Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: an increasing public health threat. | there has been a startling shift in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection over the last decade worldwide, and it is now increasingly recognized as a cause of diarrhea in the community. classically considered a hospital-acquired infection, it has now emerged in populations previously considered to be low-risk and lacking the traditional risk factors for c. difficile infection, such as increased age, hospitalization, and antibiotic exposure. recent studies have demonstrated great gen ... | 2014 | 24669194 |
| toxic megacolon after abdominoplasty: a case report. | after an accepted technique of abdominoplasty, a 66-year-old woman developed clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, leading to toxic megacolon and subsequent subtotal colectomy. the presumed etiology is chronic use of a proton pump inhibitor. this was addressed in a 2012 "white paper" warning issued by the food and drug administration. this article presents the course of this case as well as a review of the pertinent literature. | 2014 | 24667886 |
| detection of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in harare, zimbabwe. | clostridium difficile is associated with nosocomial and community-acquired diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. little information is available on the importance of c. difficile as a causative agent of diarrhoea in developing countries such as zimbabwe. the current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in diarrhoeal stools of outpatients over 2 years of age presenting at healthcare centres in harare, zimbabwe, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibi ... | 2014 | 24664819 |
| clostridium difficile extracytoplasmic function σ factor σv regulates lysozyme resistance and is necessary for pathogenesis in the hamster model of infection. | clostridium difficile is a clinically important pathogen and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. expression of the c. difficile gene csfv, which encodes σ(v), an extracytoplasmic function σ factor, is induced by lysozyme, which damages the peptidoglycan of bacteria. here we show that σ(v) is required for lysozyme resistance in c. difficile. using microarray analysis, we identified the c. difficile genes whose expression is dependent upon σ(v) and is induced by lysozym ... | 2014 | 24664503 |
| early clostridium difficile infection during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is frequently diagnosed in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct). we characterized early-transplant cdi and its associations, and analyzed serially-collected feces to determine intestinal carriage of toxigenic c. difficile. fecal specimens were collected longitudinally from 94 patients during allo-hsct hospitalization, from the start of pre-transplant conditioning until up to 35 days after stem cell infusion. presence o ... | 2014 | 24662889 |
| development of a recombinant toxin fragment vaccine for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. the disease is mostly of nosocomial origin, with elderly patients undergoing anti-microbial therapy being particularly at risk. c. difficile produces two large toxins: toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). the two toxins act synergistically to damage and impair the colonic epithelium, and are primarily responsible for ... | 2014 | 24662701 |
| investigation of potentially pathogenic clostridium difficile contamination in household environs. | as clostridium difficile spores are resistant to many household cleaning products, the potential for community household contamination is high. the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of toxigenic c. difficile from environmental sources from a large urban area. three to 5 household items or environmental dust was collected from 30 houses in houston, texas. a total of 127 environmental samples were collected from shoe bottoms (n = 63), bathroom surfaces (n = 15), house floor dusts ... | 2014 | 24657158 |
| evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples of paediatric patients. | we evaluated a multiplex pcr assay, the seeplex diarrhoea ace detection, that simultaneously detects 15 enteric pathogens, including salmonella spp., shigella spp., vibrio spp., toxin b producer clostridium difficile, campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, adenovirus, group a rotavirus, norovirus gi and gii, and astrovirus. we compared this assay with clinical methods routinely used ... | 2014 | 24656922 |
| understanding new concepts: clostridium difficile infection in pouch patients. | 2014 | 24652112 | |
| [treating clostridium difficile infection with faecal transplantation: donor microbiological testing]. | clostridium difficile associated diseases (cdads) or c. difficile infections (cdis) are increasing in incidence, severity and mortality. among patients with cdis, those with recurrent disease are less responsive to traditional therapies with commonly used drugs, such as metronidazole and vancomycin. faecal microbiota transplantation is an old therapeutic procedure that has been recently proposed as a safe and effective treatment for cdi patients non-responsive to antibiotic therapy. in this pape ... | 2014 | 24651084 |
| increased incidence of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in hesse, germany, 2011 to 2013. | after the first outbreak of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype (rt) 027 in germany in 2007, no further outbreaks were reported until the recent re-emergence of rt 027 in hesse, a federal state with 6 million inhabitants located in south-west germany. we undertook a survey to determine the prevalence of rt 027 and other strains in a prospective study. from january 2011 to july 2013, we analysed 291 specimens from patients diagnosed with c. difficile infection (cdi) in 40 healthcare facilities in ... | 2014 | 24650866 |
| real-time cellular analysis for quantitative detection of functional clostridium difficile toxin in stool. | rapid and accurate diagnosis and monitoring of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is critical for patient care and infection control. we will briefly review current laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of cdi and identify aspects needing improvement. we will also introduce a real-time cellular analysis (rtca) assay developed for the diagnosis and monitoring of cdi using electronic impedance to assess the cell status. the rtca assay uses impedance measurement to detect minute physiological ... | 2014 | 24649817 |
| [recurrent clostridium difficile infection. treatment with duodenal infusion of donor feces]. | 2014 | 24647687 | |
| the systemic inflammatory response to clostridium difficile infection. | the systemic inflammatory response to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is incompletely defined, particularly for patients with severe disease. | 2014 | 24643077 |
| higher plasma vitamin d is associated with reduced risk of clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. | patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) have an increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). cathelicidins are anti-microbial peptides that attenuate colitis and inhibit the effect of clostridial toxins. plasma calcifediol [25(oh)d] stimulates production of cathelicidins. | 2014 | 24641590 |
| systematic review: faecal microbiota transplantation therapy for digestive and nondigestive disorders in adults and children. | there has been growing interest in the use of faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for the treatment of gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal diseases. | 2014 | 24641570 |
| systematic selection of modified aptamer pairs for diagnostic sandwich assays. | protein diagnostic applications typically require pairs of analyte-specific reagents for capture and detection. we developed methods for the systematic isolation of slow off-rate modified aptamer (somamer) reagents that bind to different epitopes and allow efficient pair-wise screening of multiple ligands. somamers were generated via a second systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex), using complexes of target proteins with a primary, non-amplifiable somamer and employing ... | 2014 | 24641476 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection, australia, 2011-2012. | to report the quarterly incidence of hospital-identified clostridium difficile infection (hi-cdi) in australia, and to estimate the burden ascribed to hospital-associated (ha) and community-associated (ca) infections. | 2014 | 24641152 |
| clostridium difficile - what is the australian story? | 2014 | 24641129 | |
| vaccines against clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is recognized as a major cause of nosocomial diseases ranging from antibiotic related diarrhea to fulminant colitis. emergence during the last 2 decades of c. difficile strains associated with high incidence, severity and lethal outcomes has increased the challenges for cdi treatment. a limited number of drugs have proven to be effective against cdi and concerns about antibiotic resistance as well as recurring disease solicited the search for novel therapeut ... | 2014 | 24637887 |
| faecal transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a major healthcare burden despite recent global falls in its prevalence. the risk of recurrence is high when using antibiotics such as vancomycin, particularly in already recurrent disease. in light of this, new therapy options are being perused, including novel antibiotics such as fidaxomicin, probiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin and faecal transplantation. faecal transplantation, referred to here as human probiotic infusion (hpi), is attracting a ... | 2014 | 24636428 |
| probiotics, prebiotics and the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. | the microbiome located in the human gastrointestinal tract (git) comprises the largest community (diverse and dense) of bacteria, and in conjunction with a conducive internal milieu, promotes the development of regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory signals within the git that promotes immunological and metabolic tolerance. in addition, host-microbial interactions govern git inflammation and provide cues for upholding metabolic regulation in both the host and microbes. failure to regulate inflamma ... | 2014 | 24633989 |
| is the interleukin 8 promoter polymorphism rs4073/-251t >a associated with clostridium difficile infection? | the interleukin 8 gene single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4073/-251t >a predisposes to clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but this association has not been independently validated. in this study, we were unable to replicate this association in either a white cohort or by meta-analysis, suggesting that rs4073/-251t >a is unlikely to constitute a major risk factor for cdi. | 2014 | 24633688 |
| effect of antibiotic stewardship programmes on clostridium difficile incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | despite vigorous infection control measures, clostridium difficile continues to cause significant disease burden. antibiotic stewardship programmes (asps) may prevent c. difficile infections by limiting exposure to certain antibiotics. our objective was to perform a meta-analysis of published studies to assess the effect of asps on the risk of c. difficile infection in hospitalized adult patients. | 2014 | 24633207 |
| validation of the 3-day rule for stool bacterial tests in japan. | stool cultures are expensive and time consuming, and the positive rate of enteric pathogens in cases of nosocomial diarrhea is low. the 3-day rule, whereby clinicians order a clostridium difficile (cd) toxin test rather than a stool culture for inpatients developing diarrhea >3 days after admission, has been well studied in western countries. the present study sought to validate the 3-day rule in an acute care hospital setting in japan. | 2014 | 24633021 |
| of stewardship, motherhood and apple pie. | antibiotic stewardship is universally agreed to be desirable, but optimal models for stewardship remain uncertain. uk stewardship targets the particular antibiotic families-cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones-blamed for the selection of clostridium-difficile-associated disease. to balance this there have been dramatic increases in the use of penicillin-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. by channelling selection pressure in this way, we hazard destroying the utility of these antibiotic classes i ... | 2014 | 24630303 |
| clostridium difficile in paediatric populations. | an increase in clostridium difficile infection incidence has been observed among hospitalized children in the united states. the present statement, targeted at clinicians caring for infants and children in community and institutional settings, summarizes the relevant information relating to the role of c difficile in childhood diarrhea and provides recommendations for diagnosis, prevention and treatment. significant differences between adult and paediatric risk factors and disease are discussed, ... | 2014 | 24627655 |
| the outcome and long-term follow-up of 94 patients with recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile infection using single to multiple fecal microbiota transplantation via retention enema. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most frequent causes of healthcare-associated infections, and its rates are also increasing in the community. the management of cdi has become a major challenge, given growing rates of recurrences and failures with standard antibiotic therapy. mounting evidence suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) may be effective; however, as there is a paucity of data with regard to repeat fmt for primary non-response to this treatment, this s ... | 2014 | 24627239 |
| carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde reduce clostridium difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity in vitro. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes a serious toxin-mediated enteric disease in humans. reducing c. difficile toxin production could significantly minimize its pathogenicity and improve disease outcomes in humans. this study investigated the efficacy of two, food-grade, plant-derived compounds, namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (tc) and carvacrol (cr) in reducing c. difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity in vitro. three hypervirulent c. difficile isolates were grown with or ... | 2014 | 24625665 |
| [general internal medicine in hospital practice: the year 2013 put into perspective by residents]. | 2013 was full of significant advances in all areas of medicine, which may have an impact on daily practice in general internal medicine. from salt and water restriction in heart failure to transfusion threshold in upper gastrointestinal bleeding and fecal infusion in clostridium difficile colitis; from new data in resuscitation and persistent questions in palliative care and intensive care medicine, through pneumology, nephrology and endocrinology, the literature has been rich in new considerati ... | 2014 | 24624733 |
| [2013 literature findings in internal general medicine]. | the prescribing of antibiotics for uncomplicated skin abscesses and diverticulitis has no benefit. some antibiotics are more at risk of causing a clostridium difficile infection. the tests used to exclude a history of a penicillin allergy are safe. a threshold of d-dimer adjusted for the age significantly improves the specificity of the test without affecting the sensitivity. the prescription of paraclinics tests is not an effective "treatment" for the patient's anxiety. in the sleep apnea syndr ... | 2014 | 24624732 |
| development and optimization of a high-throughput assay to measure neutralizing antibodies against clostridium difficile binary toxin. | clostridium difficile strains producing binary toxin, in addition to toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), have been associated with more severe disease and increased recurrence of c. difficile infection in recent outbreaks. binary toxin comprises two subunits (cdta and cdtb) and catalyzes the adp-ribosylation of globular actin (g-actin), which leads to the depolymerization of filamentous actin (f-actin) filaments. a robust assay is highly desirable for detecting the cytotoxic effect of the toxin a ... | 2014 | 24623624 |
| the clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 lineage: a pathogen on the move. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, human and animal pathogen that is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide. the past decade has seen the rapid emergence of the hypervirulent pcr ribotype (rt) 027 complex, which has been associated with increases in the incidence and severity of disease and mortality. in this review, we describe the potential virulence factors that have been reported in strains from the rt 027 complex. we review the emergence, populati ... | 2014 | 24621128 |
| international prevalence of adverse drug events in hospitals: an analysis of routine data from england, germany, and the usa. | adverse drug events (ades) are frequent in hospitals, occurring either in patients before admission or as a nosocomial event, and either as a drug reaction or as a consequence of a medication error. routine data primarily recorded for reimbursement purposes are increasingly being used on a national level both in pharmacoepidemiological studies and in trigger tools. the aim of this study was to compare the prevalence rates of coded ades in hospitals on a transnational level. | 2014 | 24620750 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis: a new role for an old foe. | small bowel involvement of clostridium difficile is increasingly encountered. data on many management aspects are lacking. | 2014 | 24618362 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation: epidemiology and risk factor analysis. | patients receiving treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia (aml) and recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (asct) are at high risk of contracting clostridium difficile infection (cdi), the most frequently observed nosocomial diarrhea and enterocolitis. data were retrieved from the prospective cologne cohort of neutropenic patients. patients hospitalized for asct as well as patients receiving treatment for aml were included in the analysis. risk factor analysis for the occurrence of ... | 2014 | 24607558 |
| nap1 strain type predicts outcomes from clostridium difficile infection. | studies are conflicting regarding the importance of the fluoroquinolone-resistant north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (nap1) strain in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) outcome. we describe strain types causing cdi and evaluate their association with patient outcomes. | 2014 | 24604900 |
| editorial commentary: host-pathogen interactions in clostridium difficile infection: it takes two to tango. | 2014 | 24604896 | |
| harnessing microbiota to kill a pathogen: the sweet tooth of clostridium difficile. | 2014 | 24603797 | |
| harnessing microbiota to kill a pathogen: fixing the microbiota to treat clostridium difficile infections. | 2014 | 24603796 | |
| use and outcomes of extended antibiotic prophylaxis in urological cancer surgery. | although perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis prevents postoperative infectious complications, national guidelines recommend cessation of antibiotics within 24 hours after the procedure. extended antibiotic prophylaxis beyond 24 hours may contribute to hospital acquired infections such as clostridium difficile colitis. we evaluated practice patterns of antibiotic prophylaxis in genitourinary cancer surgery and assessed the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on hospital acquired c. difficile infect ... | 2014 | 24603103 |
| risk estimation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection based on clinical factors. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has risen dramatically during the last decade. although patients respond well to medical therapy such as vancomycin, 20%-30% of patients treated suffer a recurrence of cdi. | 2014 | 24599770 |
| vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. | antibiotics are essential to effectively treat many hospitalized patients. however, when antibiotics are prescribed incorrectly, they offer little benefit to patients and potentially expose them to risks for complications, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and antibiotic-resistant infections. information is needed on the frequency of incorrect prescribing in hospitals and how improved prescribing will benefit patients. | 2014 | 24598596 |
| cost-benefit relation of diet and probiotics in iatrogenic bowel irregularity (ibi). | 2014 | 24596557 | |
| nutrition economic evaluation of a probiotic in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is common and frequently more severe in hospitalized elderly adults. it can lead to increased use of healthcare resources. we estimated the cost-effectiveness of a fermented milk (fm) with probiotic in preventing aad and in particular clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2014 | 24596556 |
| predictors of mortality attributable to clostridium difficile infection in patients with underlying malignancy. | this study aimed at evaluating the clinical severity and treatment outcomes of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) and identifying predictors associated with mortality in patients with malignancy. | 2014 | 24595407 |
| diversity in prevalent pcr ribotypes of clinical strains of c. difficile. | in 2009, a programme of clostridium difficile ribotyping was established in the north east. the aim of this project was to profile circulating ribotypes in the region, in all, 50 notified north east clostridium difficile cases were ribotyped. the majority of cases occurred in patients over 70 years and in hospital in-patients. the most common ribotype identified was 027 (n = 12, 24%) and 005 (n = 8, 16%). ribotype 078 was also detected (n = 5, 10%). comparison with a 2009 national ribotyping stu ... | 2014 | 24592641 |
| clostridium difficile infection among children across diverse us geographic locations. | little is known about the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among children, particularly children ≤3 years of age in whom colonization is common but pathogenicity uncertain. we sought to describe pediatric cdi incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes across age groups. | 2014 | 24590748 |
| alteration of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota by tigecycline leads to increased susceptibility to clostridium difficile infection. | antibiotics can play dual roles in clostridium difficile infection (cdi); antibiotic treatment increases the risk of cdi, and antibiotics are used to treat cdi. the glycylcycline antibiotic tigecycline has broad antimicrobial activity, yet it is rarely associated with the development of cdi, presumably due to its activity against c. difficile. in this study, we investigated how tigecycline treatment affects the structure of the gut microbiota and susceptibility to cdi by treating mice with tigec ... | 2014 | 24590475 |
| development of clostridium septicum gas gangrene as an adverse effect of clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile infection in a pediatric patient. | clostridium myonecrosis or gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection characterized by either traumatic or atraumatic etiology. it has been widely described in patients with traumatic open wounds and in immunocompromised patients, including malignancy. a third source can result from natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract after bowel ischemia. this is a rare occurrence and is even less commonly described in the pediatric population. we present a pediatric patient who developed clostridium ... | 2014 | 24590337 |
| fidaxomicin in clostridium difficile infection: latest evidence and clinical guidance. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has risen 400% in the last decade. it currently ranks as the third most common nosocomial infection. cdi has now crossed over as a community-acquired infection. the major failing of current therapeutic options for the management of cdi is recurrence of disease after the completion of treatment. fidaxomicin has been proven to be superior to vancomycin in successful sustained clinical response to therapy. improved outcomes may be due to reduce ... | 2014 | 24587892 |
| clostridium difficile infection: management strategies for a difficult disease. | clostridium difficile was first described as a cause of diarrhea in 1978 and in the last three decades has reached an epidemic state with increasing incidence and severity in both healthcare and community settings. there also has been a rise in severe outcomes from c. difficile infection (cdi). there have been tremendous advancements in the field of cdi with the identification of newer risk factors, recognition of cdi in populations previously thought not at risk and development of better diagno ... | 2014 | 24587820 |
| effects of β-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones on human gut microbiota in relation to clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infections are an emerging health problem in the modern hospital environment. severe alterations of the gut microbiome with loss of resistance to colonization against c. difficile are thought to be the major trigger, but there is no clear concept of how c. difficile infection evolves and which microbiological factors are involved. we sequenced 16s rrna amplicons generated from dna and rna/cdna of fecal samples from three groups of individuals by flx technology: (i) healthy ... | 2014 | 24586762 |
| storage duration of red blood cell transfusion and clostridium difficile infection: a within person comparison. | randomized controlled trials demonstrated that red blood cell (rbc) transfusion elevates the risk of infection, and trials are underway to evaluate whether rbc storage affects outcomes. we previously reported that transfusion predicts clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and, therefore, planned an investigation to examine this further using a more robust design. | 2014 | 24586694 |
| reduction in the incidence of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection through infection control interventions other than the restriction of antimicrobial use. | a combination of infection control interventions, consisting of education, isolation, hand hygiene, contact precautions, and environmental disinfection, was implemented in the medical intensive care unit (micu). the strict restriction of the use of antimicrobial agents was not included in this study. following the interventions, the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the micu decreased significantly, by 67%, from 4.70 to 1.53 cases/1000 patient days (p = 0.012), while the hosp ... | 2014 | 24583565 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. | in recent years, clostridium difficile infections have become more frequent, more severe, more refractory to standard treatment, and more likely to recur. current antibiotic treatment regimens for clostridium difficile infection alter the normal gut flora, which provide colonization resistance against clostridium difficile. over the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the knowledge of the gut microbiota and its role in health maintenance and disease causation. this has, fortuitou ... | 2014 | 24582877 |
| what nurses need to know about fecal microbiota transplantation: education, assessment, and care for children and young adults. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an emerging experimental therapy for treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. in the future, fmt has the potential to be a treatment modality in other diseases that involve gut dysbiosis. as use of fmt is likely to expand, pediatric nurses need a clear understanding of fmt to provide appropriate education, assessment, and care for these patients. pediatric research and clinical nurses are a resource to help children and parents understand ... | 2014 | 24582649 |
| pharmacist participation in infection prevention: an innovative approach to monitoring compliance with the five moments for hand hygiene in a large academic medical center. | using pharmacy residents as covert observers, we evaluated compliance with hand hygiene and contact precautions among 101 unique health care workers on entrance, exit, and inside rooms of patients with known or suspected clostridium difficile infection. overall compliance rates with hand hygiene upon entering and exiting patient rooms were 63.4% and 69.3%, respectively. however, there was a lack of hand hygiene inside patient rooms for the observed opportunities. | 2014 | 24581023 |
| control of clostridium difficile infection in the hospital setting. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a leading challenge in the control of healthcare-associated infection (hcai). the epidemiology of cdi has changed dramatically, this is associated with emergence of 'hypervirulent' strains, particularly pcr ribotype 027. despite the epidemic spread of these strains, there are recent reports of decreasing incidence from healthcare facilities where multi-facetted targeted control programs have been implemented. we consider these changes in epide ... | 2014 | 24579852 |
| proton pump inhibitor therapy and potential long-term harm. | this review summarizes the recent literature on the potential side-effects of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) and known interactions with the metabolism/absorption of other drugs. | 2014 | 24310148 |
| evolutionary history of the clostridium difficile pathogenicity locus. | the symptoms of clostridium difficile infection are caused by toxins expressed from its 19 kb pathogenicity locus (paloc). stable integration of the paloc is suggested by its single chromosomal location and the clade specificity of its different genetic variants. however, the paloc is variably present, even among closely related strains, and thus resembles a mobile genetic element. our aim was to explain these apparently conflicting observations by reconstructing the evolutionary history of the ... | 2014 | 24336451 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation and bacteriotherapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective evaluation of 31 patients. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a significant problem due to its increased incidence and severity. failure rates for standard antibiotic therapies are high. in our hospital, faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), or instillation of a culture mixture of known enteric bacteria in saline as rectal bacteriotherapy (rbt), has long been used as 'rescue therapy' in patients with recurrent disease, in whom repeated courses of standard antibiotic treatment have failed. we wanted to e ... | 2014 | 24354958 |
| comparison of illumigene, simplexa, and amplivue clostridium difficile molecular assays for diagnosis of c. difficile infection. | we compared the performance of the simplexa universal direct (focus diagnostics) and amplivue (quidel corporation) assays to that of the illumigene assay (meridian bioscience, inc.) for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. two hundred deidentified remnant diarrheal stool specimens were tested by the simplexa, amplivue, and illumigene methods. specimens with discrepant results among the three assays and a representative number of concordant specimens were further evaluated by toxigen ... | 2014 | 24352999 |
| the incidence and clinical symptomatology of clostridium difficile infections in a community setting in a cohort of danish patients attending general practice. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is gradually being recognised as a cause of morbidity in the community. we investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of cdi in a community setting and characterised the c. difficile strains by toxin gene profiling and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotyping. patients included in the study had attended general practice, primarily because of diarrhoea; cdi patients (259 patients; 121 <2 years of age) had positive cultures for toxigenic c. diff ... | 2014 | 24352841 |
| how enteric pathogens know they hit the sweet spot. | ng km, ferreyra ja, higginbottom sk et al. microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens. nature 502(7469), 96-99 (2013). the human gut microbiota is a complex system of commensal microorganisms required for normal host physiology. disruption of this protective barrier by antibiotics creates opportunities for enteric pathogens to establish infections. although the correlation between the use of antibiotics and enteric infections have been known for so ... | 2014 | 24328376 |
| could fecal microbiota transplantation cure all clostridium difficile infections? | 2014 | 24328373 | |
| medication risk factors associated with healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection: a multilevel model case-control study among 64 us academic medical centres. | the main objective of this study was to determine patient- and hospital-level medication risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occurrence among patients clustered within hospitals using a multilevel model. | 2014 | 24327619 |
| antibiotics and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. | to update the evidence for associations between antibiotic classes and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (ha-cdi). | 2014 | 24324224 |
| severe mucositis and clostridium difficile infection in adult autologous stem cell recipients: another question of the chicken or the egg? | 2014 | 24321748 | |
| comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility among clostridium difficile isolated from an integrated human and swine population in texas. | clostridium difficile can be a major problem in hospitals because the bacterium primarily affects individuals with an altered intestinal flora; this largely occurs through prolonged antibiotic use. proposed sources of increased community-acquired infections are food animals and retail meats. the objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns of c. difficile isolated from a closed, integrated population of humans and swine to increase understanding of the bacterium i ... | 2014 | 24320797 |
| development of a novel method for detection of clostridium difficile using hs-spme-gc-ms. | a novel method has been developed that allows successful differentiation between clostridium difficile culture-positive and culture-negative stool samples based on volatile organic compound (voc) evolution and detection by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (hs-spme-gc-ms). | 2014 | 24320174 |
| histological damage of colonic epithelium is associated with clinical severity and outcome in colectomized critically ill patients. | severe intestinal mucosal damage and organ failure has been associated in experimental models. our purpose was to determine whether there is any association between histopathological findings and postoperative mortality among icu patients undergoing emergency colectomies for various illnesses. | 2014 | 24318408 |
| closure of a broncho-pleural fistula using an atrial septal defect occluder. | broncho-pleural fistulae (bpf) are recognised as a rare complication following pneumonectomy. we describe a patient, who after failing conservative treatment, underwent closure of a persistent fistula with an atrial septal defect (asd) occluder. additionally we review the literature regarding management of bpf and the emerging role of cardiac defect closure devices as a possible treatment option. | 2014 | 24315634 |
| structural basis for antibody recognition in the receptor-binding domains of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection is a serious and highly prevalent nosocomial disease in which the two large, rho-glucosylating toxins tcda and tcdb are the main virulence factors. we report for the first time crystal structures revealing how neutralizing and non-neutralizing single-domain antibodies (sdabs) recognize the receptor-binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb. surprisingly, the complexes formed by two neutralizing antibodies recognizing tcda do not show direct interference with the pre ... | 2014 | 24311789 |
| identification of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 for the first time in mainland china. | 2014 | 24334809 | |
| increased clostridium difficile recurrences following combined proton pump inhibitor-metronidazole therapy. | 2014 | 24334808 | |
| a mathematical model to evaluate the routine use of fecal microbiota transplantation to prevent incident and recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been suggested as a new treatment to manage clostridium difficile infection (cdi). with use of a mathematical model of c. difficile within an intensive care unit (icu), we examined the potential impact of routine fmt. | 2014 | 24334794 |
| healthcare workers' hands and clostridium difficile spores: making progress? | 2014 | 24334793 | |
| contamination of healthcare workers' hands with clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with c. difficile infection. | we determined the percentage of healthcare workers' (hcws') hands contaminated with clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with c. difficile infection (cdi) and risk factors associated with contamination. | 2014 | 24334792 |
| quantifying sources of bias in national healthcare safety network laboratory-identified clostridium difficile infection rates. | to assess the effect of multiple sources of bias on state- and hospital-specific national healthcare safety network (nhsn) laboratory-identified clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates. | 2014 | 24334790 |
| [clostridium difficile infection due to ribotype 027: description of an imported case in spain]. | 2014 | 24332712 | |
| penicillin allergy as a public health measure. | 2014 | 24332220 | |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile in a tertiary hospital of china. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is caused by toxin-producing strains. it accounts for 20-30 % of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and particularly accounts for 90 % of pseudomembranous colitis. the epidemiological study of c. difficile is thus important. in this study, we report the molecular epidemiology and ward distribution of c. difficile in a tertiary hospital of china. a total of 161 toxigenic strains were isolated from 1845 patients originating from different wards and the strains we ... | 2014 | 24344206 |
| treating clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24344151 | |
| predictors of clostridium difficile infections in hospitalized children. | recent studies report an increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in children and suggest that cdis may occur outside known populations at risk. | 2014 | 24343932 |
| [survival advantage for colectomy in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis: results of a systematic review of the literature]. | 2014 | 24342951 | |
| recombinant antigens based on toxins a and b of clostridium difficile that evoke a potent toxin-neutralising immune response. | infection with the bacterium clostridium difficile causes symptoms ranging from mild to severe diarrhoea with life-threatening complications and remains a significant burden to healthcare systems throughout the developed world. two potent cytotoxins, tcda and tcdb are the prime mediators of the syndrome and rapid neutralisation of these would afford significant benefits in disease management. in the present study, a broad range of non-toxic, recombinant fragments derived from tcda and tcdb were ... | 2014 | 24342251 |
| cost-effectiveness of histamine receptor-2 antagonist versus proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients*. | to examine the cost-effectiveness of using histamine receptor-2 antagonist or proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis. | 2014 | 24365863 |
| rifaximin is safe and well tolerated for long-term maintenance of remission from overt hepatic encephalopathy. | rifaximin is a gut-selective, oral antimicrobial agent shown to reduce the recurrence of overt hepatic encephalopathy (he) and he-related hospitalizations in a 6-month, randomized, controlled trial (rct). we performed a phase 3, open-label maintenance study to assess the safety and rate of hospitalization with long-term rifaximin use. | 2014 | 24365449 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase/iκb kinase/nf-κb-dependent and ap-1-independent cx3cl1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute colitis associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and increased production of proinflammatory mediators. although cx3cl1 (fractalkine) plays a role in chemoattracting monocytes/macrophages, nk cells, and t cells, little information is available on the regulated expression of cx3cl1 in response to toxin a stimulation. in this study, we investigated the role of c. difficile toxin a on cx3cl1 induction in intestinal epithelial cells. stimulation of mu ... | 2014 | 24362517 |
| [outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit]. | 2014 | 24361148 | |
| diarylacylhydrazones: clostridium-selective antibacterials with activity against stationary-phase cells. | current antibiotics for treating clostridium difficile infections (cdi), that is, metronidazole, vancomycin and more recently fidaxomicin, are mostly effective but treatment failure and disease relapse remain as significant clinical problems. the shortcomings of these agents are attributed to their low selectivity for c. difficile over normal gut microflora and their ineffectiveness against c. difficile spores. this letter reports that certain diarylacylhydrazones identified during a high-throug ... | 2014 | 24360560 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: a practical update for the infectious disease specialist. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been shown to be a superior therapeutic modality for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). recently the us food and drug administration (fda) determined that human stool should be classified as a biological agent and its use should be regulated to ensure patient safety. consequently, the fda determined that prescribers of fmt must possess an approved investigational new drug (ind) permit to administer fmt for the purpose of ... | 2014 | 24368622 |
| [reccurent clostridium difficile infection in patient after kidney transplantation on rituximab therapy due to ptld (post-transplant lymphoprolipherative disorder). first experience with fidaxomicin use--case report]. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly problem in everyday clinical practice. the most important risk factor of this infection is antibiotics use. the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) in patients after renal transplantation is estimated to be about 6% in the early postoperative period. due to the applied immunosuppression and frequent infections requiring intensive, broad spectral antibiotics, the later prevalence of cdad may remain at a similar lev ... | 2014 | 25951705 |
| three-step diagnostic algorithm in diagnosing patients suspected of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a predominant etiological agent of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea. immunoenzymatic tests for detecting toxins a/b from faecal samples are still used in routine diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diseases in a number of healthcare centers in poland. recently, however, new diagnostic tests were introduced which allow for detecting toxigenic strains of c. difficile in a more effective and precise manner. it is of importance, especially in the light of ... | 2014 | 25848788 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal system infections acquired in provincial hospital in 2004-2013. | gastrointestinal system infection (gi) is an infection which is frequently acquired in health- care settings. in poland, there are limited data on the distribution of gastrointestinal system infections in the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections (hais). therefore, a study was initiated with the objective to assess the prevalence and distribution of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal system infections in patients hospitalized in st. lukas provincial hospital in tarnów. | 2014 | 25848787 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection. | to review the current clinical literature regarding the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for severe and recurrent clostridium difficile disease (cdad). | 2014 | 24372725 |
| small animal models for the study of clostridium difficile disease pathogenesis. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of bacterial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in hospitals in the developed world. despite this notoriety, the complex mechanisms employed by this pathogen to overcome innate host defences and induce fulminant disease are poorly understood. various animal models have been used extensively for c. difficile research to study disease pathogenesis. until recently, the most commonly used c. difficile disease model has utilised hamsters; however, mouse and pig ... | 2014 | 24372713 |
| controversies surrounding clostridium difficile infection in infants and young children. | clostridium difficile is a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults and older children. however, as many as 80% of infants can be asymptomatically colonized. the reasons for this have not been well established but are believed to be due to differences in toxin receptors or toxin internalization. determining which children who test positive for c. difficile warrant treatment is exceedingly difficult, especially in the setting of increased rates of detection and the rising risk o ... | 2014 | 27417466 |
| false-positive clostridium difficile in negative-control reactions peak and then decrease with repetitive refrigeration of immunoassay. | aberrant false-positive reactions in negative-controls during elisa testing for clostridium difficile indicated the potential for false-diagnoses. experiments with 96-well products showed a maximum peak of false-positive immunoassay reactions with the provided negative-control reagents after 5 refrigeration-to-room temperature cycles (p < 0.001), decreasing thereafter with additional refrigeration cycles. because repetitive refrigeration causes a peak of false-positives, the use of single negati ... | 2014 | 27350964 |