Publications

serial serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and sex steroids in the nonpregnant and pregnant chimpanzee.	serum levels of fsh, lh, chorionic gonadotropin (cg), prolactin, estrone (e1), estradiol-17beta (e2), estriol (e3) and progesterone were measured at 2-3-day intervals in 4 chimpanzees through 2-3 menstrual cycles, and serially through subsequent pregnancies. the hormone patterns of the menstrual cycles were similar to those in man, with high levels of fsh in the early follicular phase, followed by rising e2 concentrations to a peak (up to 35 ng/dl) at or just before a midcycle lh/fsh peak. in mo ...	1975	1126314
pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy. i. patterns of serum gonadotropin concentrations from birth to four years of age in man and chimpanzee.	mixed cord sera (27 male, 28 female) and sera from 105 male and 93 female children aged 5 days to 4 yr were assayed for fsh, lh and hcg. cord hcg was similar in both sexes (median 58 miu/ml; range 20-9000), and fell to less than 5 miu/ml by 5 days of life, a value which is below the limit of detectable cross reactivity in the lh radioimmunoassay. cord fsh was less than 5.5 mug ler-907/100 ml in both sexes. in boys there was a rapid rise of fsh in early postnatal life, with peak levels up to 55 m ...	1975	1127071
weight growth of colony-reared chimpanzees.	body weight data, collected routinely from the us air force chimpanzee colony at holloman afb, was used for a longitudinal analysis of growth. data were fitted to a model based on human growth patterns, which is described and compared to other treatments applied to growth data. results are compared to other observations of chimpanzee and of human growth.	1975	1140754
the myoglobin of primates. viii. gorilla gorilla beringei (eastern highland gorilla).	on aligning the tryptic peptides of the myoglobin from a gorilla with the homologous human peptides, one amino acid difference was found. by dansyl-edman degradation this was shown to be at position 22, i.e. at a position other than those where man, chimpanzee and gibbon differ from one another.	1975	1148222
characterization of a chimpanzee anti-human melanoma antiserum.	an antiserum to human melanoma has been produced in a chimpanzee by hyperimmunization with melanoma cells from a single donor. after absorption with the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the tumor donor, this antiserum is specifically cytotoxic to melanoma cells from 14 tissue culture cell lines and to cells from 8 fetal fibroblast cell lines. peripheral blood lymphocytes-absorbed antiserum is negative when tested against a large panel of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts and aga ...	1975	1149027
contrasting effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior in the chimpanzee and baboon.	schedule-controlled key pressing was maintained in two chimpanzees and three baboons under a multiple 10-minute fixed-interval (fi 10-min) 30-response fixed-ratio (fr 30) schedule of food delivery. characteristic rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the fi and fr schedules, and the performance of the two species differed in no systematic way. the acute i.m. administration of morphine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) prior to selected 2-hour sessions increased mean rates of responding under the ...	1975	1151734
effects of portacaval shunting on schistosoma japonicum infection in chimpanzees: dissociation of pipe-stem fibrosis and glomerulopathy.	eight of 10 young chimpanzees were infected with the japanese strain of schistosoma japonicum. in 6 of these, and in 1 normal chimpanzee, a surgical end-to-side portacaval shunt was constructed during the 8th week of infection. one additional infected chimpanzee was treated successfully with the nitrovinylfuran, sq 18,506. in the four animals surviving both infection and shunting hepatic portal fibrosis was either absent or mild. in the 7-month survivors and in the drug-treated control animals t ...	1975	1155698
endometrial stromal tumor in a chimpanzee.	a 25-year-old female chimpanzee with disseminated tuberculosis also had two uterine tumors. one a typical leiomyoma and the other, which occluded the uterine lumen, was composed of cells resembling normal endometrial stroma in its proliferative phase. it was diagnosed as an endometrial stromal tumor and was similar to that which occurs in the human female. this is the first report of this lesion in a nonhuman primate.	1975	1166571
5-methylcytosine in heterochromatic regions of chromosomes: chimpanzee and gorilla compared to the human.	fixed metaphase chromosomes of gorilla and chimpanzee were uv-irradiated to produce regions of single-stranded dna and then treated with antibodies specific for the minor dna base 5-methylcytosine (5 mec). an indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to visualize sites of antibody binding. in the gorilla six pairs of autosomes contained major fluorescent regions, indicating localized regions of highly methylated dna. these corresponded, with the exception of chromosome 19, to the major regi ...	1975	1175458
disruption of performance of a lab-born orangutan after introduction of irrelevant foreground cues.	discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. this disruption may be species-related to how arboreal or terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. the tendency of the organgutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cu ...	1975	1178339
viral hepatitis, type b, in experimental animals.	evidence of natural infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) in chimpanzees was followed by demonstration that this species provides a highly sensitive animal model system for experimental type b hepatitis. with rare exceptions, inoculation of sero-negative chimps with materials containing infectious hbv produces serologic evidence of infection including appearance of circulating hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag) and subsequently development of antibody to hbs ag and hepatitis b core antigen. s ...	1975	1181931
the transfer of glucose to steroids by chimpanzee liver microsomes.	microsomal preparations from chimpanzee liver can transfer glucose from udpglucose to the 17alpha-hydroxyl group of 17alpha-estradiol and of 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucuronide. a phenolic glucoside of estrone, but not of either 17alpha- or 17beta-estradiol is also formed. no formation of glucosides of p-nitrophenol, or of diethylstilbestrol was demonstrated. the specificity of glucosyl transfer in the chimpanzee is not identical to that in either the human, the rabbit, or the sheep.	1975	1182588
karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7.	a karyotype of the gibbon, hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. the banding patterns of h. lar and h. moloch are virtually identical. no brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. the banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, sug ...	1975	1183241
hepatitis b virus infection in chimpanzees: titration of subtypes.	thirty-four chimpanzees were inoculated with sera containing the adw, ayw, adr, or ayr subtype of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag). twenty-nine of the animals became infected with hepatitis b virus, and in every instance the subtype of hbs ag in the infected animal was the same as the subtype in the inoculum. infectivity titers were established for the adw and ayw inocula. the patterns of serologic events varied in the infected animals but included most of the typical patterns of serologic c ...	1975	1185011
hepatitis b core antigen in the immunosuppressed chimpanzee.	two chimpanzees with low levels of anti-hbs developed increased antibody titres but showed no antigenemia after i.v. administration of 10 ml infective chimpanzee serum. treatment of a chimpanzee (also possessing anti-hbs) i.m. with cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone for 3 weeks starting 2 days before the challenge with infective serum resulted in detectable circulating hbsag by day 67. by day 95, the hbsag concentration had increased to 17 times a human ag reference plasma and low titres of anti ...	1975	1204961
specific immunotherapy proposed for hepatitis b virus infection.	immune response to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), coinciding with removal of hbsag from the circulation, has been shown to be a cell-mediated response assessed by leukocyte migration inhibition assay. immune response to hbsag is a t-cell dependent phenomenon in the nude mouse model. immunological tolerance in man appears to stem from the absence of cellular and humoral immune response to hbsag, causing a chronic carrier state which serves as an epidemiological reservior for the transmissio ...	1975	1204970
viral hepatitis type b: propects for active immunization.	studies conducted in 1970 and 1971 with heat-inactivated ms-2 serum revealed that this active immunizing procedure was associated with a protective effect, a more attenuated hepatitis b infection and a decreased hepatitis b carrier rate. more recent studies have revealed striking differences in the response of unimmunized and immunized persons following a parenteral exposure to the ms-2 strain of hepatitis b virus. serial tests for the detection of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), dna polyme ...	1975	1204971
some considerations regarding active immunization with hbsag.	krugman has demonstrated that injection of heated serum containing hbsag conferred some protection against subsequent challenge with live hepatitis b virus (hbv). it is likely that improved protection will result from injections for larger quantities of hbsag. this can be readily done with purified antigen. we have carried out preliminary studies in mice to investigate the inactivation kinetics of hbsag antigenicity and immunogenicity. rates of inactivation of the two parameters by heat have bee ...	1975	1204972
specific detection of hepatitis b surface antigen utilizing chimpanzee and guinea pig antibodies in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay.	the test involves a primary incubation of sample in polystyrene tubes coated with avid guinea pig anti-hbs serum followed, after washing, by a secondary incubation with immunopurified i125 chimpanzee anti-hbs. the system was found to be suitable for automation of washing and counting. the hebria kit eradicated the non-specific positives obtained in those tests employing antibody from only one animal species and had third generation sensitivity (35 positives out of 50 samples) with the u.s. hepat ...	1975	1204977
a natural case of schistosoma mansoni in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes versus).	a spontaneous infection with schistosoma mansoni was found in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes versus) recently imported from sierra leone, africa. clinical signs consisted of anemia, liver enlargement, bronchial rales, and emaciation. the primary gross pathologic lesions included a fibrotic firm nodular liver and pulmonary edema and consolidation. histopathologic examination revealed changes similar to the experimental syndrome of manson's schistosomiasis in the chimpanzee. the diagnosis was confi ...	1975	1207045
a quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope.	the epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpaneze was studied by the combined skin-splitting dopa, and electron microscopic techniques. it is very similar to man. there are dopa-positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regradless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320+/-350 per square millimeter skin. chimpanzee melano ...	1975	1211438
[application of a reversed passive hemagglutination test to the detection of hbs antigen].	in this report we present an evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect hbs ag carriers of a new reversed passive hemagglutination test, using immunochemically purified chimpanzee anti hbs bound to stabilized human erythrocytes. the method was shown to have a sensitivity equal (within one two fold dilution) to that of the ausria i 125 ratio immuno assay, and in a double blind comparison detected essentially the same number of hbs ag containing specimens among volunteer bloo ...	1975	1228847
effect of penicillin on the humoral and cellular immune response following group a streptococcal pharyngitis.	the effect of oral and parenteral penicillin on the development of cellular and humoral immune responses in chimpanzees infected with group a streptococcal m-types 1, 5 and 12 was investigated. the interrelationship between type-specific antibody response and enhancement of phagocytic competence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was documented. penicillin depressed or suppressed type-specific antibody response depending on the mode and dose of administration, probably because of its effect on the ...	1975	804981
acquired and natural immunity to gonococcal infection in chimpanzees.	despite the fact that gonorrhea is our most common reportable infectious disease, little is known about natural and acquired resistance to neisseria gonorrhoeae. with the chimpanzee model, which mimics human gonococcal infection in signs, symptoms, and host response, a natural resistance to gonococcal challenge was found. one aspect of this natural resistance became evident when the cervix and oral pharynx resisted more gonococci than the urethra. natural resistance was also shown when environme ...	1975	805797
chorionic gonadotropin in the placenta of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	chorionic gonadotrophin (cg) concentration in the 'near term' chimpanzee placenta was similar to that of human term placentae and significantly (p smaller than 0.05) higher than that found in term placentae of marmosets and rhesus monekys. a significant linear relationship, correlation coefficient r equals +0.999, was found between log mean placental weight and log mean cg concentration in placentae from marmosets, rhesus monekys and the chimpanzee.	1975	806508
species variations among primates in responses to drugs which alter the renal excretion of uric acid.	the effects of salicylate, probenecid (benemid) and pyrazinoate on uric acid excretion were determined in clearance experiments in the chimpanzee and cebus monkey (c. albifrons and c. apella). the results were correlated with data from these species in the literature and where possible to analogous data in man. with salicylate, the rank order of responsiveness in terms of uricosuric action was chimpanzee greater than man greater than c. albifrons = c. apella. this was true when comparisons were ...	1975	806677
phylogenetic implications of comparative primate growth rates.	growth data from a number of species of old and new world primates have been analyzed by calculating instantaneous relative growth rates. species discussed are the new world species saimiri sciureus and saguinus nigricollis, and the old world species pan troglodytes and macaca mulatta. the analysis of the perinatal growth data indicated that differences in relative growth rates are present during early periods of growth. more specifically, it was found that the closer taxonomically a species is ...	1975	807116
loa loa: experimental infection in two species of african primates.	four species of primates, baboon (papio anubis), patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas), green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) were inoculated with third-stage larvae of a human strain of loa loa from cameroon, west african. the baboon and patas monkeys developed patent infections after 135 to 148 days; the green monkeys and chimpanzee did not. in each animal which became patent, microfilaremia rose rapidly to high levels. in the baboon, but not in the patas monkeys, ...	1975	808145
blood groups of pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus): human-type and simian-type.	blood grouping of nine pygmy chimpanzees revealed them to be human-type group a1, m,rho, and simian-type v.d, ccef, g, h, i, k, l. only group nc was polymorphic. pan paniscus red cells can be easily distinguished from those of pan troglodytes by the serological characteristics of human-type blood groups a and m. also, the distribution of the simian-type blood group systems v-a-b and c-e-f are strikingly different in the two species.	1975	808629
hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes.	asymmetries are found in the cerebral hemispheres of some great apes, particularly in the orangutan, that are similar to those seen in man. studies in the orangutan might be more likely to help in understanding the evolution of handedness or language than studies in chimpanzees.	1975	809093
the ascent of man: deductions based on a multivariate analysis of the brain.	this paper attempts to investigate taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships through an analysis of the distribution of mass within the brain. a multivariate analysis was performed on encephalization ratios for various divisions of the brain, employing volume measurements reported for 63 species by stephan et al. [1970]. the ratios for each brain region were considered to lie along one of the dimensions of eight dimensional 'brain space', and distances between all species were calculated and empl ...	1975	810216
a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex that induces interferon in primates.	a comlex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly i-poly c) with poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose has been prepared. this complex is five to 10 times as resistant to hydrolysis by primate serum as the parent poly i-poly c. it has a thermal denaturation temperature about 40 c higher than that of poly i-poly c. the complex induces significant levels of serum interferon in monkeys and chimpanzees under conditions in which poly i-poly c itself induces no interferon.	1975	810520
comparative immunochemical studies of primate hemoglobins.	the antigenic properties of a number of chromatographically purified primate hemoglobins were compared to those of normal human hemoglobin using a sensitive radioimmunochemical procedure. the degree of inhibition of the antigen-antibody reaction with heterologous hemoglobins appeared to be related to the structural similarity of these proteins to the normal human hemoglobin immunogen. with the exception of the baboon hemoglobin, the antigenicity of the hemoglobins paralleled the phylogeny of the ...	1975	812480
transmission of hepatitis b to the rhesus monkey.	the rhesus monkey does provide a suitable laboratory animal model for studying hepatitis b virus and for investigating various aspects of interaction between this infectious agent and the host. this species of non-human primate, however, offers a less sensitive animal model for hepatitis b infection than the chimpanzee.	1975	812744
[comparative studies on placenta specific proteins in man and subhuman primates (author's transl)].	it is shown that in placentae and partly also in sera from pregnant monkeys (chimpanzee, baboon, rhesus monkey and cynomolgus) proteins occur which are immunochemically related to the human placental specific antigens hpl (human placental locatogen), sp1 (pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein), pp5 (placental protein 5) and hsap (heat stable alkaline phosphatase). the immunochemical and physico-chemical properties of these monkey proteins are compared with those of the corresponding human protei ...	1975	814878
[ethology].	ethology is defined as comparative study of behaviours. the proceeding for a human ethology would consist in watching the psychopathologic phenomenon, as a natural happening, without modifying it by observer's presence. then, in analysing this fact according to methods suggested from physiology. ethological observation reveals a psychopathological fact about little chimpanzees in maternal deficiency: disturbance in directions for using the world and understanding rituals of communication. the ex ...	1975	819243
hepatitis b subunit vaccine: a preliminary report of safety and efficacy tests in chimpanzees.	the 22 nm spherical form of hepatitis b surface antigen was purified from the serum or plasma of chronic carriers of the antigen. antigens of subtypes ayw and adr were individually prepared by isopycnic banding in cesium chloride followed by rate zonal separation in sucrose. each preparation was stabilized with human serum albumin, and aliquots were inactivated with 1:2000 formalin at 37 c for 96 hours. the potency and immunogenicity of each preparation were determined: both antigenicity and imm ...	1975	828832
a strain of plasmodium vivax characterized by prolonged incubation: morphological and biological characteristics.	numerous strains of p. vivax, distinguishable chiefly by their biological characteristics, are known to exist. two main varieties are recognized: the so-called temperate and tropical strains. the most extreme example of the former-designated by nikolaev as p. vivax hibernans-constantly exhibited an extremely long incubation period. the strain is no longer in existence and no type material has been preserved. in its place, a north korean strain with a generally long incubation period has been stu ...	1975	764993
cellular sensitization in kuru, jakob-creutzfeldt disease and multiple sclerosis: with a note on the biohazards of slow infection work.	following intramuscular injection of kuru and jakob-creutzfeldt brain material into chimpanzees, circulating lymphocytes became sensitized to scrapie mouse brain (and spleen) to a greater degree than to normal tissue. this sensitization subsided after about a month, to be followed some 90 days later by a secondary peak attributed to establishment of changes in the nervous system. special sensitization to scrapie material occurs in kuru and jakob-creutzfeldt disease, but is not specific to them. ...	1975	766554
immunofluorescent localization of hepatitis b antigens in chimpanzee tissues.	three chimpanzee chronic carriers of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag) were examined by immunofluorescent techniques to determine the localization of hbs ag and hepatitis b core antigen (hbc ag) in their tissues. all specimens were quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70degrees until sectioned. frozen sections were prepared and stained for examination by fluorescent microscopy. for staining, anti-hbs and anti-hbc labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate were used. hbs ag was found in ...	1975	791892
immunological aspects of hepatitis b virus infection.	infection of man and chimpanzees with the hepatitis b virus (hbv) is associated with diffuse hepatocellular infection and variable manifestations of disease which may not only reflect the character of the host immune response, but also depend upon differences in the cellular biology of this minimally cytopathic or noncytopathic agent. the presence of hepatocellular injury and the course of disease do not appear to be related to the presence of viral antigens in hepatocytes or to the specific pat ...	1975	799469
reproductive, gestational, and newborn physiology of the chimpanzee.	the yerkes regional primate research center has successfully bred chimpanzees since 1930. breeding statistics for the last 6 yr and problems of fetal waste and infant mortality are presented here. experience with a potential advantages of semi-free-ranging breeding systems are presented. this 6-yr study period also produced considerable information on gestational and newborn physiology.	1975	1207053
conversations with a chimpanzee in a computer-controlled environment.	the linguistic-type skills of a young chimpanzee (pan) acquired in a computer-controlled language-training situation are reviewed. those skills include facile acquisition of vocabulary, object naming, color naming, appropriate use of "yes" and "no" in response to certain questions, and conversation. in conversations the subject has formulated novel sentences and without special training has asked that objects be named, whereupon requests were made that they be given to her. these findings are in ...	1975	811269
delayed hypersensitivity and arthus reaction to purified hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in immunized chimpanzees.		1975	128431
presynaptic dendrite cells and two other classes of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the chimpanzee.	in the superior colliculus of chimpanzee, three classes of neurons can be identified by ultrastructural criteria. they are 1) marginal cells located in the stratum zonale, 2) collicular relay cells in the stratum griseum superficiale and 3) presynaptic dendrite (psd) cells, i.e., neurons with presynaptic specializations in soma and/or dendrites. psd cells are the smallest neurons in the stratum griseum superficiale; they have a relatively large, deeply infolded nucleus and a small rim of cytopla ...	1975	1182764
the incorporation of radioactive uridine into the hepatitis b antigen of a chimpanzee.	radioactive (3h) uridine was incorporated into rna isolated from the hbsag of a chimpanzee carrier. hbsag was purified by precipitation as an immune complex with the igg fraction of chimpanzee anti-hbs. rna was extracted from the washed complex with buffered phenol precipitated with alcohol and four nucleotides were identified by thin layer chromatography after alkali degradation.	1975	1187682
promising chimpanzee.		1975	17800147
purposive behavior as a basis for objective communication between chimpanzees.	the rate at which a chimpanzee approaches a hidden, distant goal varies according to social conditions and according to whether the goal is a novel object or food. this behavior furnishes a social group with sufficient information for simultaneous and successive disrciminations between leaders and between goals.	1975	1162352
individuality in a long-range vocalization of wild chimpanzees.	analysed sound-spectrographically 129 field tape-recordings of the pant-hooting vocalization of seven chimpanzees at the gombe stream national park, tanzania. quantitative statistical comparisons revealed that each animal had distinctive differences, sufficient to permit observers and probably chimpanzees to identify individuals. a consistent sexual difference was found, as well as a possible ageclass difference.	1975	809940
the proposed sequence of the encephalitogenic protein from chimpanzee brain.		1975	51459
[outbreak of epidemic hepatitis with chimpanzees as the probable source of infection].		1975	1154516
[spatial variability of some lateral cranial points in chimpanzees].	the differential variability of cranial regions of chimpanzees has been studied, in the three dimensional space defined by the vestibular method, by means of the volume of the ellipsoid surrounding the scatter diagram of each lateral point. thus the importance of the variation of a given point as a function of its position can be measured and the specific and sexual differences of this variation can be determined.	1975	1203551
tilt analysis of pleomorphic vesicles in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of galago and chimpanzee.	pleomorphic vesicles in two different classes of 'flat-vesicle-containing profiles'(f-profiles) from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of galago and chimpanzee were found to be disk-like in shape as revealed by tilt analysis. in both primates, presynaptic dendrites, postsynaptic f-profiles and exclusively presynaptic f-profiles cannot be distinguished on the basis of vesicle morphology. this lends to support to the notion that f-profiles originate from one type of neuron. modific ...	1975	1133589
evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees.		1975	1090005
tool use in a group of captive chimpanzees i. escape.	a group of 4 female and 3 male adolescent wild-born chimpanzees was observed for 7 months in an outdoor enclosure. use of tools aimed at escaping from this enclosure is decribed, the two main techniques being the use of poles as ladders and sticks as pitons.	1975	1146425
primate predation: interim report on the development of a tradition in a troop of olive baboons.	a troop of olive baboons, papio anubis, has developed systematic predation, which includes hunting and sharing of meat. although meat-eating among nonhuman primates-baboons and chimpanzees especially-had been discovered in earlier field studies, systematic predation had been reported for chimpanzees and humans only. starting as an adult male activity in the olive baboon troop, this tradition rapidly expanded to include capture and consumption of prey by adult females and juveniles of all ages an ...	1975	17795248
early signs of language in child and chimpanzee.	in a sequel to project washoe, chimpanzees are being taught american sign language from birth by humans who are fluent in the language, including persons who are themselves deaf or whose parents were deaf. the first two subjects began to use signs when they were 3 months old, and these early results indicate that the new conditions are significantly superior to the conditions of project washoe. more valid comparisons can now be made between the acquisition of language by children and by chimpanz ...	1975	17795247
preliminary studies of hepatitis a in chimpanzees.		1975	1117191
the progression and evaluation of hetatologic and serum biochemical values in the chimpanzee.	summary statistics of various hematologic and serum biochemical measures are presented for a colony of 74 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). covariance analysis of longitudinal values revealed a progression of some measures with maturity. equations for evaluating these measures as they relate to the health of individual colony members and new additions to the colony were formulated. from these equations, confidence bounds (95%), which can be regarded as normative ranges, were established for each of ...	1975	1159774
letter: normal chimpanzee blood values derived from statistical inference formulae.		1975	1159775
family studies on the simian-type blood groups of chimpanzees.	family studies were carried out the investigate the genetics of the chimpanzee simian type blood group systems v-a-b-d and c-e-f. in addition to providing new data, the studies confirm the validity of earlier results obtained by population genetics methodology for deducing genetic mechanisms in primate animals where family material cannot be obtained.	1975	1123840
quantitative rh typing of r-gr-g with observations on the nature of g (rh 12) and anti-g.	quantitative blood typing data on mr. r. b. (r-gr-g), his wife (r1r), a daughter (r1r-g), and a niece (r-gr) strongly suggest that these rh phenotypes are directly indicative of actual rh genotypes. if so, the antigenic products of r-g are weak rh2(rh' or c), normal rh5 (hr" or e), an expression of rh12 (rh-g) equal to that produced by r-1,2,-3 (r' or dce) and half of what is produced by r1 (r or d) genes in either homozygous or heterozygous expression, very weak expression of rh19 (hr-s), absen ...	1975	804766
systemic pathology of chimpanzees.	spontaneous lesions in chimpanzees have been described according to the organ system involved. these lesions have been reported in the literature or noted in chimpanzees at the 6571st aeromedical research laboratory (arl), holloman afb, n. mex., over a 15-year period. some of the lesions seen at the arl were the result of overt clinical disease, while others represent incidental findings, the significance and genesis of which were often obscure. conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract, e ...	1975	802755
somes aspects of the chimpanzee as a model for experimental atherosclerosis.		1975	173150
c-type viruses in chimpanzee (pan sp.) placentas.	c-type virus particles were observed by electron microscopy in placentas from 7 of 9 chimpanzees (pan sp.). these viruses were morphologically similar to those observed in placentas of other primates.	1975	169384
epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus).	the characteristics of the epidermal ridge system were studied in a series of eighteen lesser or pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus). the general ridge alignments are very similar to those of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes); biegert ('61). on the average the pattern intensity (p. i.) of the palm configurations is considerably higher in the pygmy chimpanzee than in the chimpanzee, thus representating the highest total palm pattern intensity of all species of the hominoidea. the sole configurations ...	1975	1119549
intestinal polyposis associated with oxyurid parasites in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	a 40-year-old male chimpanzee had multiple intestinal polyps associated with immature male oxyurid parasites. the gross and histologic characteristics of these lesions were identical to those produced by nochtia nochti in the stomach and esophagus of old world primates. it was theorized that the lesions resulted from hypersensitivity to oxyurid infection in an aberrant host.	1976	1025312
probstamyria gombensis sp. n. (nematoda: atractidae) from the chimpanzee.	the worm is distinguished by the presence of both unequal spicules and a gubernaculum in the male and also the elongated nipplelike tip of the right spicule. p. gombensis was found to be a common parasite within a troop of feral chimpanzees living in gombe national park, tanzania.	1976	1263036
sertoli-leydig cell tumor in a chimpanzee.	microscopic analysis of a 38-year-old chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) revealed a well differentiated sertoli-leydig cell tumor (arrhenoblastoma), 4 mm in diameter. extensive follicular atresia and thecal hypertrophy were noted. the endometrium showed extensive adenomatous hyperplasia, an indication of hyperestrinism. it was suggested that the apparent excessive estrogenic secretion might have originated in the hypertrophic thecal tissue rather than in the tumor.	1976	190468
generalized urticaria to cyclophosphamide: type i hypersensitivity to an immunosuppressive agent.	a 6-yr-old white boy, patient l. b., who was receiving cyclophosphamide (cy) for chemotherapy of a localized undifferentiated small cell sarcoma of the chest wall, developed generalized urticaria on three separate occasions immediately after cy administration. serum samples were obtained 2 and 5 wk after the patient's last reaction and were examined for reaginic activity to the drug. homocytotropic antibody activity to cy was found in the 2-wk postreaction sample by prausnitz-küstner type passiv ...	1976	985658
sleeping behavior and associations in a group of captive chimpanzees.	the present study investigated the sleeping behavior and preferences of a group of six adolescent chimpanzees at the delta regional primate research center in louisiana, usa. the study sought to relate sleeping partner preferences to other aspects of social relationships. comparative observations between those chimpanzee behaviors seen in the wild and in this group are noted.	1976	1244305
[success or failure? denture for a chimpanzee].		1976	1073127
the communicative competence of child and chimpanzee.		1976	1070936
chimpanzee gene mapping.		1976	1024648
diagnosis of pregnancy in chimpanzees using the nonhuman primate pregnancy test kit.	the usefulness of the nonhuman primate pregnancy test kit for diagnosis of pregnancy in chimpanzees was determined. this hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin accurately indicated conception by positive responses in 151 to 153 specimens collected between 20 and 133 days after the estimated day of fertilization. the rate of false positive responses did not exceed 1%.	1976	1003458
chimpanzee gene mapping.		1976	975921
shifts in laterality in a baby chimpanzee.		1976	958608
chimpanzees and language evolution.		1976	827955
[immunologic study of viral hepatitis].	the author discusses the various immunological methods used to demonstrate antigen in serum hepatitis. this antigen is made up of three main types of particles: a spherical particle, a tub-like structure and a second larger spherical particle with a hexagonal centre, described by dane. the centre of dane's particle is immunologically distinct from its surface. the immune complexes thus formed by antibody links between surface antigens play a major role in extrahepatic manifestations of serum hep ...	1976	10783
sweating responses in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).		1976	3315
immunofluorescent studies on chimpanzee humoral responses to human melanoma cells.	eight chimpanzees were immunized, each with a single melanoma cell line. it was found that the serum of only one of the eight chimpanzees showed immunofluorescence with four of the five melanoma cell lines at the membrane surface; but it showed no fluorescence with normal skin fibroblasts, wi-38 cells, hela cells, human or monkey kidney cells. with appropriate absorption studies it was found that the antiserum was specific to melanoma cell lines. trypsinated cells showed bright patchy membrane f ...	1976	800239
glc determination of a novel polyvalent saluretic agent, (6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-phenyl-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid, in biological fluids.	highly specific and sensitive glc methods were developed for the determination of (6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-phenyl-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid, a novel saluretic-uricosuric agent, in biological fluids. the procedures involve the addition of an internal standard, (6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid, to the biological specimens followed by extraction of the acids into benzene at ph 1. the indanones are back-extracted into sodium hydroxide and reextracted into meth ...	1976	829793
the bark-eating habits in primates, with special references to their status in the diet of wild chimpanzees.	chimpanzees of the mahali mountains, tanzania, were recorded to chew barks of 21 species of trees and wood vines. they mainly utilize the barks of savanna-living deciduous trees during the mid-rainy season of the year when few fruits are available. the degree of their dependence on bark for food varies drastically year by year. the bark seems to occupy an important role as emergency food in a lean year in the survival of chimpanzees, as well as in that of some other higher primates.	1976	819337
vaccine against human hepatitis b.	a highly purified and inactivated vaccine was made of hepatitis b virus surface antigen. the vaccine was tested exhaustively for safety by ordinary procedures and additionally in chimpanzees and marmosets. it was highly potent and induced antibody in guinea pigs, grivet monkeys, and chimpanzees after three doses of vaccine were given subcutaneously. chimpanzees given three doses of vaccine were protected against challenge with 1,000 chimpanzee-infectious doses of live human hepatitis b virus giv ...	1976	819667
evaluation of the sub-human primate tube test for pregnancy in primates.	a haemagglutination inhibition test, developed specifically for primates, diagnoses early pregnancy in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan and baboon. the test was sensitive and reacted positively when the concentration of gonadotrophin in urine was equivalent to 0.03 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin per ml. this degree of sensitivity and the certitude that it cross-reacts with primate luteinizing hormone probably accounts for most of the false positive results.	1976	819712
schistosome antigens in the circulation of chimpanzees infected with schistosoma japonicum.	chimpanzees infected with schistosoma japonicum develop circulating schistosome antigens in their circulation between 6 and 9 weeks post-exposure. the minimum number of circulating antigens ranges from one to three. these antigens also cross-react with an antiserum against s. mansoni adult worms. clearance of these antigens from the circulation several weeks later typically occurs. persistence of these antigens could result in the observed renal damage.	1976	820210
great apes and rhesus monkeys as subjects for psychopharmacological studies of stimulants and depressants.	a group of experiments is described in which chimpanzees and orangutans are utilized as subjects in research projects designed to evaluate the effects of stimulant and depressant drugs on learning and performance. efficiency of performance on a task which measures spaced responding was impaired when subjects smoked cigarettes containing delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol prior to testing. in a sequential learning task, these subjects also demonstrated reduced performance when stimulatn drugs were orall ...	1976	821785
isolation and characterization of two new herpes-like viruses from capuchin monkeys.	two herpes-like viruses were isolated from capuchin monkey (cebus apella) brain and (cebus albifrons) spleen cell cultures, respectively. both isolates induced similar cytopathic effects consisting of rounded and ballooned cells in the original monkey cell cultures and in a wide range of permissive cell types. neutralizing antibody to each virus was present in serum from the capuchin monkey from which it was isolated, but the two viruses did not cross-react by neutralization. fluorescein isothio ...	1976	823119
[conversion of chimpanzee o-erythrocytes into b-erythrocytes by human alpha galactosyltransferase].	the red blood cell antigens of the abo system are not present in all the anthropïd primates. the chimpanzee, particularly, shows only the two genes a and o. the alpha-galactosyl transferase, present in the human sera of group b, has been used to fix a molecule of galactose on o red cells of chimpanzee giving them a b specificity. if the b gene was present in the chimpanzee it could consequently be expressed on the erythrocytes. this gene, probably present in an ancestor common to the anthropoïd ...	1976	825250
primate chorionic gonadotropins: antigenic similarities to the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta subunit.	antigenic similarities of chorionic gonadotropin from human (hcg), chimpanzee (chcg), gorilla (gcg), orangutan (orcg), baboon (pacg), macaque (mcg), and marmoset (macg) were investigated in a radioimmunoassay system using an antiserum (rabbit h93) with antigenic determinants known to reside in the terminal 15 amino acid residues of the unique carboxyl-terminal peptide of hcgbeta, which makes it highly specific for hcg without crossreactivity to hlh. our findings indicate that the extreme antigen ...	1976	826547
blood groups of gorillas: further observations.	four mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) were tested for their human-type and simian-type blood groups. they were all found to be human-type b, mn, he, rho and chimpanzee simian-type v.o, cef, g, h.	1976	828673
pulmonary pneumocystosis in nonhuman primates.	pulmonary infection with pneumocystis carinii was detected in two aged owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus) and two young chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). the clinical histories of the owl monkeys were similar and included progressive weight loss, anorexia, failure to thrive, and death. one of the owl monkeys had no concurrent disease, whereas the other had been experimentally inoculated with treponema pallidum 44 months before death. in both chimpanzees, an underlying myeloproliferative malignant neop ...	1976	814879
the thermoreculatory responses of the galago (galago crassicaudatus), the baboon (papio cynocephalus) and the chimpanzee (pan stayrus) to heat stress.	1. the thermoregulatory response of the galago, the baboon and the chimpanzee were studied on exposure to dry bulb temperatures of up to 40 degrees c in a temperature controlled room. 2. heat exposure caused an elevation in the respiratory frequency of all three species. the increase in the galago was significantly greater than that in the baboon and the chimpanzee. 3. heat exposure also caused an increase in the cutaneous moisture loss of the baboon and the chimpanzee but not in the galago. 4. ...	1976	815544
anatomical study of cerebral asymmetry in the temporal lobe of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys.	it is generally accepted that anatomical asymmetries in the temporal lobe language region of humans are associated with the asymmetrical representation of language function in the left hemisphere. comparative measurements were taken of the length of the left and right sylvian fissures of human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey brains. measurements confirmed the findings of other studies that the human sylvian fissure is longer on the left than on the right. the chimpanzee brains had a similar asymm ...	1976	816005
immunity in infection with neisseria gonorrhoeae: duration and serological response in the chimpanzee.	relative and absolute resistance to urethral and pharyngeal infection with neisseria gonorrhoeae persisted for up to two years in male chimpanzees parenterally immunized with a colony type 2 gonococcal antigen. twelve additional adult males were immunized with either a colony type 1 gonococcal antigen or a sham diluent before being challenged with the immunizing isolate of n. gonorrhoeae. serum specimens were obtained throughout the immunization procedure and tested for indirect fluorescent, bac ...	1976	816974
the intestinal parasites of a community of feral chimpanzees, pan troglodytes schweinfurthii.	fecal specimens from 32 champanzees living in gombe national park, tanzania, were examined. six species of helminths and 2 species of ciliates were found: probstmayris gombensis file (in press), strongyloides fuelleborni von linstow 1905, necator sp., oesophagostomum sp., abbreviata caucasica von linstow 1902, trichuris sp., troglodytella abrassarti brumpt and joyeux 1921, and an unidentified ciliate. none of the parasitic infections were heavy. this is the first such survey of the chimpanzee in ...	1976	817011
development and chimpanzee testing of a vaccine against human hepatitis b.	highly purified hepatitis b virus surface antigen (australia antigen) purified by physical and chemical procedures from infected human plasma was used to prepare hepatitis b vaccine. the purified antigen was treated with formalin and the vaccine was tested exhaustively for safety by ordinary procedures and additionally in marmosets (for live hepatitis b virus). the vaccine was highly potent, inducing antibody in guinea pigs, grivet monkeys, and chimpanzees given three doses of vaccine containing ...	1976	817293
sensory jacksonian seizures.	sensory jacksonian seizures were analyzed in 42 patients with regard to anatomical and temporal sequences. the origin of sensory jacksonian seizures, in contrast to motor jacksonian seizures, often began at peripheral sites with littel cortical representation. the progression of seizure activity across the cerebral cortex followed a course that was neither rectilinear, radiate, nor random; it appeared to preceed in an organized manner to involve functionally coherent units. the patterns analyzed ...	1976	818344
removal of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) from plasma fractions.	endogenous or deliberately added hepatitis b antigen was removed and concentrated for assay from albumin, and from coagulation factor ii, vii, ix, and x concentrates as model plasma fractions. the concentrates carry considerable risk of causing hepatitis in transfused patients. the amount of antigen remaining in the fraction was estimated to be less than 1/10,000 of that detectable by the ausria ii radioimmunoassay and 1/100 of that found to be infectious when highly contaminated human sera were ...	1976	932537
sensory and nonsensory portions of the nucleus "ventralis posterior" thalami of chimpanzee and man.	in man and chimpanzee, the large-celled region in the posteroinferior portion of the lateroventral thalamic mass, commonly called the nucleus ventralis posterior thalami, is separated cytoarchitecturally into two regions. the anterior portion is called the nucleus ventrointermedius (vim) and the posterior part, the nucleus ventrocaudalis (vc). in the chimpanzee it was found that most of the fibers from the superior cerebellar peduncle entered vim on the way to distribution in the anterior half o ...	1976	932799