Publications

oral immunization with a combination of plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface proteins 1 and 4/5 enhances protection against lethal malaria challenge.	oral immunization of mice with escherichia coli-expressed plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 4/5 or the c-terminal 19-kda fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 induced systemic antibody responses and protected mice against lethal malaria infection. a combination of these two proteins administered orally conferred improved protection compared to that conferred by either protein administered alone.	2004	15385527
b6 mice and plasmodium yoelii.		2004	15238680
novel antigen identification method for discovery of protective malaria antigens by rapid testing of dna vaccines encoding exons from the parasite genome.	we describe a novel approach for identifying target antigens for preerythrocytic malaria vaccines. our strategy is to rapidly test hundreds of dna vaccines encoding exons from the plasmodium yoelii yoelii genomic sequence. in this antigen identification method, we measure reduction in parasite burden in the liver after sporozoite challenge in mice. orthologs of protective p. y. yoelii genes can then be identified in the genomic databases of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax and investig ...	2004	14977966
differential transcriptome profiling identifies plasmodium genes encoding pre-erythrocytic stage-specific proteins.	invasive sporozoite and merozoite stages of malaria parasites that infect mammals enter and subsequently reside in hepatocytes and red blood cells respectively. each invasive stage may exhibit unique adaptations that allow it to interact with and survive in its distinct host cell environment, and these adaptations are likely to be controlled by differential gene expression. we used suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) of plasmodium yoelii salivary gland sporozoites versus merozoites to id ...	2004	14982620
plasmodium yoelii: activity of azithromycin in combination with pyrimethamine or sulfadoxine against blood and sporozoite induced infections in swiss mice.	the efficacy of pyrimethamine or sulfadoxine administered in combination with azithromycin was examined in a rodent malaria model. outbred swiss mice infected with blood stage parasites were treated from day 0 to day 3 and efficacy of different regimens was monitored in terms of the curative response and the delay time to reach 2% parasitaemia (2% dt). administration of azithromycin alone at 60 mg/kg/day produced curative response while lower doses showed marginally delayed 2% dt. a marked poten ...	2004	15363937
inhibition of 19-kda c-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1-specific antibody responses in neonatal pups by maternally derived 19-kda c-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1-specific antibodies but not whole parasite-specific antibodies.	immunizing pregnant women with a malaria vaccine is one approach to protecting the mother and her offspring from malaria infection. however, specific maternal abs generated in response to vaccination and transferred to the fetus may interfere with the infant's ability to respond to the same vaccine. using a murine model of malaria, we examined the effect of maternal 19-kda c-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1(19)) and plasmodium yoelii abs on the pups' ability to respond to imm ...	2004	15100300
gene targeting demonstrates that the plasmodium berghei subtilisin pbsub2 is essential for red cell invasion and reveals spontaneous genetic recombination events.	the plasmodium merozoite proteases involved in the crucial process of erythrocyte invasion are promising targets for novel malaria control strategies. we report here the characterization of the subtilisin-like protease sub2 from the rodent parasites plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii, leading the way to in vivo functional studies of this enzyme. the kinetics of expression and subcellular localization imply a central role for sub2 in erythrocyte invasion. through the use of gene targeting s ...	2004	14678331
full-malaria 2004: an enlarged database for comparative studies of full-length cdnas of malaria parasites, plasmodium species.	full-malaria (http://fullmal.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp), a database for full-length cdnas from the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum has been updated in at least three points. (i) we added 8934 sequences generated from the addition of new libraries, so that our collection of 11,424 full-length cdnas covers 1375 (25%) of the estimated number of the entire 5409 parasite genes. (ii) all of our full-length cdnas and genbank est sequences were mapped to genomic sequences together with publicly av ...	2004	14681428
8-quinolinamines conjugated with amino acids are exhibiting potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activities.	alanine, lysine, ornithine and valine conjugated to primaquine and other 8-quinolinamine antimalarials were prepared for blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity evaluation. the analogues were examined in vivo against plasmodium berghei (drug-sensitive strain) and plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (highly virulent multi-drug-resistant strain) infected mice models. n(1)-[4-(5-butoxy-4-ethyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanamide (20) which showed curative activity at 5mg/kg in ...	2004	14697789
escape of malaria parasites from host immunity requires cd4+ cd25+ regulatory t cells.	infection with malaria parasites frequently induces total immune suppression, which makes it difficult for the host to maintain long-lasting immunity. here we show that depletion of cd4(+)cd25(+) regulatory t cells (t(reg)) protects mice from death when infected with a lethal strain of plasmodium yoelii, and that this protection is associated with an increased t-cell responsiveness against parasite-derived antigens. these results suggest that activation of t(reg) cells contributes to immune supp ...	2004	14702631
protective t cell immunity against malaria liver stage after vaccination with live sporozoites under chloroquine treatment.	in this study we present the first systematic analysis of the immunity induced by normal plasmodium yoelii sporozoites in mice. immunization with sporozoites, which was conducted under chloroquine treatment to minimize the influence of blood stage parasites, induced a strong protection against a subsequent sporozoite and, to a lesser extent, against infected rbc challenges. the protection induced by this immunization protocol proved to be very effective. induction of this protective immunity dep ...	2004	14764721
cpg oligodeoxynucleotide and montanide isa 51 adjuvant combination enhanced the protective efficacy of a subunit malaria vaccine.	unmethylated cpg dinucleotide motifs present in bacterial genomes or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) serve as strong immunostimulatory agents in mice, monkeys and humans. we determined the adjuvant effect of murine cpg odn 1826 on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the saccharomyces cerevisiae-expressed 19-kda c-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (ymsp1(19)) of the murine malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii. we found that in c57bl/6 mice, following sporozoite challen ...	2004	14742540
members of the merozoite surface protein 7 family with similar expression patterns differ in ability to protect against plasmodium yoelii malaria.	previously, we described the isolation of the plasmodium yoelii sequence-related molecules p. yoelii msp-7 (merozoite surface protein 7) and p. yoelii msrp-2 (msp-7-related protein 2) by their ability to interact with the amino-terminal end of p. yoelii msp-1 in a yeast two-hybrid system. one of these molecules was the homologue of plasmodium falciparum msp-7, which was biochemically isolated as part of the shed msp-1 complex. in the present study, with antibodies directed against recombinant pr ...	2004	14742548
synthesis and antimalarial activity of a new series of trioxaquines.	trioxanes 8a-b, easily accessible in two steps from allylic alcohol 6a-b, on reductive amination with 4-aminoquinolines 4a-c furnish a new series of trioxaquines 9a-b, 10a-b, 11a-b in 32-77% yields. dicitrate salts of these trioxaquines have been evaluated for antimalarial activity against multidrug resistant plasmodium yoelii in mice model.	2004	14980628
identification and expression analysis of abc genes in plasmodium yoelii and p. berghei.	the atp-binding cassette (abc) proteins are one of the largest evolutionarily conserved families. they are characterized by the presence of highly conserved nucleotide-binding sites (nbs). in the present study, we identified abc genes in rodent plasmodia. we queried the plasmodium yoelii genome with the abc signature motif and retrieved 15 contigs. sequences were classified into seven abc families by blast comparison. conservation of the five signature abc motifs in the p. yoelii contigs was exa ...	2004	14564508
[protective immune mechanisms induced by cellular vaccine made of the erythrocytic plasmodium yoelii].	to explore the characteristics of protective immunity against plasmodium yoelii (p.y.) infection by asexual blood-stages cellular vaccine.	2004	15052774
oxidative phosphorylation and rotenone-insensitive malate- and nadh-quinone oxidoreductases in plasmodium yoelii yoelii mitochondria in situ.	respiration, membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria of plasmodium yoelii yoelii trophozoites were assayed in situ after permeabilization with digitonin. adp induced an oligomycin-sensitive transition from resting to phosphorylating respiration in the presence of oxidizable substrates. a functional respiratory chain was demonstrated. in addition, the ability of the parasite to oxidize exogenous nadh, as well as the insensitivity of respiration to rotenone and its sensit ...	2004	14561763
yellow fever 17d as a vaccine vector for microbial ctl epitopes: protection in a rodent malaria model.	the yellow fever vaccine 17d (17d) is safe, and after a single immunizing dose, elicits long-lasting, perhaps lifelong protective immunity. one of the major challenges facing delivery of human vaccines in underdeveloped countries is the need for multiple injections to achieve full efficacy. to examine 17d as a vector for microbial t cell epitopes, we inserted the h-2k(d)-restricted ctl epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium yoelii between 17d nonstructural proteins ns2b and n ...	2005	15657290
erythrocyte surface glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchored receptor for the malaria parasite.	parasitophorous vacuole formation is a critical step for the successful invasion of host erythrocytes by the malaria parasite. rhoptry proteins are believed to have essential roles in vacuole formation, although their biological roles are poorly understood. to understand the molecular interactions between parasite rhoptry proteins and the erythrocyte during invasion, we have characterized the binding specificity of the high molecular mass rhoptry protein (rhoph) complex to erythrocytes using the ...	2005	15694483
disruption of plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein 7 gene modulates parasite growth in vivo.	merozoite invasion of red blood cells is crucial to the development of the parasite that causes malaria. merozoite surface proteins (msps) mediate the first interaction between parasite and erythrocyte. in plasmodium falciparum, they include a complex of products from at least 3 genes (msp1, msp6, and msp7), one of which, msp7, is part of a gene family containing 3 and 6 adjacent members in plasmodium yoelii and plasmodium falciparum, respectively. we have identified and disrupted msp7 in the pl ...	2005	15339842
insights into the p. y. yoelii hepatic stage transcriptome reveal complex transcriptional patterns.	during their complex life cycle, malaria parasites adopt morphologically, biochemically and immunologically distinct forms. the intra-hepatic form is the least known, yet of established value in the induction of sterile immunity and as a target for chemoprophylaxis. using plasmodium yoelii as a model we present here a novel approach to the elucidation of the transcriptome of this poorly studied stage. sequences from plasmodium were obtained in 388 of the 3533 inserts (11%) isolated from liver st ...	2005	15913805
evaluating the costs of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites.	costly resistance mechanisms have been cited as an explanation for the widespread occurrence of parasitic infections, yet few studies have examined these costs in detail. a malaria-mosquito model has been used to test this concept by making a comparison of the fitness of highly susceptible lines of mosquitoes with lines that are resistant to infection. malaria infection is known to cause a decrease in fecundity and fertility of mosquitoes; resistant mosquitoes were thus predicted to be fitter th ...	2005	16526504
detection of plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy by laser desorption mass spectrometry.	detection of plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy is complicated by sequestration of parasites in the placenta, which reduces peripheral blood microscopic detection. laser desorption mass spectrometry (ldms) has previously demonstrated sensitive detection of hemozoin from p. falciparum blood cultures and the ability to track parasitemia in a plasmodium yoelii malaria mouse model. here we use a simple, dilution in water, blood sample preparation protocol for ldms detection of malaria in ...	2005	16172468
alteration in host cell tropism limits the efficacy of immunization with a surface protein of malaria merozoites.	immunization with plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein-8 (pymsp-8) has been shown to protect mice against lethal p. yoelii 17xl malaria. here we demonstrate that pymsp-8-specific antibodies preferentially suppress p. yoelii 17xl growth in mature erythrocytes compared to growth in reticulocytes and do not suppress the growth of nonlethal p. yoelii 17x, a parasite that primarily replicates in reticulocytes. the protection against normocyte-associated p. yoelii malaria parasites is mediated ...	2005	16177307
unambiguous synthesis and prophylactic antimalarial activities of imidazolidinedione derivatives.	wr182393, a guanidinoimidazolidinedione derivatives with potent causal prophylactic antimalarial activity by intramuscular injection, was previously prepared by treatment of chloroproguanil and diethyl oxalate, yielding a mixture of two closely related isomers. poor solubility of the mixture made the separation and purification impossible. to overcome the separation problem, new and facile unambiguous syntheses of the two active components were reported. the new synthetic methods facilitate the ...	2005	16190773
studies on drug metabolizing enzymes during arteether treatment of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice cerebral microvessels.	human cerebral malaria is caused by a protozoan parasitic with no cure till date. the isolation of brain capillaries i.e. microvessels has permitted the in vitro study related to cerebral function. microvessels were isolated from normal and p. yoelii infected mice brain cortex and subjected to biochemical characterization by the following enzyme markers viz alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyi transpeptidase and monoamine oxidase and electron microscopically. limited studies have been carried ou ...	2005	16637400
host immunity modulates transcriptional changes in a multigene family (yir) of rodent malaria.	variant antigens, encoded by multigene families, and expressed at the surface of erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and the simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi, are important in evasion of host immunity. the vir multigene family, encoding a very large number of variant antigens, has been identified in the human parasite plasmodium vivax and homologues (yir) of this family exist in the rodent parasite plasmodium yoelii. these genes are part of a superfamil ...	2005	16238615
protection against malaria by anti-erythropoietin antibody due to suppression of erythropoiesis in the liver and at other sites.	we have previously reported that erythropoiesis commences in the liver and spleen after malarial infection, and that newly generated erythrocytes in the liver are essential for infection of malarial parasites as well as continuation of infection. at this time, erythropoietin (epo) is elevated in the serum. in the present study, we administered epo or anti-epo antibody into c57bl/6 (b6) mice to modulate the serum level of epo. when mice were infected with a non-lethal strain (17nxl) of plasmodium ...	2005	16266316
antimalarial efficacy of methylene blue and menadione and their effect on glutathione metabolism of plasmodium yoelii-infected albino mice.	plasmodium yoelii infection caused significant decline in the hepatic and splenic glutathione content and the activities of the key enzymes, that is, glutamate cysteine ligase (ec 6.3.2.2) and glutathione reductase (ec 1.8.1.7) of their murine host, that is, swiss albino mice. methylene blue as well as menadione were found to restore these constituents when given to p. yoelii-infected mice at the dose levels of 2.5 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, compared to mefloquine which does the same at 5.0 mg ...	2005	16217669
mycobacterium-induced potentiation of type 1 immune responses and protection against malaria are host specific.	malaria and tuberculosis are endemic in many regions of the world, and coinfection with the two pathogens is common. in this study, we examined the effects of long- and short-term infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis on the course of a lethal form of murine malaria in resistant (c57bl/6) and susceptible (balb/c) mice. c57bl/6 mice coinfected with m. tuberculosis cdc1551 and plasmodium yoelii 17xl had a lower peak parasitemia and increased survival compared to mice infected with p. yoelii 17 ...	2005	16299335
plasmodium yoelii 17xl infection up-regulates rantes, ccr1, ccr3 and ccr5 expression, and induces ultrastructural changes in the cerebellum.	malaria afflicts 300-500 million people causing over 1 million deaths globally per year. the immunopathogenesis of malaria is mediated partly by co mplex cellular and immunomodulator interactions involving co-regulators such as cytokines and adhesion molecules. however, the role of chemokines and their receptors in malaria immunopathology remains unclear. rantes (regulated on activation normal t-cell expressed and secreted) is a chemokine involved in the generation of inflammatory infiltrates. r ...	2005	16359553
resistance of regulatory t cells to glucocorticoid-induced [corrected] tnfr family-related protein (gitr) during plasmodium yoelii infection.	cd4+ t cells are the major effector t cells against blood-stage plasmodium yoelii infection. on the other hand, the lethal strain of p. yoelii (pyl) has acquired an escape mechanism from host t cell immunity by activating cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells (treg). although the activation of treg during pyl infection precludes the clearance of pyl from mice, it remains unclear whether activation of treg is attributable to a specific response against pyl infection. thus, we examined here whether treg pr ...	2005	16304635
[cloning, location and differential analysis of transcription factor relish gene from anopheles stephensi under different feeding conditions].	to clone, locate and differentially analyze the transcription factor relish gene from anopheles stephensi, and to examine its signals-modulating action on prophenoloxidase cascade and melanization of plasmodium yoelii oocysts.	2005	16562473
oral vaccination of mice against rodent malaria with recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing msp-1(19).	to construct the recombinant lactococcus lactis as oral delivery vaccination against malaria.	2005	16437602
isolation and characterization of type i signal peptidase of different malaria parasites.	type i signal peptidases are important membrane-bound serine proteases responsible for the cleavage of the signal peptide of the proteins. these enzymes are unique serine proteases that carry out catalysis using a serine/lysine catalytic dyad. in the present study, we report the isolation of type i signal peptidase from the malaria parasites plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium knowlesi, and plasmodium yoelii and some characterization of type i signal peptidase of plasmodium falciparum. we show tha ...	2005	16489263
il-4 receptor expression on cd8+ t cells is required for the development of protective memory responses against liver stages of malaria parasites.	il-4 receptor (il-4r)-deficient cd8+ t cells specific for the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium yoelii develop a severely impaired memory response after priming with parasites. memory cd8+ t cells lacking the il-4r are unable to establish a stable population residing in nonlymphoid organs, although they develop normally in lymphoid organs. because memory cells from nonlymphoid organs disappear shortly after immunization, the protective antiparasitic activity of this t cell response also is ...	2005	16087712
cutting edge: the acquisition of tlr tolerance during malaria infection impacts t cell activation.	an effective immune response to infection requires control of pathogen growth while minimizing inflammation-associated pathology. during malaria infection, this balance is particularly important. murine malaria is characterized by early production of proinflammatory cytokines, which declines in the face of continuing parasitemia. the mechanism by which this occurs remains poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the role of dendritic cells (dcs) in regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory ...	2005	15879082
influence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchorage on the efficacy of dna vaccines encoding plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 4/5.	immune responses induced to dna vaccination vary considerably and depend on a variety of factors, including the physical form in which the antigen is expressed by target cells and presented to the immune system. data on the effect of these factors will aid improved design of dna vaccines and facilitate their further development. we examined the effect of different forms of surface anchoring on the immunogenicity of a dna vaccine. a number of constructs were generated encoding plasmodium yoelii m ...	2005	15964480
quantitative dynamics of plasmodium yoelii sporozoite transmission by infected anopheline mosquitoes.	malaria transmission begins with the injection of plasmodium sporozoites into the skin of a vertebrate host by infected anopheline mosquitoes. although the size of the sporozoite inoculum likely affects the course of the disease, the number of sporozoites injected by infected mosquitoes has not been determined in vivo. using a quantitative pcr assay, we determined the number of sporozoites injected into mice by single mosquitoes. analysis of 59 mosquito feedings showed that a single infected mos ...	2005	15972531
identification, cloning, expression, and characterization of the gene for plasmodium knowlesi surface protein containing an altered thrombospondin repeat domain.	proteins present on the surface of malaria parasites that participate in the process of invasion and adhesion to host cells are considered attractive vaccine targets. aided by the availability of the partially completed genome sequence of the simian malaria parasite plasmodium knowlesi, we have identified a 786-bp dna sequence that encodes a 262-amino-acid-long protein, containing an altered version of the thrombospondin type i repeat domain (spatr). thrombospondin type 1 repeat domains particip ...	2005	16113256
genome-wide expression profiling in malaria infection reveals transcriptional changes associated with lethal and nonlethal outcomes.	high-density oligonucleotide microarrays are widely used to study gene expression in cells exposed to a variety of pathogens. this study addressed the global genome-wide transcriptional activation of genes in hosts infected in vivo, which result in radically different clinical outcomes. we present an analysis of the gene expression profiles that identified a set of host biomarkers which distinguish between lethal and nonlethal blood stage plasmodium yoelii malaria infections. multiple biological ...	2005	16113330
a mathematical model for a new mechanism of phenotypic variation in malaria.	the py235 merozoite rhoptry protein of the rodent malaria agent plasmodium (yoelii) yoeli is encoded by the py235 multigene family whose members are transcribed during the parasite's asexual life-cycle in a fashion where single schizonts subsequently give rise to sets of merozoites containing distinct py235 transcripts. homologues of py235 are found in other malaria species, and antibodies to both py235 and p. falciparum homologues inhibit merozoite invasion, suggesting a unique survival strateg ...	2005	16145932
transcriptional analysis of in vivo plasmodium yoelii liver stage gene expression.	the transcriptional repertoire of the in vivo liver stage of plasmodium has remained largely unidentified and seemingly not amenable to traditional molecular analysis because of the small number of parasites and large number of uninfected hepatocytes. we have overcome this obstruction by utilizing laser capture microdissection to provide a high quality source of parasite mrna for the construction of a liver stage cdna library. sequencing and annotation of this library demonstrated expression of ...	2005	15876462
fas has a role in cerebral malaria, but not in proliferation or exclusion of the murine parasite in mice.	we examined the susceptibility of murine fas-deficient mutants to malaria infection in order to investigate the role of fas in an experimental murine model of cerebral malaria (cm). we infected mice of b6 and cba wild-type and mutant backgrounds with plasmodium berghei anka. the incidence of cm in the mutant mice (b6-lpr, cba-lprcg) was decreased by about 50% compared with wild-type control strains at 2 weeks after infection. we did not observe significant differences of parasitemia during a mur ...	2005	15900502
antimalarial activities of new pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinazoline-1,3-diamine derivatives.	wr227825 is an antimalarial pyrroloquinazolinediamine derivative with a high potency but a low therapeutic index. a series of carbamate, carboxamide, succinimide, and alkylamine derivatives of wr227825 were prepared to search for compounds with an improved therapeutic index. the new acetamides and imide showed potent cell growth inhibition against four clones of plasmodium falciparum (d-6, rcs, w-2, and tm91c235), with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 0.01 ng/ml, and were highly a ...	2005	16304154
a comprehensive survey of the plasmodium life cycle by genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses.	plasmodium berghei and plasmodium chabaudi are widely used model malaria species. comparison of their genomes, integrated with proteomic and microarray data, with the genomes of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium yoelii revealed a conserved core of 4500 plasmodium genes in the central regions of the 14 chromosomes and highlighted genes evolving rapidly because of stage-specific selective pressures. four strategies for gene expression are apparent during the parasites' life cycle: (i) housekeep ...	2005	15637271
an aflp-based genetic linkage map of plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi.	plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi can be considered as a rodent model of human malaria parasites in the genetic analysis of important characters such as drug resistance and immunity. despite the availability of some genome sequence data, an extensive genetic linkage map is needed for mapping the genes involved in certain traits.	2005	15707493
plasmodium yoelii: a differential fluorescent technique using acridine orange to identify infected erythrocytes and reticulocytes in duffy knockout mouse.	both human malarial parasite plasmodium vivax and mouse malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii use duffy protein as the receptor for invasion and they preferentially invade reticulocytes. recently, it has been shown that p. yoelii invades mouse reticulocytes by a duffy independent pathway. parasite invasion is generally visualized by time consuming staining procedures with dyes like giemsa or wright-giemsa. fluorochromatic dye like acridine orange has been used for instantaneous detection of parasit ...	2005	15804382
evaluation of french guiana traditional antimalarial remedies.	in order to evaluate the antimalarial potential of traditional remedies used in french guiana, 35 remedies were prepared in their traditional form and screened for blood schizonticidal activity in vitro on plasmodium falciparum chloroquine re4sistant strain (w2). some of these extracts were screened in vivo against plasmodium yoelii rodent malaria. ferriprotoporphyrin inhibition test was also performed. four remedies, widely used among the population as preventives, were able to inhibit more tha ...	2005	15849870
amino acid sequence constraint and gene expression pattern across the life history in the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.	the relationship between gene expression across the life cycle and protein conservation in plasmodium falciparum was examined by comparing gene expression data for six life-history stages with the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per site dn between 901 orthologous gene pairs of p. falciparum and plasmodium yoelii. a high level of expression across the life history was associated with decreased dn and thus with protein conservation. by contrast, differential expression in the sporozoite and ...	2005	15978954
phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species do not influence the progression of murine blood-stage malaria infections.	phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the clearance of malaria infections. we investigated the progression of five different strains of murine malaria in gp91(phox-/-) mice, which lack a functional nadph oxidase and thus the ability to produce phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species. we found that the absence of functional nadph oxidase in the gene knockout mice had no effect on the parasitemia or total parasite burden in mice infected with either resolving (plasmod ...	2005	16041008
plasmodium yoelii can ablate vaccine-induced long-term protection in mice.	malaria is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality for people living in endemic areas, but unlike many other infections, individuals exposed to the parasite do not rapidly become resistant to subsequent infections. high titers of ab against the 19-kda c-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 can mediate complete protection in model systems; however, previous studies had not determined whether this vaccine generated long-term protection. in this study, we report that functional m ...	2005	16081823
improvement of detection specificity of plasmodium-infected murine erythrocytes by flow cytometry using autofluorescence and yoyo-1.	microscopic analysis of blood smears is currently the most frequently used method to measure parasitemias in experiments of drug efficacy in murine models of malaria. however, it is subjective and labour intensive, which preclude its utilization in large-scale evaluation programs. flow cytometry is an alternative method, but due to the limited specificity achieved with the currently available techniques, it has not been widely used in murine models of malaria during preclinical evaluation. we de ...	2005	16082714
the genome of model malaria parasites, and comparative genomics.	the field of comparative genomics of malaria parasites has recently come of age with the completion of the whole genome sequences of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and a rodent malaria model, plasmodium yoelii yoelii. with several other genome sequencing projects of different model and human malaria parasite species underway, comparing genomes from multiple species has necessitated the development of improved informatics tools and analyses. results from initial comparative anal ...	2005	15580778
blood schizontocidal activity of azithromycin and its combination with alpha/beta arteether against multi-drug resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, a novel mdr parasite model for antimalarial screening.	many different drug-resistant lines of rodent malaria are available as screening models. it is obligatory to screen new compounds for antimalarial activity against a series of resistant lines in order to identify a compound with potential for the treatment of multi-drug resistant (mdr) malaria infections. instead of using a battery of resistant lines, a single mdr plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis strain that shows a wide spectrum of drug resistance to high doses of chloroquine, mepacrine, amodiaqui ...	2005	16178350
exacerbation of plasmodium yoelii malaria in echinostoma caproni infected mice and abatement through anthelmintic treatment.	the effect of chronic intestinal trematode infection on malaria was examined in a murine model of co-infection using echinostoma caproni and plasmodium yoelii. balb/c mice (n = 32) infected with a low dose of e. caproni (approximately 10 cysts) 25-35 days before malaria infection displayed significantly increased malaria parasitemia (p = 0.01), extended patency of malaria (p = 0.03), and increased fatality (47%; p < 0.001) compared to mice infected only with p. yoelii (17x nonlethal strain) (n = ...	2005	17089770
passive immunization with a multicomponent vaccine against conserved domains of apical membrane antigen 1 and 235-kilodalton rhoptry proteins protects mice against plasmodium yoelii blood-stage challenge infection.	during malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells, merozoite proteins bind receptors on the surface of the erythrocyte. two candidate plasmodium yoelii adhesion proteins are apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) and the 235-kda rhoptry proteins (p235). previously, we have demonstrated that passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) 45b1 and 25.77 against ama1 and p235, respectively, protects against a lethal challenge infection with p. yoelii ym. we show that mab 45b1 recognizes an epit ...	2006	16988228
differences in the copy number of the py235 gene family in virulent and avirulent lines of plasmodium yoelii.	the 235kda rhoptry protein (py235) of plasmodium yoelii is coded for by a multigene family. py235 has been implicated in host cell selection and virulence as antibodies against it have been shown to inhibit invasion of mature red blood cells of the normally virulent p. yoelii ym line and at least one member of this family directly binds to erythrocytes. differences in py235 sequence and copy number have been postulated to be responsible for the differences in invasion phenotype seen in the aviru ...	2006	16959335
large-scale intron conservation and order-of-magnitude variation in intron loss/gain rates in apicomplexan evolution.	the age of modern introns and the evolutionary forces controlling intron loss and gain remain matters of much debate. in the case of the apicomplexan malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, previous studies have shown that while the positions of two thirds of p. falciparum introns are not shared with surveyed non-apicomplexans (leaving open the possibility that they were relatively recently gained), 99.1% are shared with plasmodium yoelii, which diverged from p. falciparum at least 100 mya. we s ...	2006	16963708
co-infection by semliki forest virus and malarial parasite modulates viral multipucation, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice.	environmental, technological and societal factors continue to have a dramatic effect on infectious diseases worldwide and are considered to be facilitating the emergence of several infectious diseases at a time. co-infection with different species of viral and malaria infections are currently emerging problems of dual infection in the developing as well as developed countries. understanding of interactions between the host, malaria and virus infection is of current concern and we have initiated ...	2006	17007218
protein disulfide isomerase assisted protein folding in malaria parasites.	in eukaryotes, the formation of protein disulfide bonds among cysteine residues is mediated by protein disulfide isomerases and occurs in the highly oxidised environment of the endoplasmic reticulum. this process is poorly understood in malaria parasites. in this paper, we report the gene isolation, sequence and phylogenetic comparisons, protein structure and thioredoxin-domain analyses of nine protein disulfide isomerases-like molecules from five species of malaria parasites including plasmodiu ...	2006	16806221
nk cell responses to plasmodium infection and control of intrahepatic parasite development.	various components of innate and adaptive immunity contribute to host defenses against plasmodium infection. we investigated the contribution of nk cells to the immune response to primary infection with plasmodium yoelii sporozoites in c57bl/6 mice. we found that hepatic and splenic nk cells were activated during infection and displayed different phenotypic and functional properties. the number of hepatic nk cells increased whereas the number of splenic nk cells decreased. expression of the ly49 ...	2006	16818782
the plasmodium vivax homolog of the ookinete adhesive micronemal protein, ctrp.	the plasmodium circumsporozoite protein/thrombospondin-related anonymous protein-related protein (ctrp) is expressed at the mosquito midgut ookinete stage and is considered to be a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. ctrp is composed of multiple von willebrand factor a (vwa) and thrombospondin type 1 domains in the extracellular portion of the molecule, and a short acidic cytoplasmic domain that interacts with the actomyosin machinery. as a means to predict functionally relevant domains wit ...	2006	16822707
expression, localization, and erythrocyte binding activity of plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein-8.	pymsp-8 is a member of a family of merozoite surface proteins that have been described in plasmodium that are characterized by the presence of a glycolipid membrane anchor and 1-2 epidermal growth factor-like domains. immunization with recombinant pymsp-8 has also been shown to protect mice against lethal plasmodium yoelii malaria. in this report, we demonstrate that pymsp-8 expression is detectable throughout the entire erythrocytic life cycle of p. yoelii 17xl, reaching peak level during troph ...	2006	16846654
protection against malaria due to innate immunity enhanced by low-protein diet.	mice were fed ad libitum with a normal diet (25% protein) or low-protein diets (0-12.5% protein) for a wk and then infected with a nonlethal or lethal strain of plasmodium yoelii, that is, blood stage infection. the same diet was continued until recovery. mice fed with a normal diet showed severe parasitemia during nonlethal infection, but survived the infection. they died within 2 wk in the case of lethal infection. however, all mice fed with low-protein diets survived without apparent parasite ...	2006	16883996
quantitative isolation and in vivo imaging of malaria parasite liver stages.	the liver stages of plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, are the least explored forms in the parasite's life cycle despite their recognition as key vaccine and drug targets. in vivo experimental access to liver stages of human malaria parasites is practically prohibited and therefore rodent model malaria parasites have been used for in vivo studies. however, even in rodent models progress in the analysis of liver stages has been limited, mainly due to their low abundance and associated di ...	2006	16890231
new orally active derivatives of artemisinin with high efficacy against multidrug-resistant malaria in mice.	a new series of ether derivatives of dihydroartemisinin have been prepared and evaluated for their antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in mice by oral route. these new derivatives 7-17 are highly lipophilic (log p in the range of 5.51 to 7.19) as compared with beta-arteether (log p 3.84), and several of them are two- to four-fold more active than beta-arteether. among the ether derivatives, alpha-isomers are more active than the beta-isomers. the ether ...	2006	17125275
[effect of anti-midgut-protein-ingredient antibodies of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii].	to observe the inhibitory effect of the antibodies against midgut-protein-ingredient of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii.	2006	17366975
antimalarial properties of goniothalamin in combination with chloroquine against plasmodium yoelii and plasmodium berghei growth in mice.	malaria is a disease which is still endemic and has become a disastrous scourge because of the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant plasmodium falciparum. a new approach in addressing this is in developing a combination drug. this study is to show the enhancement of antimalarial properties, when single compound, goniothalamin combine with standard drug, chloroquine. based on 4 day test, percentage of parasite growth on treated infected mice were determined. oral treatment with 1 mg/kg bw of ...	2006	17322815
escheriosome entrapped soluble blood stage antigens impart protective immunity against a multi-drug resistant isolate of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in balb/c mice.	the plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis murine model was used to evaluate the potential of liposome entrapped soluble blood stage antigens (sag) based vaccine against malaria infection in balb/c mice. results from the present study revealed that immunization with e. coli lipid liposome (escheriosome) entrapped sag provided strong protective immune responses that successfully suppressed drug resistant strain of plasmodium yoelii, whereas other forms of sag such as, egg pc/chol liposomes entrapped, or i ...	2006	16168527
immunological responses of neonates and infants to dna vaccines.	in some parts of sub-saharan africa, it is believed that most of the deaths attributed to malaria occur in infants. for this and other logistical reasons, if a malaria vaccine is developed and licensed, it will have to be administered to neonates or young infants, when they have maternally acquired antibodies against malaria parasite proteins. pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines in development rely on cd8(+) t cells as immune effectors, yet some studies indicate that neonates do not mount optimal ...	2006	16988458
improved transfection and new selectable markers for the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii.	the rodent malaria plasmodium yoelii is a useful model to study protective immunity to pre-erythrocytic stages of infection, pathogenesis of erythrocytic stages, and vaccine development. however, the utility of the p. yoelii model system has not been fully realized because transfection and genetic manipulation methodologies for this rodent species are less developed than that of another rodent species plasmodium berghei. here we report improved transfection efficiency using the amaxa nucleofecto ...	2006	16458371
two serine proteases from anopheles dirus haemocytes exhibit changes in transcript abundance after infection of an incompatible rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium yoelii.	serine proteases are involved in regulation of innate immune responses, such as haemolymph coagulation, melanization reaction and antimicrobial peptide synthesis. although several serine proteases have been characterized in anopheles gambiae (a. gambiae), few were cloned from other malaria vectors. in this study, we identified three cdna fragments of serine proteases (adsp1, adsp2 and adsp3) from haemocytes of an oriental malaria vector, anopheles dirus (a. dirus), by cloning of fragments amplif ...	2006	16567047
orally active 1,2,4-trioxanes: synthesis and antimalarial assessment of a new series of 9-functionalized 3-(1-arylvinyl)-1,2,5-trioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes against multi-drug-resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in mice.	using easily accessible keto-trioxanes 7a-g as the starting materials, a series of new variously functionalized 1,2,4-trioxanes 10-36 have been prepared and evaluated for antimalarial activity against multi-drug-resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in mice in the dose range of 24 mg/kg x 4 days to 96 mg/kg x 4 days by oral route. trioxanes 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 have shown promising antimalarial activity. trioxanes 14 and 18, the two most active compounds of the series, provide 100% a ...	2006	16640340
cholesterol contributes to the organization of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains and to cd81-dependent infection by malaria sporozoites.	tetraspanins constitute a family of widely expressed integral membrane proteins that associate extensively with one another and with other membrane proteins to form specific membrane microdomains distinct from conventional lipid rafts. so far, because of the lack of appropriate tools, the functionality of these microdomains has remained largely unknown. here, using a new monoclonal antibody that only binds to the tetraspanin cd81 associated with other tetraspanins, we show that membrane choleste ...	2006	16687736
simalikalactone d is responsible for the antimalarial properties of an amazonian traditional remedy made with quassia amara l. (simaroubaceae).	french guiana (north-east amazonia) records high malaria incidence rates. the traditional antimalarial remedy most widespread there is a simple tea made out from quassia amara l. leaves (simaroubaceae). this herbal tea displays an excellent antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo. a known quassinoid, simalikalactone d (skd), was identified as the active compound, with an ic(50) value of 10nm against fcb1 plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant strain in vitro. lastly, it inhibits 50% ...	2006	16730421
blood schizontocidal activity of selected 1,2,4-trioxanes (fenozans) against the multidrug-resistant strain of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (mdr) in vivo.	blood schizontocidal activity of 10 selected cis-fused cyclopenteno-1,2,4-trioxanes (namely fenozan compound nos 6, 7, 11, 27, 32, 39, 44, 45, 48 and 51) have been re-investigated to establish their curative doses against the multidrug-resistant plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis strain, which is lethal in swiss mice. freshly prepared formulations of these compounds prepared either in neutral groundnut (peanut) oil or in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)-tween-water, were compared for their antimalarial acti ...	2006	16764736
reasons why dba/2 mice are resistant to malarial infection: expansion of cd3int b220+ gammadelta t cells with double-negative cd4- cd8- phenotype in the liver.	dba/2 (h-2(d)) mice are known to be more resistant than c57bl/6 (b6, h-2(b)) mice to the non-lethal 17xnl strain of plasmodium yoelii. this is a very strange phenomenon because the functions of conventional t cells, especially cd8(+) t cells, are known to be somewhat lower in dba/2 mice than in other strains of mice. we examined herein how immune responses differed between dba/2 mice and b6 mice during malarial infection. dba/2 mice and (dba/2 x b6)f(1) (bdf(1), h-2(b/d)) mice were found to have ...	2006	16423048
plasmodium falciparum trythra antigen synthetic peptides block in vitro merozoite invasion to erythrocytes.	tryptophan-threonine-rich antigen (trythra) is a plasmodium falciparum homologue of plasmodium yoelii-infected erythrocyte membrane pypag-1 antigen. pypag-1 binds to the surface of uninfected mouse erythrocytes and has been used successfully in vaccine studies. the two antigens are characterized by an unusual tryptophan-rich domain, suggesting similar biological properties. using synthetic peptides spanning the trythra sequence and human erythrocyte we have done binding assays to identify possib ...	2006	16329993
the mtip-myosin a complex in blood stage malaria parasites.	parasites of the apicomplexa phylum use an actomyosin motor to drive invasion of host cells. the motor complex is located at the parasite's periphery between the plasma membrane and an inner membrane complex. a crucial component of this complex is myosin tail domain interacting protein (mtip) identified in the murine malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii. here, we show that mtip is expressed in plasmodium falciparum merozoites, localises to the periphery of the cell and is present in a complex with ...	2006	16337961
immunogenicity and protection of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 35-based malaria vaccine against plasmodium yoelii in mice.	given the promise of recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rad5) as a malaria vaccine carrier in preclinical models, we evaluated the potency of rad35 coding for plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (rad35pycs). we chose rad35 since a survey with serum samples from african subjects demonstrated that human ad35 has a much lower seroprevalence of 20% and a much lower geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer (gmt) of 48 compared to ad5 (seroprevalence, 85%; gmt, 1,261) in countries with a high mal ...	2006	16368986
antigen targeting to dendritic cells elicits long-lived t cell help for antibody responses.	resistance to several prevalent infectious diseases requires both cellular and humoral immune responses. t cell immunity is initiated by mature dendritic cells (dcs) in lymphoid organs, whereas humoral responses to most antigens require further collaboration between primed, antigen-specific helper t cells and naive or memory b cells. to determine whether antigens delivered to dcs in lymphoid organs induce t cell help for antibody responses, we targeted a carrier protein, ovalbumin (ova), to dcs ...	2006	16505139
a member of the py235 gene family of plasmodium yoelii encodes an erythrocyte binding protein recognised by a protective monoclonal antibody.		2006	16516987
computational modeling of the plasmodium falciparum interactome reveals protein function on a genome-wide scale.	many thousands of proteins encoded by the genome of plasmodium falciparum, the causal organism of the deadliest form of human malaria, are of unknown function. it is of utmost importance that these proteins be characterized if we are to develop combative strategies against malaria based on the biology of the parasite. in an attempt to infer protein function on a genome-wide scale, we computationally modeled the p. falciparum interactome, elucidating local and global functional relationships betw ...	2006	16520460
study on protective immunity against infection of plasmodium yoelii 17xl in dba/2 mice.	to investigate the development and dynamic changes of host immune response in dba/2 mice infected with plasmodium yoelii 17xl.	2006	16866134
very little intron loss/gain in plasmodium: intron loss/gain mutation rates and intron number.	we compared intron positions in conserved regions of 3479 orthologous gene pairs from plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium yoelii, which likely diverged >or=100 million years ago (mya). only 27 out of 2212 positions were specific to one of the two species. intron presence in related species shows that at least 19 and possibly 26 of the changes are due to intron loss, depending on phylogeny. the implied intron loss and gain rates are much lower than previously estimated for nematodes, arthropods, ...	2006	16702411
the domain on the mouse duffy protein for plasmodium yoelii binding and invasion to mouse erythrocytes.	erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites is a multi-step process requiring specific molecular interactions between merozoites and erythrocyte surface receptors. human duffy blood group protein is the receptor for plasmodium vivax merozoite invasion to red blood cells. the cognate parasite ligand for duffy protein is a 135 kda duffy binding protein (dbp). previously, we defined the domain on the n-terminus of human duffy protein required for dbp binding and showed that a 35-mer n-terminal peptid ...	2006	16386320
environmental influence on the genetic basis of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites.	the genetic basis of a host's resistance to parasites has important epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. understanding this genetic basis can be complicated by non-genetic factors, such as environmental quality, which may influence the expression of genetic resistance and profoundly alter patterns of disease and the host's response to selection. in particular, understanding the environmental influence on the genetic resistance of mosquitoes to malaria gives valuable knowledge concernin ...	2006	16777744
8-(1-naphthalen-2-yl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro (4.5) decane, a new 1,2,4-trioxane effective against rodent and simian malaria.	a new series of 8-(1-aryl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro [4.5] decanes 7a-e and 3-(1-aryl-vinyl)-l,2,5-trioxaspiro [5.5] undecanes 8a-e have been prepared and screened against multi-drug resistant plasmodium yoelii in mice. 8-(1-naphthalen-2-yl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane 7b, the most active trioxane of the series, has also shown promising activity against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys.	2006	16275088
plasmodium yoelii: axenic development of the parasite mosquito stages.	study of the parasite mosquito stages of plasmodium and its use in the production of sporozoite vaccines against malaria has been hampered by the technical difficulties of in vitro development. here, we show the complete axenic development of the parasite mosquito stages of plasmodium yoelii. while we demonstrate that matrigel is not required for parasite development, soluble factors produced and secreted by drosophila melanogaster s2 cells appear to be crucial for the ookinete to oocyst transit ...	2006	16289466
expression of human cd81 differently affects host cell susceptibility to malaria sporozoites depending on the plasmodium species.	plasmodium sporozoites can enter host cells by two distinct pathways, either through disruption of the plasma membrane followed by parasite transmigration through cells, or by formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (pv) where the parasite further differentiates into a replicative exo-erythrocytic form (eef). we now provide evidence that following invasion without pv formation, transmigrating plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium yoelii sporozoites can partially develop into eefs inside hepatocarc ...	2006	16819966
vaxfectin enhances immunogenicity and protective efficacy of p. yoelii circumsporozoite dna vaccines.	we evaluated the capacity of the cationic lipid based formulation, vaxfectin, to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dna-based vaccine regimens in the plasmodium yoelii murine malaria model. we immunized balb/c mice with varying doses (0.4-50 microg) of plasmid dna (pdna) encoding the p. yoelii circumsporozoite protein (pycsp), either in a homologous dna/dna regimen (d-d) or a heterologous prime-boost dna-poxvirus regimen (d-v). at the lowest pdna doses, vaxfectin substantially ...	2006	16298024
immune stimulation and malaria infection impose reproductive costs in anopheles gambiae via follicular apoptosis.	the employment of defense mechanisms is recognized as a costly life-history trait. in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, reproductive costs have been associated with both humoral and cellular innate immune responses and also with malaria infection. the resorption of developing oocytes associated with malaria infection is preceded by the programmed cell death, or apoptosis, of follicular cells. here we demonstrate that apoptosis in ovarian follicular epithelial cells also occurs when mosquitoe ...	2006	16213176
using green fluorescent malaria parasites to screen for permissive vector mosquitoes.	the plasmodium species that infect rodents, particularly plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii, are useful to investigate host-parasite interactions. the mosquito species that act as vectors of human plasmodia in south east asia, africa and south america show different susceptibilities to infection by rodent plasmodium species. p. berghei and p. yoelii infect both anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi, which are found mainly in africa and asia, respectively. however, it was reported that ...	2006	16569221
protective cd8+ t cells induced by malaria sporozoites do not undergo modulation of interleukin-7 receptor expression.	cd8+ t cells induced by plasmodium yoelii sporozoites develop into protective memory cells without undergoing changes in interleukin-7 receptor alpha (il-7ralpha) expression, differing from the development of memory cd8+ t cells against viruses, which is associated with enhanced il-7ralpha expression. this suggests a microbe-dependent diversity in the signals determining the development of memory populations.	2006	16552087
rhop-3 protein conservation among plasmodium species and induced protection against lethal p. yoelii and p. berghei challenge.	in the present study, rhop-3 polymorphism among plasmodium falciparum field and laboratory isolates and among rodent plasmodium species was investigated and identified. the rhop-3 gene was found in all plasmodium species so far tested. the overall structure of the rhop-3 protein was found conserved among p. falciparum, plasmodium yoelii, and plasmodium berghei. however, it was more conserved among rodent plasmodium species than between p. falciparum and plasmodium vivax. the most conserved regio ...	2006	16541261
il-12p40-independent induction of protective immunity upon multiple plasmodium berghei irradiated sporozoite immunizations.	both ifn-gamma and il-12 play critical roles in defence against malaria. in a previous study, using plasmodium yoelii model, c57bl/6 ifn-gamma receptor deficient mice (ifn-gammar-/-) failed to develop protective immunity after a single immunization with irradiated sporozoites, but were protected after multiple immunizations. in contrast, in another study, balb/c ifn-gamma gene knockout mice (ifn-gamma-/-) and balb/c il-12-deficient mice (il-12p40-/- and il-12p35-/-) were unable to mount protecti ...	2007	17944743
efficient development of plasmodium liver stage-specific memory cd8+ t cells during the course of blood-stage malarial infection.	immunity to plasmodium liver stages in individuals in malaria-endemic areas is inextricably linked to concomitant blood-stage parasitemia. although plasmodium sporozoite infection induces measurable cd8+ t cell responses, the development of memory t cells during active erythrocytic infection remains uncharacterized. using transgenic t cells, we assessed antigen-specific effector cd8+ t cell responses induced by normal (norspz) and radiation-attenuated (irrspz) plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. the ...	2007	18190264
purification and biochemical characterization of cytosolic glutathione-s-transferase from malarial parasites plasmodium yoelii.	glutathione (gsh) metabolism represents a potential target for antiparasitic drug design. glutathione-s-transferase (gst), an important enzyme of the gsh cycle, is considered to be an essential detoxification enzyme in parasitic species. soluble gst from rodent malarial parasites plasmodium yoelii was purified to homogeneity using a combination of salt precipitation, affinity chromatography on gsh-sepharose 6b and ultrafiltration. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-pa ...	2007	17024358
the phylogeny of rodent malaria parasites: simultaneous analysis across three genomes.	species of plasmodium that naturally infect wild rodents but can also be maintained in laboratory mice have long been used as model systems in which to study the biology of malaria parasites. several of these rodent parasites are now providing useful genomic comparisons to those species that cause malaria in humans. here we examined the phylogenetic relationships of 19 strains of rodent malaria parasites including four species native to african thicket rats (plasmodium berghei, plasmodium chabau ...	2007	16765106