Publications

a partial loss-of-function mutation in an arabidopsis rna polymerase iii subunit leads to pleiotropic defects.	plants employ five dna-dependent rna polymerases (pols) in transcription. one of these polymerases, pol iii, has previously been reported to transcribe 5s rrna, trnas, and a number of small rnas. however, in-depth functional analysis is complicated by the fact that knockout mutations in pol subunits are typically lethal. here, we report the characterization of the first known viable pol iii subunit mutant,nrpc7-1 this mutant was originally isolated from a forward genetic screen designed to ident ...	2016	26865731
a highly infective plant-associated bacterium influences reproductive rates in pea aphids.	pea aphids, acyrthosiphon pisum, have the potential to increase reproduction as a defence against pathogens, though how frequently this occurs or how infection with live pathogens influences this response is not well understood. here we determine the minimum infective dose of an environmentally common bacterium and possible aphid pathogen, pseudomonas syringae, to determine the likelihood of pathogenic effects to pea aphids. additionally, we used p. syringae infection to investigate how live pat ...	2016	26998321
functional analysis of the citrate activator cito from enterococcus faecalis implicates a divalent metal in ligand binding.	the regulator of citrate metabolism, cito, from enterococcus faecalis belongs to the fcd family within the gntr superfamily. in the presence of citrate, cito binds to cis-acting sequences located upstream of the cit promoters inducing the expression of genes involved in citrate utilization. the quantification of the molecular binding affinities, performed by isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), indicated that cito has a high affinity for citrate (k d = 1.2 ± 0.2 μm), while it did not recogniz ...	2016	26903980
bacillus cereus ar156 primes induced systemic resistance by suppressing mir825/825* and activating defense-related genes in arabidopsis.	small rnas play an important role in plant immune responses. however, their regulatory function in induced systemic resistance (isr) is nascent. bacillus cereus ar156 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces isr in arabidopsis against bacterial infection. here, by comparing small rna profiles of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000-infected arabidopsis with and without ar156 pretreatment, we identified a group of arabidopsis micrornas (mirnas) that are differentially regul ...	2016	26526683
diguanylate cyclases adra and stm1987 regulate salmonella enterica exopolysaccharide production during plant colonization in an environment-dependent manner.	increasing evidence indicates that despite exposure to harsh environmental stresses, salmonella enterica successfully persists on plants, utilizing fresh produce as a vector to animal hosts. among the important s. enterica plant colonization factors are those involved in biofilm formation. s. enterica biofilm formation is controlled by the signaling molecule cyclic di-gmp and represents a sessile lifestyle on surfaces that protects the bacterium from environmental factors. thus, the transition f ...	2016	26655751
overexpression of the ndr1/hin1-like gene nhl6 modifies seed germination in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis.	nhl (ndr1/hin1-like) genes play crucial roles in pathogen induced plant responses to biotic stress. here, we report the possible function of nhl6 in plant response to abscisic acid (aba) and abiotic stress. nhl6 was highly expressed in non-germinated seeds, and its expression was strongly induced by aba and multiple abiotic stress signals. loss-of-function of nhl6 decreased sensitivity to aba in the early developmental stages including seed germination and post-germination seedling growth of the ...	2016	26849212
gene structures, evolution and transcriptional profiling of the wrky gene family in castor bean (ricinus communis l.).	wrky proteins comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and form key regulators of many plant processes. this study presents the characterization of 58 wrky genes from the castor bean (ricinus communis l., euphorbiaceae) genome. compared with the automatic genome annotation, one more wrky-encoding locus was identified and 20 out of the 57 predicted gene models were manually corrected. all rcwrky genes were shown to contain at least one intron in their coding sequences. ...	2016	26849139
transcriptome analysis of an anthracnose-resistant tea plant cultivar reveals genes associated with resistance to colletotrichum camelliae.	tea plant breeding is a topic of great economic importance. however, disease remains a major cause of yield and quality losses. in this study, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar, zc108, was developed. an infection assay revealed different responses to colletotrichum sp. infection between zc108 and its parent cultivar lj43. zc108 had greater resistance than lj43 to colletotrichum camelliae. additionally, zc108 exhibited earlier sprouting in the spring, as well as different leaf shape and plant arc ...	2016	26849553
protein phosphorylation and redox modification in stomatal guard cells.	post-translational modification (ptm) is recognized as a major process accounting for protein structural variation, functional diversity, and the dynamics and complexity of the proteome. since ptms can change the structure and function of proteins, they are essential to coordinate signaling networks and to regulate important physiological processes in eukaryotes. plants are constantly challenged by both biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce productivity, causing economic losses in crops. the p ...	2016	26903877
effector polymorphisms of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen plasmopara halstedii and their use to identify pathotypes from field isolates.	the obligate biotroph oomycete plasmopara halstedii causes downy mildew on sunflower crop, helianthus annuus. the breakdown of several pl resistance genes used in sunflower hybrids over the last 25 years came along with the appearance of new pl. halstedii isolates showing modified virulence profiles. in oomycetes, two classes of effector proteins, key players of pathogen virulence, are translocated into the host: rxlr and crn effectors. we identified 54 putative crn or rxlr effector genes from t ...	2016	26845339
regulation of wrky46 transcription factor function by mitogen-activated protein kinases in arabidopsis thaliana.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are central signaling pathways activated in plants after sensing internal developmental and external stress cues. knowledge about the downstream substrate proteins of mapks is still limited in plants. we screened arabidopsis wrky transcription factors as potential targets downstream of mapks, and concentrated on characterizing wrky46 as a substrate of the mapk, mpk3. mass spectrometry revealed in vitro phosphorylation of wrky46 at amino acid posit ...	2016	26870073
spore density determines infection strategy by the plant pathogenic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.	necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens are resisted by different plant defenses. while necrotrophic pathogens are sensitive to jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent resistance, biotrophic pathogens are resisted by salicylic acid (sa)- and reactive oxygen species (ros)-dependent resistance. although many pathogens switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy during infection, little is known about the signals triggering this transition. this study is based on the observation that the early colonization pattern and ...	2016	26842622
extensive field survey, laboratory and greenhouse studies reveal complex nature of pseudomonas syringae-associated hazelnut decline in central italy.	pseudomonas avellanae (pav) has been reported as the causal agent of bacterial decline and bacterial canker of hazelnut in italy and greece, respectively. both hazelnut diseases were reported to be similar in terms of symptoms, severity and persistence. in this study, we found that both symptomatic and asymptomatic trees in the field were colonized by pav. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis showed that pav strains isolated during this study in italy belong to the p. syringae phylogroup 1 ...	2016	26840951
a site-specific integrative plasmid found in pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 along with a plasmid carrying an aminoglycoside-resistant gene.	plasmids play critical roles in bacterial fitness and evolution of pseudomonas aeruginosa. here two plasmids found in a drug-resistant p. aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 were completely sequenced. the phs87b plasmid (11.2 kb) carries phage-related genes and function-unknown genes. notably, phs87b encodes an integrase and has an adjacent trnathr-associated attachment site. a corresponding integrated form of phs87b at the trnathr locus was identified on the chromosome of p. aeruginosa, showing th ...	2016	26841043
de novo assembled wheat transcriptomes delineate differentially expressed host genes in response to leaf rust infection.	pathogens like puccinia triticina, the causal organism for leaf rust, extensively damages wheat production. the interaction at molecular level between wheat and the pathogen is complex and less explored. the pathogen induced response was characterized using mock- or pathogen inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines (with or without seedling leaf rust resistance gene lr28). four serial analysis of gene expression libraries were prepared from mock- and pathogen inoculated plants and were subjected to ...	2016	26840746
the genome of newly classified ochroconis mirabilis: insights into fungal adaptation to different living conditions.	ochroconis mirabilis, a recently introduced water-borne dematiaceous fungus, is occasionally isolated from human skin lesions and nails. we identified an isolate of o. mirabilis from a skin scraping with morphological and molecular studies. its genome was then sequenced and analysed for genetic features related to classification and biological characteristics.	2016	26842951
role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana.	plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (brs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. however, mechanisms by which brs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. in this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of brs in plant defense against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. exogenous applied brs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, w ...	2016	26838475
co-expression of active human cytochrome p450 1a2 and cytochrome p450 reductase on the cell surface of escherichia coli.	human cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug-drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of cyp related drug metabolites. however, recombinant expression of cyp enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cyt ...	2016	26838175
the structure and function of type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion systems (t3sss) afford gram-negative bacteria an intimate means of altering the biology of their eukaryotic hosts--the direct delivery of effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to that of the eukaryote. this incredible biophysical feat is accomplished by nanosyringe "injectisomes," which form a conduit across the three plasma membranes, peptidoglycan layer, and extracellular space that form a barrier to the direct delivery of proteins from bacterium to host. the focus ...	2016	26999392
development of scar markers for rapid and specific detection of pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum races 1 and 2, using conventional and real-time pcr.	specific primers were developed to detect the causal agent of stone fruit bacterial canker using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. pcr melting profile (pcr mp) used for analysis of diversity of pseudomonas syringae strains, allowed to pinpoint the amplified fragments specific for p. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (psm1) and race 2 (psm2), which were sequenced. using obtained data, specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) primers were designed. c ...	2016	26830104
a phytophthora infestans rxlr effector targets plant pp1c isoforms that promote late blight disease.	plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. knowledge of how effectors target and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. here, we show that in planta expression of the rxlr effector pi04314 enhances leaf colonization by phytophthora infestans via activity in the host nucleus and attenuates induction of jasmonic and salicylic acid-responsive genes. pi04314 interacts with three host protein phosphatase 1 catalytic (pp1c) isoforms, causing their re-localizat ...	2016	26822079
altered glycosylation of exported proteins, including surface immune receptors, compromises calcium and downstream signaling responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns in arabidopsis thaliana.	calcium, as a second messenger, transduces extracellular signals into cellular reactions. a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration is one of the first plant responses after exposure to microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). we reported previously the isolation of arabidopsis thaliana mutants with a "changed calcium elevation" (cce) response to flg22, a 22-amino-acid mamp derived from bacterial flagellin.	2016	26822404
photoinhibition and photoinhibition-like damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in tobacco leaves induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci under light and dark conditions.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst), which is the pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease, has received considerable attention in recent years. the objective of this study was to clarify the responses of photosystem i (psi) and photosystem ii (psii) to pst infection in tobacco leaves.	2016	26811180
transcriptome sequencing in response to salicylic acid in salvia miltiorrhiza.	salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional chinese herbal medicine, whose quality and yield are often affected by diseases and environmental stresses during its growing season. salicylic acid (sa) plays a significant role in plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, but the involved regulatory factors and their signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. in order to identify the genes involved in sa signaling, the rna sequencing (rna-seq) strategy was employed to evaluate the transcriptional pro ...	2016	26808150
elucidating the diversity of aquatic microdochium and trichoderma species and their activity against the fish pathogen saprolegnia diclina.	animals and plants are increasingly threatened by emerging fungal and oomycete diseases. amongst oomycetes, saprolegnia species cause population declines in aquatic animals, especially fish and amphibians, resulting in significant perturbation in biodiversity, ecological balance and food security. due to the prohibition of several chemical control agents, novel sustainable measures are required to control saprolegnia infections in aquaculture. previously, fungal community analysis by terminal re ...	2016	26805821
overexpression of rice wall-associated kinase 25 (oswak25) alters resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.	wall-associated kinases comprise a sub-family of receptor-like kinases that function in plant growth and stress responses. previous studies have shown that the rice wall-associated kinase, oswak25, interacts with a diverse set of proteins associated with both biotic and abiotic stress responses. here, we show that wounding and bth treatments induce oswak25 transcript expression in rice. we generated oswak25 overexpression lines and show that these lines exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype and enhan ...	2016	26795719
how microbes twist jasmonate signaling around their little fingers.	plant immunity relies on a complex network of hormone signaling pathways in which jasmonic acid (ja) plays a central role. successful microbial pathogens or symbionts have developed strategies to manipulate plant hormone signaling pathways to cause hormonal imbalances for their own benefit. these strategies include the production of plant hormones, phytohormone mimics, or effector proteins that target host components to disrupt hormonal signaling pathways and enhance virulence. here, we describe ...	2016	27135229
de novo transcriptome analyses of host-fungal interactions in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.).	basal stem rot (bsr) is a fungal disease in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.) which is caused by hemibiotrophic white rot fungi belonging to the ganoderma genus. molecular responses of oil palm to these pathogens are not well known although this information is crucial to strategize effective measures to eradicate bsr. in order to elucidate the molecular interactions between oil palm and g. boninense and its biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum, we compared the root transcriptomes of untreate ...	2016	26781612
the c2 protein from the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus decreases sensitivity to jasmonates and suppresses jasmonate-mediated defences.	an increasing body of evidence points at a role of the plant hormones jasmonates (jas) in determining the outcome of plant-virus interactions. geminiviruses, small dna viruses infecting a wide range of plant species worldwide, encode a multifunctional protein, c2, which is essential for full pathogenicity. the c2 protein has been shown to suppress the ja response, although the current view on the extent of this effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms is incomplete. in this work, we use a ...	2016	27135228
an effector of the irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor.	plants use autophagy to safeguard against infectious diseases. however, how plant pathogens interfere with autophagy-related processes is unknown. here, we show that pexrd54, an effector from the irish potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans, binds host autophagy protein atg8cl to stimulate autophagosome formation. pexrd54 depletes the autophagy cargo receptor joka2 out of atg8cl complexes and interferes with joka2's positive effect on pathogen defense. thus, a plant pathogen effector has ...	2016	26765567
network-based comparative analysis of arabidopsis immune responses to golovinomyces orontii and botrytis cinerea infections.	a comprehensive exploration of common and specific plant responses to biotrophs and necrotrophs is necessary for a better understanding of plant immunity. here, we compared the arabidopsis defense responses evoked by the biotrophic fungus golovinomyces orontii and the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea through integrative network analysis. two time-course transcriptional datasets were integrated with an arabidopsis protein-protein interaction (ppi) network to construct a g. orontii conditional ...	2016	26750561
the ubiquitin system and jasmonate signaling.	the ubiquitin (ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. the major specificity determinants of this system are the e3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. the ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivatives, known as jasm ...	2016	27135226
grp-3 and kapp, encoding interactors of wak1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding.	conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. these molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. oligogalacturonides (ogs), damps released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. the arabidopsis wall-associated kinase 1 (wak1), a receptor of og ...	2016	26748394
nuclear function of subclass i actin-depolymerizing factor contributes to susceptibility in arabidopsis to an adapted powdery mildew fungus.	actin-depolymerizing factors (adfs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. in this study, we present evidence that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) subclass i adfs, particularly adf4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. the null mutant of adf4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus golovinomyces orontii. the degree of resistance was further ...	2016	26747284
aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of bag6 is necessary for autophagy and fungal resistance in plants.	the bcl-2-associated athanogene (bag) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of cochaperones that modulate numerous cellular processes. previously we found that arabidopsis thaliana bag6 is required for basal immunity against the fungal phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. however, the mechanisms by which bag6 controls immunity are obscure. here, we address this important question by determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for bag6-mediated basal resistance. we show that arabidopsis bag ...	2016	26739014
the plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk.	the exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. the crosstalk between jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. however, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels ...	2016	26733689
overcoming substrate limitations for improved production of ethylene in e. coli.	ethylene is an important industrial compound for the production of a wide variety of plastics and chemicals. at present, ethylene production involves steam cracking of a fossil-based feedstock, representing the highest co2-emitting process in the chemical industry. biological ethylene production can be achieved via expression of a single protein, the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe), found in some bacteria and fungi; it has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative to steam cracking, provi ...	2016	26734073
microrna-induced negative regulation of tlr-5 in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.	micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small non-coding rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. however, the role of mirnas in antibacterial defence in fish has not been fully determined. here, we identified that nine mirnas are differentially expressed in kidney between susceptible and resistant grass carp strains. analysis of spatial and temporal mirna expression patterns suggests that cid-mirn-115 and mir-142a-3p are potential regulators of anti-bacterial activity. overexpre ...	2016	26727169
the mechanistic targets of antifungal agents: an overview.	pathogenic fungi are a major causative group for opportunistic infections (ois). aids patients and other immunocompromised individuals are at risk for ois, which if not treated appropriately, contribute to the mortality associated with their conditions. several studies have indicated that the majority of hiv-positive patients contract fungal infections throughout the course of their disease. similar observations have been made regarding the increased frequency of bone marrow and organ transplant ...	2016	26776224
direct capture technologies for genomics-guided discovery of natural products.	microbes are important producers of natural products, which have played key roles in understanding biology and treating disease. however, the full potential of microbes to produce natural products has yet to be realized; the overwhelming majority of natural product gene clusters encoded in microbial genomes remain "cryptic", and have not been expressed or characterized. in contrast to the fast-growing number of genomic sequences and bioinformatic tools, methods to connect these genes to natural ...	2016	26456469
screening for expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics.	liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. herein we report a protocol using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss) from bacterial strains. taking advantage of the large size of modular nrpss and pkss (often >200 kda), size-based separa ...	2016	26831706
psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs.	the aim of this study was to disentangle the microbial diversity on porcine musculature. the hypervariable v1-v2 region of the 16s rrna gene was amplified from dna samples of clinically healthy slaughter pigs (n=8). pyrosequencing yielded 37,000 quality-controlled reads and a diverse microbiome with 54-159 otus per sample was detected. interestingly, 6 out of 8 samples were strongly dominated by 1-2 highly abundant otus (best hits of highly abundant otus: serratia proteamaculans, pseudomonas syr ...	2016	26943946
coronatine inhibits stomatal closure through guard cell-specific inhibition of nadph oxidase-dependent ros production.	microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by mamps and by the hormone abscisic acid (aba). the mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. reactive oxygen species (ros) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigate ...	2016	28018388
gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) uptake via the gaba permease gabp represses virulence gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	the nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is the most abundant amino acid in the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaf apoplast and is synthesized by arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (hereafter called dc3000). high levels of exogenous gaba have previously been shown to repress the expression of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) in dc3000, resulting in reduced elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) i ...	2016	28001093
image-based quantification of plant immunity and disease.	measuring the extent and severity of disease is a critical component of plant pathology research and crop breeding. unfortunately, existing visual scoring systems are qualitative, subjective, and the results are difficult to transfer between research groups, while existing quantitative methods can be quite laborious. here, we present plant immunity and disease image-based quantification (pidiq), a quantitative, semi-automated system to rapidly and objectively measure disease symptoms in a biolog ...	2016	27996374
overexpression of panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in arabidopsis thaliana.	sesquiterpenes are an abundant group belonging to the terpenoid family, with a c15 structure comprise of three isoprene units. many sesquiterpenes are volatile compounds and it act as chemical messenger in plant signalling, particularly in the defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. panax ginseng meyer is important medicinal herbs with various reported pharmacological efficacies in which its triterpenoid saponins, called ginsenosides, were mostly studied. however, there have been ...	2016	27924121
a conserved puccinia striiformis protein interacts with wheat npr1 and reduces induction of pathogenesis-related genes in response to pathogens.	in arabidopsis, npr1 is a key transcriptional coregulator of systemic acquired resistance. upon pathogen challenge, npr1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, in which it interacts with tga-bzip transcription factors to activate the expression of several pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. in a screen of a yeast two-hybrid library from wheat leaves infected with puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we identified a conserved rust protein that interacts with wheat npr1 and named it pnpi (fo ...	2016	27898286
the pattern-recognition receptor core of solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein.	plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) by cell surface receptors. many plant species of the solanaceae family detect the highly conserved nucleic acid binding motif rnp-1 of bacterial cold-shock proteins (csps), represented by the peptide csp22, as a mamp. here, we exploited the natural variation in csp22 perception observed between cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and solanum pennellii to map and identify the leucine-ri ...	2016	27892924
bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence.	high humidity has a strong influence on the development of numerous diseases affecting the above-ground parts of plants (the phyllosphere) in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. previous studies have emphasized immune suppression as a key step in bacterial pathogenesis. here we show that humidity-dependent, pathogen-driven establishment of an aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) is another important step in bacterial infection ...	2016	27882964
infection assays in arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens.	fungi of the pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. how rust effectors-virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions-contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. melampsora larici-populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. ...	2016	27868319
n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone has a critical contribution to the quorum-sensing-dependent regulation in phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.	the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528), causing wild-fire disease in soybean and tobacco plants, processes psyi-psyr quorum-sensing (qs) system, in which psyi is the n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3oc6-hsl) synthase. in comparison to p. syringae 11528 ahl-deficient mutant, 845 3oc6-hsl-dependent genes were identified using rna sequencing (rna-seq) in the ahl-deficient mutant grown with exogenous 3oc6-hsl in the transition from the exponential to the s ...	2016	27864298
teaching an old dog new tricks: suppressing activation of specific mitogen-activated kinases as a potential virulence function of the bacterial avrrpt2 effector protein.	avrrpt2 is one of the first pseudomonas syringae effector proteins demonstrated to be delivered into host cells. it suppresses plant immunity by modulating auxin signaling and cleavage of the membrane-localized defense regulator rin4. we recently uncovered a novel potential virulence function of avrrpt2, where it specifically blocked activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11, but not of mpk3 and mpk6. putative avrrpt2 homologs from different phytopathogens and plant-associa ...	2016	27830985
lon protease is involved in rhprs-mediated regulation of type iii secretion in pseudomonas syringae.	pseudomonas syringae depends on the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to directly translocate effectors into host cells. previously, we reported a nonpathogenic rhps mutant, suggesting that the two-component transduction system rhprs is an important regulator of t3ss in p. syringae. rhprs regulates itself and a variety of downstream genes under an inverted repeat element promoter in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. here, we identify lon as a suppressor of the rhps mutant through transposon scr ...	2016	27657922
transcription factor anac032 modulates ja/sa signalling in response to pseudomonas syringae infection.	responses to pathogens, including host transcriptional reprogramming, require partially antagonistic signalling pathways dependent on the phytohormones salicylic (sa) and jasmonic (ja) acids. however, upstream factors modulating the interplay of these pathways are not well characterized. here, we identify the transcription factor anac032 from arabidopsis thaliana as one such regulator in response to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst). anac032 directly represses m ...	2016	27632992
altered meristem program1 has conflicting effects on the tolerance to heat shock and symptom development after pseudomonas syringae infection.	an arabidopsis thaliana altered meristem program1 (atamp1), which encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase, not only controls shoot apical meristem development, but also is involved in tolerance response to abiotic stresses. here, we introduce a novel mutant; named amp1-32 that is a phenocopier to previously isolated different amp1 mutant alleles. interestingly, tiny leaves were continuously developed at the bottom of pre-emerged leaves in the amp1-32. the amp1-32 mutant was less sensitive ...	2016	27743891
exogenous n-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants.	in order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. the n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. in this work, we study the interactions between ahl-producing transgenic tobacco plants and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528). both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in ...	2016	27756102
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.	the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...	2016	27736646
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.	synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...	2016	27664099
population-genomic insights into emergence, crop adaptation and dissemination of pseudomonas syringae pathogens.	many bacterial pathogens are well characterized but, in some cases, little is known about the populations from which they emerged. this limits understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. the crop pathogen pseudomonas syringae sensu lato has been widely isolated from the environment, including wild plants and components of the water cycle, and causes disease in several economically important crops. here, we compared genome sequences of 45 p. syringae crop pathogen outbreak strai ...	2016	28348830
differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi hopaf type iii effector family.	the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. the present study was performed to investigate the co-existence of both plasmid- and chromosomal-encoded members of the hopaf effector family, hopaf1-1 and hopaf1-2, respectively, in the genome of ncppb 3335. here, we show that the hopaf1 paralogues are widely distributed in the pseudomonas ...	2016	27116193
tomato response traits to pathogenic pseudomonas species: does nitrogen limitation matter?	induced chemical defence is a cost-efficient protective strategy, whereby plants induce the biosynthesis of defence-related compounds only in the case of pest attack. plant responses that are pathogen specific lower the cost of defence, compared to constitutive defence. as nitrogen availability (n) in the root zone is one of the levers mediating the concentration of defence-related compounds in plants, we investigated its influence on response traits of tomato to two pathogenic bacteria, growing ...	2016	26810453
the stripe rust fungal effector pec6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases.	we identified a wheat stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (pec6) with pattern-triggered immunity (pti) suppression function and its corresponding host target. pec6 compromised pti host species-independently. in nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and callose deposition induced by pseudomonas fluorescens. in arabidopsis, plants expressing pec6 were more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pto) dc3000 δavrpto/δavrptob. in wheat ...	2016	27252028
the arabidopsis nadph oxidases rbohd and rbohf display differential expression patterns and contributions during plant immunity.	plant nadph oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rbohs), produce reactive oxygen species (ros) that perform a wide range of functions. rbohd and rbohf, two of the 10 rboh genes present in arabidopsis, are pleiotropic and mediate diverse physiological processes including the response to pathogens. we hypothesized that the spatio-temporal control of rbohd and rbohf gene expression might be critical in determining their multiplicity of functions. transgenic arabidopsis plan ...	2016	26798024
[the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to streptomycin under the influence of pesticides].	the results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. it is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. granstar herbicide, tviks and alpha super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of xanthomonas translucens 3164, p s ...	2016	26829841
molecular soybean-pathogen interactions.	soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses. the importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on its interactions with pathogens, such as soybean mosaic virus, pseudomonas syringae, phytophthora sojae, phakopsora pachyrhizi, and heterodera glycines. pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes), has contributed to our ...	2016	27359370
the arabidopsis immune regulator srfr1 dampens defences against herbivory by spodoptera exigua and parasitism by heterodera schachtii.	plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. previously, we identified suppressor of rps4-rld1 (srfr1) as a negative regulator of enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 expressing avrrps4. the use of multiple stresses is a p ...	2016	26310916
the arabidopsis leaf transcriptome reveals distinct but also overlapping responses to colonization by phyllosphere commensals and pathogen infection with impact on plant health.	plants are colonized by a variety of bacteria, most of which are not pathogenic. currently, the plant responses to phyllosphere commensals or to pathogen infection in the presence of commensals are not well understood. here, we examined the transcriptional response of arabidopsis thaliana leaves to colonization by common commensal bacteria in a gnotobiotic system using rna sequencing and conducted plant mutant assays. arabidopsis responded differently to the model bacteria sphingomonas melonis f ...	2016	27306148
metabolic footprint of epiphytic bacteria on arabidopsis thaliana leaves.	the phyllosphere, which is defined as the parts of terrestrial plants above the ground, is a large habitat for different microorganisms that show a high extent of adaption to their environment. a number of hypotheses were generated by culture-independent functional genomics studies to explain the competitiveness of specialized bacteria in the phyllosphere. in contrast, in situ data at the metabolome level as a function of bacterial colonization are lacking. here, we aimed to obtain new insights ...	2016	26305156
biocontrol activity of paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 against pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.	paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 (ac-1) is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that has been used as a soil inoculant for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and to promote plant growth. in this study, we examine the effects of ac-1 on the bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae and internal colonization of ac-1 by counting bacterial populations that colonize plants. ac-1 inhibited the growth of both p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) and p. syringae pv. tabaci (pta) in a concentrat ...	2016	26946374
biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2.	the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2 is a member of the mononuclear non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2og)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. this enzyme is reported to simultaneously catalyze the conversion of 2og into ethylene and three co2 molecules and the cδ hydroxylation of l-arginine (l-arg) while oxidatively decarboxylating 2og to form succinate and carbon dioxide. a new plasmid construct for expression in recombinant escherichia coli cells al ...	2016	27749027
ltp3 contributes to disease susceptibility in arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (aba) biosynthesis.	several plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) act positively in plant disease resistance. here, we show that ltp3 (at5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (aba)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in arabidopsis. the overexpression of ltp3 (ltp3-ox) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. on infection of ltp3-ox plants with pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in aba biosynthesis, nced3 and aao3, were highl ...	2016	26123657
functional analysis of ntmpk2 uncovers its positive role in response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tobacco.	mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are highly conserved signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors and play pivotal roles in signaling plant defense against pathogen attack. extensive studies on arabidopsis mpk4 have implicated that the map kinase is involved in multilayered plant defense pathways. in this study, we identified tobacco ntmpk2 as an ortholog of atmpk4. transgenic tobacco overexpressing ntmpk2 markedly enhances resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst ...	2016	26482478
spatial and temporal variability in the potential of river water biofilms to degrade p-nitrophenol.	in order to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment, a range of regulatory tests are performed with microbial inocula collected from environmental compartments to investigate the potential for biodegradation. the abundance and distribution of microbes in the environment is affected by a range of variables, hence diversity and biomass of inocula used in biodegradation tests can be highly variable in space and time. the use of artificial or natural biofilms in regulatory tests could enabl ...	2016	27596822
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.	plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.	2016	27555496
a bacterial effector co-opts calmodulin to target the plant microtubule network.	the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type iii secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. the majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. using arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the hope1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (cam), as a co-factor to target the microtubule-associated protein 65 (map65), an important component of the microtubul ...	2016	26764598
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.	pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.	2016	26764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.	an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...	2016	26753535
transcriptional control of quorum sensing and associated metabolic interactions in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a.	pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cell densities fluctuate regularly during host plant colonization. previously we identified nine genes dependent on the quorum-sensing-associated luxr homolog ahlr during epiphytic and apoplastic stages of host colonization. yet their contributions to host colonization remain obscure, despite ahlr regulon presence within and beyond the p. syringae pan-genome. to elucidate ahir regulon member functions, we characterized their regulation, interactions with each ot ...	2016	26713670
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups.	the aim of this study was to develop a rapid pcr-based method for the specific detection of individual phylogroups of the pseudomonas syringae complex.	2016	26661140
the pathogenicity factor hrpf interacts with hrpa and hrpg to modulate type iii secretion system (t3ss) function and t3ss expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.	to ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type iii secretion system (t3ss) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. in this study, we showed that the hrpf gene of p. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpg, encodes a t3ss-dependent secreted/translocated protein. mutation of hrpf leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitati ...	2016	26638129
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. owing to the prohibition of agricultural antibiotic use in major kiwifruit-cultivating countries, alternative methods need to be developed to manage this disease. bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect target bacteria and have recently been reconsidered as potential biological control agents for bacterial pathogens owing to their specificity in terms of host range. in this study, we isolated bacterioph ...	2016	26628254
isolation and identification of pseudomonas syringae facilitated by a pcr targeting the whole p. syringae group.	we present a reliable pcr-based method to avoid the biases related to identification based on the conventional phenotypes currently used in the identification of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, a ubiquitous environmental bacterium including plant pathogens. we identified a dna target suitable for this purpose by applying a comparative genomic pipeline to pseudomonas genomes. we designed primers and developed pcr conditions that led to a clean and strong pcr product from 97% of the 185 strains o ...	2016	26610434
competitive index: mixed infection-based virulence assays for genetic analysis in pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.	when studying bacterial plant pathogens, the genetic analysis of the contribution of virulence factors to the infection process has traditionally been hindered by their high degree of functional redundancy. in recent years, it has become clear that the use of competitive index in mixed infections provides an accurate and sensitive manner of establishing virulence phenotypes for mutants for which other assays have failed. such increases in sensitivity and accuracy are due to the direct comparison ...	2016	26577792
amrz regulates cellulose production in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, the second messenger c-di-gmp has been previously shown to stimulate pellicle formation and cellulose biosynthesis. a screen for genes involved in cellulose production under high c-di-gmp intracellular levels led to the identification of insertions in two genes, wssb and wsse, belonging to the pto dc3000 cellulose biosynthesis operon wssabcdefghi. interestingly, beside cellulose-deficient mutants, colonies with a rougher appearance than the wild type al ...	2016	26564578
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato oxyr is required for virulence in tomato and arabidopsis.	reactive oxygen species (ros) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. in addition, ros also have direct toxicity against pathogens. however, the molecular mechanisms of plant ros in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. to investigate the function of plant ros in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyr, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3 ...	2016	26554736
the hexapeptide repeated segment liagy is a hot spot of aggregation of the pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.	ice nucleation proteins (inps) form oligomeric structures by self-assembly and aggregation. we looked for the presence of potential aggregating sequences inside the inp from pseudomonas syringae by a computational approach with the aggrescan, fomdamyloid and tango softwares. a total of 38 hot spots of aggregation were predicted in the inp sequence: 7 localized in the nterminal domain, 2 in the c-terminal region, 28 in the highly repetitive central (hrc) region and 1 shared between the hrc and th ...	2016	26548995
calcium-dependent protein kinase (cdpk) and cdpk-related kinase (crk) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.	calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) and cdpk-related kinases (crks) play multiple roles in plant. nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of crks in disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we identified the cdpk and crk gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. twenty-nine cdpk and six crk genes wer ...	2016	26520101
from filaments to function: the role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity.	the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. in recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. in this review, we will highlight recent advances that have define ...	2016	26514830
membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase saul1 suppresses temperature- and humidity-dependent autoimmunity in arabidopsis.	plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. in arabidopsis, saul1 encodes a plant u-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. a decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. these physio ...	2016	26505534
bacterial rnas activate innate immunity in arabidopsis.	the common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. however, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. we pre-infiltrated arabidopsis leaves with total rnas from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. total pto dc3000 rnas pre-infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against pto dc3000. however, she ...	2016	26499893
absence of phosphatidylcholine in bacterial membranes facilitates translocation of sec-dependent β-lactamase ampc from cytoplasm to periplasm in two pseudomonas strains.	phosphatidylcholine (pc) is a rare membrane lipid in bacteria but crucial for virulence of various plant and animal pathogens. the pcs- mutant lacking pc in bacterial membranes of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336 displayed more ampicillin resistance. ampicillin susceptibility tests gave an ic50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 52 mg/ml for pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336, 53 mg/ml for the complemented strain 1336 rm (pcs-/+) and 90 mg/ml for the 1336 pcs- ...	2016	27060745
natural variation in tomato reveals differences in the recognition of avrpto and avrptob effectors from pseudomonas syringae.	the pto protein kinase from solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with pseudomonas syringae effectors avrpto or avrptob to activate effector-triggered immunity. the previously solved crystal structures of the avrpto-pto and avrptob-pto complexes revealed that pto binds each effector through both a shared and a unique interface. here we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate pto recognition of these two effectors. one species, solanum chmielewskii, was found to have m ...	2016	26993968
production of the streptomyces scabies coronafacoyl phytotoxins involves a novel biosynthetic pathway with an f420 -dependent oxidoreductase and a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase.	coronafacoyl phytotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by various phytopathogenic bacteria, including several pathovars of the gram-negative bacterium pseudomonas syringae as well as the gram-positive potato scab pathogen streptomyces scabies. the phytotoxins are composed of the polyketide coronafacic acid (cfa) linked via an amide bond to amino acids or amino acid derivatives, and their biosynthesis involves the cfa and cfa-like gene clusters that are found in p. syringae and s. s ...	2016	26991928
divorcing strain classification from species names.	confusion about strain classification and nomenclature permeates modern microbiology. although taxonomists have traditionally acted as gatekeepers of order, the numbers of, and speed at which, new strains are identified has outpaced the opportunity for professional classification for many lineages. furthermore, the growth of bioinformatics and database-fueled investigations have placed metadata curation in the hands of researchers with little taxonomic experience. here i describe practical chall ...	2016	26947794
elongator plays a positive role in exogenous nad-induced defense responses in arabidopsis.	extracellular nad is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. although it has been shown that exogenous nad(+) activates defense responses in arabidopsis, components in the exogenous nad(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. in a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous nad(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. map-based cloning revealed that ien2 encodes elongata3 (elo3)/atelp3, a subuni ...	2016	26926998
phytopathogen genome announcement: draft genome sequences of 62 pseudomonas syringae type and pathotype strains.	pseudomonas syringae is a diverse species-complex that includes many important crop pathogens. here, we report the draft genomes of 62 type and pathotype strains, which provide a genomic reference for the diversity of this species complex and will contribute to the elucidation of the genomic basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.	2016	26883489
pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from weeds in bean crop fields.	pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causative agent of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), was isolated from weeds associated with bean crops in spain. the bacterium was recovered from fumaria sp, mercurialis annua, solanum nigrum and sonchus oleraceus. ps. s. pv. phaseolicola had previously been isolated from leguminous plants and s. nigrum, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it was recovered from the other three species. the isolates were phenotypically and gen ...	2016	26880144
analysis of the lmmunity-related oxidative bursts by a luminol-based assay.	the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to biotic and abiotic cues is a conserved hallmark of plant responses. the detection and quantification of ros generation during immune responses is an excellent readout to analyze signaling triggered by the perception of pathogens. the assay described here is easy to employ and versatile, allowing its use in a multitude of variations. for example, ros production can be analyzed using different tissues including whole seedlings, r ...	2016	26867635
the μ subunit of arabidopsis adaptor protein-2 is involved in effector-triggered immunity mediated by membrane-localized resistance proteins.	endocytosis has been suggested to be important in the cellular processes of plant immune responses. however, our understanding of its role during effector-triggered immunity (eti) is still limited. we have previously shown that plant endocytosis, especially clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, is mediated by the adaptor protein-2 (ap-2) complex and that loss of the μ subunit of ap-2 (ap2m) affects plant growth and floral organ development. here, we report that ap2m is requir ...	2016	26828402
bri1-ems-suppressor 1 gain-of-function mutant shows higher susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infection.	brassinosteroids (brs) are plant-specific steroids that are involved in plant growth and defense responses. however, the exact roles of br in plant defense are unclear. we used the bes1-d gain-of-function mutant to define the underlying relationship between plant growth and defense through br signaling and innate immunity. in bes1-d, further downstream component bes1 transcription factor is stabilized, leading to the activation of br signaling. previous reports on bes1 target genes showed that a ...	2016	26809089