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high-density fluorescence in situ hybridization signal detection on barley (hordeum vulgare l.) chromosomes with improved probe screening and reprobing procedures.the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) genome was screened to identify sequences that could be used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). from 2000 transformed bacterium colonies carrying barley clones, 56 colonies were selected on the basis of the patterns that their pcr products produced when subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. among them, 42 (75%) exhibited fluorescent signals on barley chromosomes after in situ hybridization using the directly labeled pcr products. sequencing reveale ...201121326371
pyrenophora teres: profile of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen.pyrenophora teres, causal agent of net blotch of barley, exists in two forms, designated p. teres f. teres and p. teres f. maculata, which induce net form net blotch (nfnb) and spot form net blotch (sfnb), respectively. significantly more work has been performed on the net form than on the spot form although recent activity in spot form research has increased because of epidemics of sfnb in barley-producing regions. genetic studies have demonstrated that nfnb resistance in barley is present in b ...201121118345
comparative structural modeling and docking studies of oxalate oxidase: possible implication in enzyme supplementation therapy for urolithiasis.in humans oxalate is end product of protein metabolism, with no enzyme present to act on it. in conditions of its enhanced endogenous synthesis or increased absorption from the diet, oxalate accumulation leads to hyperoxaluria which can further lead to a number of pathological conditions including urolithiasis. urolithiasis has been a perplexing problem due to its high incidence and rate of recurrence after treatment like extracorporeal-shock wave lithotripsy (eswl). hence other prophylactic tre ...201121255608
mechanisms of water transport mediated by pip aquaporins and their regulation via phosphorylation events under salinity stress in barley roots.water homeostasis is crucial to the growth and survival of plants under water-related stress. plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (pips) have been shown to be primary channels mediating water uptake in plant cells. here we report the water transport activity and mechanisms for the regulation of barley (hordeum vulgare) pip aquaporins. hvpip2 but not hvpip1 channels were found to show robust water transport activity when expressed alone in xenopus laevis oocytes. however, the co-expression of hvpi ...201121441236
heterologous expression of surface-active proteins from barley and filamentous fungi in pichia pastoris and characterization of their contribution to beer gushing.the spontaneous over-foaming of beer upon opening, i.e. beer gushing, is an unwanted phenomenon for the brewing industry. currently, surface-active proteins from filamentous fungi and non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltp1) from barley are discussed as gushing inducers. in our study the class i hydrophobin fchyd3p from fusarium culmorum, the class ii hydrophobin hfb2 from trichoderma reesei, the alkaline foam protein a (afpa) from f. graminearum and nsltp1 from hordeum vulgare cv. marnie ( ...201121450361
enzymatic dissolution of calcium and struvite crystals: in vitro evaluation of biochemical requirements.to evaluate the factors that affect the enzymatic dissolution rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate (com), calcium phosphate (brushite), and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) crystals as enzymatic digestion of kidney stones could enhance lithotripsy or provide alternatives to surgical removal.201121741690
bioremediation and detoxification of synthetic wastewater containing triarylmethane dyes by aeromonas hydrophila isolated from industrial effluent.economical and bio-friendly approaches are needed to remediate dye-contaminated wastewater from various industries. in this study, a novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing triarylmethane dyes was isolated from a textile wastewater treatment plant in greece. the bacterial isolate was identified as aeromonas hydrophila and was shown to decolorize three triarylmethane dyes tested within 24?h with color removal in the range of 72% to 96%. decolorization efficiency of the bacterium was a func ...201121808740
barley mildew and its elicitor chitosan promote closed stomata by stimulating guard cell s-type anion channels.stomatal closure has been associated with early defence responses of plant cells triggered by microbe associated molecular patterns (mamps). however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these guard cell responses have not yet been elucidated. we therefore studied pathogen-induced changes in ion channel activity in hordeum vulgare guard cells. barley mildew hyphae growing on leaves inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, starting at 9 hours after inoculation, when they developed appressoria. al ...201121781196
large-scale data integration reveals co-localization of gene functional groups with meta-qtl for multiple disease resistance in barley.race-nonspecific and durable resistance of plant genotypes to major pathogens is highly relevant for yield stability and sustainable crop production but difficult to handle in practice due to its polygenic inheritance by quantitative trait loci (qtl). as far as the underlying genes are concerned very little is currently known in the most important crop plants such as the cereals. here, we integrated publicly available data for barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) in order to detect most importa ...201121770767
mapping rph20: a gene conferring adult plant resistance to puccinia hordei in barley.a doubled haploid (dh) barley (hordeum vulgare l.) population of 334 lines (nd24260 × flagship) genotyped with dart markers was used to map genes for adult plant resistance (apr) to leaf rust (puccinia hordei otth) under field conditions in australia and uruguay. the australian barley cultivar flagship carries an apr gene (qrphflag) derived from the cultivar vada. association analysis and composite interval mapping identified two genes conferring apr in this dh population. qrphflag was mapped to ...201121404059
zinc absorption from low phytic acid genotypes of maize (zea mays l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and rice (oryza sativa l.) assessed in a suckling rat pup model.dietary phytic acid is a major causative factor for low zn bioavailability in many cereal- and legume-based diets. the bioavailability of zn in seed of low phytic acid (lpa) variants of maize ( zea mays l.), rice ( oryza sativa l.), and barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) was evaluated using a suckling rat pup model. suckling rat pups (14 days old, n = 6-8/treatment) were fasted for 6 h and intubated with (65)zn-radiolabeled suspensions prepared using seed produced by either wild-type (normal phytic ac ...201121417220
modeling rna polymerase competition: the effect of σ-subunit knockout and heat shock on gene transcription level.modeling of a complex biological process can explain the results of experimental studies and help predict its characteristics. among such processes is transcription in the presence of competing rna polymerases. this process involves rna polymerases collision followed by transcription termination.201121255416
conversion of deoxynivalenol to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in barley-derived fuel ethanol co-products with yeast expressing trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferases.abstract:201121888629
isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley.glycine betaine (gb) is a compatible solute accumulated by many plants under various abiotic stresses. gb is synthesized in two steps, choline ? betaine aldehyde ? gb, where a functional choline-oxidizing enzyme has only been reported in amaranthaceae (a chloroplastic ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase) thus far. here, we have cloned a cdna encoding a choline monooxygenase (cmo) from barley (hordeum vulgare) plants, hvcmo. in barley plants under non-stress condition, gb had accumulated i ...201121769646
enhancing transgenic pea (pisum sativum l.) resistance against fungal diseases through stacking of two antifungal genes (chitinase and glucanase).one way of enhancing and broadening resistance of plants to different biotic and abiotic stresses is to combine transgenes expressing several genes into a single line. this can be done using different strategies such as crossing, single vector with multiple genes, co-transformation, sequential transformation and ires elements. in the present study conventional crossing method was used. parental transgenic lines transformed via agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated gene transformation with pgreenii ...201121971070
Molecular mapping of Rym17, a dominant and rym18 a recessive barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) resistance genes derived from Hordeum vulgare L.PK23-2, a line of six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from Pakistan, has resistance to Japanese strains I and III of the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). To identify the source of resistance in this line, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar Daisen-gold and PK23-2. Genetic analyses in the F(1) generation, F(2) generation, and a doubled haploid population (DH45) derived from the F(1) revealed that PK23-2 harbors one dominant and one recessive resistance g ...201122038435
a new insight into application for barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat: achievement of stigmasterol accumulation.barley (hordeum vulgare) has a much higher content of bioactive substances than wheat (triticum aestivum). in order to investigate additive and/or synergistic effect(s) on the phytosterol content of barley chromosomes, we used a series of barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat that were produced by normal crossing. in determining the plant sterol levels in 2-week-old seedlings and dry seeds, we found that the level of stigmasterol in the barley chromosome 3 addition (3h) line in the se ...201121951468
denitrification by plant roots? new aspects of plant plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase.a specific form of plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase in plants is restricted to roots. two peptides originated from plasma membrane integral proteins isolated from hordeum vulgare have been assigned as homologues to the subunit narh of respiratory nitrate reductase of escherichia coli. corresponding sequences have been detected for predicted proteins of populus trichocarpa with high degree of identities for the subunits narh (75%) and narg (65%), however, with less accordance for the subun ...201122160216
characterization of chloroplast dna microsatellites from saccharum spp and related species.microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (ssrs), and their flanking regions in chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of some species of the family poaceae were analyzed in silico to look for dna sequence variations. comparison of the complete chloroplast dna sequences (cpdnas) of sugarcane (saccharum hybrid cv. sp-80-3280 and s. officinarum cv. nco310) and related species, agrostis stolonifera, brachypodium distachyon, hordeum vulgare subsp vulgare, lolium perenne, oryza nivara, o. sativa sub ...201121948764
zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to accommodate septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts.the mycosphaerella complex is both poly- and paraphyletic, containing several different families and genera. the genus mycosphaerella is restricted to species with ramularia anamorphs, while septoria is restricted to taxa that cluster with the type species of septoria, s. cytisi, being closely related to cercospora in the mycosphaerellaceae. species that occur on graminicolous hosts represent an as yet undescribed genus, for which the name zymoseptoria is proposed. based on the 28s nrdna phyloge ...201122025804
n-acyl-homoserine lactone confers resistance toward biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens via altered activation of atmpk6.pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria rely on quorum sensing to coordinate the collective behavior during the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts. many gram-negative bacteria use n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) as signals in such communication. here we show that plants have evolved means to perceive ahls and that the length of acyl moiety and the functional group at the γ position specify the plant's response. root treatment with the n-3-oxo-tetradecanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (oxo-c14-hsl) re ...201121940998
telomere-mediated truncation of barley chromosomes.engineered minichromosomes offer an enormous opportunity to plant biotechnology as they have the potential to simultaneously transfer and stably express multiple genes. following a top-down approach, we truncated endogenous chromosomes in barley (hordeum vulgare) by agrobacterium-mediated transfer of t-dna constructs containing telomere sequences. blocks of arabidopsis-like telomeric repeats were inserted into a binary vector suitable for stable transformation. after transfer of these constructs ...201122080935
a novel barley yellow stripe 1-like transporter (hvysl2) localized to the root endodermis transports metal-phytosiderophore complexes.recent advances in our understanding of how graminaceous plants take up insoluble forms of iron from the rhizosphere and mobilize them in plant tissues are primarily based on the identification of various transporters that are specific to metal-phytosiderophore (ps) complexes containing mugineic acid and deoxymugineic acid. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) yellow stripe 1 (hvys1) is a metal-ps transporter that preferentially transports fe(iii)-ps compared with other metal complexes. here, we report t ...201121937676
a third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of weight gain of growing feedlot cattle.this study investigated the effects of a mixed bacterial inoculant possessing ferulic acid esterase (fae) activity on silage fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and growth performance of growing feedlot steers. whole-crop barley (hordeum vulgare, l.) forage (35% dm) was chopped and ensiled without a silage inoculant (un) or with a mixed bacterial culture containing 1.0 × 10((11)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus buchneri ln4017 that produces fae, 2.0 × 10((10)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus p ...201122147468
developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) leaves.aquaporins are multifunctional membrane channels which belong to the family of major intrinsic proteins (mips) and are best known for their ability to facilitate the movement of water. in the present study, earlier results from microarray experiments were followed up. these experiments had suggested that, in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), aquaporin family members are expressed in distinct patterns during leaf development. real-time pcr and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the level and t ...201121737414
regulation of basal resistance by a powdery mildew-induced cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase in barley.the receptor-like protein kinases (rlks) constitute a large and diverse group of proteins controlling numerous plant physiological processes, including development, hormone perception and stress responses. the cysteine-rich rlks (crks) represent a prominent subfamily of transmembrane-anchored rlks. we have identified a putative barley (hordeum vulgare) crk gene family member, designated hvcrk1. the mature putative protein comprises 645 amino acids, and includes a putative receptor domain contain ...201121819533
a barley rop gtpase activating protein associates with microtubules and regulates entry of the barley powdery mildew fungus into leaf epidermal cells.little is known about the function of host factors involved in disease susceptibility. the barley (hordeum vulgare) rop (rho of plants) g-protein racb is required for full susceptibility of the leaf epidermis to invasion by the biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. stable transgenic knockdown of racb reduced the ability of barley to accommodate haustoria of b. graminis in intact epidermal leaf cells and to form hairs on the root epidermis, suggesting that racb is a common element of ...201121685259
spatially resolved analysis of small molecules by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi).• matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi) of tissues provides the means to analyse the spatial distributions of small molecules and proteins within tissues. this imaging technique is commonplace in medicinal and pharmaceutical research, but its application in plant science is very recent. broader introduction requires specific adaptations for plant tissues. sample preparation is of paramount importance in order to obtain high-quality spectra providing s ...201122126099
potential cultivation of hordeum vulgare l. in soils with high mercury background concentrations.experimental work was carried out under close-to-real conditions to study mercury uptake by hordeum vulgare l. cultivated in lysimeter experiments. the soil in the lysimeter experiment was obtained from a test plot located near almadén (spain) and had a mean mercury content of 22.9 mg kg(-1). a sequence of four crops was sown starting in autumn 2000 and repeated on a yearly basis until 2004. the first crop was grown in the field prior to the extraction of 5 one-cubic-meter lysimeters. the succee ...201121972517
methods for the preparation of chlorophyllide a: an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.chlorophyllide a is a metabolite late in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. isolation procedures for chlorophyllide a from rhodobacter capsulatus cb1200 and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) are described and compared. r. capsulatus cb1200 is a double mutant in the bacteriochlorophyllide a biosynthetic pathway, and chlorophyllide a is excreted by the cells when grown in tween 80-containing liquid medium. it was purified by liquid or solid phase extraction, yielding 7 mg of chlo ...201121925479
characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from field-grown barley, oat, and wheat.diazotrophic bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of field-grown triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, and avena sativa grown in various regions of greece. one isolate, with the highest nitrogen-fixation ability from each of the eleven rhizospheres, was selected for further characterisation. diazotrophic strains were assessed for plant-growth-promoting traits such as indoleacetic acid production and phosphate solubilisation. the phylogenies of 16s rrna gene of the selected isolates were com ...201121887633
Rapid and efficient protein enzymatic digestion: An experimental comparison.The major objective of proteomics is to identify and examine the large numbers of proteins extracted from complex biological systems. This is generally achieved by combining various techniques of protein separation with a mass spectrometric analysis of proteins that are digested enzymatically. Recently, several alternatives to this standard protocol have been developed for efficient and fast protein digestion. One option is the use of modified trypsin instead of native trypsin for the in-gel dig ...201122170586
oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf (nelumbo nucifera) and barley leaf (hordeum vulgare) powder during refrigerated storage.this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf powder at 0.1 (lp1) and 0.5% (lp2) as well as barley leaf powder at 0.1 (bp1) and 0.5% (bp2) during refrigerated storage for 10 days. the oxidative stability of these powders was compared with butylhydroxytoluene (bht). lp1 had higher a* and lower b* values than the control (-) over 4 days (p<0.05). the ph values of the ground pork samples made with addition of lp and bht decreased until da ...201120926202
the rice transcription factor idef1 directly binds to iron and other divalent metals for sensing cellular iron status.iron is essential for most living organisms and its availability often determines survival and proliferation. the oryza sativa (rice) transcription factor idef1 plays a crucial role in regulating iron deficiency-induced genes involved in iron homeostasis. in the present report, we found characteristic histidine-asparagine repeat and proline-rich regions in idef1 and its homolog in hordeum vulgare (barley), hvidef1. an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography assay revealed that idef1 and hv ...201221880076
Functional characterization of barley betaglucanless mutants demonstrates a unique role for CslF6 in (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan biosynthesis.(1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans) are found in tissues of members of the Poaceae (grasses), and are particularly high in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains. The present study describes the isolation of three independent (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucanless (betaglucanless; bgl) mutants of barley which completely lack (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan in all the tissues tested. The bgl phenotype cosegregates with the cellulose synthase like HvCslF6 gene on chromosome arm 7HL. Each of the bgl mutants has a single ...201221940720
phytase improves apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium in piglets fed diets with adequate or reduced phosphorus content.the effect of a thermotolerant 6-phytase produced by trichoderma reesei on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (attd) of p and ca was evaluated in 192 weaned piglets (randomized block design; 16 replicates; 2 piglets each). diets based on wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare), oat (avena sativa), soybean (glycine max) meal, and whey protein with adequate [positive control (pc)] or reduced [negative control (nc)] ca and p levels were fed for 46 d after weaning. the pc ...201223365327
cloning of a conserved receptor-like protein kinase gene and its use as a functional marker for homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of the triticeae species.receptor-like kinases (rlks) play broad biological roles in plants. we report on a conserved receptor-like protein kinase (rpk) gene from wheat and other triticeae species. the tarpk1 was isolated from the triticum aestivum cv. prins - triticum timopheevii introgression line igvi-465 carrying the powdery mildew resistance gene pm6. the tarpk1 was mapped to homoeologous chromosomes 2a (tarpk1-2a), 2d (tarpk1-2d) and the pm6-carrier chromosome 2g (tarpk1-2g) of igvi-465. under the tested condition ...201223272050
antidepressant-like effects of young green barley leaf (hordeum vulgare l.) in the mouse forced swimming test.young green barley leaf is one of the richest sources of antioxidants and has been widely consumed for health management in japan. in this study, we examined whether oral administration of young green barley leaf has an antidepressant effect on the forced swimming test in mice.201222224057
[specific features of fertility restoration in alloplasmic lines obtained based on hybridization of self-fertilized offspring of barley-wheat (hordeum vulgare l. x triticum aestivum l.) amphiploid with common wheat varieties saratovskaya 29 and pyrotrix 28].the problems of fertility restoration in the progeny of barley-wheat hybrids (h. vulgare x t. aestivum) are explained by incompatibility between the cytoplasm of cultivated barley and the nuclear genome of common wheat. suitable models for studying these problems are alloplasmic lines that combine the cytoplasm of barley and the nuclear genome of wheat. in this work, the specific features of fertility restoration in alloplasmic common wheat lines (h. vulgare)-t. aestivum were studied depending o ...201223516898
influence of barley straw (hordeum vulgare l.) extract on phytoplankton dominated by scenedesmus species in laboratory conditions: the importance of the extraction duration.the response of a natural phytoplankton assemblage dominated by algae of the genus scenedesmus to the addition of barley straw extract was studied in a laboratory experiment. the aim of the study was to compare the inhibiting effect of water extracts obtained by soaking the straw for 1, 2 and 3 months. we analysed the response of four species, scenedesmus subspicatus, scenedesmus ecornis, scenedesmus quadricauda and scenedesmus acuminatus, during 14 days of their exposure to different types of b ...201223482372
proteomic characterization of the rph15 barley resistance gene-mediated defence responses to leaf rust.leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen puccinia hordei, is one of the most important foliar disease of barley (hordeum vulgare) and represents a serious threat in many production regions of the world. the leaf rust resistance gene rph15 is of outstanding interest for resistance breeding because it confers resistance to over 350 puccinia hordei isolates collected from around the world. molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the rph15 effectiveness are currently not inve ...201223167439
transgenic expression of lactoferrin imparts enhanced resistance to head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum.the development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. using the tools of plant genetic engineering, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial gene was tested for resistance against head blight caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ...201222405032
effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility in non-heat-treated and heat-treated wheat-barley pig diets.the objective was to evaluate effects of microbial phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (attd) of p in a non-heat-treated and a heat-treated wheat (triticum aestivum)-barley (hordeum vulgare) diet fed without inorganic p in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. the basal diet was ground and half of the batch was steam pelleted at 81°c and crumbled. phytase was added at 0, 250, and 500 phytase units (ftu)/kg as-fed (aspergillus niger). the study comprised 36 pigs from 6 litters. pigs were house ...201223365331
homology modeling and functional characterization of pr-1a protein of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare.pathogenesis-related protein 1a of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (hvpr-1a) is induced by various pathogens and stress related factors. it plays important roles in plant defense system. since the discovery of hvpr-1a a great deal of research has been focused on its isolation and characterization. however, three dimensional structure of hvpr-1a is still unknown. 3d structure can be used for determining protein function, and identifying novel protein folds and potential targets for regulation. the ...201223139589
optimizing metabolic pathways by screening for feasible synthetic reactions.reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic networks has resulted in models capable of reproducing experimentally observed biomass yield/growth rates and predicting the effect of alterations in metabolism for biotechnological applications. the existing studies rely on modifying the metabolic network of an investigated organism by removing or inserting reactions taken either from evolutionary similar organisms or from databases of biochemical reactions (e.g., kegg). a potential disadvantage of these ...201222575307
barley rop binding kinase1 is involved in microtubule organization and in basal penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew fungus.certain plant receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases were reported to interact with small monomeric g-proteins of the rho of plant (rop; also called rac) family in planta and to be activated by this interaction in vitro. we identified a barley (hordeum vulgare) partial cdna of a rop binding protein kinase (hvrbk1) in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screenings with barley hvrop bait proteins. protein interaction of the constitutively activated (ca) barley hvrops ca hvracb and ca hvrac1 wit ...201222415513
barley-derived β-glucans increases gut permeability, ex vivo epithelial cell binding to e. coli, and naive t-cell proportions in weanling pigs.weaning in young animals is associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal infections. β-glucans exert numerous physiological effects, including altering immune function. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding barley (hordeum vulgare l.)-derived β-glucans on immune and intestinal function in weanling pigs (sus scrofa). thirty-one individually-housed dutch landrace pigs (21 d; initial bw, 6,298 ± 755 g) were weaned and fed a wheat-based diet (control) or a ...201222393029
transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of in vitro cultured ovules.agrobacterium-mediated transformation of in vitro cultured barley ovules is an attractive alternative to well-established barley transformation methods of immature embryos. the ovule culture system can be used for transformation with and without selection and has successfully been used to transform cultivars other than golden promise indicating minor genotype dependency. the method allows for the rapid and direct generation of high-quality transgenic plants where the transgenes are stably expres ...201222351006
ecotoxicity of siloxane d5 in soil.decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (d5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cvms) commonly found in commercially available products. d5 is expected to enter the terrestrial environment through the deposit of biosolids from sewage treatment plants onto agricultural fields for nutrient enrichment. little to no information currently exists as to the risks of d5 to the terrestrial environment. in order to evaluate the potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the toxicity of a d5 contaminated biosolid in ...201222197313
high-moisture air-tight storage of barley and wheat improves nutrient digestibility.barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum) are often stored dry with 14% or less moisture, which during rainy periods may require that grains are dried after harvest. the hypothesis is that air-tight storage of high-moisture barley and wheat will increase nutrient digestibility due to chemical conversions prior to feeding. the objective was to evaluate the effect of high moisture compared to dry storage of barley and wheat on digestibility of p and cp. the crops were grown on 1 field ...201223365343
effects of formic acid and phytase supplementation on digestibility and use of phosphorus and zinc in growing pigs.two studies, arranged according to a 4 × 4 latin square design, were conducted to assess effects of dietary acidification on fungal 3-phytase (phy) efficacy in growing pigs. in exp. 1, effects of supplementing 500 units/kg feed of phy and 4.7 g/kg hcooh either alone or in combination on the use of p and zn in growing pigs fed a pelleted diet based on wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare), and soybean (glycine max) meal were investigated. in exp. 2 the same dietary treatments were f ...201223365333
digestible energy values of feed ingredients with or without addition of enzymes complex in growing pigs.the de values and digestible nutrients content of 6 diets were measured in 60-kg male growing pigs fed restricted amount of feed. diets were prepared from 5 ingredients [wheat (triticum aestivum), corn (zea mays), barley (hordeum vulgare), wheat bran, and soybean (glycine max) meal; inclusion levels of ingredients were not correlated] with or without carbohydrose enzyme (rovabio excel ap; 3300 endo-β-1,4-xylanase visco units and 300 endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase units/kg of feed; 150 g/t of feed) acco ...201223365332
effects of a 6-phytase on the apparent ileal digestibility of minerals and amino acids in ileorectal anastomosed pigs fed on a corn-soybean meal-barley diet.phosphorus of plant-based feedstuffs for monogastric animals is mainly in the form of phytic p, which has a very low bioavailability. the nondigested phytic p may contribute to p pollution. furthermore, phytic acid may reduce digestibility of other minerals and protein. this study evaluated effects of the microbial 6-phytase ronozyme hiphos on apparent ileal digestibility of p, phytic acid, ca, cp, energy, and aa in six 60-d-old ileorectal anastomosed pigs. in a duplicated 3 × 3 latin square des ...201223365323
differences in portal appearance of lysine and methionine in iberian and landrace pigs.compared to modern breeds, iberian pigs have lower rates of muscle protein deposition and greater viscera weight. factors that limit growth performance of iberian pigs are unknown. we hypothesized that differences in net portal appearance of the essential aa lys and met might partially explain the lower growth rate reported in iberian pigs compared to modern breeds. net portal appearance of aa was measured in 6 iberian and 6 landrace gilts (28 kg bw) fitted with chronic catheters in the portal v ...201223365299
comparison of standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities in protein supplements and cereal grains for weaned pigs.standardized ileal digestibility (sid) of aa in protein ingredients and grains was determined in weaned piglets (5 kg initial bw) using the difference method. animals were fitted with a simple ileal t-cannula on day 24 or 25 of age. a synthetic diet based on corn (zea mays) starch and casein was either supplemented with an extruded soybean (glycine max) meal (esm), rice (oryza sativa) protein concentrate (rpc), full fat heat-treated soybeans (sb), corn, barley (hordeum vulgare), or wheat (tritic ...201223365298
supplementation of barley-based diets with β-glucanase for pigs: energy and amino acid digestibility response.an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of β-glucanase supplementation to barley (hordeum vulgare)-based diets on the digestibility of dm, ge, n, and aa for growing-finishing pigs. eight pigs (initial bw: 53.3 ± 3.2 kg) were each fitted with a simple t-cannula at the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods in each square. diets were based on a barley-soybean (glycine max) meal (sbm) basal diet (bd) containing 199 ...201223365287
an integrated approach to demonstrating the anr pathway of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants.proanthocyanidins (pas) are oligomers or polymers of plant flavan-3-ols and are important to plant adaptation in extreme environmental conditions. the characterization of anthocyanidin reductase (anr) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (lar) has demonstrated the different biogenesis of four stereo-configurations of flavan-3-ols. it is important to understand whether anr and the anr pathway widely occur in the plant kingdom. here, we report an integrated approach to demonstrate the anr pathway in p ...201222678031
barley tolerance of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 herbivory involves expression of defense response and developmental genes.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is an invasive insect pest that causes serious yield losses in bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., durum wheat, t. turgidum l and barley, hordeum vulgare l. successful management of d. noxia has been achieved through resistant varieties via plant antixenosis (aphid non-preference), antibiosis (reduced aphid growth or fecundity), tolerance (plant compensatory growth after aphid feeding), or a combination of each. previous phenotyping experiment ...201222476464
archaeobotanical study of ancient food and cereal remains at the astana cemeteries, xinjiang, china.starch grain, phytolith and cereal bran fragments were analyzed in order to identify the food remains including cakes, dumplings, as well as porridge unearthed at the astana cemeteries in turpan of xinjiang, china. the results suggest that the cakes were made from triticum aestivum while the dumplings were made from triticum aestivum, along with setaria italica. the ingredients of the porridge remains emanated from panicum miliaceum. moreover, direct macrobotantical evidence of the utilization o ...201223028807
barley grain for ruminants: a global treasure or tragedy.barley grain (hordeum vulgare l.) is characterized by a thick fibrous coat, a high level of ß-glucans and simply-arranged starch granules. world production of barley is about 30 % of that of corn. in comparison with corn, barley has more protein, methionine, lysine, cysteine and tryptophan. for ruminants, barley is the third most readily degradable cereal behind oats and wheat. due to its more rapid starch fermentation rate compared with corn, barley also provides a more synchronous release of e ...201222958810
seed storage at elevated partial pressure of oxygen, a fast method for analysing seed ageing under dry conditions.despite differences in physiology between dry and relative moist seeds, seed ageing tests most often use a temperature and seed moisture level that are higher than during dry storage used in commercial practice and gene banks. this study aimed to test whether seed ageing under dry conditions can be accelerated by storing under high-pressure oxygen. methods: dry barley (hordeum vulgare), cabbage (brassica oleracea), lettuce (lactuca sativa) and soybean (glycine max) seeds were stored between 2 an ...201222967856
arabidopsis ubiquitin conjugase ubc32 is an erad component that functions in brassinosteroid-mediated salt stress tolerance.plants modify their growth and development to protect themselves from detrimental conditions by triggering a variety of signaling pathways, including the activation of the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway. endoplasmic reticulum (er)-associated protein degradation (erad) is an important aspect of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but only a few of the active erad components have been reported in plants. here, we report that the arabidopsis thaliana ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, ubc32 ...201222214659
a comparative study of ethylene growth response kinetics in eudicots and monocots reveals a role for gibberellin in growth inhibition and recovery.time-lapse imaging of dark-grown arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls has revealed new aspects about ethylene signaling. this study expands upon these results by examining ethylene growth response kinetics of seedlings of several plant species. although the response kinetics varied between the eudicots studied, all had prolonged growth inhibition for as long as ethylene was present. in contrast, with continued application of ethylene, white millet (panicum miliaceum) seedlings had a rap ...201222977279
mutation at the circadian clock gene early maturity 8 adapts domesticated barley (hordeum vulgare) to short growing seasons.the circadian clock is an autonomous oscillator that produces endogenous biological rhythms with a period of about 24 h. this clock allows organisms to coordinate their metabolism and development with predicted daily and seasonal changes of the environment. in plants, circadian rhythms contribute to both evolutionary fitness and agricultural productivity. nevertheless, we show that commercial barley varieties bred for short growing seasons by use of early maturity 8 (eam8) mutations, also termed ...201222566625
induced mutations in circadian clock regulator mat-a facilitated short-season adaptation and range extension in cultivated barley.time to flowering has an important impact on yield and has been a key trait in the domestication of crop plants and the spread of agriculture. in 1961, the cultivar mari (mat-a.8) was the very first induced early barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mutant to be released into commercial production. mari extended the range of two-row spring barley cultivation as a result of its photoperiod insensitivity. since its release, mari or its derivatives have been used extensively across the world to facilitate s ...201222371569
identification of high-temperature-responsive genes in cereals.high temperature influences plant development and can reduce crop yields. we examined how ambient temperature influences reproductive development in the temperate cereals wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). high temperature resulted in rapid progression through reproductive development in long days, but inhibited early stages of reproductive development in short days. activation of the long-day flowering response pathway through day-length-insensitive alleles of the photoperi ...201222279145
lactose in diet influences the degradation of mixed linked β(1-3;1-4)-d-glucan in the small intestine of pigs.the objective was to study the cause of variation in digestibility of mixed linked β(1-3;1-4)-d-glucan (β-glucan) in the small intestine of growing pigs. the β-glucan is an important cell wall [dietary fiber (df)] component of the endosperm of barley (hordeum vulgare) and oats (avena sativa). the digestibility of β-glucan in the small intestine from both cereals is among the highest of all df components, but in 1 study with oat-based diets it was lower (p < 0.001) than in other studies. in this ...201223365304
effect of feeding different cereal-based diets on the performance and gut health of weaned piglets with or without previous access to creep feed during lactation.a trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different cereals on the performance, gut mucosa, and microbiota of weanling pigs with or without previous access to creep feed during lactation. a total of 108 newly weaned pigs (7.4 kg bw; 26 d of age; half with and half without creep feed) were used. piglets were distributed by bw into 36 pens according to a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments with previous access to creep feed (with or without) and cereal source in the experimental diet [ ...201223365275
effect of feeding piglets with different extruded and nonextruded cereals on the gut mucosa and microbiota during the first postweaning week.two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of different cereals in piglet diets on the jejunal mucosa and the ileal and cecal microbiota during the first postweaning days. in trial 1, 48 newly weaned pigs (7.95 kg bw; 26 d of age) were individually housed and distributed among 3 experimental diets containing white rice (oryza sativa), naked oats (avena sativa), or barley (hordeum vulgare) as the cereal source. at the start of the trial (weaning; day 0), 12 piglets were slaughtered and samp ...201223365267
duplication and diversification of the leafy hull sterile1 and oryza sativa mads5 sepallata lineages in graminoid poales.gene duplication and the subsequent divergence in function of the resulting paralogs via subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization is hypothesized to have played a major role in the evolution of plant form. the leafy hull sterile1 (lhs1) sepallata (sep) genes have been linked with the origin and diversification of the grass spikelet, but it is uncertain 1) when the duplication event that produced the lhs1 clade and its paralogous lineage oryza sativa mads5 (osm5) occurred, and 2) how chan ...201222340849
antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of frequently consumed cereal grains using in vitro test models.the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts obtained from eight varieties (faikbey, y-1779, ci-8357, cheokota, seydişehir, y-330, sivas and yvd-18) of oat (avena sativa l.), one variety (larende) of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), one variety (tatlicak 97) of triticale (triticale sp.) and one rye variety (aslim 95) (secale cereale l.) were investigated for their antioxidant effects in seven test systems. anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa ...201222149516
metabolism of diclofenac in plants--hydroxylation is followed by glucose conjugation.pharmaceuticals from human or veterinary medication form a new class of micropollutants that poses a serious threat to our aquatic environment and its organisms. the intensively used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is found in the environment worldwide due to its poor elimination during waste water treatment processes. in order to test phytoremediation as a tool for the removal of this drug from waste water, the uptake of the compound into plant tissues and its metabolic pathway w ...201223137548
genome comparison of barley and maize smut fungi reveals targeted loss of rna silencing components and species-specific presence of transposable elements.ustilago hordei is a biotrophic parasite of barley (hordeum vulgare). after seedling infection, the fungus persists in the plant until head emergence when fungal spores develop and are released from sori formed at kernel positions. the 26.1-mb u. hordei genome contains 7113 protein encoding genes with high synteny to the smaller genomes of the related, maize-infecting smut fungi ustilago maydis and sporisorium reilianum but has a larger repeat content that affected genome evolution at important ...201222623492
the red queen and the seed bank: pathogen resistance of ex situ and in situ conserved barley.plant geneticists have proposed that the dynamic conservation of crop plants in farm environments (in situ conservation) is complementary to static conservation in seed banks (ex situ conservation) because it may help to ensure adaptation to changing conditions. here, we test whether collections of a traditional variety of moroccan barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) conserved ex situ showed differences in qualitative and quantitative resistance to the endemic fungal pathogen, blumeria gramini ...201225568056
effect of a fungal infection on the profile of volatile organic compounds emitted by plant roots.it is known since few years that the aerial and underground parts of the plants emit volatile organic compounds (vocs) that can interact with other organisms of the environment. they are involved in the attraction of seed dispersers and pollinators, the repellence of enemies via direct or indirect mechanisms and the induction of defence systems in other parts of the same plant or in other plants in the vicinity (dudareva et al., 2006). it has been shown previously that the vocs spectrum emitted ...201223878966
bioavailability of zinc from different sources in pigs.in contrast to inorganic zn, organic zn sources are absorbed via peptide or aa transport systems resulting in a higher digestibility and availability. bioavailability of organically bound zn seems also to be influenced by the type of complex being used. forty-two gilts (large white × landrace) with initial bw of 24 ± 1.4 kg were allotted to 6 treatments of 7 pigs each. pigs were fed diets based on corn (zea mays), barley (hordeum vulgare), and soybean (glycine max) meal containing either low or ...201223365324
origin of leaf rust adult plant resistance gene rph20 in barley.rph20 is the only reported, simply inherited gene conferring moderate to high levels of adult plant resistance (apr) to leaf rust (puccinia hordei otth) in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). key parental genotypes were examined to determine the origin of rph20 in two-rowed barley. the dutch cultivar 'vada' (released in the 1950s) and parents, 'hordeum laevigatum' and 'gull' ('gold'), along with the related cultivar 'emir' (a derivative of 'delta'), were assessed for apr to p. hordei in a disease scree ...201222533489
phosphatase activity in barley proteins tightly bound to dna and its development-dependent changes.the tightly bound proteins (tbps), a protein group that remains attached to dna either covalently or noncovalently after deproteinization, have been found in numerous eukaryotic species. some tbps isolated from mammalian and yeast cells possess phosphatase or kinase activity. the aim of this study was to characterize further tbps in barley (hordeum vulgare) cells. the spectra of tbps varied in different organs of barley shoots (first leaves, coleoptile, and roots) and at different developmental ...201222817469
the barley est dna replication and repair database (best-drrd) as a tool for the identification of the genes involved in dna replication and repair.the high level of conservation of genes that regulate dna replication and repair indicates that they may serve as a source of information on the origin and evolution of the species and makes them a reliable system for the identification of cross-species homologs. studies that had been conducted to date shed light on the processes of dna replication and repair in bacteria, yeast and mammals. however, there is still much to be learned about the process of dna damage repair in plants.201222697361
barley metallothioneins: mt3 and mt4 are localized in the grain aleurone layer and show differential zinc binding.metallothioneins (mts) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins believed to play a role in cytosolic zinc (zn) and copper (cu) homeostasis. however, evidence for the functional properties of mts has been hampered by methodological problems in the isolation and characterization of the proteins. here, we document that barley (hordeum vulgare) mt3 and mt4 proteins exist in planta and that they differ in tissue localization as well as in metal coordination chemistry. combined transcriptional ...201222582132
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 february 2012 - 31 march 2012.this article documents the addition of 171 microsatellite marker loci and 27 pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: bombus pauloensis, cephalorhynchus heavisidii, cercospora sojina, harpyhaliaetus coronatus, hordeum vulgare, lachnolaimus maximus, oceanodroma monteiroi, puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, rhea americana, salmo salar, salmo trutta, schistocephalus solidus, sousa p ...201222642264
differential accumulation of host mrnas on polyribosomes during obligate pathogen-plant interactions.plant pathogens elicit dramatic changes in the expression of host genes during both compatible and incompatible interactions. gene expression profiling studies of plant-pathogen interactions have only considered messenger rnas (mrnas) present in total rna, which contains subpopulations of actively translated mrnas associated with polyribosomes (polysomes) and non-translated mrnas that are not associated with polysomes. the goal of this study was to enhance previous gene expression analyses by id ...201222660698
modification of non-vector aphid feeding behavior on virus-infected host plant.virus-infected host plants can have positive, neutral or negative effects on vector aphids. even though the proportion of non-vector aphids associated with a plant far exceeds that of vector species, little is known about the effect of virus-infected plants on non-vector aphids. in the present study, the english grain aphid sitobion avenae (fabricius) (hemiptera: aphididae), a non-vector of wheat dwarf virus (wdv) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-rpv (cydv-rpv), was monitored on, virus-infected, vi ...201323902296
the mutualistic fungus piriformospora indica protects barley roots from a loss of antioxidant capacity caused by the necrotrophic pathogen fusarium culmorum.fusarium culmorum causes root rot in barley (hordeum vulgare), resulting in severely reduced plant growth and yield. pretreatment of roots with chlamydospores of the mutualistic root-colonizing basidiomycete piriformospora indica (subdivision agaricomycotina) prevented necrotization of root tissues and plant growth retardation commonly associated with fusarium root rot. quantification of fusarium infections with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay revealed a correlation between root rot ...201323405867
fine mapping and chromosome walking towards the ror1 locus in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).the ror1 gene was fine-mapped to the pericentric region of barley chromosome 1hl. recessively inherited loss-of-function alleles of the barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew resistance locus o (mlo) gene confer durable broad-spectrum disease resistance against the obligate biotrophic fungal powdery mildew pathogen blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. previous genetic analyses revealed two barley genes, ror1 and ror2, that are required for mlo-specified resistance and basal defence. while ror2 was cloned an ...201324042571
rph22: mapping of a novel leaf rust resistance gene introgressed from the non-host hordeum bulbosum l. into cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.).a resistance gene (rph22) to barley leaf rust caused by puccinia hordei was introgressed from the non-host species hordeum bulbosum into cultivated barley. the h. bulbosum introgression in line '182q20' was located to chromosome 2hl using genomic in situ hybridisation (gish). using molecular markers it was shown to cover approximately 20 % of the genetic length of the chromosome. the introgression confers a very high level of resistance to p. hordei at the seedling stage that is not based on a h ...201323467993
marker-trait associations in virginia tech winter barley identified using genome-wide mapping.genome-wide association studies (gwas) provide an opportunity to examine the genetic architecture of quantitatively inherited traits in breeding populations. the objectives of this study were to use gwas to identify chromosome regions governing traits of importance in six-rowed winter barley (hordeum vulgare l.) germplasm and to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) markers that can be implemented in a marker-assisted breeding program. advanced hulled and hulless lines (329 total) were ...201323139143
luteibacter rhizovicinus mimr1 promotes root development in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) under laboratory conditions.in order to preserve environmental quality, alternative strategies to chemical-intensive agriculture are strongly needed. in this study, we characterized in vitro the potential plant growth promoting (pgp) properties of a gamma-proteobacterium, named mimr1, originally isolated from apple shoots in micropropagation. the analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence allowed the taxonomic identification of mimr1 as luteibacter rhizovicinus. the pgp properties of mimr1 were compared to pseudomonas chlorora ...201323653264
overexpression, purification and enzymatic characterization of a recombinant plastidial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from barley (hordeum vulgare cv. nure) roots.in plant cells, the plastidial glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (p2-g6pdh, ec 1.1.1.49) represents one of the most important sources of nadph. however, previous studies revealed that both native and recombinant purified p2-g6pdhs show a great instability and a rapid loss of catalytic activity. therefore it has been difficult to describe accurately the catalytic and physico-chemical properties of these isoforms. the plastidial g6pdh encoding sequence from barley roots (hordeum vulgare cv. nure), ...201324161756
lifeguard proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi.pathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. lifeguard (lfg) proteins resemble bi-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear s ...201323888068
the gene sr33, an ortholog of barley mla genes, encodes resistance to wheat stem rust race ug99.wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, afflicts bread wheat (triticum aestivum). new virulent races collectively referred to as "ug99" have emerged, which threaten global wheat production. the wheat gene sr33, introgressed from the wild relative aegilops tauschii into bread wheat, confers resistance to diverse stem rust races, including the ug99 race group. we cloned sr33, which encodes a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat protein. sr33 is ortho ...201323811228
barley mla immune receptors directly interfere with antagonistically acting transcription factors to initiate disease resistance signaling.the nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (nlr)-containing proteins in plants and animals mediate pathogen sensing inside host cells and mount innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. the barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew a (mla) locus encodes coiled-coil (cc)-type nlrs mediating disease resistance against the powdery mildew pathogen blumeria graminis. here, we report direct interactions between mla and two antagonistically acting transcription factors, myb6 and wrky1. the ...201323532068
proteomic insights into seed germination in response to environmental factors.seed germination is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. during germination, the imbibed mature seed is highly sensitive to different environmental factors.however, knowledge about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the environmental effects on germination has been lacking. recent proteomic work has provided invaluable insight into the molecular processes in germinating seeds of arabidopsis, rice (oryza sativa), soybean (glycine max), barley (hordeum vulgare) ...201323986916
allele characterization of genes required for rpg4-mediated wheat stem rust resistance identifies rpg5 as the r gene.a highly virulent form of the wheat stem rust pathogen puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race ttksk is virulent on both wheat and barley, presenting a major threat to world food security. the recessive and temperature-sensitive rpg4 gene is the only effective source of resistance identified in barley (hordeum vulgare) against p. graminis f. sp. tritici race ttksk. efforts to position clone rpg4 localized resistance to a small interval on barley chromosome 5hl, tightly linked to the rye stem rust ...201323841622
the rpg4-mediated resistance to wheat stem rust (puccinia graminis) in barley (hordeum vulgare) requires rpg5, a second nbs-lrr gene, and an actin depolymerization factor.the rpg4 gene confers recessive resistance to several races of wheat stem rust (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and rpg5 provides dominant resistance against isolates of the rye stem rust (p. graminis f. sp. secalis) in barley. the rpg4 and rpg5 genes are tightly linked on chromosome 5h, and positional cloning using high-resolution populations clearly separated the genes, unambiguously identifying rpg5; however, the identity of rpg4 remained unclear. high-resolution genotyping of critical reco ...201323216085
comparative genome analysis between agrostis stolonifera and members of the pooideae subfamily, including brachypodium distachyon.creeping bentgrass (agrostis stolonifera, allotetraploid 2n = 4x = 28) is one of the major cool-season turfgrasses. it is widely used on golf courses due to its tolerance to low mowing and aggressive growth habit. in this study, we investigated genome relationships of creeping bentgrass relative to the triticeae (a consensus map of triticum aestivum, t. tauschii, hordeum vulgare, and h. spontaneum), oat, rice, and ryegrass maps using a common set of 229 est-rflp markers. the genome comparisons b ...201324244501
thiamine treatments alleviate aphid infestations in barley and pea.treatment of plants with thiamine (vitamin b1) has before been shown to activate plant defence against microorganisms. here, we have studied the effects of thiamine treatments of plants on aphid reproduction and behaviour. the work was mainly carried out with bird cherry-oat aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) on barley (hordeum vulgare l.). aphid population growth and aphid acceptance on plants grown from seeds soaked in a 150μm thiamine solution were reduced to ca. 60% of that on control plants. r. ...201323787153
effect of maturity at harvest on yield, chemical composition, and in situ degradability for annual cereals used for swath grazing.the objective of this study was to determine how harvest maturity of whole-crop cereals commonly used in swath grazing systems in western canada affects yield, chemical composition, and in situ digestibility. we hypothesized that the increase in yield with advancing maturity would not offset the decline in digestibility and, thus, the yield of effectively degradable dm (eddm) would decline with advanced stages of maturity. four replicate plots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.; cv. cdc cowboy), mill ...201323658356
exogenous auxin affects the oxidative burst in barley roots colonized by piriformospora indica.beside a cardinal role in coordination of many developmental processes in the plant, the phytohormone auxin has been recognized as a regulator of plant defense. the molecular mechanisms involved are still largely unknown. using a sensitive chemiluminescence assay, which measures the oxidation of luminol in the presence of h₂o₂ by horseradish peroxidase (hrp), we report here on the ability of exogenously added indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) to enhance the suppressive effect of the root endophyte piri ...201323333979
host cell entry of powdery mildew is correlated with endosomal transport of antagonistically acting vvpen1 and vvmlo to the papilla.challenge by a nonadapted powdery mildew fungal pathogen leads to the formation of a local cell-wall apposition (papilla) beneath the point of attempted penetration. several plasma membrane (pm) proteins with opposing roles in powdery mildew infection, including arabidopsis thaliana penetration1 (pen1) and barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew resistance locus o (mlo), are localized to the site of powdery mildew attack. pen1 contributes to penetration resistance to nonadapted powdery mildews, whereas ...201323819806
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