Publications

contaminants as viral cofactors: assessing indirect population effects.	current toxicological methods often miss contaminant effects, particularly when immune suppression is involved. the failure to recognize and evaluate indirect and sublethal effects severely limits the applicability of those methods at the population level. in this study, the vitality model is used to evaluate the population level effects of a contaminant exerting only indirect, sublethal effects at the individual level. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with 2.5 or 10.0 ...	2004	15642628
influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	natural organic matter (nom) was concentrated from various sites across canada using a portable reverse-osmosis unit to obtain a range of nom types, from mainly allochthonous (terrestrially derived) to mainly autochthonous (aquatically derived) nom. the addition of nom to cu exposures in ion-poor water always decreased cu toxicity to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, approximately 1 g) over a 96-h period, and the degree of protection varied with respect to nom source. a good correlation was fo ...	2004	15648764
monitoring ceratomyxa shasta infection during a hatchery rearing cycle: comparison of molecular, serological and histological methods.	the prevalence of ceratomyxa shasta infection in production stocks of steelhead oncorhynchus mykiss and cutthroat trout o. clarki was monitored using a parasite-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. for all 4 stocks of fish followed through their 1 yr rearing cycle, c. shasta infection was detected despite their genetic resistance to the disease and the treatment of the incoming water with ozone. infection was confirmed using serological methods and standard histological procedures, ex ...	2004	15648834
qualitative analysis of the risk of introducing gyrodactylus salaris into the united kingdom.	gyrodactylus salaris is a freshwater, monogenean ectoparasite of baltic strains of atlantic salmon salmo salar on which it generally causes no clinical disease. infection of other strains of atlantic salmon in norway has resulted in high levels of juvenile salmon mortality and highly significant reductions in the population. the parasite is a major exotic disease threat to wild atlantic salmon in the uk. this paper qualitatively assesses the risk of introduction and establishment of g. salaris i ...	2004	15648837
streptococcus iniae type ii infections in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	clinical and pathological findings (anorexia, hemorrhage, lethargy, loss of orientation and exophthalmia) indicated that streptococcus iniae type ii is responsible for a fatal disease in rainbow trout. histopathological findings revealed that s. iniae type ii produces a systemic disease, including a diffuse necrotizing myositis. the distribution of viable bacteria in infected tissues substantiated the pathological findings, confirming that s. iniae type ii is responsible for a generalized septic ...	2004	15648844
transbranchial ammonia gradients and acid-base responses to high external ammonia concentration in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different salinities.	transbranchial ammonia gradients and blood acid-base status have been examined in rainbow trout acclimated to fresh water (fw), 33% sea water (33% sw) and sea water (sw) and exposed to 1.0 mmol l-1 total ammonia (tamm) at ph 7.9 for 24 h. at all three salinities trout maintained large negative (inwardly directed) nh3 and nh4+ gradients throughout the exposure, presumably by active excretion of nh4+ to counteract the passive inward diffusion of ammonia. analysis of blood non-respiratory acid-base ...	2004	1602280
palmitate movement across red and white muscle membranes of rainbow trout.	we examined the movement of [3h]palmitate across giant sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from red and white muscle of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). red and white muscle fatty acid carriers have similar affinities for palmitate (apparent km = 26 +/- 6 and 33 +/- 8 nm, respectively); however, red muscle has a higher maximal uptake compared with white muscle (vmax = 476 +/- 41 vs. 229 +/- 23 pmol.mg protein-1.s-1, respectively). phloretin (250 microm) inhibited palmitate influx in red and white ...	2004	12969874
detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).	a simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (savs), salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) and sleeping disease virus (sdv), from serum samples is described. using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cells. after incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees c, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based immunoperoxidase (ipx) detection system, and virus-infected cells are obs ...	2004	15009240
initial steps of speciation by geographic isolation and host switch in salmonid pathogen gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea: gyrodactylidae).	to test the hypothesis that host-switching can be an important step in the speciation of gyrodactylid monogenean flatworms, we inferred the phylogeny within a cluster of parasites morphologically close to gyrodactylus salaris malmberg 1957, collected from atlantic, baltic and white sea salmon (salmo salar), farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and grayling (thymallus thymallus) from northern europe. the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal gene was sequenced for tax ...	2004	15013741
binding of vibrio anguillarum to neutral glycosphingolipids from intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	to test whether glycosphingolipids (gsls) on the intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) serve as a binding receptor for vibrio anguillarum, we analyzed neutral gsls from rainbow trout intestinal mucosa and investigated the binding of bacteria to neutral gsls. two kinds of neutral gsls, designated n-1 and n-2, were identified on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (tlc) plates. in tlc immunostaining tests, v. anguillarum bound only to galactosylceramide (galcer), lactosyl ...	2004	15031552
comparative susceptibility of atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures.	the susceptibility of lake trout salvelinus namaycush, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and atlantic salmon salmo salar to myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, was compared in controlled laboratory exposures. a total of 450 (225 for each dose) fry for each species were exposed to a low (200 spores per fish) or high (2000 spores per fish) dose of the infective triactinomyxon. at 22 wk post-exposure, 60 fish from each group, as well as controls for each species, were exa ...	2004	15038448
intra-strain dioxin sensitivity and morphometric effects in swim-up rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	inter and intra-specific differences in sensitivity of early life stage salmonids to 2,3,7,8-tcdd exposure have been reported, but intra-strain differences have not been found in the literature. our results indicate that intra-strain variability in terms of embryo mortality (ld50) is small in eagle lake strain of rainbow trout, ld50 values ranging from 285 to 457 pg tcdd egg g(-1). these results confirm eagle lake as a less sensitive strain within rainbow trout, and do not indicate overlap with ...	2004	15050925
modelling of fish interleukin-1 and its receptor.	this paper presents original data regarding: the three-dimensional modelling of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) il-1beta, the modelling of trout il-1 receptor type i (il-1ri) and the modelling of trout il-1beta bound to its receptor. the 3d models of trout and sea bass il-1beta molecules were predicted by comparison with those already available of human and mouse, and, in both cases, a structure consisting of a beta-trefoil fold was obtained, a motif well ...	2004	15062642
experimental infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolates from european marine and farmed fishes.	the susceptibility of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss to infection with various isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was examined. a total of 8 experiments with rainbow trout ranging from 0.6 to 6.2 g was conducted for 139 isolates originating from wild marine fishes in european waters (115 isolates), farmed turbot from scotland and ireland (2 isolates), and farmed rainbow trout (22 isolates). the isolates were tested by immersion and/or intraperitoneal injection either as p ...	2004	15109131
impact of a water temperature shift on xenoma clearance and recovery time during a loma salmonae (microsporidia) infection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	previous studies have modelled the relationship between water temperature and the rate of sporulation as defined by xenoma formation during microsporidial gill disease (mgd) in salmon caused by loma salmonae. although offering insight into the epidemiology of mgd, a key unexplored area is the role of temperature in the rate of xenoma dissolution including spore release into the environment, and this is crucial to our ability to model horizontal transmission of mgd within confined net-pen populat ...	2004	15109141
effect of temperature on the structure of trout troponin c.	adaptation for life at different temperatures can cause changes in many aspects of an organism. one example is the expression of different protein isoforms in species adapted to different temperatures. the calcium regulatory protein cardiac troponin c (ctnc), from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), is a good model for studying temperature effects, both because of its low physiological temperature and because mammalian ctnc, extensively studied at higher temperatures, can be used for comparison ...	2004	15109253
expression of map1b protein and its phosphorylated form map1b-p in the cns of a continuously growing fish, the rainbow trout.	microtubule-associated protein-1b (map1b), and particularly its phosphorylated isoform map1b-p, play an important role in axonal outgrowth during development of the mammalian nervous system and have also been shown to be associated with axonal plasticity in the adult. here, we used antibodies and mrna probes directed against mammalian map1b to extend our analysis to fish species, trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), at different stages of development. the specificity of the cross-reaction of our anti-to ...	2004	15120583
enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products.	the effects of orally administered carotenoids from natural sources on the non-specific defense mechanisms of rainbow trout were evaluated in a nine-week feeding trial. fish were fed four diets containing either beta-carotene or astaxanthin at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 from the marine algae dunaliella salina and red yeast phaffia rhodozyma, respectively, and a control diet containing no supplemented carotenoids. specific growth rate and feed:gain ratio were not affected by dietary carotenoid supplemen ...	2004	15123294
sequencing and expression of the second allele of the interleukin-1beta1 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): identification of a novel sine in the third intron.	a lambda clone containing a rainbow trout il-1beta1 gene was isolated by a pcr screening strategy from a genomic library cloned in lambda gem-11, and an ecori fragment from this clone was fully sequenced, and contained 1680 bp 5'-flanking sequence, the whole il-1beta1 gene open reading frame, and the 3'-flanking region with two potential poly a signals and poly a sites. this clone encoded a protein that shared 99.8% identity to the previously published trout il-1beta1 cdna sequence, with only th ...	2004	15123302
analysis and characterisation of il-1beta processing in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.	mammalian il-1beta is produced as a biologically inactive 31 kda precursor, which is converted to the active 18 kda form by proteolytic processing. synthesis and processing of native piscine il-1beta is poorly understood. in the present study, the native il-1beta precursor or mature peptides were detected at sizes of approx. 29 kda and 24 kda in cell lysates of a rainbow trout macrophage cell line rts-11, with or without lps stimulation, by western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody again ...	2004	15123312
the auxotrophic aroa mutant of aeromonas hydrophila as a live attenuated vaccine against a. salmonicida infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	an auxotrophic aroa mutant of the aeromonas hydrophila ag2 strain is a live attenuated vaccine against a. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the protection conferred by the live attenuated vaccine against a. salmonicida strains is reported here, and several parameters of the specific and non-specific immune response in vaccinated trout were characterised. vaccination with a dose of 10(7)cells/fish of the aroa mutant elicited significant protection against the hooke and ...	2004	15123323
identification and expression analysis of an il-18 homologue and its alternatively spliced form in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	a homologue of interleukin 18 has been identified from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. the trout il-18 gene spans 3.7 kb and consists of six exons and five introns, sharing the same gene organization with its human counterpart. the putative translated protein is 199 amino acids in length with no predicted signal peptide. analysis of the multiple sequence alignment reveals a conserved ice cut site, resulting in a mature peptide of 162 amino acids. the trout il-18 shares 41-45% similarity with ...	2004	15128301
brain glucose and insulin: effects on food intake and brain biogenic amines of rainbow trout.	the effects of central (intracerebroventricular, 9 microg fish(-1)) and peripheral (intraperitoneal, 4 mg kg(-1)) administration of bovine insulin, as well as the effect of hyperglycemia (oral administration of 1 g glucose fish(-1)) and brain glucodeprivation (intracerebroventricular administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose) on food intake and levels of brain (telencephalon, preoptic area, and hypothalamus) biogenic amines (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleaceti ...	2004	15138792
two novel muramidases from skin mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	two novel antibacterial muramidases were purified to homogeneity from skin exudates of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). unusually, one has an acidic isoelectric point and it is the first anionic muramidase to be reported for fish. its molecular mass is 14,268 da, as determined by mass spectrometry. the other muramidase is cationic with a mass of 14,252 da. partial n-terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping strongly point to it being a c-type lysozyme, the first to be purified and c ...	2004	15142536
toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. part i: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout.	human and veterinary pharmaceuticals have been shown to occur in considerably high amounts in sewage treatment plant (stp) effluents and surface waters. the non-steroidal inflammatory drug diclofenac represents one of the most commonly detected compounds. information concerning possible ecotoxicological risks of the substance are rather scarce. so far there are no data available on its possible effects in fish after prolonged exposure. in order to evaluate sublethal toxic effects of diclofenac i ...	2004	15145224
expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with ichthyophthirius multifiliis.	inflammatory processes are known to take place in the skin of fish during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis. the present study shows that the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), the chemokine interleukin 8 (il-8) and the type ii il-1 receptor (il-1rii) are expressed in rainbow trout during an infection. in the skin an up to 17.8 times increase in the expression level of il-1beta relative to uninf ...	2004	15145419
evaluation of five diagnostic methods for the detection and quantification of myxobolus cerebralis.	diagnostic methods were used to identify and quantify myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. in this study, 7-week-old, pathogen-free rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were experimentally infected with m. cerebralis and at 7 months postinfection were evaluated with 5 diagnostic assays: 1) pepsin-trypsin digest (ptd) to detect and enumerate spores found in cranial cartilage, 2) 2 different histopathology grading scales that provide a numerical score for severity of microsco ...	2004	15152834
effects of fish stocking on ecosystem services: an overview and case study using the stockholm archipelago.	in this article, we focus on documented and possible effects of fish stocking in terms of ecosystem services. the increasing use of fish stocking between 1970 and 2000 in the semiurban setting of stockholm archipelago, sweden, is used as case study. the objective is to analyze this management practice from an ecosystem perspective, accounting for both the ecological and social context of releasing fish. the results show that enhancements of four native species (salmo s. trutta, salmo salar, stiz ...	2004	15156349
a stream mesocosm study on the ecological effects of a c12-15 linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant.	the responses of fish, invertebrates, and periphyton during a 56-day exposure to a c(12-15) linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant were studied in stream mesocosms. an individual stream consisted of a slow-flowing pool section and a faster-flowing riffle section. the surfactant has an average distribution of nine ethoxylate groups per mole of alcohol. eight stream mesocosms were used to test the effects of seven concentrations of the surfactant. time-averaged, mean, measured concentrations were 20 ...	2004	15157571
effect of environmental temperature on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) innate immunity.	phagocytosis, complement lytic activity and opsonization capacity of rainbow trout plasma as well as the ability of phagocytes to recognize foreign particles were studied at different temperatures. respiratory burst (rb) activity and opsonization capacity were assessed as chemiluminescence emission from diluted whole blood of fish which were acclimatized for 57 days at temperatures between 5 and 20 degrees c. rb activity was higher at higher acclimatization and in vitro assay temperatures. the p ...	2004	15177112
prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in scotland between 1990 and 2002.	bacterial kidney disease (bkd) is a notifiable disease for salmonids under united kingdom and european union legislation. within the uk, legislation and the control of infected fish with bkd has been operating for 25 yr. infection by the bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum results in a chronic, debilitating infection and mortality. records of bkd outbreaks and the detection of r. salmoninarum were monitored from 1990 through to 2002 for atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus ...	2004	15212278
protective immunity in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss following immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions isolated from flavobacterium psychrophilum.	vaccine development for coldwater disease (cwd), also known as rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs), has been based primarily on whole-cell bacterins or outer membrane fractions of flavobacterium psychrophilum. in the present study, immunogenic regions of the bacterium corresponding to 18-28, 41-49, and 70-100 kda were identified by western blot analysis using rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss immune sera. following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), antigens with ...	2004	15212288
evidence of complement-mediated killing of discocotyle sagittata (platyhelminthes, monogenea) oncomiracidia.	discocotyle sagittata oncomiracidia were rapidly killed when incubated in naïve plasma and immune sera from both rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (salmo trutta), the killing proceeding at a faster rate with blood material from the latter fish species. the lethal activity of naïve plasma and immune sera was comparable. this was abolished after incubation at 45 degrees c for 30 min and by the addition of edta but not egta supplemented with mg(2+), indicating that complement acti ...	2004	15212729
an inhibitor of bacterial quorum sensing reduces mortalities caused by vibriosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum).	the fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum produces quorum sensing signal molecules, n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls), which in several gram-negative human and plant pathogenic bacteria regulate virulence factors. expression of these factors can be blocked using specific quorum-sensing inhibitors (qsis). the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a qsi, furanone c-30, on mortality of rainbow trout during challenge with v. anguillarum. addition of 0.01 or 0.1 microm furanone c-30 to ra ...	2004	15214641
correlation between production of acyl homoserine lactones and proteases in an aeromonas hydrophila aroa live vaccine.	aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogen that causes disease in a wide range of homeothermic and poikilothermic hosts due to its multifactorial virulence. we have previously described the characterisation and use of an auxotrophic aroa mutant of the a. hydrophila ag2 strain as a live attenuated vaccine against a. hydrophila infections in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). in this study we report the expression of extracellular proteolytic activities and of quorum-sensing molecules by this mutant gro ...	2004	15223121
the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis induces expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).	abstract during an infection with the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, expression of genes encoding complement factor c3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), immunoglobulin (igm) and major histocompatibility complex (mhc-ii) was examined in the skin, head kidney and spleen of rainbow trout using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. induction of c3 transcription levels was evident in the skin and spleen showing extra-hepatic production of c3. mhc-i ...	2004	15228610
timing of changes in growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), experimentally infected with loma salmonae (microspora).		2004	15228612
trout cc chemokines: comparison of their sequences and expression patterns.	several thousand est sequences were recently made available in the embl sequence database from the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. blast based searches were utilised to identify sequences resembling mammalian cc chemokines within these ests. fifteen new and unique cc chemokine-like sequences were identified for trout, bringing the total of known cc chemokine sequences in trout to 18 when including those already published. some of these trout chemokines appeared highly related (in pairs) sugge ...	2004	15234559
temperature acclimation modifies na+ current in fish cardiac myocytes.	the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that temperature acclimation modifies sarcolemmal na+ current (ina) of the fish cardiac myocytes differently depending on the animal's lifestyle in the cold. two eurythermal fish species with different physiological strategies for surviving in the cold, a cold-dormant crucian carp (carassius carassius l.) and a cold-active rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were used in acclimation experiments. the ina of carp and trout were also compared w ...	2004	15235011
growth hormone differentially regulates muscle myostatin1 and -2 and increases circulating cortisol in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	myostatin (mstn) negatively regulates muscle growth in vertebrates. salmonids produce two myostatin transcripts from separate genes. surprisingly, quantitative analyses indicate different regulatory mechanisms for the two myostatin genes in rainbow trout. mstn1 mrna levels were elevated 26% following recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbgh) treatment, while mstn2 mrna levels were reduced 74% compared to controls. mstn precursor protein (42kda) levels were elevated in rbgh treated fish compared t ...	2004	15242749
a test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of the agri-chemical environ.	the ecotoxicological effects of the agri-chemical environ were evaluated using a test battery comprising organisms representing three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem. the sensitivities of the test species to environ were as follows: microtox > daphnia magna > pseudokirchneriella subcapitata = thamnocephalus platyurus = oncorhynchus mykiss > artemia salina > tetrahymena thermophilia. an order of magnitude sensitivity between the test species was observed which emphasizes the importance of ...	2004	15261732
effects of fish age and parasite dose on the development of whirling disease in rainbow trout.	we determined the ages at which juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss became resistant to the effects of whirling disease following exposure to a range of parasite doses. heretofore, the development and severity of whirling disease in salmonids was known to be generally dependent on the age or size of fish when first exposed to the triactinomyxon spores of myxobolus cerebralis; larger, older individuals tended to be less diseased. however, no systematic determination had been made of the ex ...	2004	15264719
identification of a serine protease gene expressed by myxobolus cerebralis during development in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	serine proteases have been recognized as key factors in parasite physiology and disease development. we have identified a serine protease gene from myxobolus cerebralis, myxsp-1, the myxozoan parasite causing whirling disease in salmonid fishes. the amino acid sequence, as deduced from the cdna sequence, included a catalytic residue arrangement similar to that of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases. a real-time taqman polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis revealed differences in the t ...	2004	15264720
localization of ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r), was isolated from the rat stomach and determined to be n-octanoylated 28-amino-acid peptide. in this study, we studied the distribution of ghrelin-producing cells (ghrelin cells) in the gastrointestinal tract of male and female rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by immunohistochemistry using n-terminal region-recognizing antibody and also by in situ hybridization using a trout ghrelin-specific crna probe. ghreli ...	2004	15277719
novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis.	in algae, the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3; dha) proceeds via the elongation of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3; epa) to 22:5omega3, which is required as a substrate for the final delta4 desaturation. to isolate the elongase specific for this step, we searched expressed sequence tag and genomic databases from the algae ostreococcus tauri and thalassiosira pseudonana, from the fish oncorhynchus mykiss, from the frog xenopus laevis, and from the sea squirt ciona intestinalis ...	2004	15292371
molecular cloning and characterization of calreticulin from rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss).	calreticulin (crt) is a highly conserved, high-capacity, calcium-binding protein shared among vertebrates, invertebrates and higher plants. its biological importance, highlighted by its highly conserved nature, is supported by its crucial physiological and immunological functions. within the endoplasmic reticulum, crt serves as a calcium modulator and a lectin-like chaperone for glycoproteins, especially class i major histocompatibility receptors. to date, crt cdna clones have been isolated from ...	2004	14669059
partial purification of antibacterial proteinaceous factors from erythrocytes of oncorhynchus mykiss.	antimicrobial peptides are natural antibiotics known to be present in both myeloid cells and epithelial surfaces of vertebrates. nevertheless, the reports of antimicrobial peptides isolated from blood cells of teleosts are scarce. in this paper we show that acid-soluble erythrocyte extracts from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, display antibacterial activity against planococcus citreus on a radial diffusion assay. following tc18 solid phase extraction, cationic exchange chromatography and c18 ...	2004	14675829
phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of the intestinal microbial community of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum).	to identify the dominant culturable and nonculturable microbiota of rainbow trout intestine.	2004	14678165
immunohistochemical localization of two otolith matrix proteins in the otolith and inner ear of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss: comparative aspects between the adult inner ear and embryonic otocysts.	the fish otolith consists mainly of calcium carbonate and organic matrices, the latter of which may play important roles in the process of otolith formation. we previously identified two otolith matrix proteins, named otolith matrix protein-1 (omp-1) and otolin-1, from the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and the chum salmon, o. keta. in this study, recombinant proteins corresponding to omp-1 and otolin-1 were synthesized using yeast and bacterial expression systems, respectively, to produce ...	2004	14689310
recombinant human erythropoietin induces proliferation and ca(2+)-influx in specific leukocyte subpopulations of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) blood and head kidney cells.	in mammals, erythropoietin regulates the development and differentiation of erythrocytes. although hematopoietic cells of bony fish correspond in their ontogeneic development, morphology, and function to their mammalian counterparts, an erythropoietin (epo)-like molecule has not been identified. in this study we present evidence for a mitogenic response of blood and head kidney leukocytes of rainbow trout after stimulation by recombinant human epo (rhu epo). the modulation of cellular activities ...	2004	14624307
combined biological and chemical assessment of estrogenic activities in wastewater treatment plant effluents.	five wastewater treatment plant effluents were analyzed for known endocrine disrupters and estrogenicity. estrogenicity was determined by using the yeast estrogen screen (yes) and by measuring the blood plasma vitellogenin (vtg) concentrations in exposed male rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). while all wastewater treatment plant effluents contained measurable concentrations of estrogens and gave a positive response with the yes, only at two sites did the male fish have significantly increased ...	2004	14574437
immunity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, against the monogenean discocotyle sagittata following primary infection.	rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were experimentally infected by continuous or single exposure with the monogenean discocotyle sagittata. to determine whether immunity follows primary infection, fish were exposed to a secondary challenge by one of two modes: (1) primary infections were cleared with praziquantel (pzq) and hosts re-infected with 100 oncomiracidia; (2) parasites were allowed to reach maturity and hosts super-infected with 100 oncomiracidia. fish challenged after initial continuo ...	2004	14740206
expression of immune response genes in rainbow trout skin induced by gyrodactylus derjavini infections.	by means of semi-quantitative rt-pcr, expression of a number of immune relevant genes was studied in skin of small rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) fry during both primary and secondary infections with the ectoparasitic monogenean gyrodactylus derjavini mikailov, 1975. the target genes studied included the cyto- and chemokines tnf-alpha1, tnf-alpha2, tgf-beta and il-8, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and cyclooxygenase (cox-2) genes and finally, two cell markers, the ...	2004	14741133
regulation of mitochondrial energy production in cardiac cells of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	in skinned rat cardiac fibres, mitochondrial affinity for endogenous adp generated by creatine kinase and ca2+-activated atpases is higher than for exogenous adp added to the surrounding medium, suggesting that mitochondria are functionally coupled to creatine kinase and atpases. such a coupling may be weaker or absent in ectothermic vertebrate cardiac cells, because they typically have less elaborate intracellular membrane structures, higher glycolytic capacity and lower working temperature. th ...	2004	14758500
differential expression of two somatostatin receptor subtype 1 mrnas in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	somatostatins (sss) play important roles in the growth, development and metabolism of vertebrates. in this study, cdnas for two unique somatostatin receptor variants were cloned and sequenced from rainbow trout. the two cdnas, one consisting of 1755 bp and the other of 1743 bp, share 63.6% identity in nucleotide sequence and 94.1% identity in deduced amino acid sequence and presumably arose through gene duplication. each cdna encodes for a putative 371-amino acid somatostatin receptor (one desig ...	2004	14766000
the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) on tissue igf-i, igf-i receptor, and gh mrna levels in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.	numerous studies demonstrated that rbst increased growth rates in several fish species, and several species exhibit gh production in tissues other than the pituitary. the role of tissue gh and igf-i in regulating fish growth is poorly understood. therefore an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of rbst treatment on tissue gh, igf-i, and igf-i receptor-a (ra) expression in rainbow trout. rainbow trout (550 +/- 10 g) received either intra-peritoneal injections of rbst (120 microg/g bod ...	2004	14723884
development and application of a salmonid est database and cdna microarray: data mining and interspecific hybridization characteristics.	we report 80,388 ests from 23 atlantic salmon (salmo salar) cdna libraries (61,819 ests), 6 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cdna libraries (14,544 ests), 2 chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) cdna libraries (1317 ests), 2 sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) cdna libraries (1243 ests), and 2 lake whitefish (coregonus clupeaformis) cdna libraries (1465 ests). the majority of these are 3' sequences, allowing discrimination between paralogs arising from a recent genome duplication in the s ...	2004	14962987
cloning, tissue distribution, pharmacology and three-dimensional modelling of melanocortin receptors 4 and 5 in rainbow trout suggest close evolutionary relationship of these subtypes.	the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely used fish species in aquaculture and physiological research. in the present paper, we report the first cloning, 3d (three-dimensional) modelling, pharmacological characterization and tissue distribution of two melanocortin (mc) receptors in rainbow trout. phylogenetic analysis indicates that these receptors are orthologues of the human mc4 and mc5 receptors. we created 3d molecular models of these rainbow trout receptors and their ...	2004	14965341
a single major chromosomal region controls natural killer cell-like activity in rainbow trout.	we report the identification of a single major chromosomal region controlling natural killer (nk) cell-like activity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a genetic map based on 484 aflp and 39 microsatellite genotypes from 106 doubled haploid fish was constructed. these fish were produced by androgenesis from a hybrid of two clonal lines divergent in nk-like activity. nk-like activities for 75 of the doubled haploids were quantified by an in vitro chromium release assay utilizing (51)cr-label ...	2004	14968267
an immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system in the alimentary canal of the brown trout, salmo trutta, l., 1758.	several neurohormonal peptides of the gastrointestinal system of fish have been revealed by immunohistochemical methods. among salmonids, the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) is the most studied species, whereas the informations about other species of the taxonomic group are lacking. the regional distribution and relative densities of cells belonging to the neuroendocrine system have been in this paper demonstrated in the gut of the brown trout, salmo trutta linnaeus. in the gastric ...	2004	15302266
influence of chronic exposure to treated sewage effluent on the distribution of white blood cell populations in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen.	impairment of immune function in aquatic animals has been proposed as a possible consequence of low-level contamination of surface waters with anthropogenic substances such as through the discharge of wastewater into rivers, lakes, and oceans. the study at hand investigated the effects of chronic (32 weeks) exposure to sewage treatment plant (stp) effluent on the prevalence and distribution of different leucocyte populations in spleen samples of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). to simulate a ...	2004	15310861
qualitative risk assessment of routes of transmission of the exotic fish parasite gyrodactylus salaris between river catchments in england and wales.	gyrodactylus salaris is a freshwater, monogenean ecto-parasite of atlantic-salmon. infection of its natural host, the baltic strain of atlantic-salmon, is inapparent. g. salaris also can infect rainbow-trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) permanently, and cause infection of < or =50 days in several other species. it is only on atlantic stocks of atlantic-salmon (salmo salar) that the parasite multiplies unchecked by an immune response, causes death in juveniles and dramatic reductions in wild populations ...	2004	15325771
modes of transmission of glugea plecoglossi (microspora) via the skin and digestive tract in an experimental infection model using rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).	glugea plecoglossi (microspora) is a significant cause of economic loss in cultured ayu, plecoglossus altivelis, in japan, due to the unsightly appearance of infected fish harbouring xenomas in the body cavity. modes of transmission of g. plecoglossi via the skin and digestive tract were studied in an experimental infection model using rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. combined with uvitex 2b and in situ hybridization (ish) assays, the early development of g. plecoglossi was successfully trace ...	2004	15291785
tissue-specific cu bioaccumulation patterns and differences in sensitivity to waterborne cu in three freshwater fish: rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio), and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio).	rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) were exposed to copper (1-20 microm) in softened antwerp city tap water at ph 7.3 +/- 0.1 and with a water hardness of 292.4 +/- 8.1 mg/l caco(3) (ca 100.8 +/- 3.0 mg/l; mg 11.0 +/- 0.2 mg/l). lc50s (96 h) were determined and copper accumulation in gills, liver, and kidney assessed over a 10-day period. rainbow trout (96 h lc50: 3.3 microm/210 microg/l) were three times more sensitive to ...	2004	15550275
effects of running water on brainstem lateral line responses in trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, to sinusoidal wave stimuli.	we investigated how single units in the medial octavolateralis nucleus of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, respond to a 50-hz vibrating sphere in still and running water. four types of units were distinguished. type mi units ( n=16) were flow-sensitive; their ongoing discharge rates either increased or decreased in running water, and as a consequence, responses of these units to the vibrating sphere were masked if the fish was exposed to water flow. type mii units ( n=7) were not flow-sen ...	2004	14997333
arsenic speciation patterns in freshwater fish.	muscle of 16 freshwater fish (9 different species belonging to 4 different families) was analysed for arsenic species using hplc separation (anion and cation exchange) followed by on-line uv-decomposition, hydride generation and afs detection. the main arsenic compounds found in the extracts were arsenobetaine (asb), which accounted for 92-100% of extractable arsenic in species of salmonids (salmo marmoratus, oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo trutta m. fario), and dimethylarsinic acid (dmaa), which acc ...	2004	18969382
comparative responses of molluscs and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent.	it is now well established that there is a diverse array of chemical discharged into the environment that can mimic or antagonise the action of hormones. these endocrine-disrupting chemicals (edcs) can thus interact with physiological systems and cause alterations in development, growth and reproduction in wildlife that are exposed to them. as yet, however, there is little information on the relative sensitivities of different wild life groups to these chemicals and/or mixtures of them (e.g. est ...	2004	15046010
fatty acid and lipid class composition in eyes and brain from teleosts and elasmobranchs.	the fatty acid and lipid class composition of the eyes and brain were determined for the following species: atlantic cod (gadus morhua), saithe (pollachius virens), redfish (sebastes marinus), atlantic salmon (salmo salar), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), portuguese dogfish (centroscymnus coelolepis), black dogfish (centroscyllium fabricii), and leafscale gulper shark (centrophorus squamosus). fatty acid analyses of eyes from teleosts in the present study indicated that the lean species con ...	2004	15193274
metabolic responses to low temperature in fish muscle.	for most fish, body temperature is very close to that of the habitat. the diversity of thermal habitats exploited by fish as well as their capacity to adapt to thermal change makes them excellent organisms in which to examine the evolutionary and phenotypic responses to temperature. an extensive literature links cold temperatures with enhanced oxidative capacities in fish tissues, particularly skeletal muscle. closer examination of inter-species comparisons (i.e. the evolutionary perspective) in ...	2004	15191230
effects of alkylphenols on cyp1a and cyp3a expression in first spawning atlantic cod (gadus morhua).	alkylphenols are continuously released into the ocean as a result of offshore oil production. alkylphenols, including 4-tert-butylphenol (c4), 4n-pentylphenol (c5), 4n-hexylphenol (c6), and 4n-heptylphenol (c7), up to 237 ppb concentrations, have been detected in produced water from oil platforms. previous studies have shown that alkylphenols induce vitellogenesis in fish. atlantic cod (gadus morhua) of both sexes were force-fed with various doses ranging between 0.02 and 80 ppm of a mixture of ...	2004	15084407
cloning and analyses of a bpi/lbp cdna of the atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.).	using the differential screening technique, a cdna related to the mammalian family of lipid transfer/lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins was cloned from the atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). the gene is an ortholog of a recently identified gene of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). phylogenetic analyses suggest that teleost bpi/lbp are modern descendants of the ancestor of mammalian bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (bpi) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (lbp), and a gene of the ...	2004	14698217
fatty acid pattern, oxidation product development, and antioxidant loss in muscle tissue of rainbow trout and dicentrarchus labrax during growth.	the levels of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and enzymatic antioxidants, the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and the fatty acid patterns of triglyceride and phospholipid fractions were assayed in fresh muscle tissue of rainbow trouts (oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea basses (dicentrarchus labrax) during aging, to investigate the correlation between oxidative stress and aging processes in fish. the present studies suggests that lipid peroxidation and accumulation of oxidized proteins during in viv ...	2004	15113162
mercury in fish from the pinchi lake region, british columbia, canada.	water, surface sediments, and <40 cm rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and northern pikeminnow (ptychocheilus oregonensis) were collected from pinchi lake, british columbia, and from several nearby reference lakes. hg concentrations in sediment samples from pinchi l. were highly elevated compared to sediments from reference lakes, especially in sites adjacent to and downstream of a former hg mine. in both fish species examined, hg concentration was positively related to age and/or fork length. ...	2004	15234094
linkage arrangement of na,k-atpase genes in the tetraploid-derived genome of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	as part of our efforts to characterize na,k-atpase isoforms in salmonid fish, we investigated the linkage arrangement of genes coding for the alpha and beta-subunits of the enzyme complex in the tetraploid-derived genome of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). genetic markers were developed from four of five previously characterized alpha-subunit isoforms (alpha1b, alpha1c, alpha2 and alpha3) and four expressed sequence tags derived from yet undescribed beta-subunit isoforms (beta1a, beta1b, ...	2004	15265073
dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: expression of arginase type i and ii genes in rainbow trout: influence of fasting on liver enzyme activity and mrna levels in juveniles.	through analysis of a cdna library and third-party annotation of available database sequences, we characterized the full-length coding regions of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) type i, onmy-arg01, and type ii, onmy-arg02, arginase genes. two partial related arginase sequences, onmy-arg01b and onmy-arg02b, and a full-length zebrafish arginase coding region (danio rerio), dare-arg02, are also reported. comparison of vertebrate arginase sequences shows that both type i and type ii genes in bon ...	2004	15143137
metabolic effects of exercise in the golden fish salminus maxillosus "dourado" (valenciennes, 1849).	strenuous exercise in fish is usually a consequence of migration, reproduction, and spawning. varying among fishes, this kind of stress is associated with blood glucose and lactate increase, in relation to which two major groups are distinguishable: the "lactate releasers" and "non-lactate releasers". unlike strenuous exercise, sustained swimming imposes a variety of effort that results in distinct kinetic types of blood lactate and glucose. compared to platichthys stellatus and oncorhynchus myk ...	2004	15620004
a short-term in vitro gill culture system to study the effects of toxic (copper) and non-toxic (cortisol) stressors on the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).	a short-term (24 h) method of gill filament culture system was developed to predict the effects of environmental contamination and stress in fish. gill culture system containing two or three rainbow trout gill filaments in sterile glutamine supplemented leibovitz 15 (l-15) media was submitted for 24 h to six different treatments: (i) cont (control, medium only); (ii) cort (cortisol, 0.28 microm cortisol); (iii) block (glucocorticoid receptor blocker, 14 microm ru 486); (iv) cort+block (cortisol ...	2004	15251188
evolution of hox clusters in salmonidae: a comparative analysis between atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	we studied the genomic organization of hox genes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and made comparisons to that in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), another member of the family salmonidae. we used these two species to test the hypothesis that the hox genes would provide evidence for a fourth round of duplication (4r) of this gene family given the recent polyploid ancestry of the salmonid fish. thirteen putative hox clusters were identified and 10 of these complexes were localized to the curre ...	2005	16205980
validation of the narcosis target lipid model for petroleum products: gasoline as a case study.	the narcosis target lipid model (ntlm) was used to predict the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (wafs) of six gasoline blending streams to algae (pseudokirchnereilla subcapitata, formerly selenastrum capricornutum), juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and water flea (daphnia magna). gasolines are comprised of hydrocarbons that on dissolution into the aqueous phase are expected to act via narcosis. aquatic toxicity data were obtained using a lethal-loading test in which wafs wer ...	2005	16193769
bioavailability models for predicting acute and chronic toxicity of zinc to algae, daphnids, and fish in natural surface waters.	bioavailability models predicting acute and/or chronic zinc toxicity to a green alga (pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), a crustacean (daphnia magna), and a fish (oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated in a series of experiments with spiked natural surface waters. the eight selected freshwater samples had varying levels of bioavailability modifying parameters: ph (5.7-8.4), dissolved organic carbon (doc, 2.48-22.9 mg/l), ca (1.5-80 mg/l), mg (0.79-18 mg/l), and na (3.8-120 mg/l). in those waters, ch ...	2005	16110999
toxicity of alpha-, beta-, (alpha + beta)-endosulfan and their formulated and degradation products to daphnia magna, hyalella azteca, oncorhynchus mykiss, oncorhynchus kisutch, and biological implications in streams.	the static acute toxicities of alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, (alpha + beta)-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate (their transformation product), and formulated materials were determined for a representative freshwater amphipod (hyalella azteca), cladoceran (daphnia magna), and salmonid fish (oncorhynchus mykiss). acute lethality tests also were conducted on these organisms and coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) by exposing them to simulated field water endosulfan concentrations, using either a si ...	2005	16110993
multiple and highly divergent il-11 genes in teleost fish.	interleukin-11 (il-11) is a key cytokine in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors and is also involved in bone formation, adipogenesis, and protection of mucosal epithelia. despite this prominent role in diverse physiological processes, il-11 has been described in only four mammalian species, and recently, in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). here we report the presence of il-11 in common carp (cyprinus carpio), a bony fish species related to zebrafi ...	2005	16003467
nitric oxide and the control of catecholamine secretion in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	an in situ saline-perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation was used to assess the role of nitric oxide (no) in the regulation of basal and stimulus-evoked catecholamine secretion from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss chromaffin cells. addition of the no donor, sodium nitroprusside (snp) to the inflowing perfusate abolished catecholamine secretion during electrical field stimulation, thereby establishing the potential for no to act as a potent inhibitor of catecholamine release. a possible r ...	2005	15939781
mechanoreceptive and nociceptive responses in the central nervous system of goldfish (carassius auratus) and trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	nociceptive responses to a repetitive pin-prod stimulus in goldfish and trout were assessed. single unit recordings were taken from the spinal cord, cerebellum, tectum, and telencephalon. neuronal responses were elicited in all these regions of the central nervous system in both species of fish during brush (mechanoceptive) and pin-prod (nociceptive) stimuli. in addition, in trout, a heated prod stimulus was used. mechanoreceptive and nociceptive neuronal responses to various stimuli were elicit ...	2005	16139775
effects of 4-tert-pentylphenol on the gene expression of p450 11beta-hydroxylase in the gonad of medaka (oryzias latipes).	alkylphenols including 4-tert-pentylphenol (4-pp) have been shown to alter sexual differentiation in fish due to their estrogenic properties. medaka (oryzias latipes) is so sensitive to these substances because morphological sex reversal and testis-ova induction are well developed in the exposed males. however, little work has been done to characterize the molecular effects of estrogenic substances on the morphological and gonadal feminization in male fish. cytochrome p450 11beta-hydroxylase (p4 ...	2005	15642637
food-deprivation induces hsp70 and hsp90 protein expression in larval gilthead sea bream and rainbow trout.	heat shock proteins (hsps) expression is commonly used as indicators of cellular stress in animals. however, very little is known about either the expression patterns of hsps or their role in the stress-tolerance phenomenon in early life stages of fish. to this end, we examined the impact of food-deprivation (12 h), reduced oxygen levels (3.5 mg/l for 1 h) and heat shock (hs: +5 degrees c for 1 h) on hsp70 and hsp90 protein expression in early life stages of the gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata ...	2005	16257553
evaluation of dna damage in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) cryopreserved sperm.	cryopreservation causes several types of damage to spermatozoa, such as loss of plasma membrane integrity and functionality, loss of motility, and atp content, resulting in decrease of fertility rates. this spermatozoal damage has been widely investigated for several marine and freshwater fish species. however, not much attention has been paid to the nuclear dna. the objective of this study was to determine the degree to which cryopreservation induces spermatozoal dna damage in two commercially ...	2005	15843004
vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity.	hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. in steelhead/rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, osteichthyes), h(2)s produces both dose-dependent dilation and a unique dose-dependent constriction. in this study, we examined h(2)s vasoactivity in all vertebrate classes to determine whether h(2)s is universally vasoactive and to identify phylogenetic and/or environmental trends. h(2)s was generated from nahs and examined in unstimulated and precontracted syste ...	2005	15345473
pasteurization of rainbow trout roe: listeria monocytogenes and sensory analyses.	d- and z-values for a mixture of four listeria monocytogenes strains originating from the roe of different fish species were determined in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) roe. the d60- and d63-values obtained were 1.60 and 0.44 min, respectively, and the z-value was 5.36 degrees c accordingly. in pilot-scale experiments, rainbow trout roe (100 g) was vacuum packaged into glass jars and pasteurized both at 62 and 65 degrees c for 10 min. these treatments were enough to destroy 10(8) cfu/ g of ...	2005	21132972
effects of low protein intake on extra-hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and peripheral glucose phosphorylation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the objective of the study described here was to analyze in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) the effects of low protein intake on peripheral glucose phosphorylation capacities and gluconeogenic enzymes in kidney and intestine. fish were food-deprived for 14 days or kept under a low and a high protein intake regime using a pair feeding protocol in order to maintain constant carbohydrate and lipid intakes. we analyzed the effect of protein restriction on (i) hepatic, renal and intestinal fructo ...	2005	15649781
temporal and spatial properties of cellular ca2+ flux in trout ventricular myocytes.	confocal microscopy was used to investigate the temporal and spatial properties of ca(2+) transients and ca(2+) sparks in ventricular myocytes of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). confocal imaging confirmed the absence of t tubules and the long ( approximately 160 microm), thin ( approximately 8 microm) morphology of trout myocytes. line scan imaging of ca(2+) transients evoked by electrical stimulation in cells loaded with fluo 4 revealed spatial inhomogeneities in the temporal propertie ...	2005	15650128
flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), hatcheries: studies on broodstock, eggs, fry and environment.	the occurrence of flavobacterium psychrophilum at four rainbow trout hatcheries was investigated to provide more knowledge about the reservoirs and transmission of this bacterium. broodstock were sampled at stripping (including both unfertilized and fertilized eggs), and the offspring were then sampled at the eyed egg and fry stages. water and surface samples (e.g. hatchery trays) were also sampled. flavobacterium psychrophilum was found in ovarian fluid and milt, indicating that broodstock may ...	2005	15660792
a loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) protocol was developed for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) rna in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a set of four primers, two outer and two inner primers for the rt-lamp and the lamp assay, were designed based on the sequence of g-protein of ihnv. time and temperature conditions were optimized for 60 min at 63 degrees c for both rt-lamp and lamp protocols. the detection limit was found to be ...	2005	15662483
nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates.	published data on nitrate (no3-) toxicity to freshwater and marine animals are reviewed. new data on nitrate toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates eulimnogammarus toletanus, echinogammarus echinosetosus and hydropsyche exocellata are also presented. the main toxic action of nitrate is due to the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments to forms that are incapable of carrying oxygen. nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals increases with increasing nitrate concentrations and exposure times. in contr ...	2005	15667845
molecular cloning of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 in rainbow trout.	in humans, leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (lect2) is a 16kda chemotactic protein that consists of 133 amino acids and three intramolecular disulphide bonds. although it was originally demonstrated to have a chemotactic function in vitro, recent data sustain a further multifunctional role of lect2 that extends from cell growth, differentiation, damage/repair process and carcinogenesis to autoimmune diseases. the in vivo function of lect2 protein still remains obscure. in order to study the p ...	2005	15683915
cloning and characterization of a homologue of the alpha inhibitor of nf-kappab in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	a homologue of ikappabalpha, the alpha member of the ikappab family of nf-kappab inhibitors, was identified in a rainbow trout suppression subtractive hybridization library enriched in sequences up-regulated in cultured leukocytes after lipopolysaccharide (lps) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) stimulation. the full-length cdna was isolated and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequence is 61.5% similar and 54% identical to human ikappabalpha, while only 42% similar and 35% identical ...	2005	15626457
resistance against eye flukes: naïve versus previously infected fish.	a central issue in fish production is the influence of parasitic infections on fish health in fish farms and on survival prospects after fish-stocking into the wild. is it preferable to produce fish in infection-free conditions or to allow some infection to elicit resistance in fish? we explored the infection of totally naive and previously infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum in laboratory conditions. we found that up to 86.1% of the pres ...	2005	15565463
the viscosity and glycoprotein biochemistry of salmonid mucus varies with species, salinity and the presence of amoebic gill disease.	fish mucus has previously been reported to change in appearance and composition among species and in response to changes in salinity and disease status. this study reports on the mucus viscosity and glycoprotein biochemistry of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), brown trout (salmo trutta l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) in freshwater and seawater, both naive to and affected by amoebic gill disease (agd). cutaneous mucus viscosity was measured over a range of shear rates (11.5, ...	2005	15517284
modulation of the immune response to an aeromonas hydrophila aroa live vaccine in rainbow trout: effect of culture media on the humoral immune response and complement consumption.	the aeromonas hydrophila aroa is an attenuated strain that has been assessed as a live vaccine in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. in this study the effects of different culture media used to grow the strain on its survival after in vitro exposure to rainbow trout serum, and on its immunogenicity in rainbow trout were compared. four culture media were tested: luria broth (lb), luria broth with 0.25% glucose, trypticase soy broth (tsb), and brain-heart infusion broth (bhib). bacteria grown in ...	2005	15519541
11-deoxycorticosterone is a potent agonist of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mineralocorticoid receptor.	the teleost fish are thought to lack the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone but possess mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) homologs. here we describe the characterization of two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mrs, called rtmra and rtmrb. the open reading frame of rtmra cdna encoded a protein of 1041 amino acids. the rtmrb predicted protein sequence is similar, differing in only 10 amino acids in the nonconserved a/b domain and lacking a three-amino acid insertion between the two zinc finger ...	2005	15486226