using other organs from cornea donors do perform this assay, and the fda requires that eye banks reject corneal tissue if a reactive p24 assay is report ...	2001	11322416
phylogeny of lion tamarins (leontopithecus spp) based on interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein intron sequences.	the evolutionary relationships of the lion tamarins (leontopithecus) were investigated using nuclear interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein (irbp) intron sequences. phylogenetic reconstructions strongly support the monophyly of the genus, and a sister relationship between the golden lion tamarin, leontopithecus rosalia, and the black lion tamarin, l. chrysopygus, to the exclusion of the golden-headed lion tamarin, l. chrysomelas. the most parsimonious evolutionary reconstruction suggests tha ...	2001	11329166
chimeric creatures in greek mythology and reflections in science.	"the chimaera" in homer's iliad, "was of divine stock, not of men, in the forepart a lion, in the hinder a serpent, and in the midst a goat, ellipsis bellerophon slew her, trusting in the signs of the gods." in hesiod's theogony it is emphasized that "chimaera ellipsis had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion, another of a goat, and another of a snakeellipsis". in addition to this interspecies animal chimera, human/animal chimeras are referred to in greek mythology, preeminent among them the cen ...	2001	11337752
pathogenesis of two strains of lion (panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (mustela putorius furo).	canine distemper virus (cdv) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. in 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. however, after severe mortality occurred in the serengeti lions (panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as cdv or a closely related feline morbillivirus. the present study was designed to explore the susceptibility ...	2001	11355661
[development of corneal storage medium--second report. examination of human cornea].	to develop and evaluate by histological methods a new corneal storage medium with a simple formula.	2001	11406944
differences in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes among young and adult animals including humans. spontaneous micronuclei in 43 species.	in our previous report we speculated about the possibility that some species had high levels of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) just in a juvenile stage, this is, that the mne diminish as the reticuloendothelial system matures. here we show this effect in species including rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cat, gray squirrel, lion, giraffe, white-tailed deer, opossum and even human. the number of spontaneous mne that we found in 43 species is shown, and the proportions of polychromatic and no ...	2001	11423355
babesia leo n. sp. from lions in the kruger national park, south africa, and its relation to other small piroplasms.	babesia leo, a small piroplasm isolated from lions in south africa is described as a distinct species based on a phylogenetic analysis of the 18s rrna gene. intraerythrocytic trophozoite and merozoite stages of b. leo are morphologically indistinguishable from other small piroplasms of felids. previous studies showed that b. leo was biologically and antigenically distinct from b. felis, which is known to infect wild and domestic felids in south africa. molecular characterization showed strong su ...	2001	11426735
aerobic dive limit: how often does it occur in nature?	diving animals offer a unique opportunity to study the importance of physiological constraint in their everyday behaviors. an important component of the physiological capability of any diving animal is its aerobic dive limit (adl). the adl has only been measured in a few species. the goal of this study was to estimate the aerobic dive limit from measurements of body oxygen stores and at sea metabolism. this calculated adl (cadl) was then compared to measurements of diving behavior of individual ...	2001	11440864
sources of variability in numbers of live births in wild golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia).	we examined the effects of several variables on the number of live births in multiparous females in a wild population of golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia). independent variables included the number of infants born to a female the previous breeding season, the number of infants weaned the previous breeding season, the female's age and body mass, the number of adult males and helpers in the group, and the inbreeding coefficient of the offspring. we also tested the hypothesis that trapp ...	2001	11468751
antibody response of dogs inoculated with a large number of cultured canine monocytes adsorbed with a calicivirus in advance.	five conventional beagle dogs were intravenously injected with ten million canine monocyte cells (cn/k99) cultured in vitro (kadoi, 2000) adsorbed with a strain of calicivirus originally isolated from lions (kadoi et al., 1997). another two beagle dogs were injected similarly with the virus suspension solely as control. serum samples were collected from these dogs at intervals and specific seroneutralizing antibody production against the virus was measured in vitro. a significantly higher antibo ...	2001	11497089
representing properties locally.	theories of knowledge such as feature lists, semantic networks, and localist neural nets typically use a single global symbol to represent a property that occurs in multiple concepts. thus, a global symbol represents mane across horse, pony, and lion. alternatively, perceptual theories of knowledge, as well as distributed representational systems, assume that properties take different local forms in different concepts. thus, different local forms of mane exist for horse, pony, and lion, each cap ...	2001	11527433
the epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park, south africa.	the presence of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in the kruger national park (knp) was determined for the first time in 1990. it was diagnosed in an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) bull, which was found recumbent and in an emaciated and moribund state near the south-western boundary fence. this prompted an investigation into the bovine tuberculosis (btb) status of the knp, with emphasis on its epidemiological determinants and risk factors. this report documents the findings of surveys ...	2001	11585089
cytochrome b gene for species identification of the conservation animals.	a partial dna sequence of cytochrome b gene was used to identify the remains of endangered animals and species endemic to taiwan. the conservation of animals species included in this study were: the formosan gem-faced civets, leopard cats, tigers, clouded leopards, lion, formosan muntjacs, formosan sika deers, formosan sambars, formosan serows, water buffalo, formosan pangolins and formosan macaques. the control species used included domestic cats, domestic dogs, domestic sheeps, domestic cattle ...	2001	11587860
introduction of corneal astigmatism through placement of a scleral fixation ring in eye bank eyes.	to determine the effect of scleral fixation ring placement in induction of astigmatism by topographic analysis.	2001	11685067
perceptual grouping in two visually reliant species: humans (homo sapiens) and australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea).	kurylo, van nest, and knepper (1997 journal of comparative psychology 111 126-134) have recently shown that hooded rats are able to judge the global orientation of an array of elements if orientation is signalled by the perceptual-grouping principle of proximity, but not if it is signalled by element alignment. using a procedure designed to overcome some potential problems with the experiment of kurylo et al, we found the same distinction in the perceptual processing of australian sea lions. the ...	2001	11694085
trichinella infection in wildlife of the southwestern united states.	several potential mammalian reservoirs of sylvatic species of trichinella were examined from texas, new mexico, and arizona. during 1998-99, tongues were collected from a black bear (ursus americanus) in arizona; from 9 black bears, a coyote (canis latrans), and a mountain lion (felis concolor) in new mexico; and from 154 coyotes, 32 raccoons (procyon lotor), 13 opossums (didelphis marsupialis), 4 ocelots (leopardus pardalis), 3 bobcats (lynx rufus), and 5 feral hogs (sus scrofa) in southern tex ...	2001	11695403
measurement and cycle variability: reexamining the case for ovarian-cycle synchrony in primates.	critical reviews of menstrual synchrony studies, over the last 15 years, strongly suggest that synchrony may be a methodological artifact. the primary focus of this paper is on reexamining the evidence for synchrony in the two other primate species: chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia). it is demonstrated, with computer simulation, that cycle variability can yield misleading measurements of synchrony when it is assumed that the mean absolute difference ...	2001	11738507
testing of corneoscleral discs and their culture media of seropositive donors for hepatitis b and c virus genomes.	the prevalence of donors seropositive for hepatitis b virus (hbv) surface antigen (hbsag) or hepatitis c virus (hcv) antibody (anti-hcv) in western countries is estimated to be 0.5%-1%. there have been only two cases, however, published so far, where hepatitis b was suspected to have been transmitted by penetrating keratoplasty [4]. concerning hcv, no suspected transmission by keratoplasty has been reported so far. this is also true for the time before serological screening for infectious diseas ...	2001	11760041
tuberculosis in kudus (tragelaphus strepsiceros) in the kruger national park.	five kudus (tragelaphus strepsiceros), three bulls and two cows, within the greater kruger national park complex, were diagnosed with generalized tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis. the lesions seen in these animals were similar to those previously reported in kudus and included severe tuberculous lymphadenitis of the nodes of the head and neck (that resulted in noticeable uni- or bilateral swelling beneath the ear), thorax, and the mesentery. all the animals also suffered from severe gr ...	2001	11769355
understanding the basic reproductive biology of wild felids by monitoring of faecal steroids.	the ability to track gonadal activity is essential for understanding the fundamentals of reproduction. faecal steroid metabolite monitoring is a well established tool for evaluating reproductive processes in diverse mammalian species, including felids. domestic cats were used as a model and injection of radiolabelled oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone and cortisol revealed that > 85% of metabolites were excreted in faeces with a time lag of 12-24 h. steroids were extracted by boiling faecal ...	2001	11787193
[diphyllobothrium pacificum (nybelin,1931) margolis, 1956 in canis familiaris from chincha city, peru].	in this communication is presented the finding of the tapeworm diphyllobothrium pacificum, parasite of sea lions, in canis familiaris (dog) in chincha city, peru. this is the first canine infection with d. pacificum in the south peruvian coast.	2001	12058669
behavioural responses of lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) to a changing habitat in a tropical rain forest fragment in the western ghats, india.	this study reports critical changes in the behaviour patterns of lion-tailed macaques (macaca silenus) inhabiting a continuously changing and deteriorating rain forest fragment in the western ghats, india. the study area, a privately owned rain forest patch in a tea/coffee garden called puthuthotam, has suffered two massive selective logging episodes. over the years, the native rain forest trees have been largely replaced by non-native/pioneer species resulting in loss of canopy contiguity and s ...	2001	11805424
canine distemper infections, with special reference to south africa, with a review of the literature.	canine distemper virus is a member of the genus morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae that causes severe disease in dogs and a range of wild mammals. the clinical signs relate essentially to the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. in south africa, infection with ehrlichia canis and canine parvovirus may present similarly many dogs will initially present with a wide range of central nervous system signs without any history of systemic disease. a recent south african s ...	2001	11811699
characteristics of the pediatric/adolescent low-vision population at the illinois school for the visually impaired.	there are few descriptive studies of children and adolescents with low vision in the united states. our study describes a pediatric/adolescent population at the illinois school for the visually impaired (isvi), detailing the etiologies of low vision and the devices prescribed.	2001	12363249
[comparative ophthalmology in the middle ages].	descriptions of animal eyes in the middle ages in the learned work physiologus from the 4th century, based on aristoteles, plutarc, the bible etc. are commented on. the modern biologist is horrified, the historian understands the ethical - religious aspects behind the edifying stories concerning the lion, gazelle, eagle, snake, lizard, swallow etc. medical science and theology were not separated in the middle ages.	2001	11831239
standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus).	the metabolic rate (mr) of four adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus), two males and two females, was quantified during trained submersion and stationing behavior in laboratory tanks. mr was measured, at rest and for single submersions of increasing duration (1-7 min), by measuring oxygen consumption using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. standard mr was measured under conditions defined for basal mr and was found to be 1.9 to 3 times that predicted for terrestrial animals of si ...	2001	11606601
equivalence classification by california sea lions using class-specific reinforcers.	the ability to group dissimilar stimuli into categories on the basis of common stimulus relations (stimulus equivalence) or common functional relations (functional equivalence) has been convincingly demonstrated in verbally competent subjects. however, there are investigations with verbally limited humans and with nonhuman animals that suggest that the formation and use of classification schemes based on equivalence does not depend on linguistic skills. the present investigation documented the a ...	2001	11599636
brain activation during automatic and controlled processing of semantic relations: a priming experiment using lexical-decision.	semantic relations may be studied using the experimental technique known as semantic priming, in which a word 'primes' the processing of a related target (e.g. lion-tiger), following a short delay. priming may be automatic or, with longer delays, under more controlled processing. this study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) to examine the cerebral activation during two lexical-decision semantic priming experiments, with a short and long delay, representing automatic and controlle ...	2001	11527554
use of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine with and without atipamezole reversal to immobilize captive california sea lions.	from june 1998 to august 1999, 39 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) were immobilized at a rehabilitation center in northern california (usa) using medetomidine plus zolazepam and tiletamine (mzt), alone and in combination with isoflurane, with atipamezole reversal. animals were given 70 microg/kg medetomidine with 1 mg/kg of a 1:1 solution of tiletamine and zolazepam intramuscularly. mean (+/-sd) time to maximal effect was 5+/-3 min. at the end of the procedure, animals were given 20 ...	2001	11504231
egalitarianism in female african lions.	because most cooperative societies are despotic, it has been difficult to test models of egalitarianism. female african lions demonstrate a unique form of plural breeding in which companions consistently produce similar numbers of surviving offspring. consistent with theoretical predictions from models of reproductive skew, female lions are unable to control each other's reproduction because of high costs of fighting and low access to each other's newborn cubs. a female also lacks incentives to ...	2001	11474110
animal behavior. new data reveal the sisterhood of lions.		2001	11474078
sea lions massacred in galapagos for sex organs.		2001	11473276
the nature of semantic memory deficits in alzheimer's disease: new insights from hyperpriming effects.	while semantic memory deficits are a common landmark of alzheimer's disease, the nature of these impairments remains to be clarified. implicit tasks which assess semantic priming effects are often used to understand semantic deficits in alzheimer's disease, but they have led to unclear conclusions because of methodological problems such as intervention of attentional mechanisms. to explore the effects of semantic priming in alzheimer's disease and their relationship with semantic memory deficits ...	2001	11459744
ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude aircraft overflights: ii. estimating effects on wildlife.	an ecological risk assessment framework for aircraft overflights has been developed, with special emphasis on military applications. this article presents the analysis of effects and risk characterization phases; the problem formulation and exposure analysis phases are presented in a companion article. the framework addresses the effects of sound, visual stressors, and collision on the abundance and production of wildlife populations. profiles of effects, including thresholds, are highlighted fo ...	2001	11414536