Publications

polyphyletic origin of brassica juncea with b. rapa and b. nigra (brassicaceae) participating as cytoplasm donor parents in independent hybridization events.	• premise of the study: brassica juncea is a major source of edible oil in the indian subcontinent and northern china. it is also used as a root and leaf vegetable in china and as a condiment in europe and america. there is a long-standing view that b. juncea originated from multiple hybridization events between b. rapa and b. nigra and that hybridizations were always unidirectional with b. rapa as the cytoplasmic donor. these conclusions were, however, centered primarily on nuclear markers.• me ...	2014	25030348
braltp1, a lipid transfer protein gene involved in epicuticular wax deposition, cell proliferation and flower development in brassica napus.	plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) constitute large multigene families that possess complex physiological functions, many of which remain unclear. this study isolated and characterized the function of a lipid transfer protein gene, braltp1 from brassica rapa, in the important oilseed crops brassica napus. braltp1 encodes a predicted secretory protein, in the little known vi class of nsltp families. overexpression of bnaltp1 in b. napus caused abnormal green coloration and reduce ...	2014	25314222
quantitative trait loci for thermal time to flowering and photoperiod responsiveness discovered in summer annual-type brassica napus l.	time of flowering is a key adaptive trait in plants and is conditioned by the interaction of genes and environmental cues including length of photoperiod, ambient temperature and vernalisation. here we investigated the photoperiod responsiveness of summer annual-types of brassica napus (rapeseed, canola). a population of 131 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between european and australian parents was evaluated for days to flowering, thermal time to flowering (measured in degree-days) a ...	2014	25061822
effect of enzyme-aided cell wall disintegration on protein extractability from intact and dehulled rapeseed (brassica rapa l. and brassica napus l.) press cakes.	cell-wall- and pectin-degrading enzyme preparations were used to enhance extractability of proteins from rapeseed press cake. rapeseed press cakes from cold pressing of intact brassica rapa and partially dehulled brassica napus seeds, containing 36-40% protein and 35% carbohydrates, were treated with pectinolytic (pectinex ultra sp-l), xylanolytic (depol 740l), and cellulolytic (celluclast 1.5l) enzyme preparations. pectinex caused effective disintegration of embryonic cell walls through hydroly ...	2014	25039585
transposon variation by order during allopolyploidisation between brassica oleracea and brassica rapa.	although many studies have shown that transposable element (te) activation is induced by hybridisation and polyploidisation in plants, much less is known on how different types of te respond to hybridisation, and the impact of te-associated sequences on gene function. we investigated the frequency and regularity of putative transposon activation for different types of te, and determined the impact of te-associated sequence variation on the genome during allopolyploidisation. we designed differen ...	2014	24176077
exposure factors for wastewater-irrigated asian vegetables and a probabilistic rotavirus disease burden model for their consumption.	many farmers in water-scarce regions of developing countries use wastewater to irrigate vegetables and other agricultural crops, a practice that may expand with climate change. there are a number of health risks associated with wastewater irrigation for human food crops, particularly with surface irrigation techniques common in the developing world. the world health organization (who) recommends using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) to determine if the irrigation scheme meets healt ...	2014	24576153
self-(in)compatibility inheritance and allele-specific marker development in yellow mustard (sinapis alba).	yellow mustard (sinapis alba) has a sporophytic self-incompatibility reproduction system. genetically stable self-incompatible (si) and self-compatible (sc) inbred lines have recently been developed in this crop. understanding the s haplotype of different inbred lines and the inheritance of the self-(in)compatibility (si/sc) trait is very important for breeding purposes. in this study, we used the s-locus gene-specific primers in brassica rapa and brassica oleracea to clone yellow mustard s-locu ...	2014	24482603
microrna319a-targeted brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis tcp genes modulate head shape in chinese cabbage by differential cell division arrest in leaf regions.	leafy heads of cabbage (brassica oleracea), chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), and lettuce (lactuca sativa) are composed of extremely incurved leaves. the shape of these heads often dictates the quality, and thus the commercial value, of these crops. using quantitative trait locus mapping of head traits within a population of 150 recombinant inbred lines of chinese cabbage, we investigated the relationship between expression levels of microrna-targeted brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis teosinte branch ...	2014	24351684
brpspl9 (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis spl9) controls the earliness of heading time in chinese cabbage.	the leafy heads of cabbage (brassica oleracea), chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis), brussels sprouts (b. oleracea ssp. gemmifera) and lettuce (lactuca sativa) comprise extremely incurved leaves that are edible vegetable products. the heading time is important for high quality and yield of these crops. here, we report that brpspl9-2 (b. rapa ssp. pekinensis squamosa promoter binding-like 9-2), a target gene of microrna brp-mir156, controls the heading time of chinese cabbage. quantit ...	2014	24237584
reduction of epsp synthase in transgenic wild turnip (brassica rapa) weed via suppression of aroa.	epsps is coded with the aroa gene, a key enzyme that catalyzes the penultimate step of shikimate pathway. the current study focuses on the suppression of aroa gene in weedy brassica rapa. for this purpose b. rapa was transformed with double-stranded rna interference construct designed to silence aroa gene. this developed in a significant decline in epsps (about 72 %) in t0 and t1 plants. in order to study the gene flow, the b. rapa control and b. napus plants were pollinated with t0 b. rapa. res ...	2014	25189653
beyond punnett squares: student word association and explanations of phenotypic variation through an integrative quantitative genetics unit investigating anthocyanin inheritance and expression in brassica rapa fast plants.	genetics instruction in introductory biology is often confined to mendelian genetics and avoids the complexities of variation in quantitative traits. given the driving question "what determines variation in phenotype (pv)? (pv=genotypic variation gv + environmental variation ev)," we developed a 4-wk unit for an inquiry-based laboratory course focused on the inheritance and expression of a quantitative trait in varying environments. we utilized brassica rapa fast plants as a model organism to st ...	2014	25185225
effects of foliage color on the landing response of pieris rapae (lepidoptera: pieridae).	the effects of foliage color on the selection of host plants by pieris rapae (l.) were investigated using choice tests between brassica rapa (l.) varieties with green, variegated, and yellow-green leaves. gravid-naive females displayed a first landing preference for the green and variegated brassica varieties when the plants were freely accessible. comparable results were observed when the plants were enclosed in glass jars, demonstrating that visual cues were sufficient to induce the landing re ...	2014	25182617
genome-wide transcriptome analysis of two contrasting brassica rapa doubled haploid lines under cold-stresses using br135k oligomeric chip.	genome wide transcription analysis in response to stresses is important to provide a basis of effective engineering strategies to improve stress tolerance in crop plants. we assembled a brassica rapa oligomeric microarray (br135k microarray) using sequence information from 41,173 unigenes and analyzed the transcription profiles of two contrasting doubled haploid (dh) lines, chiifu and kenshin, under cold-treatments. the two dh lines showed great differences in electrolyte leakage below -4°c, but ...	2014	25167163
de novo assembly and characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of radish (raphanus sativus l.).	radish (raphanus sativus l.) is an edible root vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide and whose genome has been sequenced. here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the radish cultivar wk10039 chloroplast (cp) genome, along with a de novo assembly strategy using whole genome shotgun sequence reads obtained by next generation sequencing. the radish cp genome is 153,368 bp in length and has a typical quadripartite structure, composed of a pair of inverted repeat regions (26,217 bp ea ...	2014	25151309
a novel single-nucleotide mutation in a clavata3 gene homolog controls a multilocular silique trait in brassica rapa l.		2014	25122699
polymorphism identification and improved genome annotation of brassica rapa through deep rna sequencing.	the mapping and functional analysis of quantitative traits in brassica rapa can be greatly improved with the availability of physically positioned, gene-based genetic markers and accurate genome annotation. in this study, deep transcriptome rna sequencing (rna-seq) of brassica rapa was undertaken with two objectives: snp detection and improved transcriptome annotation. we performed snp detection on two varieties that are parents of a mapping population to aid in development of a marker system fo ...	2014	25122667
high mutagenic activity of juice from pak choi (brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) sprouts due to its content of 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate, and its enhancement by elicitation with methyl jasmonate.	cruciferous vegetables have the reputation to protect against cancer, an effect attributed to glucosinolates (gls) and their breakdown products. however, some gls are mutagenic, an activity associated with cancer initiation rather than chemoprevention. we show that juices from steamed pak choi sprouts are strongly mutagenic in salmonella typhimurium ta100 upon addition of fresh myrosinase. growth of the plants in the presence of methyl jasmonate, a hormone eliciting defence factors, led to 20-fo ...	2014	24530313
brassica plant responses to mild herbivore stress elicited by two specialist insects from different feeding guilds.	compensation growth and chemical defense are two components of plant defense strategy against herbivores. in this study, compensation growth and the response of primary and secondary metabolites were investigated in brassica rapa plants subjected to infestation by two herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds, the phloem-feeding aphid brevicoryne brassicae and the leaf-feeding caterpillar pieris brassicae. these specialist herbivores were used at two different densities and allowed to feed for ...	2014	24500734
genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the putative non-specific lipid transfer proteins in brassica rapa l.	plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) are small, basic proteins encoded by multigene families and have reported functions in many physiological processes such as mediating phospholipid transfer, defense reactions against phytopathogens, the adaptation of plants to various environmental conditions, and sexual reproduction. to date, no genome-wide overview of the brassica rapa nsltp (brnsltp) gene family has been performed. therefore, as the first step and as a helpful strategy to el ...	2014	24497919
characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr) genes and their association with cold and freezing stress in brassica rapa.	flavonoids including anthocyanins provide flower and leaf colors, as well as other derivatives that play diverse roles in plant development and interactions with the environment. dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr) is part of an important step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins. this study characterized 12 dfr genes of brassica rapa and investigated their association with anthocyanin coloration, as well as cold and freezing stress in several genotypes of b. rapa. comparison of s ...	2014	25108127
high-throughput sequence analysis of small rnas in skotomorphogenic seedlings of brassica rapa ssp. rapa.	skotomorphogenic development is the process by which seedlings adapt to a stressful dark environment. such metabolic responses to abiotic stresses in plants are known to be regulated in part by micrornas (mirnas); however, little is known about the involvement of mirnas in the regulation of skotomorphogenesis. to identify mirnas at the genome-wide level in skotomorphogenic seedlings of turnip (brassica rapa subsp. rapa), an important worldwide root vegetable, we used solexa sequencing to sequenc ...	2014	25016069
speciation of vanadium in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.) and soils in response to different levels of vanadium in soils and cabbage growth.	this study highlights the accumulation and speciation of vanadium in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l.) in relation to the speciation of soil vanadium with pot experiments at 122-622mgvkg(-1) by spiking nh4vo3. cabbage planting decreased the bioavailable and residual vanadium based on sequential extraction, leading to enrichment of oxalate-extractable vanadium in soils. the biomass production increased with increasing concentrations of soil vanadium from 122 to 372mgvkg(-1), probably due to the ...	2014	24997904
genome-wide identification and characterization of aquaporin genes (aqps) in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).	aquaporins (aqps) are members of a superfamily of integral membrane proteins and play a significant role in the transportation of small molecules across membranes. however, currently little is known about the aqp genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). in this study, a genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify the aqp genes in chinese cabbage. in total, 53 non-redundant aqp genes were identified that were located on all of the 10 chromosomes. the number of aqp genes in c ...	2014	24972664
compared with the intake of commercial vegetable juice, the intake of fresh fruit and komatsuna (brassica rapa l. var. perviridis) juice mixture reduces serum cholesterol in middle-aged men: a randomized controlled pilot study.	vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamins, minerals and, dietary fiber and contribute to the prevention and improvement of obesity and metabolic syndrome. however, inadequate intake of vegetable and fruit is a concern in japan.we therefore produced a juice mixture of fresh fruit and komatsuna (brassica rapa l. var. perviridis: b. rapa) with the aim to investigate the effects of this juice mixture on anthropometric data, blood parameters, and dietary intake differences.	2014	24961537
brassicated - a public database for utilization of miniature transposable elements in brassica species.	mite, trim and sines are miniature form transposable elements (mtes) that are ubiquitous and dispersed throughout entire plant genomes. tens of thousands of members cause insertion polymorphism at both the inter- and intra- species level. therefore, mtes are valuable targets and resources for development of markers that can be utilized for breeding, genetic diversity and genome evolution studies. taking advantage of the completely sequenced genomes of brassica rapa and b. oleracea, characterizat ...	2014	24948109
cotyledon-generated auxin is required for shade-induced hypocotyl growth in brassica rapa.	plant architecture is optimized for the local light environment. in response to foliar shade or neighbor proximity (low red to far-red light), some plant species exhibit shade-avoiding phenotypes, including increased stem and hypocotyl growth, which increases the likelihood of outgrowing competitor plants. if shade persists, early flowering and the reallocation of growth resources to stem elongation ultimately affect the yield of harvestable tissues in crop species. previous studies have shown t ...	2014	24891610
functional identification of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of 1-methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl-glucosinolate in brassica rapa ssp. chinensis.	brassica vegetables contain a class of secondary metabolites, the glucosinolates (gs), whose specific degradation products determine the characteristic flavor and smell. while some of the respective degradation products of particular gs are recognized as health promoting substances for humans, recent studies also show evidence that namely the 1-methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl gs might be deleterious by forming characteristic dna adducts. therefore, a deeper knowledge of aspects involved in the biosynth ...	2014	24886080
newly synthesized 'hidabeni' chalcone derivatives potently suppress lps-induced no production via inhibition of stat1, but not nf-κb, jnk, and p38, pathways in microglia.	chalcones are open-chain flavonoids that are biosynthesized in various plants. some of them possess anti-inflammatory activity. we previously found that chalcone glycosides from brassica rapa l. 'hidabeni' suppress lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced nitric oxide (no) production in rat microglia highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (hapi) cells. in this study, to explore chalcone derivatives with potent no inhibitory activity, we synthesized ten compounds based on 'hidabeni' chalcone and ...	2014	24882415
the relative importance of rapid evolution for plant-microbe interactions depends on ecological context.	evolution can occur on ecological time-scales, affecting community and ecosystem processes. however, the importance of evolutionary change relative to ecological processes remains largely unknown. here, we analyse data from a long-term experiment in which we allowed plant populations to evolve for three generations in dry or wet soils and used a reciprocal transplant to compare the ecological effect of drought and the effect of plant evolutionary responses to drought on soil microbial communitie ...	2014	24789894
pectate lyase-like10 is associated with pollen wall development in brassica campestris.	pectate lyase-like10 (pll10) was previously identified as one of the differentially expressed genes both in microspores during the late pollen developmental stages and in pistils during the fertilization process in chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). here, antisense-rna was used to study the functions of bcpll10 in chinese cabbage. abnormal pollen was identified in the transgenic lines (bcpll10-4, -5, and -6). in fertilization experiments, fewer seeds were harvested when the an ...	2014	24773757
brmyb4, a suppressor of genes for phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis, is down-regulated by uv-b but not by pigment-inducing sunlight in turnip cv. tsuda.	the regulation of light-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis in brassica rapa subsp. rapa cv. tsuda turnip was investigated using an ethyl methanesulfonate (ems)-induced mutant r30 with light-independent pigmentation. tilling (targeting induced local lesions in genomes) and subsequent analysis showed that a stop codon was inserted in the r2r3-myb transcription factor gene brmyb4 and that the encoded protein (brmyb4mu) had lost its c-terminal region. in r30, anthocyanin accumulated in the below-gro ...	2014	25305244
genome-wide identification and analysis of the growth-regulating factor family in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis).	growth regulating factors (grfs) have been shown to play important roles in plant growth and development. grf genes represent a large multigene family in plants. recently, genome-wide structural and evolutionary analyses of the grf gene families in arabidopsis, rice, and maize have been reported. chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most important vegetables for agricultural production, and a full genome assembly for this plant has recently been released. however, to ...	2014	25242257
mapping of quantitative trait loci for the bolting trait in brassica rapa under vernalizing conditions.	premature bolting can occur occasionally during spring cultivation of heading chinese cabbage in east asia when the plants encounter low temperatures (vernalization), leading to economic loss. breeding bolting-resistant cultivars is the best choice for solving this problem. we looked for qtls responsible for varietal differences in the bolting trait in brassica rapa under environmental conditions that promote vernalization. to achieve this goal, we constructed a linkage map with 107 simple seque ...	2014	24938603
tc1-like transposable elements in plant genomes.	the tc1/mariner superfamily of transposable elements (tes) is widespread in animal genomes. mariner-like elements, which bear a ddd triad catalytic motif, have been identified in a wide range of flowering plant species. however, as the founding member of the superfamily, tc1-like elements that bear a dd34e triad catalytic motif are only known to unikonts (animals, fungi, and entamoeba).	2014	24926322
chemical composition, aroma evaluation, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity of volatile oil extracted from brassica rapa cv. "yukina" used in japanese traditional food.	the chemical composition of the volatile oil extracted from the aerial parts of brassica rapa cv. "yukina" was analyzed using gc-ms, gc-pfpd, and gc-o. a total of 50 compounds were identified. the most prominent constituents were (e)-1,5-heptadiene (40.27%), 3-methyl-3-butenenitrile (25.97%) and 3-phenylpropanenitrile (12.41%). with regard to aroma compounds, 12 compounds were identified by gc-o analysis. the main aroma-active compounds were dimethyl tetrasulfide (sulphury-cabbage, fd = 64), 3-p ...	2014	24919480
say it with flowers: flowering acceleration by root communication.	the timing of reproduction is a critical determinant of fitness, especially in organisms inhabiting seasonal environments. increasing evidence suggests that inter-plant communication plays important roles in plant functioning. here, we tested the hypothesis that flowering coordination can involve communication between neighboring plants. we show that soil leachates from brassica rapa plants growing under long-day conditions accelerated flowering and decreased allocation to vegetative organs in t ...	2014	25764422
identification of yellow pigmentation genes in brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis using br300 microarray.	the yellow color of inner leaves in chinese cabbage depends on its lutein and carotene content. to identify responsible genes for yellow pigmentation in leaves, the transcriptome profiles of white (kenshin) and yellow leaves (wheessen) were examined using the br300k oligomeric chip in chinese cabbage. in yellow leaves, genes involved in carotene synthesis (brpsy, brpds, brcrtiso, and brlcye), lutein, and zeaxanthin synthesis (brcyp97a3 and brhydb) were upregulated, while those associated with ca ...	2014	25629030
identification of sequence-related amplified polymorphism and insertion-deletion markers linked to the male fertility restorer gene of pol-like cms06j45 in heading chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp pekinensis).	in order to map the restorer gene brrfp of the polima (pol)-like cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) 06j45 line in heading chinese cabbage, an f2 segregating population with 258 individuals of cms06j45 and the restorer line 01s325 were tested by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (srap) and insertion-deletion (indel) technologies combined with the bulked segregant analysis method. as a result, two srap markers, me3em3.366 and pm88bg5.263, that were linked with the brrfp gene were identified fr ...	2014	25501170
morphology, carbohydrate composition and vernalization response in a genetically diverse collection of asian and european turnips (brassica rapa subsp. rapa).	brassica rapa displays enormous morphological diversity, with leafy vegetables, turnips and oil crops. turnips (brassica rapa subsp. rapa) represent one of the morphotypes, which form tubers and can be used to study the genetics underlying storage organ formation. in the present study we investigated several characteristics of an extensive turnip collection comprising 56 accessions from both asia (mainly japanese origin) and europe. population structure was calculated using data from 280 evenly ...	2014	25474111
seasonal phenology of interactions involving short-lived annual plants, a multivoltine herbivore and its endoparasitoid wasp.	spatial-temporal realism is often missing in many studies of multitrophic interactions, which are conducted at a single time frame and/or involving interactions between insects with a single species of plant. in this scenario, an underlying assumption is that the host-plant species is ubiquitous throughout the season and that the insects always interact with it. we studied interactions involving three naturally occurring wild species of cruciferous plants, brassica rapa, sinapis arvensis and bra ...	2014	24028469
profiling gene expression in germinating brassica roots.	based on previously developed solid-phase gene extraction (spge) we examined the mrna profile in primary roots of brassica rapa seedlings for highly expressed genes like act7 (actin7), tub (tubulin1), ubq (ubiquitin), and low expressed glk (glucokinase) during the first day post-germination. the assessment was based on the mrna load of the spge probe of about 2.1 ng. the number of copies of the investigated genes changed spatially along the length of primary roots. the expression level of all ge ...	2014	24563578
toxic effects of heavy metals (cd, cr and pb) on seed germination and growth and dpph-scavenging activity in brassica rapa var. turnip.	toxicity of heavy metal is a wide spread environmental problem affecting all life forms including plants. in the present study the toxic effects of heavy metals, cadmium (cd), chromium (cr) and lead (pb) on seed germination rate (%), germination index (g-index) and growth (mm) of brassica rapa var. turnip have been investigated. the seeds were soaked either in distilled water (control) or in aqueous solutions of cd, cr and pb (1 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 5 g/l) at 4°c in dark for 24 hours. prior to inocu ...	2014	22872632
association of molecular markers derived from the brcrtiso1 gene with prolycopene-enriched orange-colored leaves in brassica rapa [corrected]..	sequence polymorphism in brcrtiso1, encoding carotenoid isomerase, is identified in orange-colored b. rapa , and three resulting gene-based markers will be useful for marker-assisted breeding of oc cultivars. carotenoids are color pigments that are important for protection against excess light in plants and essential sources of retinols and vitamin a for animals. we identified a single recessive gene that might cause orange-colored (oc) inner leaves in brassica rapa. the inner leaves of the oc c ...	2014	24121567
genome-wide analysis of the bhlh transcription factor family in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).	basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and are thought to be one of the largest families of regulatory proteins. this important family of transcriptional regulators plays crucial roles in plant development. however, a systematic analysis of the bhlh transcription factor family has not been reported in chinese cabbage. in this study, 230 bhlh transcription factors were identified from the whole chinese cabbage genome and compared with pr ...	2014	24241166
variation of glucosinolate accumulation and gene expression of transcription factors at different stages of chinese cabbage seedlings under light and dark conditions.	chinese cabbage is one of the most important leafy vegetables widely used in east asian cuisines. the glucosinolate (gsl) accumulation and transcript levels of 7 transcription factors (dof1.1, iqd1-1, myb28, myb29, myb34, myb51, and myb122, and their isoforms) involved in the biosynthesis of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates (gsls) were analyzed at different stages of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) seedlings under light and dark conditions using high performance liquid chroma ...	2014	24868877
temporal variation in phenotypic gender and expected functional gender within and among individuals in an annual plant.	adaptive explanations for variation in sex allocation centre on variation in resource status and variation in the mating environment. the latter can occur when dichogamy causes siring opportunity to vary across the flowering season. in this study, it is hypothesized that the widespread tendency towards declining fruit-set from first to last flowers on plants can similarly lead to a varying mating environment by causing a temporal shift in the quality (not quantity) of siring opportunities.	2014	24854170
draft sequences of the radish (raphanus sativus l.) genome.	radish (raphanus sativus l., n = 9) is one of the major vegetables in asia. since the genomes of brassica and related species including radish underwent genome rearrangement, it is quite difficult to perform functional analysis based on the reported genomic sequence of brassica rapa. therefore, we performed genome sequencing of radish. short reads of genomic sequences of 191.1 gb were obtained by next-generation sequencing (ngs) for a radish inbred line, and 76,592 scaffolds of ≥ 300 bp were con ...	2014	24848699
instability in mitochondrial membranes in polima cytoplasmic male sterility of brassica rapa ssp. chinensis.	cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is an important factor to observe heterosis in brassica rapa. although several studies have documented the rearrangements of mitochondrial dna and dysfunction in the mitochondria have been observed in most types of cms, the basis of the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes and other effects on cms remain unclear. in this study, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed in the flowers of an alloplasmic polima cms system from b. rapa ssp. chin ...	2014	24652098
qtl architecture of reproductive fitness characters in brassica rapa.	reproductive output is critical to both agronomists seeking to increase seed yield and to evolutionary biologists interested in understanding natural selection. we examine the genetic architecture of diverse reproductive fitness traits in recombinant inbred lines (rils) developed from a crop (seed oil) × wild-like (rapid cycling) genotype of brassica rapa in field and greenhouse environments.	2014	24641198
a scanner system for high-resolution quantification of variation in root growth dynamics of brassica rapa genotypes.	the potential exists to breed for root system architectures that optimize resource acquisition. however, this requires the ability to screen root system development quantitatively, with high resolution, in as natural an environment as possible, with high throughput. this paper describes the construction of a low-cost, high-resolution root phenotyping platform, requiring no sophisticated equipment and adaptable to most laboratory and glasshouse environments, and its application to quantify enviro ...	2014	24604732
analysis of global gene expression profiles to identify differentially expressed genes critical for embryo development in brassica rapa.	embryo development represents a crucial developmental period in the life cycle of flowering plants. to gain insights into the genetic programs that control embryo development in brassica rapa l., rna sequencing technology was used to perform transcriptome profiling analysis of b. rapa developing embryos. the results generated 42,906,229 sequence reads aligned with 32,941 genes. in total, 27,760, 28,871, 28,384, and 25,653 genes were identified from embryos at globular, heart, early cotyledon, an ...	2014	25214014
the endogenous nitric oxide mediates selenium-induced phytotoxicity by promoting ros generation in brassica rapa.	selenium (se) is suggested as an emerging pollutant in agricultural environment because of the increasing anthropogenic release of se, which in turn results in phytotoxicity. the most common consequence of se-induced toxicity in plants is oxidative injury, but how se induces reactive oxygen species (ros) burst remains unclear. in this work, histofluorescent staining was applied to monitor the dynamics of ros and nitric oxide (no) in the root of brassica rapa under se(iv) stress. se(iv)-induced f ...	2014	25333984
selenium inhibits root elongation by repressing the generation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in brassica rapa.	selenium (se) has been becoming an emerging pollutant causing severe phytotoxicity, which the biochemical mechanism is rarely known. although hydrogen sulfide (h2s) has been suggested as an important exogenous regulator modulating plant physiological adaptions in response to heavy metal stress, whether and how the endogenous h2s regulates se-induce phytotoxicity remains unclear. in this work, a self-developed specific fluorescent probe (wsp-1) was applied to track endogenous h2s in situ in the r ...	2014	25333279
anthocyanin accumulation and transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple bok choy (brassica rapa var. chinensis).	bok choy (brassica rapa var. chinensis) is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed worldwide for its edible leaves. the purple cultivars rich in health-promoting anthocyanins are usually more eye-catching and valuable. fifteen kinds of anthocyanins were separated and identified from a purple bok choy cultivar (zi he) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulatio ...	2014	25419600
a simple and versatile 2-dimensional platform to study plant germination and growth under controlled humidity.	we describe a simple, inexpensive, but remarkably versatile and controlled growth environment for the observation of plant germination and seedling root growth on a flat, horizontal surface over periods of weeks. the setup provides to each plant a controlled humidity (between 56% and 91% rh), and contact with both nutrients and atmosphere. the flat and horizontal geometry of the surface supporting the roots eliminates the gravitropic bias on their development and facilitates the imaging of the e ...	2014	24806462
the role of small rnas in wide hybridisation and allopolyploidisation between brassica rapa and brassica nigra.	an allopolyploid formation consists of the two processes of hybridisation and chromosome doubling. hybridisation makes a different genome combined in the same cell, and genome "shock" and instability occur during this process, whereas chromosome doubling results in doubling and reconstructing the genome dosage. recent studies have demonstrated that small rnas, play an important role in maintaining the genome reconstruction and stability. however, to date, little is known regarding the role of sm ...	2014	25326708
regulatory network of secondary metabolism in brassica rapa: insight into the glucosinolate pathway.	brassica rapa studies towards metabolic variation have largely been focused on the profiling of the diversity of metabolic compounds in specific crop types or regional varieties, but none aimed to identify genes with regulatory function in metabolite composition. here we followed a genetical genomics approach to identify regulatory genes for six biosynthetic pathways of health-related phytochemicals, i.e carotenoids, tocopherols, folates, glucosinolates, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. leaves f ...	2014	25222144
herbivory and floral signaling: phenotypic plasticity and tradeoffs between reproduction and indirect defense.	plant defense against herbivores may compromise attraction of mutualists, yet information remains limited about the mechanisms underlying such signaling tradeoffs. here, we investigated the effects of foliar herbivory by two herbivore species on defense compounds, floral signaling, pollinator and parasitoid attraction, and seed production. herbivory generally reduced the quantity of many floral volatile organic compounds vocs) in brassica rapa. by contrast, floral color, flower diameter, and pla ...	2014	24684288
say it with flowers: flowering acceleration by root communication.	the timing of reproduction is a critical determinant of fitness, especially in organisms inhabiting seasonal environments. increasing evidence suggests that inter-plant communication plays important roles in plant functioning. here, we tested the hypothesis that flowering coordination can involve communication between neighboring plants. we show that soil leachates from brassica rapa plants growing under long-day conditions accelerated flowering and decreased allocation to vegetative organs in t ...	2014	24598343
genome-wide identification, phylogeny, duplication, and expression analyses of two-component system genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).	in plants, a two component system (tcs) composed of sensor histidine kinases (hks), histidine phosphotransfer proteins (hps), and response regulators (rrs) has been employed in cytokinin signal transduction. a tcs exhibits important functions in diverse biological processes, including plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. conducting an exhaustive search of the chinese cabbage genome, a total of 20 hk(l) (11 hks and 9 hkls), 8 hp (7 authentic and 1 pseudo), and 57 rr ( ...	2014	24585003
characterization and expression patterns of small rnas in synthesized brassica hexaploids.	polyploidy has played an important role in promoting plant evolution through genomic merging and doubling. we used high-throughput sequencing to compare mirna expression profiles between brassica hexaploid and its parents. a total of 613, 784 and 742 known mirnas were identified in brassica rapa, brassica carinata, and brassica hexaploid, respectively. we detected 618 mirnas were differentially expressed (log(2)ratio ≥ 1, p ≤ 0.05) between brassica hexaploid and its parents, and 425 mirnas were ...	2014	24584845
genotype-environment interactions affecting preflowering physiological and morphological traits of brassica rapa grown in two watering regimes.	plant growth and productivity are greatly affected by drought, which is likely to become more threatening with the predicted global temperature increase. understanding the genetic architecture of complex quantitative traits and their interaction with water availability may lead to improved crop adaptation to a wide range of environments. here, the genetic basis of 20 physiological and morphological traits is explored by describing plant performance and growth in a brassica rapa recombinant inbre ...	2014	24474811
standardized ethyl acetate fraction from the roots of brassica rapa attenuates the experimental arthritis by down regulating inflammatory responses and inhibiting nf-κb activation.	this study was undertaken to investigate the anti-arthritic potential of a standardized ethyl acetate fraction from the roots of brassica rapa (eabr) and to explore the molecular mechanisms in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats and macrophages. in aia-induced arthritic rats, eabr significantly reduced paw swelling, an arthritic index, serum rheumatoid factor, and tissue expression ratio of rankl/opg versus vehicle-administered group. this was found to be well correlated with significant suppression ...	2014	24468670
physiological and genetic analysis of co2-induced breakdown of self-incompatibility in brassica rapa.	self-incompatibility (si) of the brassicaceae family can be overcome by co2 gas treatment. this method has been used for decades as an effective means to obtain a large amount of inbred seeds which can then be used for f1 hybrid seed production; however, the molecular mechanism by which co2 alters the si pathway has not been elucidated. in this study, to obtain new insights into the mechanism of co2-induced si breakdown, the focus was on two inbred lines of brassica rapa (syn. campestris) with d ...	2014	24376255
quantitative trait loci × environment interactions for plant morphology vary over ontogeny in brassica rapa.	growth in plants occurs via the addition of repeating modules, suggesting that the genetic architecture of similar subunits may vary between earlier- and later-developing modules. these complex environment × ontogeny interactions are not well elucidated, as studies examining quantitative trait loci (qtls) expression over ontogeny have not included multiple environments. here, we characterized the genetic architecture of vegetative traits and onset of reproduction over ontogeny in recombinant inb ...	2014	26012723
genome-wide analysis of the gras gene family in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis).	the gras gene family is one of the most important families of transcriptional regulators. in this study, 48 gras genes are identified from chinese cabbage, and they are classified into eight groups according to the classification of arabidopsis. the characterization, classification, gene structure and phylogenetic construction of gras proteins are performed. distribution mapping shows that gras proteins are nonrandomly localized in 10 chromosomes. fifty-five orthologous gene pairs are shared by ...	2014	24365788
single-step purification of peroxidase by 4-aminobenzohydrazide from turkish blackradish and turnip roots.	peroxidases (pods) were purified from the turkish blackradish (raphanus sativus l.) (tbr) and turnip (brassica rapa l.) using a simple and effective single-step method. an affinity resin was synthesised by coupling the 4-aminobenzohydrazide ligand and the l-tyrosine spacer-arm to cnbr-activated-sepharose-4b. the purification factors for the tbr-pod and the turnip-pod were 40.3-fold (with a yield of 10.6%) and 269.3-fold (with a yield of 9%), respectively. the molecular masses of the tbr-pod and ...	2014	24360459
toxicity of tributyltin (tbt) to terrestrial organisms and its species sensitivity distribution.	the contamination of the terrestrial environment by disposal of tributyltin (tbt) by contaminated harbour sediments, sewage sludge and/or biocide products has been raising concerns and it may pose a risk to soil invertebrates and plants. this study aimed to improve the amount and quality of data for tbt toxicity in soils in order to assess the ecological risk of tbt to the terrestrial ecosystems. for this, bioassays were performed with the species porcellionides pruinosus, folsomia candida, bras ...	2014	23994735
genome-wide analysis of the mads-box gene family in brassica rapa (chinese cabbage).	the mads-box gene family is an ancient and well-studied transcription factor family that functions in almost every developmental process in plants. there are a number of reports about the mads-box family in different plant species, but systematic analysis of the mads-box transcription factor family in brassica rapa (chinese cabbage) is still lacking. in this study, 160 mads-box transcription factors were identified from the entire chinese cabbage genome and compared with the mads-box factors fro ...	2015	25216934
brassica rapa.	within this chapter we outline an a. tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for b. rapa using 4-day-old cotyledonary explants and the genotype r-o-18. transformation efficiencies are typically achieved in the region of 1% (based on 2 pcr-positive independent shoots from 200 inoculated explants). this system has been developed to work with gentamicin selection.	2015	25416244
molecular characterization of bzr transcription factor family and abiotic stress induced expression profiling in brassica rapa.	brassinazole-resistant (bzr) transcription factors (tfs) are primarily well known as positive regulators of brassinosteroid (br) signal transduction in different plants. br is a plant specific steroid hormone, which has multiple stress resistance functions besides various growth regulatory roles. being an important regulator of the br synthesis, bzr tfs might have stress resistance related activities. however, no stress resistance related functional study of bzr tfs has been reported in any crop ...	2015	25931321
hard and soft selection on phenology through seasonal shifts in the general and social environments: a study on plant emergence time.	the timing of transition out of one life-history phase determines where in the seasonal succession of environments the next phase is spent. shifts in the general environment (e.g., seasonal climate) affect the expected fitness for particular transition dates. variation in transition date also leads to temporal variation in the social environment. for instance, early transition may confer a competitive advantage over later individuals. if so, the social environment will impose frequency- and dens ...	2015	25929822
carbaryl toxicity prediction to soil organisms under high and low temperature regimes.	many studies on risk assessment of pesticides on non-target organisms have been performed based on standardized protocols that reflect conditions in temperate climates. however, the responses of organisms to chemical compounds may differ according to latitude and thus predicting the toxicity of chemicals at different temperatures is an important factor to consider in risk assessment. the toxic effects of the pesticide carbaryl were evaluated at different temperature regimes, which are indicative ...	2015	24836932
glucosinolate accumulation and related gene expression in pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. communis [n. tsen & s.h. lee] hanelt) in response to insecticide application.	glucosinolates and their breakdown products are well-known for their cancer-chemoprotective functions and biocidal activities against pathogens and generalist herbivores. insecticides are commonly used in the production of pak choi (brassica rapa l. ssp. chinensis var. communis [n. tsen & s.h. lee] hanelt). we studied the effects of four commonly used insecticides, namely, β-cypermethrin, acephate, pymetrozine, and imidacloprid, on glucosinolate metabolism in pak choi. all insecticides significa ...	2015	26485123
the high-throughput sequencing of small rnas profiling in wide hybridisation and allopolyploidisation between brassica rapa and brassica nigra.	small rnas play an important role in maintaining the genome reconstruction and stability in the plant. however, little is known regarding the role of small rnas during the process of wide hybridisation and chromosome doubling. therefore, the changes in the small rnas were assessed during the formation of an allodiploid (genome: ab) and its allotetraploid (genome: aabb) between brassica rapa (♀) and brassica nigra (♂) in the present study. here, the experimental methods described in details, rna- ...	2015	26484138
management of yellowmargined leaf beetle microtheca ochroloma (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) using turnip as a trap crop.	the yellowmargined leaf beetle, microtheca ochroloma stål, is a major pest of cruciferous vegetable crops in organic production systems. very few organically acceptable management options are currently available for this pest. field studies were conducted at a research station in alabama and at a commercial organic vegetable farm in florida to investigate the effectiveness of turnip, brassica rapa rapa, as a trap crop for m. ochroloma. in the research station trial with cabbage planted as the ca ...	2015	26470380
how different genetically manipulated brassica genotypes affect life table parameters of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).	the fitness of plutella xylostella l. on different genetically manipulated brassica plants, including canola's progenitor (brassica rapa l.), two cultivated canola cultivars (opera and rgs003), one hybrid (hyula401), one gamma-ray mutant-rgs003, and one transgenic (pf) genotype was compared using two-sex and female-based life table parameters. all experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 25±1°c, 65±5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d) h. there were significant differenc ...	2015	26470162
generation and characterization of brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis - b. oleracea var. capitata monosomic and disomic alien addition lines.	five monosomic alien addition lines (maals) of brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis - b. oleracea var. capitata were obtained by hybridization and backcrossing between b. rapa ssp. pekinensis (female parent) and b. oleracea var. capitata. the alien linkage groups were identified using 42 b. oleracea var. capitata linkage group-specific markers as b. oleracea linkage groups c2, c3, c6, c7 and c8. based on the chromosomal karyotype of root tip cells, these five maals added individual chromosomes from b. ...	2015	26440082
the influence of various biochars on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of pahs and potentially toxic elements to turnips (brassica rapa l.).	the influence of amending a contaminated soil with different dry-pyrolyzed biochars on the bioaccessibility and biouptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) and potentially toxic elements (pte) in turnip (brassica rapa l.,) was investigated. this is the first study to examine the influence of biochar amendments on turnips grown in a contaminated soil. the biochars came from different local feedstocks, including sewage sludge biochar (ssbc), soybean straw biochar (sbbc), rice straw biochar ...	2015	26188867
three genes encoding aop2, a protein involved in aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, are differentially expressed in brassica rapa.	the glucosinolate biosynthetic gene aop2 encodes an enzyme that plays a crucial role in catalysing the conversion of beneficial glucosinolates into anti-nutritional ones. in brassica rapa, three copies of braop2 have been identified, but their function in establishing the glucosinolate content of b. rapa is poorly understood. here, we used phylogenetic and gene structure analyses to show that braop2 proteins have evolved via a duplication process retaining two highly conserved domains at the n-t ...	2015	26188204
digital gene expression analysis of gene expression differences within brassica diploids and allopolyploids.	brassica includes many successfully cultivated crop species of polyploid origin, either by ancestral genome triplication or by hybridization between two diploid progenitors, displaying complex repetitive sequences and transposons. the u's triangle, which consists of three diploids and three amphidiploids, is optimal for the analysis of complicated genomes after polyploidization. next-generation sequencing enables the transcriptome profiling of polyploids on a global scale.	2015	25623840
genome-wide analysis of the r2r3-myb transcription factor genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) reveals their stress and hormone responsive patterns.	the myb superfamily is one of the most abundant transcription factor (tf) families in plants. myb proteins include highly conserved n-terminal myb repeats (1r, r2r3, 3r, and atypical) and various c-terminal sequences that confer extensive functions. however, the functions of most myb genes are unknown, and have been little studied in chinese cabbage.	2015	25613160
antioxidant response and carboxylate metabolism in brassica rapa exposed to different external zn, ca, and mg supply.	zinc (zn), calcium (ca), and magnesium (mg) malnutrition are common deficiencies in many developed and developing countries, resulting in a widespread health problem. biofortification of food crops is an agricultural strategy that can be used to increase the levels of these elements in the edible portions of crops. deficiency or toxicity of these cations in soils reduces plant growth, crop yield, and the quality of plant foodstuff. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external ...	2015	25544655
anthocyanin biosynthesis for cold and freezing stress tolerance and desirable color in brassica rapa.	flavonoids are divided into several structural classes, including anthocyanins, which provide flower and leaf colors and other derivatives that play diverse roles in plant development and interactions with the environment. this study characterized four anthocyanidin synthase (ans) genes of brassica rapa, a structural gene of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and investigated their association with pigment formation, cold and freezing tolerance in b. rapa. sequences of these genes were analyz ...	2015	25504198
impacts of whole-genome triplication on mirna evolution in brassica rapa.	micrornas (mirnas) are a class of short non-coding, endogenous rnas that play essential roles in eukaryotes. although the influence of whole-genome triplication (wgt) on protein-coding genes has been well documented in brassica rapa, little is known about its impacts on mirnas. in this study, through generating a comprehensive annotation of 680 mirnas for b. rapa, we analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of these mirnas from different aspects in b. rapa. first, while mirnas and genes show si ...	2015	26527651
molecular characterization and transcriptome analysis of orange head chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis).	the orange head phenotype of br - or resulted from a large insertion in carotenoid isomerase (brcrtiso) . comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the mutation affected the expression of abundant transcription factor genes. a new orange trait-specific marker was developed for marker-assisted breeding. orange head leaves are a desirable quality trait for chinese cabbage. our previous fine mapping identified brcrtiso as the br-or candidate gene for the orange chinese cabbage mutant. here, ...	2015	25686795
the elucidation of stress memory inheritance in brassica rapa plants.	plants are able to maintain the memory of stress exposure throughout their ontogenesis and faithfully propagate it into the next generation. recent evidence argues for the epigenetic nature of this phenomenon. small rnas (smrnas) are one of the vital epigenetic factors because they can both affect gene expression at the place of their generation and maintain non-cell-autonomous gene regulation. here, we have made an attempt to decipher the contribution of smrnas to the heat-shock-induced transge ...	2015	25653665
high-throughput genotyping for species identification and diversity assessment in germplasm collections.	germplasm collections provide an extremely valuable resource for breeders and researchers. however, misclassification of accessions by species often hinders the effective use of these collections. we propose that use of high-throughput genotyping tools can provide a fast, efficient and cost-effective way of confirming species in germplasm collections, as well as providing valuable genetic diversity data. we genotyped 180 brassicaceae samples sourced from the australian grains genebank across the ...	2015	25641370
responses of wheat (triticum aestivum) and turnip (brassica rapa) to the combined exposure of carbaryl and ultraviolet radiation.	the increase of ultraviolet (uv) radiation reaching the earth's surface as a result of increased ozone layer depletion has affected crop production systems and, in combination with pesticides used in agricultural activities, can lead to greater risks to the environment. the impact of uv radiation and carbaryl singly and in combination on triticum aestivum (wheat) and brassica rapa (turnip) was studied. the combined exposure was analyzed using the mixtox tool and was based on the conceptual model ...	2015	25754078
impact of total solid content and extraction ph on enzyme-aided recovery of protein from defatted rapeseed (brassica rapa l.) press cake and physicochemical properties of the protein fractions.	pectinase treatment was used to facilitate protein recovery from defatted rapeseed (brassica rapa) cold-pressing residue in water-lean conditions and without ph adjustment. effect of extraction ph on protein yield and physiochemical properties of the protein concentrates was assessed. enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates was feasible at high (40%) solid content and improved protein recovery at ph 6. comparable protein yields (40-41% of total protein) from enzyme-aided water extraction (ph 6) an ...	2015	25739320
effect of diffusion on discoloration of congo red by alginate entrapped turnip (brassica rapa) peroxidase.	enzymatic discoloration of the diazo dye, congo red (cr), by immobilized plant peroxidase from turnip "brassica rapa" is investigated. partially purified turnip peroxidase (tp) was immobilized by entrapment in spherical particles of calcium alginate and was assayed for the discoloration of aqueous cr solution. experimental data revealed that ph, reaction time, temperature, colorant, and h2o2 concentration play a significant role in dye degradation. maximum cr removal was found at ph 2.0, constan ...	2015	25734011
genome-wide identification, classification, and analysis of heat shock transcription factor family in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa pekinensis).	chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown worldwide, and various methods exist for selection, propagation, and cultivation. the entire chinese cabbage genome has been sequenced, and the heat shock transcription factor family (hsfs) has been found to play a central role in plant growth and development and in the response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions, particularly in acquired thermotolerance. we analyzed heat tolerance mechanisms ...	2015	25867366
modification of nitrate uptake pathway in plants affects the cadmium uptake by roots.	nrt1.1 is a dual-affinity nitrate (no3(-)) transporter involved in both high- and low-affinity no3(-) uptake in arabidopsis plants. in a recent study, we showed that, under cadmium (cd) exposure, blocking the nrt1.1-mediated no3(-) uptake reduces cd entry into roots, thus lowing cd levels in plants and improving plant growth. in addition, we also found that the cd levels in edible parts of 11 chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) cultivars correlated well with the no3(-) uptake rate ...	2015	25830329
dissecting the complex molecular evolution and expression of polygalacturonase gene family in brassica rapa ssp. chinensis.	polygalacturonases (pgs) participate in pectin disassembly of cell wall and belong to one of the largest hydrolase families in plants. in this study, we identified 99 pg genes in brassica rapa. comprehensive analysis of phylogeny, gene structures, physico-chemical properties and coding sequence evolution demonstrated that plant pgs should be classified into seven divergent clades and each clade's members had specific sequence and structure characteristics, and/or were under specific selection pr ...	2015	26506823
genome-wide identification, classification, and expression analysis of shsp genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp pekinensis).	small heat shock proteins (shsps) are essential for the plant's normal development and stress responses, especially the heat stress response. the information regarding shsp genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa ssp pekinensis) is sparse, hence we performed a genome-wide analysis to identify shsp genes in this species. we identified 26 non-redundant shsp genes distributed on all chromosomes, except chromosome a7, with one additional shsp gene identified from an expressed sequence tag library. c ...	2015	26505345
genome-wide dna methylation profiling by modified reduced representation bisulfite sequencing in brassica rapa suggests that epigenetic modifications play a key role in polyploid genome evolution.	brassica rapa includes some of the most important vegetables worldwide as well as oilseed crops. the complete annotated genome sequence confirmed its paleohexaploid origins and provides opportunities for exploring the detailed process of polyploid genome evolution. we generated a genome-wide dna methylation profile for b. rapa using a modified reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (rrbs) method. this sampling represented 2.24% of all cg loci (2.5 × 10(5)), 2.16% chg (2.7 × 10(5)), and 1.68 ...	2015	26500672
analysis of genomic dna methylation and gene expression in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis) after continuous seedling breeding.	vernalization plays a key role in the bolting and flowering of chinese cabbage (brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis). plants can switch from vegetative to reproductive growth and then bolt and flower under low temperature induction. the economic benefits of chinese cabbage will decline significantly when the bolting happens before the vegetative body fully grows due to a lack of the edible value. it was found that continuous seedling breeding reduced the heading of chinese cabbage and led to bolt a ...	2015	26601490
functional divergence of bak1 genes from brassica rapa in regulating plant architecture.	bak1 is a co-receptor of bri1 in early signaling pathways mediated by brassinosteroids (brs) and is thought to play a major role in plant growth and development. as the role of bak1 has not yet been fully elucidated then further research is required to explore its potential for use in genetic modification to improve crops. in this study, three bak1 genes from the amphidiploid species brassica rapa were isolated and their kinase functions were predicted following dna sequence analysis. a bioinfor ...	2015	26600518
hydrogen sulfide alleviates cadmium-induced cell death through restraining ros accumulation in roots of brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis.	hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is a cell signal molecule produced endogenously and involved in regulation of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress in plants. in this work, we used molecular biology, physiology, and histochemical methods to investigate the effects of h2s on cadmium- (cd-) induced cell death in chinese cabbage roots. cd stress stimulated a rapid increase of endogenous h2s in roots. additionally, root length was closely related to the cell death rate. pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide ...	2015	26078819
molecular characterization of brmyb28 and brmyb29 paralogous transcription factors involved in the regulation of aliphatic glucosinolate profiles in brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis.	glucosinolates (gsl) are one of the major secondary metabolites of the brassicaceae family. in the present study, we aim at characterizing the multiple paralogs of aliphatic gsl regulators, such as brmyb28 and brmyb29 genes in brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, by quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) analysis in different tissues and at various developmental stages. an overlapping gene expression pattern between the brmybs as well as their downstream genes (dsgs) was found at different developmental ...	2015	26043798