Publications

combined metabonomic and quantitative real-time pcr analyses reveal systems metabolic changes of fusarium graminearum induced by tri5 gene deletion.	fusarium graminearum (fg) is a serious plant pathogen causing huge losses in global production of wheat and other cereals. tri5-gene encoded trichodiene synthase is the first key enzyme for biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins in fg. to further our understandings of fg metabolism which is essential for developing novel strategies for controlling fg, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on the metabolic changes caused by tri5-deletion by comparing metabolic differences between the wild- ...	2011	21413710
analysis of simple sequence repeats (ssrs)dynamics in fungus fusarium graminearum.	the abundance and inherent potential for variations in simple sequence repeats (ssrs) or microsatellites resulted in valuable source for genetic markers in eukaryotes. we describe the organization and abundance of ssrs in fungus fusarium graminearum (causative agent for fusarium head blight or head scab of wheat). we identified 1705 ssrs of various nucleotide repeat motifs in the sequence database of f. graminearum. it is observed that mononucleotide repeats (62%) were most abundant followed by ...	2011	21423884
a sterol c-14 reductase encoded by fgerg24b is responsible for the intrinsic resistance of fusarium graminearum to amine fungicides.	fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of wheat head blight, shows intrinsic resistance to amine fungicides. it is commonly accepted that the amines target sterol c-14 reductase and sterol +ö(8)-+ö(7) isomerase of ergosterol biosynthesis, encoded by the genes erg24 and erg2, respectively. analysis of the genome sequence of f. graminearum revealed that the fungus contains two paralogous fgerg24 genes (fgerg24a and fgerg24b), which are homologous to the erg24 of saccharomyces cerevisiae. in this s ...	2011	21436218
microbial transformation of deoxyandrographolide by fusarium graminearum as 3.4598.	biotransformation of deoxyandrographolide (1) by fusarium graminearum as 3.4598 was investigated in this paper. and five transformed products of 1 by f. graminearum as 3.4598 were obtained. their chemical structures were characterized as 3-oxo-8a,17ß-epoxy-14-deoxyandrographolide (2), 3-oxo-14-deoxyandrographolide (3), 3-oxo-17,19-dihydroxyl-8,13-ent-labdadien-15,16-olide (4), 1ß-hydroxyl-14-deoxyandrographolide (5), and 7ß-hydroxyl-14-deoxyandrographolide (6) by spectral methods including 2d nm ...	2011	21462039
preventing fusarium head blight of wheat and cob rot of maize by inhibition of fungal deoxyhypusine synthase.	upon posttranslational activation, the eukaryotic initiation factor-5a (eif-5a) transports a subset of mrnas out of the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation. activation of the protein is an evolutionary highly conserved process that is unique to eif-5a, the conversion of a lysine to a hypusine. instrumental for the synthesis of hypusine is the first of two enzymatic reactions mediated by deoxyhypusine synthase (dhs). we show that dhs of wheat and the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum, w ...	2011	21463208
application of cycleave pcr to the detection of a point mutation (f167y) in the β(2) -tubulin gene of fusarium graminearum.	background: resistance of fusarium graminearum to the benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim is caused by point mutations in the β(2) -tubulin gene (fgsg_06611.3). the point mutation at codon 167 (ttt → tat, f167y) occurs in more than 90% of field isolates in china. it is important to find a suitable method for rapid detection and quantification of this point mutation in the f. graminearum populations. results: a pair of primers, codon167f/codon167r, were designed to amplify a fragment containing t ...	2011	21495153
asymmetric total synthesis of 6-tuliposide b and its biological activities against tulip pathogenic fungi.	the structure-activity relationship was investigated to evaluate the antifungal activities of tuliposides and tulipalins against tulip pathogenic fungi. 6-tuliposide b was effectively synthesized via the asymmetric baylis-hillman reaction. tuliposides and tulipalins showed antifungal activities against most of the strains tested at high concentrations (2.5 mm), while botrytis tulipae was resistant to tuliposides. tulipalin formation was involved in the antifungal activity, tulipalin a showed hig ...	2011	21512240
deoxynivalenol biosynthesis-related gene expression during wheat kernel colonization by fusarium graminearum.	deoxynivalenol (don) is a potent mycotoxin and virulence factor produced by fusarium graminearum. we examined the expression of the core don biosynthetic gene tri5 during wheat head infection of susceptible and resistant cultivars and susceptible cultivars treated with strobilurin fungicides, e.g. azoxystrobin. don was quantified to correlate expression with toxin accumulation. the highest tri5 expression relative to housekeeping genes occurred at the infection front. as infection progressed, ea ...	2011	21521001
structure-activity determinants in antifungal plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 with different modes of action against fusarium graminearum.	plant defensins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial proteins. their three-dimensional structures are similar in that they consist of an α-helix and three anti-parallel β-strands stabilized by four disulfide bonds. plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 are potent inhibitors of the growth of several filamentous fungi including fusarium graminearum. however, they differ markedly in their antifungal properties as well as modes of antifungal action. msdef1 induces prolific hyperbranching of fungal hyph ...	2011	21533249
involvement of a putative response regulator fgrrg-1 in osmotic stress response, fungicide resistance and virulence in fusarium graminearum.	response regulator (rr) proteins are core elements of the high-osmolarity glycerol (hog) pathway, which plays an important role in the adaptation of fungi to a variety of environmental stresses. in this study, we constructed deletion mutants of two putative rr genes, fgrrg-1 and fgrrg-2, which are orthologues of neurospora crassa rrg-1 and rrg-2, respectively. the fgrrg-1 deletion mutant (δfgrrg1-6) showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by nacl, kcl, sorbitol or glucose, and to ...	2011	21535349
control of glucosylceramide production and morphogenesis by the bar1 ceramide synthase in fusarium graminearum.	the contribution of plasma membrane proteins to the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. accordingly, the objective of this study was to characterize the acyl-coa dependent ceramide synthase bar1 (previously implicated in plasma membrane organization) in the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum. the role of bar1 in mediating cell membrane organization was confirmed as δbar1 mutants failed to display a distinct sterol-rich domain at the hyphal tip. the δbar1 mutants were non-p ...	2011	21559419
pseudomonas fluorescens cha0 maintains carbon delivery to fusarium graminearum-infected roots and prevents reduction in biomass of barley shoots through systemic interactions.	soil bacteria such as pseudomonads may reduce pathogen pressure for plants, both by activating plant defence mechanisms and by inhibiting pathogens directly due to the production of antibiotics. these effects are hard to distinguish under field conditions, impairing estimations of their relative contributions to plant health. a split-root system was set up with barley to quantify systemic and local effects of pre-inoculation with pseudomonas fluorescens on the subsequent infection process by the ...	2011	21561952
the transcriptome of fusarium graminearum during the infection of wheat.	fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. to help understand the infection process on wheat we studied global gene expression of f. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 hours after inoculation, compared to a non-inoculated control. the infection was rapid and after 48h over 4,000 fungal genes were expressed. the number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96h (>8,000 genes), and then declined at the 144h and 192h post inoculation time points. after subtr ...	2011	21585270
the ectopic expression of a pectin methyl esterase inhibitor increases pectin methyl esterification and limits fungal diseases in wheat.	cell wall pectin methyl esterification can influence plant resistance because highly methyl esterified pectin can be less susceptible to the hydrolysis by pectic enzymes such as fungal endopolygalacturonases (pgs). pectin is secreted into the cell wall in a highly methyl esterified form and here is de-methyl esterified by pectin methyl esterase (pme). the activity of pme is controlled by specific protein inhibitors called pmeis, consequently an increased inhibition of pme by pmei might modify th ...	2011	21585271
fusarium graminearum from expression analysis to functional assays.	fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of head blight of wheat, was the third filamentous fungus to have a completed genome sequence. since the release of the genome sequence in 2003, f. graminearum has become a model for studies of genomics and transcriptomics, mycotoxins, fungal population genetics, gene function, and sexual development. herein we present the techniques we have used in our laboratory to perform expression analyses on life cycle stages of f. graminearum and techniques to functi ...	2011	21590414
antifungal properties of wheat histones (h1-h4) and purified wheat histone h1.	wheat ( triticum spp.) histones h1, h2, h3, and h4 were extracted, and h1 was further purified. the effect of these histones on specific fungi that may or may not be pathogenic to wheat was determined. these fungi included aspergillus flavus , aspergillus fumigatus , aspergillus niger , fusarium oxysporum , fusarium verticillioides , fusarium solani , fusarium graminearum , penicillium digitatum , penicillium italicum , and greeneria uvicola . non-germinated and germinating conidia of these fung ...	2011	21595494
natural deoxynivalenol occurrence and genotype and chemotype determination of a field population of the fusarium graminearum complex associated with soybean in argentina.	soybean (glycine max l.), the main source of protein throughout the world, is used both as a food and a feedstuff. currently, limited information about the occurrence of fusarium species and mycotoxins in soybean grain and by-products is available. the aims of the present study were: (1) to identify toxigenic fusarium species associated with soybean during crop reproductive stages; (2) to determine the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv) in soybean seeds; (3) to determine the ...	2011	21598133
analysis of the fusariumgraminearum species complex from wheat, barley and maize in south africa provides evidence of species-specific differences in host preference.	species identity and trichothecene toxin potential of 560 members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) collected from diseased wheat, barley and maize in south africa was determined using a microsphere-based multilocus genotyping assay. although three trichothecene types (3-adon, 15-adon and niv) were represented among these isolates, strains with the 15-adon type predominated on all three hosts. a significant difference, however, was identified in the composition of fgsc pathogens ...	2011	21601644
role of hydroxycinnamic acids in the infection of maize silks by fusarium graminearum schwabe.	in the current study, the hydroxycinnamic acids in silks of diverse maize inbred lines differing in fusarium resistance were determined at several times after inoculation with f. graminearum or sterile water as control. the main objective was to determine the possible relationship between the hydroxycinnamic acid changes in silks and the ear rot resistance. several changes in the cell wall bound hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations were observed after inoculation with f. graminearum, although the ...	2011	21635140
pathogenicity, symptom development, and mycotoxin formation in wheat by fusarium species frequently isolated from sugar beet.	crop rotations with putative non-host crops like sugar beet are often recommended to reduce fusarium head blight (fhb) in cereals. however, recent observations have shown pathogenic, endophytic, and saprotrophic colonization of sugar beet with various fusarium species. therefore, strains of seven species frequently isolated from sugar beet were tested for pathogenicity on wheat. species-specific symptoms on heads and kernels were evaluated and the grains were analyzed for 17 mycotoxins with lc-m ...	2011	21635142
brachypodium distachyon: a new pathosystem to study fusarium head blight and other fusarium diseases of wheat.	abstract: background: fusarium species cause fusarium head blight (fhb) and other important diseases of cereals. the causal agents produce trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). the dicotyledonous model species arabidopsis thaliana has been used to study fusarium-host interactions but it is not ideal for model-to-crop translation. brachypodium distachyon (bd) has been proposed as a new monocotyledonous model species for functional genomic studies in grass species. this study aims ...	2011	21639892
a real-time qpcr assay to quantify fusarium graminearum biomass in wheat kernels.	aims: to develop a real-time pcr assay to quantify fusarium graminearum biomass in blighted wheat kernels. methods and results: primers designed to amplify a gene in the trichothecene biosynthetic cluster (tri6) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. primer pair tri6_10f/tri6_4r specifically and consistently amplified a 245-bp dna fragment from f. graminearum. a workflow was developed and validated to extract dna from infested grain. the assay detected as little as 10 μg of f. gramine ...	2011	21645182
molecular survey of trichothecene genotypes of fusarium graminearum species complex from barley in southern brazil.	fusarium head blight is a disease of primary concern to small-grain cereals of brazil, including barley. its main causal agent, fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex)-© is able to produce mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv), that usually contaminate grain. strains that produce don may also produce its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyl-don (3-adon) and 15-acetyl-don (15-adon). ninety two isolates were obtained from samplings of barley grain during three years ...	2011	21665312
functional analyses of two acetyl coenzyme a synthetases in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.	acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) is a crucial metabolite for energy metabolism and biosynthetic pathways and is produced in various cellular compartments with spatial and temporal precision. our previous study on atp citrate lyase (acl) in gibberella zeae revealed that acl-dependent acetyl-coa production is important for histone acetylation, especially in sexual development, but is not involved in lipid synthesis. in this study, we deleted additional acetyl-coa synthetic genes, the acetyl-coa synt ...	2011	21666077
lactic acid bacteria in the inhibition of fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol detoxification.	aims:ôçé considering the agronomic and industrial damage that is caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, as well as the serious health risks it poses to humans and animals exposed to f.-ágraminearum-produced mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don), this study evaluated the ability of different lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains to inhibit fungal development and remove don in vitro. methods and results:ôçé the antagonistic effects of strains and commercial cultures of lab were evaluated against f.-ágra ...	2011	21672097
response of germinating barley seeds to fusarium graminearum: the first molecular insight into fusarium seedling blight.	fusarium seedling blight in cereals can result in significant reductions in plant establishment but has not received much attention. the disease often starts during seed germination due to sowing of the seeds infected by fusarium spp. including fusarium graminearum. in order to gain the first molecular insights into the response of the germinating barley seeds to f. graminearum for controlling the disease, germinating seeds were treated with water as control or inoculated with f. graminearum con ...	2011	21798752
fusarium graminearum forms mycotoxin producing infection structures on wheat.	abstract: background: the mycotoxin producing fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of small grain cereals in fields worldwide. although f. graminearum is highly investigated by means of molecular genetics, detailed studies about hyphal development during initial infection stages are rare. in addition, the role of mycotoxins during initial infection stages of fhb is still unknown. therefore, we investigated the infection strategy of the fungus on ...	2011	21798058
identification and characterization of gushing-active hydrophobins from fusarium graminearum and related species.	fungal infection of barley and malt, particularly by the fusarium species, is a direct cause of spontaneous overfoaming of beer, referred to as gushing. we have shown previously that small fungal proteins, hydrophobins, act as gushing-inducing factors in beer. the aim of our present study was to isolate and characterize hydrophobins from a gushing-active fungus, fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae) and related species. we generated profile hidden markov models (profile hmms) for the ...	2011	21780148
molecular characterization of a fus3/kss1 type mapk from puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, psmapk1.	puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes the destructive wheat stripe rust disease worldwide. due to the lack of reliable transformation and gene disruption method, knowledge about the function of pst genes involved in pathogenesis is limited. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) genes have been shown in a number of plant pathogenic fungi to play critical roles in regulating various infection processes. in the present study, we identified and char ...	2011	21779350
a-l-arabinofuranosylated pyrrolidines as arabinanase inhibitors.	as part of continued efforts to understand the mechanisms of 1,5-a-l-arabinanases better, some arabinan-like iminosugar oligosaccharides were synthesized. an iminosugar analogue of arabinobiose was found to be a good inhibitor of the arabinanase arb93a from fusarium graminearum. structures were determined for complexes of this inhibitor with wild-type arb93a and a catalytically inactive mutant.	2011	21773614
proteomic profiling of two maize inbreds during early gibberella ear rot infection.	fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of gibberella ear rot in maize ears, resulting in yield losses due to mouldy and mycotoxin-contaminated grain. this study represents a global proteomic approach to document the early infection by f. graminearum of two maize inbreds, b73 and co441, which differ in disease susceptibility. mock- and f. graminearum-treated developing kernels were sampled 48 hours post-inoculation over three field seasons. infected b73 kernels consistently contained higher con ...	2011	21751381
toxicity assay for deoxynivalenol using caenorhabditis elegans.	the progeny production and development rates of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans when treated with deoxynivalenol (don) were examined. both purified don and a crude extract from fusarium graminearum cultured on rice were tested on c. elegans wild-type (bristol n2) and a mutant strain (au1). significant effects (tukey-hsd, p?<?0.05) on brood size and the rate of larval development from egg to adulthood were observed. both n2 and au1 strains showed lower rates of development and smaller brood s ...	2011	21749231
an optimized protocol for dna extraction from wheat seeds and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) to detect fusarium graminearum contamination of wheat grain.	a simple, rapid, and efficient method for isolating genomic dna from germinated seeds of wheat that is free from polysaccharides and polyphenols is reported. dna was extracted, treated with rnase, measured and tested for completeness using agarose gel electrophoresis. dna purification from wheat grains yielded abundant, amplifiable dna with yields typically between 100 and 200 ng dna/mg. the effectiveness and reliability of the method was tested by assessing quantity and quality of the isolated ...	2011	21747688
antimicrobial activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate isolated from horseradish.	phenethyl isothiocyanate (peitc) was obtained from horseradish. the preparation procedure was as follows: the horseradish powder was hydrolysed in the water first, and then, after filtration, the residue was extracted by petroleum ether; finally, peitc was isolated by silica gel column. the structure of peitc was identified by ir, ms, (1)h-nmr and (13)c-nmr chromatography methods. the inhibitory activities of peitc against gibberella zeae, xanthomonas axonopodis pv . citri, cytospora sp . and ph ...	2011	21815843
precise mapping fhb5, a major qtl conditioning resistance to fusarium infection in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	qfhi.nau-5a is a major quantitative trait locus (qtl) against fusarium graminearum infection in the resistant wheat germplasm wangshuibai. genetic analysis using bc(3)f(2) and bc(4)f(2) populations, derived from selfing two near-isogenic lines (nil) heterozygous at qfhi.nau-5a that were developed, respectively, with mianyang 99-323 and ph691 as the recurrent parent, showed that qfhi.nau-5a inherited like a single dominant gene. this qtl was thus designated as fhb5. to fine map it, these two back ...	2011	21739138
novel acidic sesquiterpenoids constitute a dominant class of pathogen-induced phytoalexins in maize.	nonvolatile terpenoid phytoalexins occur throughout the plant kingdom, but until recently were not known constituents of chemical defense in maize (zea mays). we describe a novel family of ubiquitous maize sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins, termed zealexins, which were discovered through characterization of fusarium graminearum-induced responses. zealexins accumulate to levels greater than 800 ++g g(-1) fresh weight in f. graminearum-infected tissue. their production is also elicited by a wide variet ...	2011	21690302
ebr1, a novel zn2cys6 transcription factor, affects virulence and apical dominance of hyphal tip in fusarium graminearum.	zn2cys6 transcription factors are unique to fungi and have been reported to be involved in different regulatory functions. here we characterized ebr1 (enhanced branching 1), a novel zn2cys6 transcription factor of fusarium graminearum. knocking out ebr1 in f. graminearum strain ph-1 caused reduction of both radial growth and virulence. the conidia of knock-out strain ph-1+öebr1 germinated faster than those of wild-type ph-1, but the conidiation of the mutant was significantly reduced. detailed a ...	2011	21830952
a putative abc transporter gene, zra1, is required for zearalenone production in gibberella zeae.	zearalenone (zea) is a secondary metabolite produced by various fusarium species and causes estrogenic disorders in humans and animals. recent studies have identified the zea biosynthesis gene cluster in f. graminearum, but other genes such as transporters responsible for zea export have not been identified in the cluster. in this study, we performed microarray analyses from the wild-type strain with and without zea supplementation and zea-nonproducing strain zeb2 to discover other genes respons ...	2011	21833740
mass spectrometry based metabolomics to identify potential biomarkers for resistance in barley against fusarium head blight (fusarium graminearum).	resistance in triticeae to fusarium head blight (fhb) is quantitatively inherited. metabolomics as a tool was used to better understand the mechanisms of resistance and to identify potential fhb resistance biomarker metabolites in barley. five fhb-resistant two-row barley genotypes (ciho 4196, zhedar-1, zhedar-2, fredrickson, and harbin-2r) and one fhb-susceptible genotype (ch 9520-30) were each inoculated with either pathogen-suspension or mock-solution. disease severity, quantified as the prop ...	2011	21701847
synthesis and biological activity of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles.	in an attempt to search for potent antifungal agents, a series of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles 5a-m was designed and synthesized via huisgen cycloaddition reaction between various (2-morpholinoethoxy)-n-(prop-2-ynyl)aniline and different azidobenzene. their chemical structures were characterized by (1) h nmr and elemental analysis. a cleaner reaction with milder conditions and satisfactory yields was observed in the micorwave-assiste ...	2011	21736703
identification of metabolites related to mechanisms of resistance in barley against fusarium graminearum, based on mass spectrometry.	fusarium head blight (fhb) is an economically important disease of the family triticeae, as, apart from yield reduction it also causes quality deterioration by producing mycotoxins. host resistance is the most promising way to control the disease. metabolic profiling was applied to identify resistance related (rr) metabolites against fusarium graminearum in five fhb-resistant genotypes ('chevron', 'h5277-44', 'h5277-164', 'm92-513' and 'm122') relative to one fhb-susceptible genotype ('stander') ...	2011	21830145
rapid detection of ciprofloxacin effects on fusarium graminearum and f. avenaceum cells in modulating environmental ph using a reactive, non-toxic food-dye indicator.	the objective of the study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin antibiotic on the physiological or phenotypic characteristics of food-borne toxigenic fusarium graminearum and f. avenaceum molds under in vitro conditions. in the presence of ciprofloxacin, fusarium mycelia growth and morphology were altered based on the antibiotic concentration range used. results showed that ciprofloxacin in concentrations ôëñ40++g/ml induced chlamydospore formation in fusaria and as such, this antibiotic sh ...	2011	21843805
A new pyrrolidine derivative and steroids from an algicolous Gibberella zeae strain.	A new pyrrolidine derivative, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)pyrrolidin-2-one (1), and eight known steroids, (22E,24R)-7beta,8beta-epoxy-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-6-one (2, a reassigned structure of (22E,24R)-5alpha,6alpha-epoxy-3beta,8beta,14alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-7-one), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (3), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta/,5alpha,6beta-triol ...	2011	21941888
involvement of a velvet protein fgvea in the regulation of asexual development, lipid and secondary metabolisms and virulence in fusarium graminearum.	the velvet protein, vea, is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. in this study, we explored functions of fgvea in the wheat head blight pathogen, fusarium graminearum,using a gene replacement strategy. the fgvea deletion mutant exhibited a reduction in aerial hyphae formation, hydrophobicity, and deoxynivalenol (don) biosynthesis. deletion of fgvea gene led to an increase in conidial production, but a delay in conidial germination. pathogencity assays showed that the mutant ...	2011	22140571
bdm1, a phosducin-like gene of fusarium graminearum, is involved in virulence during infection of wheat and maize.	fusarium graminearum is a common pathogen of wheat and maize throughout the world. despite recent advances in the elucidation of the genetic basis of virulence, significant gaps in the regulatory network underlying pathogenesis remain to be filled. in particular, little is known at the molecular level about the overlap among mechanisms of pathogenicity on maize and wheat. g-protein signalling has been implicated in pathogenesis in f. graminearum, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully ...	2011	22044756
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay for Deoxynivalenol (DON).	Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the trichothecene mycotoxins, is a worldwide contaminant of wheat and barley, especially when infected by Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of an epidemic wheat disease called Fusarium Head Blight. Because of the high risk of DON ingestion and the possibility of frequent exposure, it is important to develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for easy identification and quantification of DON in grain samples. In this study, we have developed an indirect compe ...	2011	22069751
A jacalin-related lectin-like gene in wheat is a component of the plant defence system.	Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) are a subgroup of proteins with one or more jacalin-like lectin domains. Although JRLs are often associated with biotic or abiotic stimuli, their biological functions in plants, as well as their relationships to plant disease resistance, are poorly understood. A mannose-specific JRL (mJRL)-like gene (TaJRLL1) that is mainly expressed in stem and spike and encodes a protein with two jacalin-like lectin domains was identified in wheat. Pathogen infection and phytohor ...	2011	21862481
genetic diversity in fusarium graminearum from a major wheat-producing region of argentina.	the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) is a group of mycotoxigenic fungi that are the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat worldwide. the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and genetic diversity of fgsc species in cereal crops in south america is not well understood compared to some regions of asia, europe and north america. therefore, we examined the frequency and genetic diversity of a collection of 183 fgsc isolates recovered from wheat grown during multiple growi ...	2011	22069697
secretomics identifies fusarium graminearum proteins involved in the interaction with barley and wheat.	fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic fungus primarily infecting small grain cereals, including barley and wheat. secreted enzymes play important roles in the pathogenicity of many fungi. in order to access the secretome of f. graminearum, the fungus was grown in liquid culture with barley or wheat flour as the sole nutrient source to mimic the host-pathogen interaction. a gel-based proteomics approach was employed to identify the proteins secreted into the culture medium. sixty-nine unique ...	2011	22044785
a type 2c protein phosphatase fgptc3 is involved in cell wall integrity, lipid metabolism, and virulence in fusarium graminearum.	type 2c protein phosphatases (pp2cs) play important roles in regulating many biological processes in eukaryotes. currently, little is known about functions of pp2cs in filamentous fungi. the causal agent of wheat head blight, fusarium graminearum, contains seven putative pp2c genes, fgptc1, -3, -5, -5r, -6, -7 and -7r. in order to investigate roles of these pp2cs, we constructed deletion mutants for all seven pp2c genes in this study. the fgptc3 deletion mutant (δfgptc3-8) exhibited reduced aeri ...	2011	21980420
Transgenic expression of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins in Arabidopsis and wheat increases resistance to the flower pathogen Fusarium graminearum.	Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The molecular mechanisms regulating Fusarium penetration and infection are poorly understood. Beside mycotoxin production, cell wall degradation may play a role in the development of FHB. Many fungal pathogens secrete polygalacturonases (PGs) during the early stages of infection, and plants have evolved polygalacturonase-inhi ...	2011	21974721
the velvet gene, fgve1, affects fungal development and positively regulates trichothecene biosynthesis and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.	trichothecenes are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) during the infection of crop plants, including wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye and rice. some fungal genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis have been shown to encode regulatory proteins. however, the global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is still enigmatic. in addition to the production of secondary metabolites belonging to the trichothecene family, f. graminear ...	2011	22013911
a resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes.	the goal of this study was to develop a tool specifically designed to identify iterative polyketide synthases (ipkss) from predicted fungal proteomes. a fungi-based pks prediction model, specifically for fungal ipkss, was developed using profile hidden markov models (phmms) based on two essential ipks domains, the β-ketoacyl synthase (ks) domain and acyltransferase (at) domain, derived from fungal ipkss. this fungi-based pks prediction model was initially tested on the well-annotated proteome of ...	2011	22112245
tri6 is a global transcription regulator in the phytopathogen fusarium graminearum.	in f. graminearum, the transcriptional regulator tri6 is encoded within the trichothecene gene cluster and regulates genes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (don). the tri6 protein with its cys₂his₂ zinc-finger may also conform to the class of global transcription regulators. this class of global transcriptional regulators mediate various environmental cues and generally responds to the demands of cellular metabolism. to address this issue directly, we sough ...	2011	21980289
purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of a novel antifungal lectin from the roots of ophioglossum pedunculosum.	a novel mannan-specific lectin was isolated from the roots of a traditional chinese herbal medicine, ophioglossum pedunculosum through ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. with a molecular mass of 19,835.7 da demonstrated by maldi-tof analysis, this novel agglutinin was designated as o. pedunculosum agglutinin (opa), specifically agglutinating human o erythrocytes and rabbit erythrocytes. the hemagglutination could be strongly inhibited by mannan and thyroglobulin, the activity of whi ...	2011	21947760
meiotic silencing in the homothallic fungus gibberella zeae.	the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important pathogen on major cereal crops. the objective of this study was to determine whether meiotic silencing occurs in g. zeae. cytological studies demonstrated that gfp and rfp-fusion proteins were not detected during meiosis, both in heterozygous outcrosses and homozygous selfings. the deletion of rsp-1, a homologue used for studies on meiotic silencing of neurospora crassa, triggered abnormal ascospores from selfing, but outcrosses b ...	2011	22115448
variation for resistance to kernel infection and toxin accumulation in winter wheat infected with fusarium graminearum.	host resistance is the main way to control fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat. despite improved levels of resistance to infection and spread in vegetative tissue, the toxin deoxynivalenol (don) can still accumulate to unacceptable concentration levels. in this study, our objectives were to assess the genetic variation for resistance to kernel infection (rki) and toxin accumulation (rta) and their role in controlling don. we collected spikes with different levels of visual symptoms from each of ...	2011	21848396
population structure and genetic diversity of the fusarium graminearum species complex.	the fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex) consists of phylogenetically distinct species some of which cannot be discriminated based on their morphology. their chemotypes and geographic distributions are dramatically different, and these highlight the challenges that fusarium head blight (fhb) poses to plant disease specialists and plant breeders, thereby requiring that quarantine officials employ molecular diagnostic tools in their active surveillance programs. molecular marker techn ...	2011	22069755
genotyping and phenotyping of fusarium graminearum isolates from germany related to their mycotoxin biosynthesis.	fusarium graminearum is the most important pathogen causing fusarium head blight (fhb) of small cereal grains worldwide responsible for quantitative and qualitative yield losses. the presence in crops is often associated with mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff limiting its use for human and animal consumption. a collection of isolates of f. graminearum from germany was characterized genetically and chemically for their potential to produce the b trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivaleno ...	2011	21889226
occurrence of different species of fusarium from wheat in relation to disease levels predicted by a weather-based model in argentina pampas region.	fusarium head blight (fhb) is an important disease throughout many of the world wheat-growing areas that have humid to semi-humid climate. the infection happens mainly during the anthesis of the wheat, when there have been favorable conditions of moisture and temperature. the direct relation of the infection to environmental factors makes possible the formulation of mathematical models that predict the disease. the causal agent of the fhb of the spike of wheat is attributed principally to fusari ...	2011	20582631
modelling the relationship between environmental factors, transcriptional genes and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin production by strains of two fusarium species.	the effect of changes in temperature/water activity (a(w)) on growth, deoxynivalenol (don) production and trichothecene gene cluster expression (18 genes) for strains of fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum was studied. the expression data for six key transcription genes (tri4, tri5, tri6, tri10, tri12 and tri13) were analysed using multiple regression analyses to model the relationship between these various factors for the first time. changes in a(w) and temperature significantly (p = 0.0 ...	2011	20462881
localisation of the benzimidazole fungicide binding site of gibberella zeae β2-tubulin studied by site-directed mutagenesis.	the efficacy of benzimidazole fungicides is often limited by resistance, and this is the case with the use of carbendazim for controlling fusarium head blight caused by gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch (anamorph fusarium graminearum). recent studies have shown that carbendazim resistance in field strains of g. zeae is associated with mutations in the β(2)-tubulin gene. the aims of the present study were to validate this mechanism and research the binding sites of carbendazim on β(2)-tubulin.	2011	21077124
the transcription factor fgstuap influences spore development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism in fusarium graminearum.	fusarium graminearum is an important plant-pathogenic fungus and the major cause of cereal head blight. here, we report the functional analysis of fgstua, the gene for a transcription factor with homology to key developmental regulators in fungi. the deletion mutant was greatly reduced in pathogenicity on wheat heads and in production of secondary metabolites. spore production was significantly impaired in δfgstua, which did not develop perithecia and sexual ascospores, and lacked conidiophores ...	2011	20879840
the hdf1 histone deacetylase gene is important for conidiation, sexual reproduction, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.	head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. its genome contains chromosomal regions with higher genetic variation and enriched for genes expressed in planta, suggesting a role of chromatin modification in the regulation of infection-related genes. in a previous study, the ftl1 gene was characterized as a novel virulence factor in the head blight fungus. ftl1 is homologous to yeast sif2, which is a component of the set3 complex. many members of the yeas ...	2011	21138346
in vitro cytotoxicity of fungi spoiling maize silage.	penicillium roqueforti, penicillium paneum, monascus ruber, alternaria tenuissima, fusarium graminearum, fusarium avenaceum, byssochlamys nivea and aspergillus fumigatus have previously been identified as major fungal contaminants of danish maize silage. in the present study their metabolite production and in vitro cytotoxicity have been determined for fungal agar and silage extracts. all 8 fungal species significantly affected caco-2 cell viability in the resazurin assay, with large variations ...	2011	20837087
nivalenol-type populations of fusarium graminearum and f. asiaticum are prevalent on wheat in southern louisiana.	u.s. populations of the fusarium graminearum clade cause head blight on wheat and barley and usually contaminate grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). recently, however, individual nivalenol (niv)-type isolates from the united states were described that belonged to either the newly described species f. gerlachii or the genetically distinct gulf coast population of f. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.). here, we describe the discovery of niv-type f. graminearum s.s. populatio ...	2011	20822434
a novel transcriptional factor important for pathogenesis and ascosporogenesis in fusarium graminearum.	fusarium head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen not only causes severe yield losses but also contaminates infested grains with mycotoxins. in a previous study, we identified several pathogenicity mutants by random insertional mutagenesis. one of these mutants was disrupted in the zif1 gene, which encodes a b-zip transcription factor unique to filamentous ascomycetes. the δzif1 mutant generated by gene replacement was significa ...	2011	20795857
enhanced production of recombinant galactose oxidase from fusarium graminearum in e. coli.	the gene gaoa encoding the copper-dependent enzyme galactose oxidase (gao) from fusarium graminearum ph-1 was cloned and successfully overexpressed in e. coli. culture conditions for cultivations in shaken flasks were optimized, and optimal conditions were found to be double-strength lb medium, 0.5% lactose as inducer, and induction at the reduced temperature of 25°c. when using these cultivation conditions ~24 mg of active gao could be produced in shaken flasks per litre medium. addition of cop ...	2011	25187134
interactions of fusarium species during prepenetration development.	interspecies interactions between fusarium avenaceum, fusarium culmorum, fusarium graminearum, fusarium poae, and fusarium tricinctum were studied during early growth stages of isolates on model surfaces. additionally, germination and germ tube growth of the pathogens were studied on attached and detached wheat leaves at 10 °c and 22 °c. two-species interactions between fusarium isolates during germination and germ tube growth were assessed after 8 hours of incubation. all species except f. tric ...	2012	22749170
phytochemicals to suppress fusarium head blight in wheat-chickpea rotation.	fusarium diseases cause major economic losses in wheat-based crop rotations. volatile organic compounds (voc) in wheat and rotation crops, such as chickpea, may negatively impact pathogenic fusarium. using the headspace gc-ms method, 16 voc were found in greenhouse-grown wheat leaves: dimethylamine, 2-methyl-1-propanol, octanoic acid-ethyl ester, acetic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, nonanoic acid-ethyl ester, nonanol, n-ethyl-benzenamine, naphthalene, butylated hydroxytoluene, dimethoxy methane, phen ...	2012	22520499
transposition of the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element mimp1 in the wheat pathogen fusarium culmorum.	high-throughput methods are needed for functional genomics analysis in fusarium culmorum, the cause of crown and foot rot on wheat and a type b trichothecene producer. our aim was to develop and test the efficacy of a double-component system based on the ability of the impala transposase to transactivate the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element mimp1 of fusarium oxysporum. we report, for the first time, the application of a tagging system based on a heterologous transposon and of splin ...	2012	22897438
tri12 based quantitative real-time pcr assays reveal the distribution of trichothecene genotypes of f. graminearum and f. culmorum isolates in danish small grain cereals.	quantitative real-time pcr assays, based on polymorphisms in the tri12 gene of the trichothecene pathway, were developed to identify and quantify the trichothecene genotypes producing 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3adon), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15adon) or nivalenol (niv) in the fusarium graminearum species complex, fusarium culmorum, fusarium cerealis and fusarium pseudograminearum. these assays were applied on a total of 378 field samples of cereal grain of wheat, barley, triticale, rye and oats ...	2012	22781579
fitness of three fusarium pathogens of wheat.	crown rot and head blight of wheat are caused by the same fusarium species. to better understand their biology, this study has compared 30 isolates of the three dominant species using 13 pathogenic and saprophytic fitness measures including aggressiveness for the two diseases, saprophytic growth and fecundity and deoxynivalenol (don) production from saprophytic colonization of grain and straw. pathogenic fitness was generally linked to don production in infected tissue. the superior crown rot fi ...	2012	22500915
rapid identification of fusarium graminearum species complex using rolling circle amplification (rca).	rolling circle amplification (rca) of dna is a sensitive and cost effective method for the rapid identification of pathogenic fungi without the need for sequencing. amplification products can be visualized on 1% agarose gel to verify the specificity of probe-template binding or directly by adding fluorescent dyes. fusarium head blight (fhb) is currently the world's largest threat to the production of cereal crops with the production of a range of mycotoxins as an additional risk. we designed set ...	2012	22326479
synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel pimprinine analogues.	a simple and efficient synthetic protocol for 5-(3-indolyl)-oxazoles has been developed and further used to synthesize a series of novel analogues of natural product pimprinine. all new compounds were identified by (1)h nmr, high resolution mass spectrometry, and the structures of 10 and 18o were further confirmed by x-ray crystallographic diffraction analysis. bioassay conducted at syngenta showed that several of the synthesized compounds exhibited fungicidal activity. compounds 10, 17, 18 h, 1 ...	2012	22560632
the top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology.	the aim of this review was to survey all fungal pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate which fungal pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 495 votes from the international community, and resulted in the generation of a top 10 fungal plant pathogen list for molecular plant pathology. the top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) magnaporthe oryzae; (2) botrytis cinerea; (3) ...	2012	22471698
prp8 inteins in species of the genus botrytis and other ascomycetes.	the mobile elements termed inteins have a sporadic distribution in microorganisms. it is unclear how these elements are maintained. inteins are intervening protein sequences that autocatalytically excise themselves from a precursor. excision is a post-translational process referred to as 'protein splicing' in which the sequences flanking the intein are ligated, reforming the mature host protein. some inteins contain a homing endonuclease domain (heg) that is proposed to facilitate propagation of ...	2012	22285471
the wor1-like protein fgp1 regulates pathogenicity, toxin synthesis and reproduction in the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.	wor1 is a gene for a conserved fungal regulatory protein controlling the dimorphic switch and pathogenicity determents in candida albicans and its ortholog in the plant pathogen fusarium oxysporum, called sge1, is required for pathogenicity and expression of key plant effector proteins. f. graminearum, an important pathogen of cereals, is not known to employ switching and no effector proteins from f. graminearum have been found to date that are required for infection. in this study, the potentia ...	2012	22693448
characterization of the four gh12 endoxylanases from the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum.	four putative gh12 genes were found in the fusarium graminearum genome. the corresponding proteins were expressed in escherichia coli, purified, and evaluated. fgsg_05851 and fgsg_11037 displayed high activities towards xyloglucan (v(max) of 4 and 11 micronmol/min, respectively), whereas fgsg_07892 and fgsg_16349 were much less active with this substrate (0.081 and 0.004 micronmol/min, respectively). however, all four of these enzymes had a similar binding affinity for xyloglucan. xyloglucan was ...	2012	22713989
characterization of magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 structural proteins and their expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 (mocv1), which is associated with an impaired growth phenotype of its host fungus, harbors four major proteins: p130 (130 kda), p70 (70 kda), p65 (65 kda), and p58 (58 kda). n-terminal sequence analysis of each protein revealed that p130 was encoded by double-stranded rna1 (dsrna1) (open reading frame 1 [orf1] 1,127 amino acids [aa]), p70 by dsrna4 (orf4; 812 aa), and p58 by dsrna3 (orf3; 799 aa), although the molecular masses of p58 and p70 were significantly sm ...	2012	22623797
engineering escherichia coli for succinate production from hemicellulose via consolidated bioprocessing.	the recalcitrant nature of hemicellulosic materials and the high cost in depolymerization are the primary obstacles preventing the use of xylan as feedstock for fuel and chemical production. consolidated bioprocessing, incorporating enzyme-generating, biomass-degrading and bioproduct-producing capabilities into a single microorganism, could potentially avoid the cost of the dedicated enzyme generation in the process of xylan utilization. in this study, we engineered escherichia coli strains capa ...	2012	22455836
transcriptome analyses during fruiting body formation in fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides reflect species life history and ecology.	fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides are devastating cereal pathogens with very different life history and ecological characteristics. f. graminearum is homothallic, and sexual spores are an important component of its life cycle, responsible for disease initiation. f. verticilloides is heterothallic, and produces only modest numbers of fruiting bodies, which are not a significant source of inoculum. to identify corresponding differences in the transcriptional program underlying fruiting b ...	2012	22705880
impact of cycling temperatures on fusarium verticillioides and fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxins production in soybean.	fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides are two very important mycotoxigenic species as they cause diverse diseases in crops. the effects of constant and cycling temperatures on growth and mycotoxin production of these species were studied on soybean based medium and on irradiated soya beans.	2012	22555960
role of fig1, a component of the low-affinity calcium uptake system, in growth and sexual development of filamentous fungi.	the function of fig1, a transmembrane protein of the low-affinity calcium uptake system (lacs) in fungi, was examined for its role in the growth and development of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. the δfig1 mutants failed to produce mature perithecia, and sexual development was halted prior to the formation of perithecium initials. the loss of fig1 function also resulted in a reduced vegetative growth rate. macroconidium production was reduced 70-fold in the δfig1 mutants compared to the ...	2012	22635922
antifungal activity of phenyl derivative of pyranocoumarin from psoralea corylifolia l. seeds by inhibition of acetylation activity of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase (tri101).	antifungal activity of petroleum ether extract of psoralea corylifolia l. seed, tested against fusarium sp. namely, fusarium oxysporum, fusarium moniliforme, and fusarium graminearum, was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay. the chromatographic fractionation of the extract yielded a new phenyl derivative of pyranocoumarin (pdp). the structure of the pdp was confirmed using spectroscopic characterization (gc-ms, ir, and nmr), and a molecular mass of m/z 414 [m-2h](+) with molecular formula c(2 ...	2012	22778547
expression of the cameleon calcium biosensor in fungi reveals distinct ca(2+) signatures associated with polarized growth, development, and pathogenesis.	calcium is a universal messenger that translates diverse environmental stimuli and developmental cues into specific cellular and developmental responses. while individual fungal species have evolved complex and often unique biochemical and structural mechanisms to exploit specific ecological niches and to adjust growth and development in response to external stimuli, one universal feature to all is that ca(2+)-mediated signaling is involved. the lack of a robust method for imaging spatial and te ...	2012	22683653
synthesis and bioactivity of pyrazole acyl thiourea derivatives.	sixteen novel pyrazole acyl thiourea derivatives 6 were synthesized from monomethylhydrazine (phenylhydrazine) and ethyl acetoacetate. the key 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-substituted-1h-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride intermediates 4 were first generated in four steps through cyclization, formylation, oxidation and acylation. thess were then reacted with ammonium thiocyanate in the presence of peg-400 to afford 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-substituted-1h-pyrazole-4-carbonyl isothiocyanates 5. subsequent reaction wi ...	2012	22555301
synthesis and antifungal activity of n-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl(phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives.	a series of n-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl(phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized. all target compounds were characterized by spectral data (¹h-nmr, ¹³c-nmr, ir, ms) and elemental analysis and were bioassayed in vitro against three kinds of phytopathogenic fungi (gibberella zeae, fusarium oxysporum, cytospora mandshurica). the results showed that some of the synthesized n-(substituted pyridinyl)-1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamides e ...	2012	23201640
antagonistic potentiality of trichoderma harzianum towards seed-borne fungal pathogens of winter wheat cv. protiva in vitro and in vivo.	the antagonistic effect of trichoderma harzianum on a range of seed-borne fungal pathogens of wheat (viz. fusarium graminearum, bipolaris sorokiniana, aspergillus spp., and penicillium spp.) was assessed. the potential of t. harzianum as a biocontrol agent was tested in vitro and under field conditions. coculture of the pathogens and trichoderma under laboratory conditions clearly showed dominance of t. harzianum. under natural conditions, biocontrol effects were also obtained against the test f ...	2012	22561850
qpcr quantification of sphaerodes mycoparasitica biotrophic mycoparasite interaction with fusarium graminearum: in vitro and in planta assays.	sphaerodes mycoparasitica, a biotrophic mycoparasite of fusarium species, improved wheat seed germination and seedling growth in vitro compared to trichoderma harzianum, a necrotrophic mycoparasite. however, under phytotron conditions, both s. mycoparasitica and t. harzianum had positive impact on wheat seedlings growth in the presence of f. graminearum. once exposed to the mycoparasites, the dna quantity of f. graminearum in wheat root decreased. observed shifts in dna quantity using qpcr, a se ...	2012	22476566
transgenic arabidopsis thaliana expressing a barley udp-glucosyltransferase exhibit resistance to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of small grain cereal crops. fhb causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). don inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and acts as a virulence factor during fungal pathogenesis, therefore resistance to don is considered an important component of resistance against fhb. one mechanism of resistance to don is conversion of don to don-3-o-gl ...	2012	22922639
sublethal concentrations of azoles induce tri transcript levels and trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum.	the effect of sublethal concentrations (below the recommended field doses) of propiconazole and tebuconazole on the amount of tri transcripts and accumulation of trichothecenes by three fusarium graminearum isolates of 3adon, 15adon, and niv chemotypes was examined on yeast extract sucrose agar (yes) medium. rt-qpcr analyses showed higher tri4, tri5, and tri11 transcript levels in cultures of all three f. graminearum isolates supplemented with sublethal concentrations of azoles as compared to th ...	2012	22788662
the amt1 arginine methyltransferase gene is important for plant infection and normal hyphal growth in fusarium graminearum.	arginine methylation of non-histone proteins by protein arginine methyltransferase (prmt) has been shown to be important for various biological processes from yeast to human. although prmt genes are well conserved in fungi, none of them have been functionally characterized in plant pathogenic ascomycetes. in this study, we identified and characterized all of the four predicted prmt genes in fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. whereas deletion of th ...	2012	22693618
the stress-activated protein kinase fgos-2 is a key regulator in the life cycle of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.	fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive pathogens of cereals and a threat to food and feed production worldwide. it is an ascomycetous plant pathogen and the causal agent of fusarium head blight disease in small grain cereals and of cob rot disease in maize. infection with f. graminearum leads to yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. zearalenone (zea) and deoxynivalenol (don) are hazardous mycotoxins; the latter is necessary for virulence toward wheat. deletion mutants of the f. ...	2012	22591226
a split luciferase complementation assay for studying in vivo protein-protein interactions in filamentous ascomycetes.	protein-protein interactions play important roles in controlling many cellular events. to date, several techniques have been developed for detection of protein-protein interactions in living cells, among which split luciferase complementation has been applied in animal and plant cells. here, we examined whether the split luciferase assay could be used in filamentous ascomycetes, such as gibberella zeae and cochliobolus heterostrophus. the coding sequences of two strongly interacting proteins (th ...	2012	22531843
the histone chaperone asf1 is essential for sexual development in the filamentous fungus sordaria macrospora.	ascomycetes develop four major types of fruiting bodies that share a common ancestor, and a set of common core genes most likely controls this process. one way to identify such genes is to search for conserved expression patterns. we analysed microarray data of fusarium graminearum and sordaria macrospora, identifying 78 genes with similar expression patterns during fruiting body development. one of these genes was asf1 (anti-silencing function 1), encoding a predicted histone chaperone. asf1 ex ...	2012	22463819
subcellular targeting of an evolutionarily conserved plant defensin mtdef4.2 determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interaction in transgenic arabidopsis.	the medicago truncatula gene encoding an evolutionarily conserved antifungal defensin mtdef4.2 was cloned and characterized. in silico expression analysis indicated that mtdef4.2 is expressed in many tissues during the normal growth and development of m. truncatula. mtdef4.2 exhibits potent broad-spectrum antifungal activity against various fusarium spp. transgenic arabidopsis thaliana lines in which mtdef4.2 was targeted to three different subcellular compartments were generated. these lines we ...	2012	22776629
time-course changes in fungal elicitor-induced lignan synthesis and expression of the relevant genes in cell cultures of linum album.	linum album has been shown to accumulate anti-tumor podophyllotoxin (ptox) and its related lignans. in the present study, we examined the effects of five fungal extracts on the production of lignans in l. album cell cultures. fusarium graminearum extract induced the highest increase of ptox [140μgg(-1) dry weight (dw) of the l. album cell culture] which is seven-fold greater than the untreated control, while rhizopus stolonifer extract enhanced the accumulation of lariciresinol, instead of ptox, ...	2012	22218086
within-field variation of fusarium graminearum isolates for aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol production in wheat head blight.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), causes tremendous annual yield losses in wheat worldwide. variation of aggressiveness of isolates from individual field populations in terms of fhb infection and deoxynivalenol (don) concentration in the host are important population parameters reflecting parasitic ability. our main objective was to estimate the variation of both traits within three populations of f. graminearum s.s., each consisting of 30 single-sp ...	2012	22165985
production of novel fusarielins by ectopic activation of the polyketide synthase 9 cluster in fusarium graminearum.	like many other filamentous fungi, fusarium graminearum has the genetic potential to produce a vast array of unknown secondary metabolites. a promising approach to determine the nature of these is to activate silent secondary metabolite gene clusters through constitutive expression of cluster specific transcription factors. we have developed a system in which an expression cassette containing the transcription factor from the targeted pks cluster disrupts the production of the red mycelium pigme ...	2012	22252016