Publications

identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria in a commercial probiotic culture.	the aim of the present study was to describe the identification and characterization (physiological properties) of two strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab 18 and 48) present in a commercial probiotic culture, floramax(®)-b11. isolates were characterized morphologically, and identified biochemically. in addition, the midi system id, the biolog id system, and 16s rrna sequence analyses for identification of lab 18 and lab 48 strains were used to compare the identification results. tolerance and r ...	2014	24936379
crisprs: molecular signatures used for pathogen subtyping.	rapid and accurate strain identification is paramount in the battle against microbial outbreaks, and several subtyping approaches have been developed. one such method uses clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), dna repeat elements that are present in approximately half of all bacteria. though their signature function is as an adaptive immune system against invading dna such as bacteriophages and plasmids, crisprs also provide an excellent framework for pathogen tracki ...	2014	24162568
specific discrimination of three pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes by carb-based oligonucleotide microarray.	it is important to rapidly and selectively detect and analyze pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in contaminated food to reduce the morbidity and mortality of salmonella infection and to guarantee food safety. in the present work, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray containing duplicate specific capture probes based on the carb gene, which encodes the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase large subunit, as a competent biomarker evaluated by genetic analysis to selectively and efficie ...	2014	24185846
arabidopsis and maize rida proteins preempt reactive enamine/imine damage to branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in plastids.	rida (for reactive intermediate deaminase a) proteins are ubiquitous, yet their function in eukaryotes is unclear. it is known that deleting salmonella enterica rida causes ser sensitivity and that s. enterica rida and its homologs from other organisms hydrolyze the enamine/imine intermediates that thr dehydratase forms from ser or thr. in s. enterica, the ser-derived enamine/imine inactivates a branched-chain aminotransferase; rida prevents this damage. arabidopsis thaliana and maize (zea mays) ...	2014	25070638
study on the promotion of bacterial biofilm formation by a salmonella conjugative plasmid and the underlying mechanism.	to investigate the effect of the prst98 plasmid, originally isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), on biofilm (bf) formation, we carried out in vitro experiments using s. typhi, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and escherichia coli (e. coli). we further explored the effects of prst98 in vivo by establishing two animal models, a tumor-bearing mouse model and a mouse urethral catheter model. moreover, we examined the relationship between the quorum-sens ...	2014	25299072
modulation of biofilm-formation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by the periplasmic dsba/dsbb oxidoreductase system requires the ggdef-eal domain protein stm3615.	in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), biofilm-formation is controlled by the cytoplasmic intracellular small-molecular second messenger cyclic 3', 5'-di- guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) through the activities of ggdef and eal domain proteins. here we describe that deleting either dsba or dsbb, respectively encoding a periplasmic protein disulfide oxidase and a cytoplasmic membrane disulfide oxidoreductase, resulted in increased biofilm-formation on solid medium. this in ...	2014	25153529
the salmonella enterica serovar typhi leuo global regulator forms tetramers: residues involved in oligomerization, dna binding, and transcriptional regulation.	leuo is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator (lttr) that has been described to be a global regulator in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, since it positively and negatively regulates the expression of genes involved in multiple biological processes. leuo is comprised of an n-terminal dna-binding domain (dbd) with a winged helix-turn-helix (whth) motif and of a long linker helix (lh) involved in dimerization that connects the dbd with the c-terminal effector-binding domain (ebd) or regul ...	2014	24659766
oregano essential oil-pectin edible films as anti-quorum sensing and food antimicrobial agents.	edible films can be used as carriers for antimicrobial compounds to assure food safety and quality; in addition, pathogenesis of food bacteria is related to a cell to cell communication mechanism called quorum sensing (qs). oregano essential oil (oeo) has proved to be useful as food antimicrobial; however, its food applications can be compromised by the volatile character of its active constituents. therefore, formulation of edible films containing oeo can be an alternative to improve its food u ...	2014	25566215
the cyclic antibacterial peptide enterocin as-48: isolation, mode of action, and possible food applications.	enterocin as-48 is a circular bacteriocin produced by enterococcus. it contains a 70 amino acid-residue chain circularized by a head-to-tail peptide bond. the conformation of enterocin as-48 is arranged into five alpha-helices with a compact globular structure. enterocin as-48 has a wide inhibitory spectrum on gram-positive bacteria. sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria increases in combination with outer-membrane permeabilizing treatments. eukaryotic cells are bacteriocin-resistant. this catio ...	2014	25493478
biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence.	the significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. emerging evidence suggests that salmonella enterica and escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfectio ...	2014	25351039
dna phosphorothioate modifications influence the global transcriptional response and protect dna from double-stranded breaks.	the modification of dna by phosphorothioate (pt) occurs when the non-bridging oxygen in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna is replaced with sulfur. this dna backbone modification was recently discovered and is governed by the dndabcde genes in a diverse group of bacteria and archaea. however, the biological function of dna pt modifications is poorly understood. in this study, we employed the rna-seq analysis to characterize the global transcriptional changes in response to pt modifications. our ...	2014	25319634
evaluation of protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum vaccine strains against fowl typhoid in chickens.	salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the etiological agent of fowl typhoid, which constitutes a considerable economic problem for poultry growers in developing countries. the vaccination of chickens seems to be the most effective strategy to control the disease in those areas. we constructed s. gallinarum strains with a deletion of the global regulatory gene fur and evaluated their virulence and protective efficacy in rhode island red chicks and brown leghorn layers. the fur deletion mutant ...	2014	24990908
pathological phenotypes and in vivo dna cleavage by unrestrained activity of a phosphorothioate-based restriction system in salmonella.	prokaryotes protect their genomes from foreign dna with a diversity of defence mechanisms, including a widespread restriction-modification (r-m) system involving phosphorothioate (pt) modification of the dna backbone. unlike classical r-m systems, highly partial pt modification of consensus motifs in bacterial genomes suggests an unusual mechanism of pt-dependent restriction. in salmonella enterica, pt modification is mediated by four genes dptb-e, while restriction involves additional three gen ...	2014	25040300
in silico identification and experimental characterization of regulatory elements controlling the expression of the salmonella csrb and csrc genes.	the small rnas csrb and csrc of salmonella indirectly control the expression of numerous genes encoding widespread cellular functions, including virulence. the expression of csrb and csrc genes, which are located in different chromosomal regions, is coordinated by positive transcriptional control mediated by the two-component regulatory system bara/sira. here, we identified by computational analysis an 18-bp inverted repeat (ir) sequence located far upstream from the promoter of salmonella enter ...	2014	24187088
acetalated dextran encapsulated ar-12 as a host-directed therapy to control salmonella infection.	ar-12 has been evaluated in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent but also has demonstrated host-directed, broad-spectrum clearance of bacteria. we have previously shown that ar-12 has activity in vitro against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and francisella species by inducing autophagy and other host immune pathways. ar-12 treatment of s. typhimurium-infected mice resulted in a 10-fold reduction in bacterial load in the liver and spleen and an increased survival time. however, ar-12 ...	2014	25447826
high resolution melting analysis for rapid mutation screening in gyrase and topoisomerase iv genes in quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica.	the increased salmonella resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is a public health concern in the southeast asian region. the objective of this study is to develop a high resolution melt curve (hrm) assay to rapidly screen for mutations in quinolone-resistant determining region (qrdr) of gyrase and topoisomerase iv genes. dna sequencing was performed on 62 salmonella strains to identify mutations in the qrdr of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes. mutations were detected in qrdr of gyra (n = ...	2014	25371903
characterization of pseudomonas aeruginosa lpxt reveals dual positional lipid a kinase activity and co-ordinated control of outer membrane modification.	gram-negative bacteria have evolved modification machinery to promote a dynamic outer membrane in response to a continually fluctuating environment. the kinase lpxt, for example, adds a phosphate group to the lipid a moiety of some gram-negatives including escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. lpxt activity is inhibited under conditions that compromise membrane integrity, resulting instead in the addition of positively charged groups to lipid a that increase membrane stability and provide re ...	2014	25223756
type iii secretion needle proteins induce cell signaling and cytokine secretion via toll-like receptors.	pathogens are recognized by hosts by use of various receptors, including the toll-like receptor (tlr) and nod-like receptor (nlr) families. ligands for these varied receptors, including bacterial products, are identified by the immune system, resulting in development of innate immune responses. only a couple of components from type iii secretion (t3s) systems are known to be recognized by tlr or nlr family members. known t3s components that are detected by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) ar ...	2014	24643544
salmonella enterica infection stimulates macrophages to hemophagocytose.	hemophagocytes are cells of the monocyte lineage that have engulfed erythrocytes and leukocytes. hemophagocytes frequently accumulate in patients with severe acute bacterial infections, such as those caused by salmonella enterica, brucella abortus, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the relationship between hemophagocytosis and infection is not well understood. in the murine liver, s. enterica serovar typhimurium resides within hemophagocytic macrophages containing leukocytes. here we show that s. ...	2014	25491357
salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages.	bacteria harbour both ferrous and ferric iron transporters. we now report that infection of macrophages and mice with a salmonella enterica typhimurium strain containing an inactivated feob-encoded ferrous iron transporter results in increased bacterial replication, compared to infection with wild type. inactivation of other cation transporters, sitabcd or mnth, did not increase bacterial replication. the feob mutant strain does not have an intrinsically faster growth rate. instead, increased re ...	2014	25081030
quantitative assessment of cytosolic salmonella in epithelial cells.	within mammalian cells, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) inhabits a membrane-bound vacuole known as the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). we have recently shown that wild type s. typhimurium also colonizes the cytosol of epithelial cells. here we sought to quantify the contribution of cytosolic salmonella to the total population over a time course of infection in different epithelial cell lines and under conditions of altered vacuolar escape. we found that the lysosomo ...	2014	24400108
enteric yaiw is a surface-exposed outer membrane lipoprotein that affects sensitivity to an antimicrobial peptide.	yaiw is a previously uncharacterized gene found in enteric bacteria that is of particular interest because it is located adjacent to the sbma gene, whose baca ortholog is required for sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis and brucella abortus pathogenesis. we show that yaiw is cotranscribed with sbma in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhi and typhimurium strains. we present evidence that the yaiw is a palmitate-modified surface exposed outer membrane lipoprotein. since baca functio ...	2014	24214946
acetyl coenzyme a synthetase is acetylated on multiple lysine residues by a protein acetyltransferase with a single gcn5-type n-acetyltransferase (gnat) domain in saccharopolyspora erythraea.	reversible lysine acetylation (rla) is used by cells of all domains of life to modulate protein function. to date, bacterial acetylation/deacetylation systems have been studied in a few bacteria (e.g., salmonella enterica, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, erwinia amylovora, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and geobacillus kaustophilus), but little is known about rla in antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. here, we identify the gcn5-like protein acetyltransferase acua of saccharopolyspora erythraea ...	2014	24957627
molecular characterization of the na+/h+-antiporter nhaa from salmonella typhimurium.	na+/h+ antiporters are integral membrane proteins that are present in almost every cell and in every kingdom of life. they are essential for the regulation of intracellular ph-value, na+-concentration and cell volume. these secondary active transporters exchange sodium ions against protons via an alternating access mechanism, which is not understood in full detail. na+/h+ antiporters show distinct species-specific transport characteristics and regulatory properties that correlate with respective ...	2014	25010413
low-molecular-mass penicillin binding protein 6b (dacd) is required for efficient gob-18 metallo-β-lactamase biogenesis in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli.	metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) are zn(2+)-containing secretory enzymes of clinical relevance, whose final folding and metal ion assembly steps in gram-negative bacteria occur after secretion of the apo form to the periplasmic space. in the search of periplasmic factors assisting mbl biogenesis, we found that dacd null (δdacd) mutants of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli expressing the pre-gob-18 mbl gene from plasmids showed significantly reduced resistance to cefotaxime and concomitant lowe ...	2014	24145538
the structure and regulation of flagella in bacillus subtilis.	bacterial flagellar motility is among the most extensively studied physiological systems in biology, but most research has been restricted to using the highly similar gram-negative species escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. here, we review the recent advances in the study of flagellar structure and regulation of the distantly related and genetically tractable gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis. b. subtilis has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of the gra ...	2014	25251856
metabolic engineering of salmonella vaccine bacteria to boost human vγ2vδ2 t cell immunity.	human vγ2vδ2 t cells monitor isoprenoid metabolism by recognizing foreign (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), a metabolite in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway used by most eubacteria and apicomplexan parasites, and self isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a metabolite in the mevalonate pathway used by humans. whereas microbial infections elicit prolonged expansion of memory vγ2vδ2 t cells, immunization with prenyl pyrophosphates or aminobisphosphonates elicit short-ter ...	2014	24943221
a sequence-based approach for prediction of csra/rsma targets in bacteria with experimental validation in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	csra/rsma homologs are an extensive family of ribonucleic acid (rna)-binding proteins that function as global post-transcriptional regulators controlling important cellular processes such as secondary metabolism, motility, biofilm formation and the production and secretion of virulence factors in diverse bacterial species. while direct messenger rna binding by csra/rsma has been studied in detail for some genes, it is anticipated that there are numerous additional, as yet undiscovered, direct ta ...	2014	24782516
molecular architecture of the bacterial flagellar motor in cells.	the flagellum is one of the most sophisticated self-assembling molecular machines in bacteria. powered by the proton-motive force, the flagellum rapidly rotates in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, which ultimately controls bacterial motility and behavior. escherichia coli and salmonella enterica have served as important model systems for extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of the flagellum, providing unparalleled insights into its structure, function, and gen ...	2014	24697492
detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city.	norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ...	2014	25316698
trna modification enzymes gida and mnme: potential role in virulence of bacterial pathogens.	transfer rna (trna) is an rna molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. these trnas function at the peptidyl (p) and aminoacyl (a) binding sites of the ribosome during translation, with each codon being recognized by a specific trna. due to this specificity, trna modification is essential for translational efficiency. many enzymes have been implicated in the modification of bacterial trnas, and these enzymes may complex with one another or interact individually wi ...	2014	25310651
the agricultural antibiotic carbadox induces phage-mediated gene transfer in salmonella.	antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock. antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene transfer. carbadox is a veterinary antibiotic used in the us during the starter phase of swine production for improved feed efficiency and control of swine dyse ...	2014	24575089
comparative genomics of closely related salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements.	typhoid fever is an infectious disease of global importance that is caused by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). this disease causes an estimated 200,000 deaths per year and remains a serious global health threat. s. typhi is strictly a human pathogen, and some recovered individuals become long-term carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their faeces, thus becoming main reservoirs of infection.	2014	25412680
in silico detection and typing of plasmids using plasmidfinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing.	in the work presented here, we designed and developed two easy-to-use web tools for in silico detection and characterization of whole-genome sequence (wgs) and whole-plasmid sequence data from members of the family enterobacteriaceae. these tools will facilitate bacterial typing based on draft genomes of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae species by the rapid detection of known plasmid types. replicon sequences from 559 fully sequenced plasmids associated with the family enterobacteriaceae i ...	2014	24777092
genomic characterization of salmonella cerro st367, an emerging salmonella subtype in cattle in the united states.	within the last decade, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cerro (s. cerro) has become one of the most common serovars isolated from cattle and dairy farm environments in the northeastern us. the fact that this serovar is commonly isolated from subclinically infected cattle and is rarely associated with human disease, despite its frequent isolation from cattle, has led to the hypothesis that this emerging serovar may be characterized by reduced virulence. we applied comparative and popu ...	2014	24898914
emergence of kpc-2-producing salmonella enterica serotype schwarzengrund in argentina.		2014	25114136
fructose-asparagine is a primary nutrient during growth of salmonella in the inflamed intestine.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella) is one of the most significant food-borne pathogens affecting both humans and agriculture. we have determined that salmonella encodes an uptake and utilization pathway specific for a novel nutrient, fructose-asparagine (f-asn), which is essential for salmonella fitness in the inflamed intestine (modeled using germ-free, streptomycin-treated, ex-germ-free with human microbiota, and il10-/- mice). the locus encoding f-asn utilization, fra, provi ...	2014	24967579
laser optical sensor, a label-free on-plate salmonella enterica colony detection tool.	we investigated the application capabilities of a laser optical sensor, bardot (bacterial rapid detection using optical scatter technology) to generate differentiating scatter patterns for the 20 most frequently reported serovars of salmonella enterica. initially, the study tested the classification ability of bardot by using six salmonella serovars grown on brain heart infusion, brilliant green, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 (xlt4) agar plates. highly accurate discrim ...	2014	24496794
the vi capsular polysaccharide enables salmonella enterica serovar typhi to evade microbe-guided neutrophil chemotaxis.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes typhoid fever, a disseminated infection, while the closely related pathogen s. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is associated with a localized gastroenteritis in humans. here we investigated whether both pathogens differ in the chemotactic response they induce in neutrophils using a single-cell experimental approach. surprisingly, neutrophils extended chemotactic pseudopodia toward escherichia coli and s. typhimurium, but not towar ...	2014	25101794
c-terminal domain swapping of ssb changes the size of the ssdna binding site.	single-stranded dna-binding protein (ssb) plays an important role in dna metabolism, including dna replication, repair, and recombination, and is therefore essential for cell survival. bacterial ssb consists of an n-terminal ssdna-binding/oligomerization domain and a flexible c-terminal protein-protein interaction domain. we characterized the ssdna-binding properties of klebsiella pneumoniae ssb (kpssb), salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 ssb (stssb), pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 ssb (pa ...	2014	25162017
resistance to β-lactam antibiotics conferred by point mutations in penicillin-binding proteins pbp3, pbp4 and pbp6 in salmonella enterica.	penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) are enzymes responsible for the polymerization of the glycan strand and the cross-linking between glycan chains as well as the target proteins for β-lactam antibiotics. mutational alterations in pbps can confer resistance either by reducing binding of the antibiotic to the active site or by evolving a β-lactamase activity that degrades the antibiotic. as no systematic studies have been performed to examine the potential of all pbps present in one bacterial spec ...	2014	24810745
inflammasome activation causes dual recruitment of nlrc4 and nlrp3 to the same macromolecular complex.	pathogen recognition by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlr) results in the formation of a macromolecular protein complex (inflammasome) that drives protective inflammatory responses in the host. it is thought that the number of inflammasome complexes forming in a cell is determined by the number of nlrs being activated, with each nlr initiating its own inflammasome assembly independent of one another; however, we show here that the important foodborne pathogen salmonell ...	2014	24803432
multiplex isothermal solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification for the specific and fast dna-based detection of three bacterial pathogens.	we report on the development of an on-chip rpa (recombinase polymerase amplification) with simultaneous multiplex isothermal amplification and detection on a solid surface. the isothermal rpa was applied to amplify specific target sequences from the pathogens neisseria gonorrhoeae, salmonella enterica and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) using genomic dna. additionally, a positive plasmid control was established as an internal control. the four targets were amplified simultaneo ...	2014	25253912
the cytokine il-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria.	interleukin-22 (il-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. here we showed that il-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. il-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from micr ...	2014	24508234
the natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations.	the formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0-0.8 mm carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0-8 mm ...	2014	24691035
rna sequencing reveals differences between the global transcriptomes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with high and low pathogenicities.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the important causes of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. field strains of s. enteritidis are relatively genetically homogeneous; however, they show extensive phenotypic diversity and differences in virulence potential. rna sequencing (rna-seq) was used to characterize differences in the global transcriptome between several genetically similar but phenotypically diverse poultry-associated field strains of s. enteritidis grown in lab ...	2014	24271167
design of glycoconjugate vaccines against invasive african salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	nontyphoidal salmonellae, particularly salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, are a major cause of invasive disease in africa, affecting mainly young children and hiv-infected individuals. glycoconjugate vaccines provide a safe and reliable strategy against invasive polysaccharide-encapsulated pathogens, and lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a target of protective immune responses. with the aim of designing an effective vaccine against s. typhimurium, we have synthesized different glycoconjugates, b ...	2014	25547792
the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of salmonella typhimurium in guangdong, china, 2007-2011.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the most important serovar associated with human salmonellosis worldwide. here we aimed to explore the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of this serovar in guangdong, china.	2014	25380053
effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on plasma bactericidal activity against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have increased susceptibility to invasive disease caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. studies from africa have suggested that this susceptibility is related in part to the development of a high level of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-specific igg that is able to inhibit the killing of s. typhimurium by bactericidal antibodies in healthy individuals. to explore this issue further, we examined the bactericidal activity against ...	2014	25121777
decoration of outer membrane vesicles with multiple antigens by using an autotransporter approach.	outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are spherical nanoparticles that naturally shed from gram-negative bacteria. they are rich in immunostimulatory proteins and lipopolysaccharide but do not replicate, which increases their safety profile and renders them attractive vaccine vectors. by packaging foreign polypeptides in omvs, specific immune responses can be raised toward heterologous antigens in the context of an intrinsic adjuvant. antigens exposed at the vesicle surface have been suggested to elici ...	2014	25038093
transient darwinian selection in salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a during 450 years of global spread of enteric fever.	multiple epidemic diseases have been designated as emerging or reemerging because the numbers of clinical cases have increased. emerging diseases are often suspected to be driven by increased virulence or fitness, possibly associated with the gain of novel genes or mutations. however, the time period over which humans have been afflicted by such diseases is only known for very few bacterial pathogens, and the evidence for recently increased virulence or fitness is scanty. has darwinian (diversif ...	2014	25092320
structural insights into the lipoprotein outer membrane regulator of penicillin-binding protein 1b.	in bacteria, the synthesis of the protective peptidoglycan sacculus is a dynamic process that is tightly regulated at multiple levels. recently, the lipoprotein co-factor lpob has been found essential for the in vivo function of the major peptidoglycan synthase pbp1b in enterobacteriaceae. here, we reveal the crystal structures of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli lpob. the lpob protein can be modeled as a ball and tether, consisting of a disordered n-terminal region followed by a compact ...	2014	24808177
salmonella enterica serovar virchow meningitis in a young man in italy: a case report.	salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne infections worldwide and includes more than 2500 different serovars, causing primarily gastroenteritis. however, the infection may occur elsewhere and produce characteristic clinical syndromes. meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in less than 1% of clinical salmonellosis.	2014	24884674
serum bactericidal assays to evaluate typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella vaccines.	invasive salmonella infections for which improved or new vaccines are being developed include enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovars typhi, paratyphi a, and paratyphi b and sepsis and meningitis in young children in sub-saharan africa caused by nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) serovars, particularly s. enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. assays are needed to measure functional antibodies elicited by the new vaccines to assess their immunogenicities and potential protective ...	2014	24623629
crispr is an optimal target for the design of specific pcr assays for salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a.	serotype-specific pcr assays targeting salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a, the causal agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, are required to accelerate formal diagnosis and to overcome the lack of typing sera and, in some situations, the need for culture. however, the sensitivity and specificity of such assays must be demonstrated on large collections of strains representative of the targeted serotypes and all other bacterial populations producing similar clinical symptoms.	2014	24498453
lipopolysaccharides belonging to different salmonella serovars are differentially capable of activating toll-like receptor 4.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar (serotype) abortusovis is a member of the enterobacteriaceae. this serotype is naturally restricted to ovine species and does not infect humans. limited information is available about the immune response of sheep to s. abortusovis. s. abortusovis, like salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi, causes a systemic infection in which, under natural conditions, animals are not able to raise a rapid immune response. failure to induce the appropriate ...	2014	25135686
patterns of expression and translocation of the ubiquitin ligase slrp in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	slrp is an e3 ubiquitin ligase that can be translocated into eukaryotic host cells by the two type iii secretion systems that are expressed by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and are encoded in salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 (spi1) and 2 (spi2). expression of slrp and translocation of its product were examined using lac, 3×flag, and cyaa' translational fusions. although slrp was expressed in different media, optimal expression was found under conditions that imitate the intravacuolar ...	2014	25182488
tc52 amino-terminal-domain dna carried by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induces protection against a trypanosoma cruzi lethal challenge.	in this work we immunized mice with dna encoding full-length tc52 or its amino- or carboxy-terminal (n- and c-term, respectively) domain carried by attenuated salmonella as a dna delivery system. as expected, salmonella-mediated dna delivery resulted in low antibody titers and a predominantly th1 response, as shown by the ratio of igg2a/igg1-specific antibodies. despite modest expression of tc52 in trypomastigotes, the antibodies elicited by vaccination were able to mediate lysis of the trypomas ...	2014	25069980
phage-host interplay: examples from tailed phages and gram-negative bacterial pathogens.	complex interactions between bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts play significant roles in shaping the structure of environmental microbial communities, not only by genetic transduction but also by modification of bacterial gene expression patterns. survival of phages solely depends on their ability to infect their bacterial hosts, most importantly during phage entry. successful dynamic adaptation of bacteriophages when facing selective pressures, such as host adaptation and resistance, dic ...	2014	25191318
invasion-inhibitory antibodies elicited by immunization with plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 expressed in pichia pastoris yeast.	in a recent vaccine trial performed with african children, immunization with a recombinant protein based on plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (ama-1) conferred a significant degree of strain-specific resistance against malaria. to contribute to the efforts of generating a vaccine against plasmodium vivax malaria, we expressed the ectodomain of p. vivax ama-1 (pvama-1) as a secreted soluble protein in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. recognized by a high percentage of sera ...	2014	24379279
interactions of salmonella with animals and plants.	salmonella enterica species are gram-negative bacteria, which are responsible for a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases in both humans and animals, thereby posing a major threat to public health. recently, there has been an increasing number of reports, linking salmonella contaminated raw vegetables and fruits with food poisoning. many studies have shown that an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring invasion of a lar ...	2014	25653644
effect of the surfactant tween 80 on the detachment and dispersal of salmonella enterica serovar thompson single cells and aggregates from cilantro leaves as revealed by image analysis.	salmonella enterica has the ability to form biofilms and large aggregates on produce surfaces, including on cilantro leaves. aggregates of s. enterica serovar thompson that remained attached to cilantro leaves after rigorous washing and that were present free or bound to dislodged leaf tissue in the wash suspension were observed by confocal microscopy. measurement of s. thompson population sizes in the leaf washes by plate counts failed to show an effect of 0.05% tween 80 on the removal of the p ...	2014	24907336
xanthomonas perforans colonization influences salmonella enterica in the tomato phyllosphere.	salmonella enterica rarely grows on healthy, undamaged plants, but its persistence is influenced by bacterial plant pathogens. the interactions between s. enterica, xanthomonas perforans (a tomato bacterial spot pathogen), and tomato were characterized. we observed that virulent x. perforans, which establishes disease by suppressing pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity that leads to effector-triggered susceptibility, created a conducive environment for persistence of s ...	2014	24632252
salmonella enterica induces and subverts the plant immune system.	infections with salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. although it was shown that plants raise defense responses against salmonella, these bacteria persist and proliferate in various plant tissues. recent reports shed light into the molecular interaction between plants and salmonella, highlighting the defense pathways induced and the means used by the bacteria to escape the plant ...	2014	24772109
quantitative proteomic analysis of the salmonella-lettuce interaction.	human pathogens can internalize food crops through root and surface uptake and persist inside crop plants. the goal of the study was to elucidate the global modulation of bacteria and plant protein expression after salmonella internalizes lettuce. a quantitative proteomic approach was used to analyse the protein expression of salmonella enterica serovar infantis and lettuce cultivar green salad bowl 24 h after infiltrating s. infantis into lettuce leaves. among the 50 differentially expressed pr ...	2014	24512637
uv light inactivation of human and plant pathogens in unfiltered surface irrigation water.	fruit and vegetable growers continually battle plant diseases and food safety concerns. surface water is commonly used in the production of fruits and vegetables and can harbor both human- and plant-pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate crops when used for irrigation or other agricultural purposes. treatment methods for surface water are currently limited, and there is a need for suitable treatment options. a liquid-processing unit that uses uv light for the decontamination of turbid ju ...	2014	24242253
in situ evaluation of paenibacillus alvei in reducing carriage of salmonella enterica serovar newport on whole tomato plants.	recently, tomatoes have been implicated as a primary vehicle in food-borne outbreaks of salmonella enterica serovar newport and other salmonella serovars. long-term intervention measures to reduce salmonella prevalence on tomatoes remain elusive for growing and postharvest environments. a naturally occurring bacterium identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing as paenibacillus alvei was isolated epiphytically from plants native to the virginia eastern shore tomato-growing region. after initial antim ...	2014	24747888
surface survival and internalization of salmonella through natural cracks on developing cantaloupe fruits, alone or in the presence of the melon wilt pathogen erwinia tracheiphila.	outbreaks of foodborne illness attributed to the consumption of salmonella-tainted cantaloupe have occurred repeatedly, but understanding of the ecology of salmonella on cantaloupe fruit surfaces is limited. we investigated the interactions between salmonella enterica poona, the plant pathogenic bacterium erwinia tracheiphila, and cantaloupe fruit. fruit surfaces were inoculated at the natural cracking stage by spreading s. enterica and e. tracheiphila, 20 µl at 107 cfu/ml, independently or toge ...	2014	25147942
functional characterization of the type iii secretion atpase ssan encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2.	a type iii secretion system (t3ss) is utilized by a large number of gram-negative bacteria to deliver effectors directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. one essential component of a t3ss is an atpase that catalyzes the unfolding of proteins, which is followed by the translocation of effectors through an injectisome. here we demonstrate a functional role of the atpase ssan, a component of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 t3ss (t3ss-2) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ssan h ...	2014	24722491
sensitization of intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to aminoglycosides in vitro and in vivo by a host-targeted antimicrobial agent.	aminoglycosides exhibit relatively poor activity against intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium due to their low permeativity across eukaryotic cell membranes. previously, we identified the unique ability of ar-12, a celecoxib-derived small-molecule agent, to eradicate intracellular salmonella typhimurium in macrophages by facilitating autophagosome formation and suppressing akt kinase signaling. in light of this unique mode of antibacterial action, we investigated the ability of ...	2014	25267669
an inducible and secreted eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase of salmonella enterica serovar typhi promotes intracellular survival and pathogenesis.	eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (estks) constitute an important family of bacterial virulence factors. genome analysis had predicted putative estks in salmonella enterica serovar typhi, although their functional characterization and the elucidation of their role in pathogenesis are still awaited. we show here that the primary sequence and secondary structure of the t4519 locus of salmonella typhi ty2 have all the signatures of eukaryotic superfamily kinases. t4519 encodes a ∼39-kda prote ...	2014	25404028
the role of clpp, rpos and csra in growth and filament formation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium at low temperature.	salmonellae are food-borne pathogens of great health and economic importance. to pose a threat to humans, salmonellae normally have to cope with a series of stressful conditions in the food chain, including low temperature. in the current study, we evaluated the importance of the clp proteolytic complex and the carbon starvation protein, csra, for the ability of salmonella typhimurium to grow at low temperature.	2014	25123657
identification of metabolic pathways essential for fitness of salmonella typhimurium in vivo.	bacterial infections remain a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and there is an urgent need to find novel targets for intervention. in the current study we used a computer model of the metabolic network of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and identified pairs of reactions (cut sets) predicted to be required for growth in vivo. we termed such cut sets synthetic auxotrophic pairs. we tested whether these would reveal possible combined targets for new antibiotics by analyzing the ...	2014	24992475
the salmonella spi1 virulence regulatory protein hild directly activates transcription of the flagellar master operon flhdc.	infection of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded type iii injectisome system and flagellar motility. thus, the expression of virulence and flagellar genes is subject to tight regulatory control mechanisms in order to ensure the correct spatiotemporal production of the respective gene products. in this work, we reveal a new level of cross-regulation between the spi1 and flagellar regulatory systems. transpos ...	2014	24488311
control of a salmonella virulence operon by proline-charged trna(pro).	the intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires the mgtc gene to cause disease. the mgtc transcript includes a long leader region that harbors a short proline codon-rich orf--termed mgtp--the translation of which is predicted to favor formation of one of two alternative stem-loop structures. we now report that the mgtp proline codons are critical for expression of the mgtc coding region inside host cells, for salmonella survival inside macrophages, and for virulence i ...	2014	24516160
analysis of factors that affect flgm-dependent type iii secretion for protein purification with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the flgm protein is secreted in response to flagellar hook-basal body secretion and can be used as a secretion signal to direct selected protein secretion via the flagellar type iii secretion (t3s) system [h. m. singer, m. erhardt, a. m. steiner, m. m. zhang, d. yoshikami, g. bulaj, b. m. olivera, and k. t. hughes, mbio 3(3):e00115-12, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00115-12]. conditions known to affect flagellar gene expression, flgm stability, and flagellar t3s were tested either alone o ...	2014	24706743
thiouracil-forming bacteria identified and characterized upon porcine in vitro digestion of brassicaceae feed.	in recent years, the frequent detection of the banned thyreostat thiouracil (tu) in livestock urine has been related to endogenous tu formation following digestion of glucosinolate-rich brassicaceae crops. recently, it was demonstrated that, upon in vitro digestion of brassicaceae, fecal bacteria induce tu detection in livestock (porcine livestock > bovines). therefore, the present study was intended to isolate and identify bacteria involved in this intestinal tu formation upon brassicaceae dige ...	2014	25261511
long-term dissemination of ctx-m-5-producing hypermutable salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sequence type 328 strains in russia, belarus, and kazakhstan.	in this paper, we present evidence of long-term circulation of cefotaxime-resistant clonally related salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains over a broad geographic area. the genetic relatedness of 88 isolates collected from multiple outbreaks and sporadic cases of nosocomial salmonellosis in various parts of russia, belarus, and kazakhstan from 1996 to 2009 was established by multilocus tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). the isolates belong to sequence ...	2014	24957829
high resolution assembly and characterization of genomes of canadian isolates of salmonella enteritidis.	there is a need to characterize genomes of the foodborne pathogen, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) and identify genetic information that could be ultimately deployed for differentiating strains of the organism, a need that is yet to be addressed mainly because of the high degree of clonality of the organism. in an effort to achieve the first characterization of the genomes of se of canadian origin, we carried out massively parallel sequencing of the nucleotide sequence of 11 se isol ...	2014	25156331
bacterial meningitis in malawian infants <2 months of age: etiology and susceptibility to world health organization first-line antibiotics.	neonatal meningitis is an important cause of morbidity in sub-saharan africa and requires urgent empiric treatment with parenteral administered antibiotics. here we describe the etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and suitability of the world health organization first-line recommended antibiotics (penicillin and gentamicin) for bacterial meningitis in young infants in malawi.	2014	24378940
fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of salmonella enterica: detection of acquired resistance and selection of zone diameter breakpoints for levofloxacin and ofloxacin.	fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have become a mainstay for treating severe salmonella infections in adults. fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella is mostly due to mutations in the topoisomerase genes, but plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) mechanisms have also been described. in 2012, the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) revised the ciprofloxacin interpretive criteria (breakpoints) for disk diffusion and mic test methods for salmonella. in 2013, the clsi pub ...	2014	24391204
oxa-48 carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky isolate of sequence type 198 in a patient transferred from libya to switzerland.	here, we report a case of oxa-48-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky of sequence type 198 (st198) from perianal screening cultures of a patient transferred from libya to switzerland. the blaoxa-48 gene was carried by tn1999.2 and located on an ∼60-kb incl/m plasmid. this salmonella strain also possessed the blaveb-8, aac(6)-ib, tet(a), sul1, and mpha resistance genes and substitutions in gyra (ser83phe and asp87asn) and parc (ser80ile). this finding emphasizes that prompt screening st ...	2014	24468781
transmission and retention of salmonella enterica by phytophagous hemipteran insects.	several pest insects of human and livestock habitations are known as vectors of salmonella enterica; however, the role of plant-feeding insects as vectors of s. enterica to agricultural crops remains unexamined. using a hemipteran insect pest-lettuce system, we investigated the potential for transmission and retention of s. enterica. specifically, macrosteles quadrilineatus and myzus persicae insects were fed s. enterica-inoculated lettuce leaf discs or artificial liquid diets confined in parafi ...	2014	24973069
inflammatory effects of edwardsiella ictaluri lipopolysaccharide modifications in catfish gut.	bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) are structural components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria and also are potent inducers of inflammation in mammals. higher vertebrates are extremely sensitive to lps, but lower vertebrates, like fish, are resistant to their systemic toxic effects. however, the effects of lps on the fish intestinal mucosa remain unknown. edwardsiella ictaluri is a primitive member of the enterobacteriaceae family that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish ...	2014	24866806
transcriptional specialization of human dendritic cell subsets in response to microbial vaccines.	the mechanisms by which microbial vaccines interact with human apcs remain elusive. herein, we describe the transcriptional programs induced in human dcs by pathogens, innate receptor ligands and vaccines. exposure of dcs to influenza, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus allows us to build a modular framework containing 204 transcript clusters. we use this framework to characterize the responses of human monocytes, monocyte-derived dcs and blood dc subsets to 13 vaccines. different vac ...	2014	25335753
travel-acquired infections and illnesses in canadians: surveillance report from cantravnet surveillance data, 2009-2011.	important knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of migration medicine practice and the impact of pathogens imported by canadian travellers. we present here a comprehensive, canada-specific surveillance summary of illness in a cohort of returned canadian travellers and new immigrants.	2014	25009682
activation of rida chaperone function by n-chlorination.	escherichia coli rida is a member of a structurally conserved, yet functionally highly diverse protein family involved in translation inhibition (human), hsp90-like chaperone activity (fruit fly) and enamine/imine deamination (salmonella enterica). here, we show that e. coli rida modified with hocl acts as a highly effective chaperone. although activation of rida is reversed by treatment with dtt, ascorbic acid, the thioredoxin system and glutathione, it is independent of cysteine modification. ...	2014	25517874
curli synthesis and biofilm formation in enteric bacteria are controlled by a dynamic small rna module made up of a pseudoknot assisted by an rna chaperone.	rydc pseudoknot aided by hfq is a dynamic regulatory module. we report that rydc reduces expression of curli-specific gene d transcription factor required for adhesion and biofilm production in enterobacteria. during curli formation, csgd messenger rna (mrna) synthesis increases when endogenous levels of rydc are lacking. in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, stimulation of rydc expression also reduces biofilm formation by impairing curli synthesis. inducing rydc early on in growth lowers ...	2014	24489123
[sensitivity of three inmunocromathographic tests in faeces samples for campylobacter and salmonella detection in comparison to culture].	introduction: campylobacter sp. and salmonella enterica are two of the main organisms causing gastroenteritis in our environment. immunochromatographic tests for antigen detection performed directly on stool samples for its simplicity and rapid results may make them useful diagnostic elements in the context of primary care.	2014	24940890
pathogenic enterobacteria in lemurs associated with anthropogenic disturbance.	as human population density continues to increase exponentially, speeding the reduction and fragmentation of primate habitat, greater human-primate contact is inevitable, making higher rates of pathogen transmission likely. anthropogenic effects are particularly evident in madagascar, where a diversity of endemic lemur species are threatened by rapid habitat loss. despite these risks, knowledge of how anthropogenic activities affect lemur exposure to pathogens is limited. to improve our understa ...	2014	25328106
evaluation of gram-negative bacterial infection by a stable and conjugative bioluminescence plasmid in a mouse model.	the green fluorescence protein (gfp)-associated fluorescence method and the luciferase-associated bioluminescence method are the two major methods for ivis imaging system to investigate the bacterial infection in animal models. the aim of this study was to evaluate the infection route of gram-negative bacteria carrying a stable and broad range of conjugative bioluminescence plasmid pse-lux1 in a mouse model.	2014	25135473
lethal synergy involving bicyclomycin: an approach for reviving old antibiotics.	one way to address the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance is to revive old compounds that may have intrinsic lethal activity that is obscured by protective factors. bicyclomycin is an old inhibitor of the rho transcription terminator that by itself shows little rapid lethal activity. however, bicyclomycin participates in bacteriostatic synergy, which raises the possibility that conditions for lethal synergy may exist, perhaps through a suppression of protective factors.	2014	25085655
a broad-spectrum antibiofilm peptide enhances antibiotic action against bacterial biofilms.	biofilm-related infections account for at least 65% of all human infections, but there are no available antimicrobials that specifically target biofilms. their elimination by available treatments is inefficient since biofilm cells are between 10- and 1,000-fold more resistant to conventional antibiotics than planktonic cells. here we describe the synergistic interactions, with different classes of antibiotics, of a recently characterized antibiofilm peptide, 1018, to potently prevent and eradica ...	2014	24982074
three-dimensional structure of a protozoal double-stranded rna virus that infects the enteric pathogen giardia lamblia.	giardia lamblia virus (glv) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented double-stranded rna (dsrna) virus infecting giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide. glv (genus giardiavirus) is a member of family totiviridae, along with several other groups of protozoal or fungal viruses, including leishmania rna viruses and trichomonas vaginalis viruses. interestingly, glv is more closely related than other totivir ...	2014	25378500
live vaccination tactics: possible approaches for controlling visceral leishmaniasis.	vaccination with durable immunity is the main goal and fundamental to control leishmaniasis. to stimulate the immune response, small numbers of parasites are necessary to be presented in the mammalian host. similar to natural course of infection, strategy using live vaccine is more attractive when compared to other approaches. live vaccines present the whole spectrum of antigens to the host immune system in the absence of any adjuvant. leishmanization was the first effort for live vaccination an ...	2014	24744757
novel highly thermostable endolysin from thermus scotoductus mat2119 bacteriophage ph2119 with amino acid sequence similarity to eukaryotic peptidoglycan recognition proteins.	in this study, we present the discovery and characterization of a highly thermostable endolysin from bacteriophage ph2119 infecting thermus strain mat2119 isolated from geothermal areas in iceland. nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene affiliated the strain with the species thermus scotoductus. bioinformatics analysis has allowed identification in the genome of phage 2119 of an open reading frame (468 bp in length) coding for a 155-amino-acid basic protein with an mr of 17,555. ph211 ...	2014	24271162
systematic analysis of the ability of nitric oxide donors to dislodge biofilms formed by salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7.	biofilms in the industrial environment could be problematic. encased in extracellular polymeric substances, pathogens within biofilms are significantly more resistant to chlorine and other disinfectants. recent studies suggest that compounds capable of manipulating nitric oxide-mediated signaling in bacteria could induce dispersal of sessile bacteria and provide a foundation for novel approaches to controlling biofilms formed by some microorganisms. in this work, we compared the ability of five ...	2014	24995149
co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: implications for food safety.	in the present study, the occurrence of free-living protozoa (flp) and foodborne bacterial pathogens on dishcloths was investigated. dishcloths form a potentially important source of cross-contamination with flp and foodborne pathogens in food-related environments. first various protocols for recovering and quantifying flp from dishcloths were assessed. the stomacher technique is recommended to recover flagellates and amoebae from dishcloths. ciliates, however, were more efficiently recovered us ...	2014	25260173
arcobacter butzleri induces a pro-inflammatory response in thp-1 derived macrophages and has limited ability for intracellular survival.	recent case reports have identified arcobacter (a.) butzleri to be another emerging pathogen of the family campylobacteraceae causing foodborne diseases. however, little is known about its interaction with the human immune system. as macrophages act as first defense against bacterial infections, we studied for the first time the impact of a. butzleri on human macrophages using thp-1 derived macrophages as an in vitro infection model. our investigations considered the inflammatory response, intra ...	2014	25245281
mutualistic interaction between salmonella enterica and aspergillus niger and its effects on zea mays colonization.	salmonella typhimurium inhabits a variety of environments and is able to infect a broad range of hosts. throughout its life cycle, some hosts can act as intermediates in the path to the infection of others. aspergillus niger is a ubiquitous fungus that can often be found in soil or associated to plants and microbial consortia. recently, s. typhimurium was shown to establish biofilms on the hyphae of a. niger. in this work, we have found that this interaction is stable for weeks without a noticea ...	2014	25351041