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citrobacter abscess of the foot. a case report. 19846725840
amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate: an antibiotic combination. mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, clinical efficacy and adverse effects.the combination of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate will soon be marketed in 2:1 and 4:1 fixed ratio dosage forms. in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that clavulanic acid, a potent inhibitor of many bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes, will increase the spectrum of amoxicillin to include, at achievable serum concentrations, haemophilus influenzae, h. ducreyi, neisseria gonorrhoeae, staphylococcus aureus and branhamella catarralis and, at achievable urine levels, many beta-lactamase-produci ...19846739312
[rapid method for the simultaneous determination of bacterial urease and phenylalanine desaminase].tested was an accelerated method for the evaluation of urease and phenylalanine desaminase of a total of 327 strains of e. coli, s. typhimurium, s. enteritidis, s. braenderup, s. tennessee, p. vulgaris, p. mirabilis, yersinia enterocolitica, and citrobacter that were subjected to a preliminary identification with routine methods. it was established that the method tested had the following advantages as compared to the classical methods employed up to then in the laboratory practice: --100% posit ...19846740921
citrobacter diversus osteomyelitis. a case report. 19846747194
[dibekacin in the treatment of urinary infections in the elderly].urinary tract infections in the elderly are severe and intractable, often justifying the use of aminoglycosides. we studied the effects of dibekacin in 28 patients, with no vesical catheter, whose average age was 78 +/- 6.1 years. the drug was given for ten days, in an average dose of 2.1 mg/kg/day divided into two injections. serum concentration was measured after one hour on day 1 and after eight hours on days 1 and 10. causative pathogens, all susceptible to dibekacin, were: 18 e. coli, 3 pro ...19846462747
nosocomial meningitis due to citrobacter diversus in neonates: new aspects of the epidemiology.two term neonates born within four days of each other at a small hospital developed sepsis and meningitis caused by a unique strain of citrobacter diversus not previously reported to cause meningitis. eleven (27.5%) of 40 other infants admitted to the nursery during the epidemic period developed rectal or umbilical colonization by c. diversus. contact soon after birth with either of two nurses was more common among infected or colonized infants than among infants who were not infected or coloniz ...19846470529
[comparative studies of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1982). ii. background of patients].the frequency of the causative strains in urinary tract infections was investigated from the point of view of the patient's background such as age, sex administration of antibiotics and so on. especially, the frequency of the causative strains isolated from patients within 3 days after the administration of antibiotics has markedly decreased. however, the frequency of the resistant strains such as p. aeruginosa, enterobacter spp., citrobacter spp. and serratia spp. has increased after 8 days' ad ...19846471384
growth of clinical isolates in the cold.common clinical isolates were tested to determine their ability to multiply after 7 days at 4 degrees c in trypticase soy broth. 34% of the 214 isolates grew in the cold. citrobacter freundii, group d enterococci, klebsiella oxytoca, proteus vulgaris, providencia rettgeri and serratia marcescens grew best of all. the importance of growth in the cold is discussed.19846472199
[distribution of enterobacteria in soil following irrigation with waste water].the filtration of wastewater after irrigation by sandy soil in the area of the braunschweig sewage utilization association was investigated. for that purpose, the concentrations of gram-negative aerobe rods were determined in soil samples of 15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, 75 cm, 90 cm, 105 cm, 120 cm, 135 cm, and 150 cm depth immediately after an irrigation of about 50 mm wastewater during the vegetation (3 series), the vegetationless period (6 series), after one week (3 series) and after two weeks ...19846475379
microbial aspects of the cockroach hindgut.the cockroach hindgut has a complex, active microbiota, a large portion of which is associated with the chitinous gut wall. it provides a different environment from that of termites and other insects which are dependent on their hindgut microbiota for the digestion of cellulose. the ph of the midgut of eublaberus posticus was not as high as it is in insects with a primarily cellulolytic nutrition. the hindgut of e. posticus was highly methanogenic, normal adults producing typically 10-25 mumol o ...19846477029
survey of resistance to metals and volatilization activity of hg-resistant r plasmids in citrobacter isolated from clinical lesions in japan.clinical isolates of citrobacter (277 strains) were studied for the resistance to four metals and four drugs. the distribution patterns of their susceptibility to hg, cd and as clearly revealed two peaks, but only a single peak of resistance to pb. the frequencies of resistance to hg, cd, as, sm, tc, cp and km were 31.8, 94.2, 57.8, 51.3, 44.8, 35.7 and 28.9%, respectively. and we selected 88 mercury resistant strains, and they were tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to the merc ...19846485637
do we need the third-generation cephalosporins?third-generation cephalosporins have been available for the past 5 years. the continued increase in resistance of bacteria to older antimicrobial agents and the safety profile of a number of the third-generation agents have established situations in which these compounds are useful. upper respiratory infections such as epiglottitis, lower respiratory tract infections due to enterobacteriaceae are examples of illnesses in which third-generation cephalosporins would be preferred to older drug prog ...19846501133
survey of the phenotypes of susceptibility to beta-lactams in enterobacteriaceae at the pitie-salpetriere hospital.the phenotypes of susceptibility to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were determined by the disc-diffusion method in 10,994 enterobacteriaceae consecutively isolated from in-patients during 18 months. the susceptible phenotypes were much more frequent among escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis and klebsiella (67.4 to 84.8%) than among serratia, enterobacter and citrobacter (8.8 to 35.5%). in all species the most common resistance phenotypes were to amp ...19846501135
[study of lincomycin concentrations in hepatocystic duct].penetration of lincomycin (lcm) in choledochal and cholecystic bile as well as in the gallbladder tissue and liver tissue was investigated together with bacteria detectable in the bile in order to evaluate basically usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of infections of the hepatocystic duct. intravenous drip infusion of lcm 1.5 g (in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution) over 1.5--2 hours resulted in mean drug concentrations of 33.9 and 10.1 micrograms/ml in serum at 2 and 4 hours post start ...19846502929
cefoperazone in the treatment of postsurgical wound infection, sepsis, and abscess of the spinal cord and brain.cefoperazone was used in the treatment of 23 cases of serious bacterial infection in 20 patients. ten postoperative scalp wound infections, five infections at the site of tracheostomy, four cases of extradural spinal cord abscess, three cases of sepsis, and one abscess of the cerebellopontine angle were treated with cefoperazone (1 to 2 gm bid, usually for seven to 27 days). there were excellent or good clinical responses in 87% (20/23) of the cases (14 of the 15 postsurgical wound infections, t ...19846509463
citrobacter koseri isolated in israel, 1972-83.cultures of citrobacter koseri (syn. c. diversus), an opportunistic pathogen that was isolated in israel during 1972-83, were studied by sero- and biotyping and for susceptibility to antibacterial agents. of 1,172 cultures, 96% were isolated from adults, more than half from urinary tract infections. other frequent sources were superficial wounds and discharges from the respiratory and genital tracts. seventeen strains originated from blood cultures of patients with sepsis and four from the cereb ...19846511332
degradation of citrobacter o-serogroup ci23vi+ murein with vi phages.dialysable products resulting from the digestion of the citrobacter o-serogroup ci23vi+ murein with vi phages show a decrease of their reducing power/muropeptides. it is accompanied with an increase of free amino groups amount/muropeptide when compared to the one obtained after the lysozyme treatment. it leads to a suggestion, that vi phage particles possess two enzyme activities: "lysozyme-like" and deacetylase which might be a transacetylase.19846524155
neonatal citrobacter meningitis: pathogenesis of cerebral abscess formation.in 2 premature infants with brief survival, the major pathological feature of citrobacter meningitis consisted of vasculitis and infarction with necrosis and liquefaction of large portions of the white matter of the hemispheres. areas of decreased density demonstrated on computed tomographic head scan represented infarction with necrosis, liquefaction, and cavitation and not a classic abscess. this finding has clinical significance, because surgical drainage of liquefied infarcts is rarely indic ...19846524874
in vitro antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol.this in vitro study of thiamphenicol activity against 247 strains of gram-positive and 195 strains of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria showed no significant changes from past activity. of the 442 strains involved, thiamphenicol proved: - effective (mic = less than or equal to 0.5-4 micrograms/ml) against 131 strains, mostly streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci. - moderately effective (mic = 8-64 micrograms/ml) against 252 strains, mostly staphylococci, salmonella, citrobacter, k. pneumonia ...19846529771
immunochemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides of citrobacter chemotypes cc-g and cc-h.lipopolysaccharides of citrobacter serotypes 04, 027 and 036 indicate strong cross-reactivity in passive hemagglutination and their o-specific chains are homopolymers of (beta 1----2)--linked 4-deoxy-d-arabinohexose. citrobacter serotype 023 cannot be placed in chemotype cc-h, since its o-specific polysaccharide does not contain 4-deoxy-hexose. the possibility exists that 4-deoxy-d-arabinohexosyl side chains of 023-specific-polysaccharide disappeared as a result of a mutation of the parent strai ...19846534318
[multicenter study of the antibacterial activity of a new cephalosporin: cm 40874].minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of cm were evaluated on 2 548 bacterial strains isolated in 8 hospitals. cm demonstrated high activity on enterobacteriaceae, the mic being less than or equal to 0.125 micrograms/ml for 71% of the 1 362 strains tested, less than or equal to 1 for 99.6%, and less than or equal to 4 for 99.9%. mode mic varies little among the different groups of enterobacteriaceae (from 0.06 to 0.12 micrograms/ml), with the exception of serratia sp. (mode mic : 0.25) and kle ...19846547524
how can we stop the citrobacter? 19846588309
conservative management of citrobacter diversus meningitis with brain abscess. 19846588321
enoxacin: worldwide in-vitro activity against 22451 clinical isolates.a worldwide multicentre study involving 31 centres in eight countries was conducted to compare the in-vitro activity of enoxacin with that of other currently available antibiotics. enoxacin was active against virtually all of the species of enterobacteriaceae tested (mic90 less than or equal to 0.25-2 mg/l). it was also effective at inhibiting pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90 = 2 mg/l; n = 3540), staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis (mic90 = 2 mg/l; n = 2635 and 837 resp.), acinetobacter calcoacet ...19846594322
development of resistance to cephalosporins in clinical strains of citrobacter spp.the predominant beta-lactam antibiogram of citrobacter freundii resembles that of enterobacter cloacae in demonstrating resistance to cephalothin and cefoxitin with susceptibility to the newer cephalosporins. four representative strains of c. freundii were reversibly induced to high-level beta-lactamase production by cefoxitin, and mutants with stable, high-level production were selected with cefamandole. the mutants were resistant to several second- and third-generation cephalosporins. comparis ...19846610388
influence of spontaneous and inducible beta-lactamase production on the antimicrobial activity of recently developed beta-lactam compounds.the activity of 9 recently developed beta-lactam compounds was evaluated in 185 ampicillin-resistant isolates of enterobacteriaceae. moreover, in all strains, spontaneous and inducible beta-lactamase production was quantified and correlated with the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of each compound. in most species, no correlation could be observed between spontaneously produced beta-lactamase and the mics, with the only exceptions of serratia spp. and morganella morganii isolates for meth ...19846610539
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial properties of fk 027, a new orally active cephem antibiotic.fk 027 was more active than cefaclor, cephalexin, and amoxicillin against stock strains of a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria, including such opportunistic pathogens as citrobacter and enterobacter species and serratia marcescens. fk 027 was significantly more active than the three reference drugs against clinical isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, indole-positive and -negative proteus species, providencia species, haemophilus influenzae, and neisseria gonorrhoeae. it was ...19846561017
in vitro activity of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid (brl 28500, 'timentin') against ticarcillin-resistant gram-negative rods.a study was carried out to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of 211 clinical isolates of ticarcillin resistant (mics greater than 128 micrograms/ml) gram-negative rods to a combination of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid. the combination demonstrated superior activity; 90% of the proteus spp. and 50% of e. coli and klebsiella spp. isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 64 micrograms/ml. it was 2 to 8-times more active than ticarcillin alone against e. coli, proteus and klebsiella sp ...19846568146
changing patterns of hospital infections: implications for therapy. changing mechanisms of bacterial resistance.during the past decade there has been a marked increase in resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. microorganisms have developed the ability to make altered receptors for antimicrobial agents, have prevented agents from reaching their receptors within the bacterial cell, now have enzymes to destroy antibiotics, and have resistant metabolic pathways. altered penicillin receptors, penicillin-binding proteins, have been found in streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus faecalis, staphylococc ...19846087659
correction of the nucleotide sequence of the citrobacter freundii tryptophan operon regulatory region.we present a correction of the previously reported nucleotide sequence of the citrobacter freundii trp operon regulatory region. the original sequence analyses were performed with a plasmid designated pcf2. we repeated the cloning of the trp regulatory region of c. freundii and concluded from the determined sequence that a dna rearrangement had occurred within the leader region of the cloned trp dna of pcf2. the correct sequence is homologous to the escherichia coli sequence.19846090386
in vivo antibacterial activity of cefodizime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic.the in vivo activity of cefodizime (hr 221) was compared with that of cefotaxime (ctx), cefmenoxime, latamoxef, cefazolin and cefmetazole (cmz). the protective effects of hr 221 on experimental infections in mice caused by staphylococcus aureus smith, escherichia coli c-11, proteus vulgaris gn-76 and serratia marcescens no. 2 were directly related to its in vitro activity against these strains. in contrast, the compound showed the smallest ed50 values, among the 5 antibiotics tested (not includi ...19846092740
evidence for clustering of rna polymerase and ribosomal protein genes in six species of enterobacteria.32p-labelled dna fragments from the e. coli beta operon were used as hybridisation probes for homologous dna sequences in chromosomal digests of six species of enterobacteria. in all species the hybridisation pattern suggested clustering of the genes comprising the beta operon.19846092848
treatment of 160 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with cefotaxime.one hundred and sixty cases of acute bacterial meningitis were treated with cefotaxime. patients were between 9 days and 79 years old: 7 new borns, 37 infants, 43 children, 19 adolescents and 54 adults. fifty-eight patients (36%) were in coma when admitted. aetiology was determined in 110 patients (68.8%): neisseria meningitidis in 42, streptococcus pneumoniae in 36, haemophilus influenzae in 16, salmonella spp. in 7, staphylococcus aureus in 2, enterobacter spp. in 2 and haemophilus parainfluen ...19846094440
single-dose cefotaxime in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized clinical trial.thirty-seven patients with a median age of 5 years with symptomatic lower or upper urinary tract infection, documented by a clean-catch midstream urine culture and sediment examination, completed a randomized study comparing the effectiveness of a single dose of cefotaxime with 10-day treatment with an antibiotic chosen by in-vitro sensitivities. eighteen patients were randomly assigned to the cefotaxime group (50 mg/kg/im route) and 19 patients were placed in the 10-day therapy group. in the ce ...19846094457
[fundamental and clinical studies of sulbactam/cefoperazone in the pediatric field].to 6 cases of children in 2 groups of 3 each, newly developed sulbactam/cefoperazone (sbt/cpz) was given at 20 and 40 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, respectively, and the serum and urinary concentrations and recoveries of sbt and cpz were determined. to 1 case of purulent meningitis, this drug was given at 40 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and the cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of sbt and cpz were determined. susceptibility tests to sbt/cpz and cpz of total 289 strain ...19846094868
cefmenoxime: clinical evaluation.cefmenoxime was evaluated in an open trial consisting of 41 patients. forty infections in 36 patients could be evaluated. thirteen patients had pyelonephritis due to escherichia coli (two bacteremic), pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, or streptococcus faecalis; all improved and 12 of 13 were clinically cured, but one relapse (s. faecalis) occurred at two weeks. six patients with cystitis due to e. coli, citrobacter freundii, serratia marcescens, p. aeruginosa, or s. faecalis all imp ...19846097126
efficacy of ceftizoxime administered twice daily in hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections.the efficacy and safety of ceftizoxime administered twice daily were evaluated in 215 hospitalized patients with documented lower respiratory tract infections. the majority of patients received 1 to 2 gm of ceftizoxime intramuscularly or intravenously every 12 hours; the mean dosage was 2 gm/day, and the mean duration of therapy was 8.9 days. clinical cure was achieved in 204 (95%) of the 215 patients with lower respiratory tract infection. one hundred and thirty-eight patients were both clinica ...19846097357
[laboratory and clinical studies of ceftriaxone in the pediatric field].the authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of ceftriaxone (ro 13-9904, ctrx) and obtained the following results. the antibacterial activities of ctrx against the clinical isolates of s. aureus, e. coli, k. pneumoniae, e. cloacae, e. aerogenes, s. marcescens, citrobacter sp. and p. aeruginosa were measured by the agar dilution method with inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. the susceptibility distribution of s. aureus to ctrx ranged from 0.2 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, and the peak ...19846098706
endocarditis due to citrobacter freundii.the etiologic association of acute bacterial endocarditis with the citrobacter species has been rare, although it is one of the opportunistic organisms that afflicts the elderly, neonates, the debilitated and immunocompromised. we report a case of endocarditis due to citrobacter freundii.198415227087
efficacy of bicozamycin in preventing traveler's diarrhea.bicozamycin was compared with a placebo in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the prevention of acute diarrhea among 30 american travelers newly arrived in guadalajara, mexico. none of the 11 subjects given bicozamycin orally for 3 wk at a dosage of 500 mg four times a day developed diarrhea as compared with an incidence of 53% diarrhea (10 of 19 subjects) in the placebo group (p = 0.003). bicozamycin was well tolerated. studies of changes in predominant aerobic fecal flora among t ...19853965336
ureolytic citrobacter freundii infection of the urine as a cause of dissolution of cystine renal calculi.we report a case of cystinuria with staghorn renal lithiasis in a solitary right kidney and chronic renal failure. right nephropyelolithotomy was performed and although 29 renal calculi were extracted many stones remained in situ. a permanent nephrostomy was left in the kidney. several months later the urine was infected chronically with a ureolytic citrobacter freundii bacteria and urinary ph oscillated between 8.0 and 9.2. spontaneous dissolution of the cystine calculi was observed and many ti ...19853973994
the emergence of resistance and the therapy of septicaemia.there were 658 positive blood cultures in st. thomas' hospital during 1982-1984, from which 301 enterobacteriaceae were isolated. most were of species that do not usually produce inducible class i beta-lactamases but 39 of the isolates were of species that do. many of these strains were resistant to the older cephalosporins but resistance to cefuroxime was uncommon and resistance to ceftazidime or cefotaxime was confined to five isolates of enterobacter cloacae (four of which were from patients ...19853986947
[fatal citrobacter freundii bronchopneumonia acquired in the community in an uncompromised patient]. 19854001494
bacteria and food poisoning organisms in milk.individual milk samples of 50 goats, 50 ewes and 50 cows were examined for the total viable count, coliform bacteria, staphylococci and salmonellae. growth of enterotoxin a producing staphylococcus aureus nctc 10652 in the milk of the three animal species was also studied. the average total count was 1.9 x 10(7) cells/ml for cow's, 7.7 x 10(6) for goat's and 2.7 x 10(6) for ewe's milk with micrococci staphylococci, rods and streptococci being the predominant organisms in the three milks, respect ...19854022103
treatment of pediatric infections with amikacin as first-line aminoglycoside.because of increased aminoglycoside resistance of hospital bacterial isolates, aminoglycoside sensitivity patterns of isolates in a large children's hospital were assessed before and during a 33-month period of almost exclusive amikacin use. there was no significant change in overall resistance rates of gram-negative enteric bacteria to gentamicin (4.8 percent and 4.6 percent), tobramycin (2.5 percent and 3.6 percent), and amikacin (1.2 percent and 1.8 percent) from the pre-amikacin period to th ...19854025367
in vitro comparative antimicrobial activity of cefpimizole against clinical isolates from five medical centers.cefpimizole was compared with cefoperazone and cefotaxime against 6,599 clinical bacterial isolates from five medical centers. cefoperazone and cefotaxime were both more active and provided a greater spectrum of antimicrobial coverage than cefpimizole. some of the cefpimizole minimum concentrations inhibiting 50% of tested strains were as follows: citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae, 16 micrograms/ml; escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, 2.0 micrograms/ml; proteus mirabilis, 1.0 ...19854026275
comparative in vitro activity of temocillin.the antibacterial activity of temocillin, a novel beta-lactam antibiotic, was tested against 796 clinical isolates. we also conducted a comparative study against 8 other antibiotics. temocillin exhibited good activity against gram-negative organisms including escherichia coli, and the genera proteus, enterobacter, serratia, klebsiella, citrobacter, providencia, salmonella, shigella and haemophilus: 98% of the strains were inhibited by concentrations less than or equal to 16 mg/l. the results of ...19854029029
[effect of monovalent cations on the catalytic and spectral properties of tyrosine-phenol-lyase from citrobacter intermedius].the action of monovalent cations li+, na+, k+, rb+, cs+, nh4+ on catalytic and physico-chemical properties of bacterial tyrosine--phenol-lyase was investigated. it was shown that k+, rb+, cs+, nh4+ were the noncompetitive activators of the enzyme, na+ was an inhibitor, li+ did not influence the catalytic activity. the values of ka and vmax were determined for the activators in the reaction of alpha, beta-elimination of l-tyrosine. monovalent cations affect the absorption and cd spectra of the en ...19854033640
treatment of gram-negative infections with aztreonam.twenty-one patients with serious gram-negative infections were treated with aztreonam. twenty of these were clinical and microbiologic cures; there was one clinical improvement with microbiologic persistence. no bacteria became resistant. cure rates were: bone and joint (11 of 11); skin and soft tissue (six of six); pneumonia (two of two); perinephric abscess (one of one); and intra-abdominal abscess (zero of one). the bacteria responsible for these infections included pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 ...19854038577
in vitro activity of aztreonam--a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic.the in vitro antibacterial activity of aztreonam (sq 26776), a new beta-lactam antibiotic, was measured by the agar dilution technique. aztreonam is known to have a narrow spectrum with activity only against gram negative bacteria. the strains tested were 223 clinical isolates from blood cultures obtained at rigshospitalet, copenhagen, denmark. its activity against e. coli, klebsiella spp., proteus spp., enterobacter spp., citrobacter, salmonella typhimurium and serratia marcescens was satisfact ...19854040456
an unusual mixed infection in a diabetic patient: citrobacter freundii and peptococcus magnus.a case of an unusual mixed infection of the foot involving citrobacter freundii and peptococcus magnus is presented. characteristics and treatment of infections caused by these organisms are reviewed. the possible effects of an infection of this type in a compromised patient are also presented.19854045113
the influence of third-generation cephalosporins on the aerobic intestinal flora.the influence of three third-generation cephalosporins with varying degrees of biliary excretion on the aerobic flora was investigated. the faecal flora prior to therapy with one of these substances consisted mainly of anaerobic bacilli. escherichia coli was present in concentrations of 10(9) organisms/g stool. candida albicans and enterococci were observed in concentrations of 10(5) - 10(6) organisms/g stool. within 24 hours after the administration of ceftriaxone and cefoperazone, the gram-neg ...19854055044
clinical evaluation of the effect of cefotaxime in senile pneumonia caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.66 patients with predominantly community-acquired pneumonia were treated with cefotaxime. the group consisted of 45 males and 21 females, aged 56 to 90 years, 43 of the patients belonging to the age groups 65-80 years. streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 21 of the 34 patients with gram-positive pneumonia, staphylococcus aureus in six, staphylococcus epidermidis in five and streptococcus faecalis in two. klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant pathogen in gram-negative pneumonia (eight pat ...19854055049
[dependence of the dynamics of the multiplication of bacteria in the genus citrobacter on the temperature factor and on the product type in experimental contamination].a study was made of the time course of the reproduction of bacteria of the citrobacter genus in milk, sausage meat and vermicelli during experimental contamination, with incubation of cultures at 3 temperature regimens (24, 37 and 44 degrees c). estimation of the results of experiments was performed by counting the number of the colonies on the surface of 2% beef-extract agar. it was established that within the first 6 h, at 24 and 37 degrees c there was an identical growth of the number of micr ...19854060686
first strains of the genus kluyvera in czechoslovakia.fourteen of 21 strains isolated from stools, urine specimens and the hospital environment were identified as kluyvera. all of these 14 strains corresponded with the literary description of the genus kluyvera and were identical with two reference strains except that one of them failed to utilize sodium acetate within 7 days. one strain (no. 23441) produced massive growth on jordan's tartrate, which some kluyvera do. important in differentiating indole- and simmons' citrate-negative kluyvera strai ...19854060923
antibacterial activity of amifloxacin (win 49, 375), a new quinolone agent.the in vitro activity of amifloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent was compared with those of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. ninety percent of escherichia coli, klebsiella species, aeromonas, salmonella, shigella, citrobacter, enterobacter species, proteus mirabilis, serratia marcescens, and morganella morganii were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml. amifloxacin inhibited branhamella, haemophilus, and neis ...19854064609
[comparative studies of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1983). i. susceptibility distribution].during 1979-1983 in vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against causative bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (uti) were investigated by microbiological research group of uti including the 8 institutions in japan. of all strains (219) isolated from patients with simple uti, 65.3% were e. coli, and 9.6% klebsiella spp.; these species accounted for about 75% of all isolates in 1983. mpc and ccl among the oral antimicrobial agents have showed potent activities against ...19854079003
population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime in enterobacteriaceae.population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime (ctx) in eight species of enterobacteriaceae was carried out. one strain of each species was examined. the strains represented their individual species as regards natural susceptibility to ampicillin (a) and carbenicillin (ca). cephalothinase activity of the parental strains and strains selected on the plates with the highest concentration that allowed growth was determined by an ultraviolet assay. the populations of the a-susceptible/ca-suscep ...19854083013
holding effects on coliform enumeration in drinking water samples.standard procedures for analyzing drinking water stress the need to adhere to the time and temperature conditions recommended for holding samples collected for microbiological testing. the national drinking water laboratory certification program requires compliance with these holding limits, but some investigators have reported difficulties in meeting them. research was conducted by standard analytical methods to determine if changes occurred when samples were held at 5 and 22 degrees c and anal ...19854083877
[pipemidinic acid as a urinary antiseptic--microbiological and clinical study].the authors present the results from the microbiological and clinical studies about the potentialities of pipemidinic acid in the treatment of uroinfections. pipemidinic acid was established with the study on 375 bacterial strains, isolated from the urine of urological patients to have a very good in vitro effect as regards e. coli, citrobacter, proteus retgeri, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella and enterobacter, and in case of those microorganisms, it gives way only to some aminoglucoside antibioti ...19854090453
selective detection and enumeration of fecal coliforms in water by potentiometric measurement of lipoic acid reduction.water samples of various origins were inoculated into a specific coliform-selective lactose broth provided with lipoic (thioctic) acid, and the time evolution of the redox potential of the cultures was monitored during incubation at 41 degrees c by use of gold versus reference electrodes. positive potential-time responses, i.e., 100-mv potential shifts recorded within 20 h of inoculation, were related to the initial number of fecal coliforms in the broth determined by control enumeration techniq ...19854091553
[gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibiotics in foods].from 154 food samples, including vegetables (lettuce), milk and meals served at school it was possible to isolate and identify 400 gram negative bacilli distributed among 339 enteric bacteria (escherichia, shigella, citrobacter, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia and proteus) and other 61 non enteric bacilli (acinetobacter, flavobacterium, aeromonas and pseudomonas). submitting this cultures to the drugs sulfadiazine (su), streptomycin (sm), tetracycline (tc), chloramphenicol (cm), kanamycin (km ...19853837834
temocillin. in vitro antibacterial activity.temocillin, a 6-alpha-methoxy penicillin derivative, was tested in vitro against 516 recent clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae. the compound exhibited good antibacterial activity, with 95% of isolates inhibited by a range 2 to 16 mg/l. further studies, against selected isolates resistant to ticarcillin, piperacillin and cefuroxime (klebsiella oxytoca, 25; enterobacter species, 34; and citrobacter species, 5), showed about half of the isolates of k. oxytoca (11/25) to be resistant to aztreon ...19853849425
comparative activity of the penem antibiotic sch 34343 against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria with special reference to multiresistant strains.a new penem antibiotic, sch 34343, was shown to be active against a large number of gram-positive bacteria. the drug inhibited penicillinase-positive and -negative staphylococci equally well, being five times more active than cefamandole and ten times more active than methicillin. most methicillin-resistant staphylococci were inhibited by concentrations between 0.25 and 4 mg/l, but a small group of highly resistant strains were observed. sch 34343 was eight times less active than ampicillin and ...19853849537
[effects of ks-r1 (ampicillin suppository) and ampicillin oral dosing on fecal flora of children].a newly developed product, ks-r1 (a suppository containing 250 mg potency of ampicillin (abpc)), was given to 7 children (5 boys and 2 girls) ranging from 4 years and 5 months to 8 years and 10 months in age, 3 times a day (average daily dose, 62.4 mg/kg) for 5 days. as a control, the same amount of abpc dry syrup was given orally to 7 children (4 boys and 3 girls) ranging from 2 years and 8 months to 7 years and 7 months in age, 3 times a day (average daily dose, 55.3 mg/kg) for 5 days. the eff ...19853849603
[clinical and experimental studies on the pathogenicity of clinical isolated citrobacter freundii].clinical and fundamental studies were performed using citrobacter freundii isolated from urine specimens of in- and out-patients between january 1980 and july 1981. the c. freundii (greater than 10(4)/ml) isolated from urine was closely related to chronic complicated urinary tract infection. mics of pyridonecarbonic acids (enx, oflx and nflx) and cmx against c. freundii were low. pyridonecarbonic acids (enx, oflx and nflx) and cmx showed good therapeutic effects against the experimental ascendin ...19853851621
timentin in the treatment of symptomatic complicated urinary tract infections in adult patients.the safety and effectiveness of timentin were evaluated in 34 adult patients with symptomatic complicated urinary tract infections, principally due to multiply-drug-resistant bacteria. although a wide variety of organisms, particularly gram-negative bacilli, were found, escherichia coli was the most frequent, accounting for 14 of 45 (31 percent) pathogens isolated. ten (22 percent) isolates were pseudomonas aeruginosa; 11 (24 percent) were proteus or morganella species; three (7 percent) were ci ...19853852637
mezlocillin, ceftizoxime, and amikacin alone and in combination against six enterobacteriaceae in a neutropenic site in rabbits.closed-space, locally neutropaenic infection sites were simulated in rabbits by implanting subcutaneous semipermeable chambers inoculated with 5 x 10(4) cfu/ml of escherichia coli (one strain), citrobacter diversus (one strain), klebsiella pneumoniae (two strains) or serratia marcescens (two strains). four hours after inoculation, treatment was begun with amikacin (15 mg/kg), mezlocillin (100 mg/kg), or ceftizoxime (50 mg/kg) alone or in two-drug combinations. antibiotics were given intramuscula ...19853856563
in vitro antibacterial activity of bmy-28142, a new extended-spectrum cephalosporin.the in vitro activity of bmy-28142 was compared with that of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, moxalactam, and imipenem against 639 clinical isolates and a number of in vitro-selected resistant mutants. bmy-28142 was the most potent compound against the members of the family enterobacteriaceae with a mic for 90% of the strains of 0.12 micrograms/ml. the activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to that of ceftazidime and imipenem. strains of staphylococci were moderately susceptible to bmy-2 ...19853859244
[evaluation of ceftizoxime in the treatment of respiratory tract infections].ceftizoxime (czx) was used for 33 patients with respiratory tract infections; 22 patients with pneumonia, 3 patients with pulmonary abscess, 4 patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis and 4 patients with acute exacerbation of bronchiectasia. clinical effects of czx were evaluated in 33 patients; excellent in 16 and good in 14 patients. the efficacy rate was 91%. bacteriological effects of czx were prominent in 7 patients infected with s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, k. pneumoniae and citrobacter, bu ...19853861881
in-vitro activity of ofloxacin, a quinolone carboxylic acid compared to other quinolones and other antimicrobial agents.ofloxacin is a new quinolone carboxylic acid compound. its activity against 900 bacterial isolates was determined. it inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella sp., aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella spp., shigella spp., citrobacter spp., enterobacter spp., morganella morganii, proteus mirabilis, yersinia enterocolitica at less than or equal to 0.8 mg/l. branhamella catarrhalis, haemophilus sp., neisseria sp. were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l. pseudomonas aeruginosa and other ps ...19853865923
conversion of cloxacillin into a progressive inhibitor of beta-lactamases by sulfonation and its activity against various types of these enzymes.on the assumption of the theory that the sulfone of a penam derivative should effectively act as a suicide substrate against beta-lactamases to which the parent compound is a poor substrate, the action of cloxacillin sulfone on four different types of beta-lactamases was studied. as we expected, cloxacillin sulfone showed strong mechanism-based irreversible inactivation against type ib penicillinase and proteus vulgaris cephalosporinase whereas it showed no progressive inactivation against cloxa ...19853871761
mechanisms and clinical relevance of antagonism between beta-lactam antibiotics.the author discussed the problem of antagonism between combined antibiotics. several examples of antagonistic combinations between cefoxitin plus moxalactam, or carbenicillin were cited in the literature. this phenomenon may occur especially with enterobacter spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, citrobacter spp. and serratia marcescens: in these species induction of chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase by certain potent inducers such as cefoxitin has been suggested as the main mechanism of antagonism. ...19853872724
a perspective on the present contribution of beta-lactamases to bacterial resistance with particular reference to induction of beta-lactamase and its clinical significance.resistance of bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics has become a serious problem in the past several decades. virtually all staphylococcus aureus, many haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, many enterobacteriaceae, many pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacteroides species possess beta-lactamases which hydrolyze to varying degree penems, penams, carbapenems, cephems, cephamycins and monobactams. the most common plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase is the so-called tem beta-la ...19853872725
evidence for nonspecific induction of beta-lactamase in overproducing variants of enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii.induction of chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases was studied in clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii. whereas isolates resistant to ampicillin and cefoxitin exhibited an inducible enzyme, those sensitive to both agents did not. cefoxitin and above all imipenem proved the most efficacious enzyme inducers. variants among these inducible isolates which produced large amounts of beta-lactamase could be selected in the presence of cefamandole. in each of these selecte ...19853872794
in vitro and in vivo activities of dn-9550, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.dn-9550 [(6r, 7r)-7-[(z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl) methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(1-pyridinio)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia -1-azabicyclo methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate hydrochloride] is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the activity of dn-9550 against most species of the family enterobacteriaceae was roughly comparable to that of ceftazidime, slightly lower th ...19853873898
covalent binding of moxalactam to cephalosporinase of citrobacter freundii.the inhibition of citrobacter freundii cephalosporinase activity by moxalactam is shown to be due to the formation of a transiently stable covalent complex, probably acyl enzyme. the covalent complex formed was identified by coelution of [14c] moxalactam with the enzyme by using sephadex g-25 gel filtration in the presence of 5.7 m guanidine hydrochloride and by analytical isoelectric focusing. both the side-chain carboxyl group and the 7 alpha-methoxy group of moxalactam were necessary to stabi ...19853874595
the interaction of beta-lactam compounds with chromosomally mediated enzymes: relations to the molecular structure.the interaction of 25 beta-lactam compounds with both chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases from enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii was studied by enzyme kinetics. all the penams, cephems, and the penem sch 29482 revealed 'competitive inhibition' of both enzymes. the penem required a preincubation period of approximately 5 min before reaching a state of equilibrium between the active and the inactive enzyme. except for the recently developed compound hr 810, newer cephalosporins gene ...19853875455
gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins: beta-lactamase characterization and susceptibility to sch 34343.we studied 192 recent clinical isolates, comprising six species of gram-negative bacilli resistant either to cefotaxime or latamoxef (moxalactam), from several hospitals. all isolates were resistant to several other third-generation cephalosporins or a monobactam. two to five types of chromosomal beta-lactamases, as defined by isoelectric focusing, were readily identified in each species. isolates of citrobacter, enterobacter and serratia produced higher levels of chromosomal beta-lactamase than ...19853875602
in-vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability and inhibitory properties of a new penem antibiotic, sch 34343.sch 34343 is a new penem antibiotic. its in-vitro activity was determined against gram-positive and -negative aerobic and anaerobic isolates. sch 34343 inhibited 90% of strains of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, salmonella spp, citrobacter spp. and shigella spp. at less than 1 mg/1. ninety per cent of strains of enterobacter, morganella and providencia spp. were inhibited by less than 4 mg/1. sch 34343 did not inhibit pseudomonas spp., and it had slightly less activit ...19853875603
population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime and desacetyl-cefotaxime in staphylococcus and enterobacteriaceae.population analyses of susceptibility to cefotaxime (ctx) and desacetyl-cefotaxime (dctx) of strains of staphylococcus and some genera of enterobacteriaceae were carried out. dctx, which is the main metabolite of ctx, has antimicrobial activity. the penicillinase-producing strains of s. aureus and s. epidermidis were homogeneous as regards susceptibility to both agents. ctx was about 4-8 times more active than dctx. the methicillin-resistant strains contained a sub-population of resistant bacter ...19853875967
multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids in enterobacteriaceae isolated from diarrhoeal specimens of hospitalized children in indonesia.we studied the plasmid and antibiotic resistance characteristics of 35 strains of enterobacteriaceae recovered from faecal specimens of children with diarrhoea in central general hospital, bandung, indonesia. twenty three escherichia coli, three providencia, three proteus, three klebsiella, two enterobacter and one citrobacter were examined. all strains were multiply resistant, many carrying six to nine antibiotic resistances. most of these resistances were transferable to a laboratory e. coli s ...19853876328
the activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefotetan compared to other beta-lactam antibiotics.the in vitro activity of cefotetan was assessed against beta-lactamase producing clinical isolates. the majority of enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml with 50% of isolates inhibited by less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. cefotetan inhibited organisms resistant to cefazolin, cefonicid and cefoperazone, but not isolates of enterobacter, citrobacter or serratia resistant to ceftizoxime. cefotetan inhibited beta-lactamase producing haemophilus influenzae and ...19853876887
the activity of cefbuperazone, a 7 alpha-methoxy 7 beta acyl ureido cephalosporin.the activity of cefbuperazone, a 7 alpha-methoxy ureido cephalosporin, was determined against 726 clinical isolates. ninety percent of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus vulgaris, morganella morganii, salmonella, and shigella species were inhibited by less than or equal to 6.3 micrograms/ml. cefbuperazone was more active than cefamandole, cefoxitin and piperacillin against these species. concentrat ...19853879464
biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.in 1972 there were only 11 genera and 26 species in the family enterobacteriaceae. today there are 22 genera, 69 species, and 29 biogroups or enteric groups. this paper is a review of all of the new organisms. it has a series of differential charts to assist in identification and a large chart with the reactions of 98 different organisms for 47 tests often used in identification. a simplified version of this chart gives the most common species and tests most often used for identification. the so ...19853881471
aztreonam in the treatment of serious orthopedic infections.aztreozam was evaluated in the treatment of a variety of orthopedic infections. included were 17 patients with osteomyelitis, three with purulent arthropathy with prostheses, and 16 with superficial infections secondary to trauma or surgical procedure. pathogens were gram-negative bacilli sensitive to aztreonam. concomitant antibiotics were administered for gram-positive cocci that were present initially or by superinfection. infecting organisms included pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimal inhibitor ...19853881949
application of in-vitro models: development of resistance.the development of chromosomal beta-lactam resistance of escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii was observed by following the bacterial kill-kinetics in an in-vitro model simulating human serum antibiotic concentrations. from sensitive escherichia coli cells mutants arose resistant to aminopenicillins, and to first and second generation cephalosporins, whereas with the ent. cloacae and citro. freundii mutants were also resistant to cefotaxime. resistant mutants from all ...19853884569
pathogenesis of escherichia coli cystitis and pyelonephritis: apparent lack of significance of bacterial motility and chemotaxis towards human urine.all 45 microscopically motile urinary isolates tested here (37 escherichia coli, two enterobacter cloacae, two citrobacter freundii, three proteus mirabilis and one proteus morganii) were strongly attracted to fresh human urine in a capillary chemotaxis assay. this observation suggested that urine taxis of gram-negative bacteria promotes their invasion of the human lower urinary tract and their ascension to the kidney(s). however, the incidence of motile isolates and their activity in urine taxi ...19853886554
an outbreak of antibiotic-resistant salmonella enteritidis in liberia, west africa.between october 1980 and august 1982, 100 patients in the pediatric population at curran lutheran hospital, zorzor, liberia were identified as having multiple drug-resistant salmonella enteritidis serotype enteritidis. the illness usually presented as an enteric fever but also as meningitis, gastroenteritis, empyema, subcutaneous abscesses, chronic otitis media, or a combination of these conditions. predisposing factors were young age and debilitation from malnutrition or measles. the mortality ...19853886805
inhibitory activity of cefpiramide on beta-lactamase.the beta-lactamase stability and inhibitory activity of cefpiramide were investigated. cefpiramide was found to be stable to hydrolysis and inhibited beta-lactamase produced by citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, morganella morganii, and escherichia coli. kinetic studies showed that cefpiramide is a competitive inhibitor of cephaloridine hydrolysis by e. cloacae beta-lactamase.19853888544
in vitro studies on the antibacterial activities of ym-13115, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.the in vitro antibacterial activities of ym-13115, a new parenteral cephalosporin, were compared with those of ceftazidime, cefoperazone, and cefsulodin. the compound was highly active against the common members of the enterobacteriaceae and 2 to 256 times more active than cefoperazone. ym-13115 was as active as ceftazidime against citrobacter freundii, proteus vulgaris, and morganella morganii and two to four times more active than ceftazidime against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, en ...19853890729
in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime against gram-negative strains.the in vitro activity of ceftizoxime against 200 clinical isolates of enterobacteria and pseudomonas, was compared with those of other beta-lactam antibiotics such as: cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefuroxime, and the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin. ceftizoxime inhibited escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae with doses from two to four fold lower than cefotaxime. ceftizoxime and cefotaxime were more active than cefuroxime and cefoperazone against enterobacter spp., and proteus morganii ...19853891115
aztreonam in the therapy of nosocomial infections in patients with impaired host defenses.a clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with aztreonam in hospital-acquired infections. twenty patients (13 men and 7 women) with impaired host defenses and nosocomial infections were treated with aztreonam at a dosage ranging 4 and 6 g/day i.v. at 8 or 12-hour intervals. average length of therapy was 10.35 +/- 4.61 days. the isolated organisms were as follows: escherichia coli (5), pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), klebsiella pneumoniae (3), enterobacter cloacae (1 ...19853891117
rapid and automated detection of salmonella by electrical measurements.a rapid method for determining the presence of salmonella in food is described. it consists of pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water modified by the addition of dulcitol and trimethylamine oxide, followed by selective enrichment in a selenite-cystine broth with similar modifications. changes in the conductance of the selective enrichment broth are monitored continuously using a suitable impediometric instrument. most of the salmonella spp. tested gave a fast (approximately 100 micros/h) and l ...19853891846
new beta-lactam antibiotics in granulocytopenic patients. new options and new questions.infectious complications are a frequent cause of morbidity and, at many centers, the major cause of death in patients with cancer. the increased risk and severity of infectious sequelae result from profound alterations in normal host defenses that occur secondary to the underlying malignancy and the treatment thereof. during the last decade, early empiric antibiotic therapy has become standard practice in the initial management of febrile granulocytopenic patients and has contributed significant ...19853895922
therapeutic experience with temocillin in peritonitis.the therapeutic efficacy of the new beta-lactam antibiotic, temocillin, was studied in 30 critically ill patients with peritonitis, abscesses, bronchopneumonia, and serious soft tissue infections. patients were treated with temocillin ig intravenously twice daily. the isolated pathogens comprised mainly escherichia coli and proteus, but enterococci, pseudomonas species, klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter species, bacteroides species, streptococci and peptococci were also implicated. temocillin w ...19853896740
sch 34343 activity against streptococci and beta-lactam-resistant enterobacteriaceae.the in-vitro activity of sch 34343 was compared with that of cefotaxime, ceftazidime, latamoxef (moxalactam), aztreonam and ampicillin. against pneumococci, sch 34343 was as active as ampicillin, whereas against the other streptococci it was less active than ampicillin but significantly better than the other antibiotics against enterococci. with clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae resistant to cefotaxime, sch 34343 had mics generally less than 2 mg/l. after introduction of plasmid-mediated b ...19853897168
sch 34343: in-vitro antibacterial activity and susceptibility to beta-lactamases.the in-vitro activity of the penem sch 34343 was assessed in comparison with third-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam and imipenem. sch 34343 was active, with mics generally 2 mg/1 or less, against a broad spectrum of organisms amongst which were staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci (though enterococci were less susceptible with sch 34343 mics mostly 4-8 mg/1), anaerobes (including the bacteroides fragilis group), haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoea ...19853897169
bacteremias due to citrobacter diversus and citrobacter freundii. incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome.from 1974 to 1982, 38 patients developed citrobacter bacteremia at two adult community-teaching hospitals in the detroit medical center (incidence, 1.2 cases per 10,000 discharges). citrobacter accounted for 0.7% of all bacteremias during the study period. of 31 cases reviewed, citrobacter bacteremia frequently developed in elderly patients (65%) and was hospital acquired (77%). initial sites of infection included the urinary tract (39%), gastrointestinal tract (27%), wound (10%), and unknown (1 ...19853899035
trat gene sequences, serum resistance and pathogenicity-related factors in clinical isolates of escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria.the r6-5 plasmid-specified outer membrane protein, trat protein, has previously been shown to mediate resistance to bacterial killing by serum. colony hybridization with a 700 bp dna fragment carrying most of the trat gene was used to examine the prevalence of trat in gram-negative bacteria, particularly strains of escherichia coli, isolated from clinical specimens. trat was found in isolates of e. coli, salmonella, shigella and klebsiella, but not in pseudomonas, aeromonas or plesiomonas, nor i ...19853900279
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