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molecular soybean-pathogen interactions.soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses. the importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on its interactions with pathogens, such as soybean mosaic virus, pseudomonas syringae, phytophthora sojae, phakopsora pachyrhizi, and heterodera glycines. pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes), has contributed to our ...201627359370
the arabidopsis immune regulator srfr1 dampens defences against herbivory by spodoptera exigua and parasitism by heterodera schachtii.plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. previously, we identified suppressor of rps4-rld1 (srfr1) as a negative regulator of enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 expressing avrrps4. the use of multiple stresses is a p ...201626310916
the arabidopsis leaf transcriptome reveals distinct but also overlapping responses to colonization by phyllosphere commensals and pathogen infection with impact on plant health.plants are colonized by a variety of bacteria, most of which are not pathogenic. currently, the plant responses to phyllosphere commensals or to pathogen infection in the presence of commensals are not well understood. here, we examined the transcriptional response of arabidopsis thaliana leaves to colonization by common commensal bacteria in a gnotobiotic system using rna sequencing and conducted plant mutant assays. arabidopsis responded differently to the model bacteria sphingomonas melonis f ...201627306148
metabolic footprint of epiphytic bacteria on arabidopsis thaliana leaves.the phyllosphere, which is defined as the parts of terrestrial plants above the ground, is a large habitat for different microorganisms that show a high extent of adaption to their environment. a number of hypotheses were generated by culture-independent functional genomics studies to explain the competitiveness of specialized bacteria in the phyllosphere. in contrast, in situ data at the metabolome level as a function of bacterial colonization are lacking. here, we aimed to obtain new insights ...201626305156
biocontrol activity of paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 against pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 (ac-1) is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that has been used as a soil inoculant for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and to promote plant growth. in this study, we examine the effects of ac-1 on the bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae and internal colonization of ac-1 by counting bacterial populations that colonize plants. ac-1 inhibited the growth of both p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) and p. syringae pv. tabaci (pta) in a concentrat ...201626946374
population-genomic insights into emergence, crop adaptation and dissemination of pseudomonas syringae pathogens.many bacterial pathogens are well characterized but, in some cases, little is known about the populations from which they emerged. this limits understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. the crop pathogen pseudomonas syringae sensu lato has been widely isolated from the environment, including wild plants and components of the water cycle, and causes disease in several economically important crops. here, we compared genome sequences of 45 p. syringae crop pathogen outbreak strai ...201628348830
the arabidopsis nadph oxidases rbohd and rbohf display differential expression patterns and contributions during plant immunity.plant nadph oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rbohs), produce reactive oxygen species (ros) that perform a wide range of functions. rbohd and rbohf, two of the 10 rboh genes present in arabidopsis, are pleiotropic and mediate diverse physiological processes including the response to pathogens. we hypothesized that the spatio-temporal control of rbohd and rbohf gene expression might be critical in determining their multiplicity of functions. transgenic arabidopsis plan ...201626798024
tomato response traits to pathogenic pseudomonas species: does nitrogen limitation matter?induced chemical defence is a cost-efficient protective strategy, whereby plants induce the biosynthesis of defence-related compounds only in the case of pest attack. plant responses that are pathogen specific lower the cost of defence, compared to constitutive defence. as nitrogen availability (n) in the root zone is one of the levers mediating the concentration of defence-related compounds in plants, we investigated its influence on response traits of tomato to two pathogenic bacteria, growing ...201626810453
[the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to streptomycin under the influence of pesticides].the results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. it is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. granstar herbicide, tviks and alpha super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of xanthomonas translucens 3164, p s ...201626829841
killing two birds with one stone: natural rice rhizospheric microbes reduce arsenic uptake and blast infections in rice.our recent work has shown that a rice thizospheric natural isolate, a pantoea sp (hereafter ea106) attenuates arsenic (as) uptake in rice. in parallel, yet another natural rice rhizospheric isolate, a pseudomonas chlororaphis (hereafter ea105), was shown to inhibit rice blast pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. considering the above, we envisaged to evaluate the importance of mixed stress regime in rice plants subjected to both as toxicity and blast infections. plants subjected to as regime showed incr ...201627790229
overexpression of the eggplant (solanum melongena) nac family transcription factor smnac suppresses resistance to bacterial wilt.bacterial wilt (bw) is a serious disease that affects eggplant (solanum melongena) production. although resistance to this disease has been reported, the underlying mechanism is unknown. in this study, we identified a nac family transcription factor (smnac) from eggplant and characterized its expression, its localization at the tissue and subcellular levels, and its role in bw resistance. to this end, transgenic eggplant lines were generated in which the expression of smnac was constitutively up ...201627528282
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...201627526699
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens. 201627513453
enhanced rice blast resistance by crispr/cas9-targeted mutagenesis of the erf transcription factor gene oserf922.rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. the adoption of host resistance has proven to be the most economical and effective approach to control rice blast. in recent years, sequence-specific nucleases (ssns) have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for the improvement of crops via gene-specific genome editing, and crispr/cas9 is thought to be the most effective ssn. here, we report the improvement of rice blast resistance by engineering a crispr/cas9 ssn (c ...201627116122
optimized illumina pcr-free library preparation for bacterial whole genome sequencing and analysis of factors influencing de novo assembly.next-generation sequencing (ngs) technology has paved the way for rapid and cost-efficient de novo sequencing of bacterial genomes. in particular, the introduction of pcr-free library preparation procedures (lpps) lead to major improvements as pcr bias is largely reduced. however, in order to facilitate the assembly of illumina paired-end sequence data and to enhance assembly performance, an increase of insert sizes to facilitate the repeat bridging and resolution capabilities of current state o ...201627176120
rutin-mediated priming of plant resistance to three bacterial pathogens initiating the early sa signal pathway.flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions, including uv protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, flower coloring and insect resistance. here we show that rutin, a proud member of the flavonoid family, could be functional as an activator to improve plant disease resistances. three plant species pretreated with 2 mm rutin were found to enhance resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato st ...201626751786
identification, characterization, and gene expression analysis of nucleotide binding site (nb)-type resistance gene homologues in switchgrass.switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.) is a warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a second generation bioenergy crop. however, foliar fungal pathogens, like switchgrass rust, have the potential to significantly reduce switchgrass biomass yield. despite its importance as a prominent bioenergy crop, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis of nb-lrr disease resistance genes has yet to be performed in switchgrass.201627821048
genomic analysis of phylotype i strain ep1 reveals substantial divergence from other strains in the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating group of phytopathogens with an unusually wide host range and broad geographical distribution. r. solanacearum isolates may differ considerably in various properties including host range and pathogenicity, but the underlying genetic bases remain vague. here, we conducted the genome sequencing of strain ep1 isolated from guangdong province of china, which belongs to phylotype i and is highly virulent to a range of solanaceous crops. its comp ...201627833603
leucine zipper motif in rrs1 is crucial for the regulation of arabidopsis dual resistance protein complex rps4/rrs1.arabidopsis thaliana leucine-rich repeat-containing (nlr) proteins rps4 and rrs1, known as dual resistance proteins, confer resistance to multiple pathogen isolates, such as the bacterial pathogens pseudomonas syringae and ralstonia solanacearum and the fungal pathogen colletotrichum higginsianum. rps4 is a typical toll/interleukin 1 receptor (tir)-type nlr, whereas rrs1 is an atypical tir-nlr that contains a leucine zipper (lz) motif and a c-terminal wrky domain. rps4 and rrs1 are localised nea ...201626750751
overexpression of a pathogenesis-related protein 10 enhances biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.pathogenesis-related proteins play multiple roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. here, we characterize a rice defense related gene named "jasmonic acid inducible pathogenesis-related class 10" (jiospr10) to gain an insight into its functional properties. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis showed up-regulation of jiospr10 under salt and drought stress conditions. constitutive over-expression jiospr10 in rice promoted shoot and root development in transgenic plants, h ...201627904462
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...201627706237
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...201627706100
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...201627721697
degradation of the plant defense signal salicylic acid protects ralstonia solanacearum from toxicity and enhances virulence on tobacco.plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (sa) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen ralstonia solanacearum sa can also inhibit microbial growth. most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous r. solanacearum species complex can degrade sa via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 expresses this sa degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory sa levels induc ...201627329752
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...201627559336
identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens.plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ...201627493610
modification of bacterial effector proteins inside eukaryotic host cells.pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. we restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type iii or type iv systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. we describe t ...201627489796
acetylome analysis reveals the involvement of lysine acetylation in diverse biological processes in phytophthora sojae.lysine acetylation is a dynamic and highly conserved post-translational modification that plays an important regulatory role in almost every aspects of cell metabolism in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. phytophthora sojae is one of the most important plant pathogens due to its huge economic impact. however, to date, little is known about the functions of lysine acetylation in this phytopthora. here, we conducted a lysine acetylome in p. sojae. overall, 2197 lysine acetylation sites in 1150 prot ...201627412925
erecta and bak1 receptor like kinases interact to regulate immune responses in arabidopsis.erecta (er) receptor-like kinase (rlk) regulates arabidopsis thaliana organ growth, and inflorescence and stomatal development by interacting with the erecta-family genes (erf) paralogs, er-like 1 (erl1) and erl2, and the receptor-like protein (rlp) too many mouths (tmm). er also controls immune responses and resistance to pathogens such as the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto) and the necrotrophic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina bmm (pcbmm). we found that er null-mutant ...201627446127
impact of a bacterial volatile 2,3-butanediol on bacillus subtilis rhizosphere robustness.volatile compounds, such as short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol, produced by certain strains of root-associated bacteria (rhizobacteria) elicit induced systemic resistance in plants. the effects of bacterial volatile compounds (bvcs) on plant and fungal growth have been extensively studied; however, the impact of bacterial bvcs on bacterial growth remains poorly understood. in this study the effects of a well-characterized bacterial volatile, 2,3-butanediol, produced by the rhizoba ...201627446033
molecular cloning of hbpr-1 gene from rubber tree, expression of hbpr-1 gene in nicotiana benthamiana and its inhibition of phytophthora palmivora.this is the first report to present a full-length cdna (designated hbpr-1) encoding a putative basic hbpr-1 protein from rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis) treated with salicylic acid. it was characterized and also expressed in nicotiana benthamiana using agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression system in order to investigate the role of hbpr-1 gene in rubber tree against its oomycete pathogen phytopthora palmivora and to produce recombinant hbpr-1 protein for microbial inhibition test. th ...201627337148
virus-induced gene silencing-based functional analyses revealed the involvement of several putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase genes in disease resistance against botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tomato.trehalose and its metabolism have been demonstrated to play important roles in control of plant growth, development, and stress responses. however, direct genetic evidence supporting the functions of trehalose and its metabolism in defense response against pathogens is lacking. in the present study, genome-wide characterization of putative trehalose-related genes identified 11 sltpss for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, 8 sltpps for trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and one sltre1 for trehalase i ...201627540389
gamr, the lysr-type galactose metabolism regulator, regulates hrp gene expression via transcriptional activation of two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx, in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. for the virulence of the bacterium, the hrp genes, encoding components of the type iii secretion system, are indispensable. the expression of hrp genes is regulated by two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx: hrpg regulates hrpx, and hrpx regulates other hrp genes. several other regulators have been shown to be involved in the regulation of hrp genes. here, we found that a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that w ...201627107122
directed evolution of fls2 towards novel flagellin peptide recognition.microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. although mamp receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the mamps in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. in this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor flagellin-se ...201627270917
integration of decoy domains derived from protein targets of pathogen effectors into plant immune receptors is widespread.plant immune receptors of the class of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain (nlr) proteins can contain additional domains besides canonical nb-arc (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by apaf-1, r proteins, and ced-4 (nb-arc)) and leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains. recent research suggests that these additional domains act as integrated decoys recognizing effectors from pathogens. proteins homologous to integrated decoys are suspected to be effector targets and involved in disease or ...201626848538
overexpression of cotton ghmpk11 decreases disease resistance through the gibberellin signaling pathway in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.many changes in development, growth, hormone activity and environmental stimuli responses are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. however, in plants, studies on mapks have mainly focused on mpk3, mpk4 and mpk6. here, a novel group b mapk gene, ghmpk11, was isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and characterized. both promoter and expression pattern analyses revealed that ghmpk11 is involved in defense responses and signaling pathways. ghmpk11 overexpression in ni ...201627242882
bacterial avrrpt2-like cysteine proteases block activation of the arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11.to establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk) cascades. the virulence function of avrrpt2, one of the first identified pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, rpm1-interacting protein4 (rin4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. we show now that avrrpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of arabidop ...201627208280
hrcu and hrpp are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora required for the type iii secretion of dspa/e.many gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type iii secretion (t3s) system. the t3s system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted t3s proteins. based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, hrcu ...201627206522
direct and indirect targeting of pp2a by conserved bacterial type-iii effector proteins.bacterial avre-family type-iii effector proteins (t3es) contribute significantly to the virulence of plant-pathogenic species of pseudomonas, pantoea, ralstonia, erwinia, dickeya and pectobacterium, with hosts ranging from monocots to dicots. however, the mode of action of avre-family t3es remains enigmatic, due in large part to their toxicity when expressed in plant or yeast cells. to search for targets of wtse, an avre-family t3e from the maize pathogen pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, we e ...201627191168
the n-end rule pathway regulates pathogen responses in plants.to efficiently counteract pathogens, plants rely on a complex set of immune responses that are tightly regulated to allow the timely activation, appropriate duration and adequate amplitude of defense programs. the coordination of the plant immune response is known to require the activity of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, which controls the stability of proteins in eukaryotes. here, we demonstrate that the n-end rule pathway, a subset of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, regulates the defense ag ...201627173012
phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection.plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. in order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. to counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. accumul ...201626879412
ralstonia solanacearum type iii effector ripay is a glutathione-degrading enzyme that is activated by plant cytosolic thioredoxins and suppresses plant immunity.the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type iii effector proteins to succeed in infection. to clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. one of the effector proteins, ripay, was found to share homology with the chac family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (gsh), a tripeptide that plays ...201627073091
reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide control early steps of the legume - rhizobium symbiotic interaction.the symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule. early steps of the interaction are characterized by the production of bacterial nod factors, the reorientation of root-hair tip growth, the formation of an infection thread (it) in the root hair, and the induction of cell division in inner cortical cells of the root, leading to a nodule primordium formation. reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) have b ...201627092165
identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes.plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. they induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. to combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysi ...201627001199
comparative analysis of plant immune receptor architectures uncovers host proteins likely targeted by pathogens.plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and initiate defense responses. intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) proteins contain a central nucleotide-binding (nb) domain followed by a series of leucine-rich repeats (lrrs), and are key initiators of plant defense responses. however, recent studies demonstrated that nlrs with non-canonical domain architectures play an important role in plant immunity. these composite immu ...201626891798
fusarium culmorum affects expression of biofilm formation key genes in bacillus subtilis.it is known that there is correlation between biofilm formation and antagonistic activities of bacillus subtilis strains; but, the mechanism of this correlation is not clear. so, the effect of the plant pathogen (fusarium culmorum) on the biofilm formation in a b. subtilis strain with high antagonistic and biofilm formation activities was studied. the expression of sinr and tasa genes involved in the biofilm formation was studied in both single culture of bacterium (b) and co-culture with f. cul ...201626887226
dna microarray and gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals that a mutation in opsx affects virulence and chemotaxis in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (blb) in rice (oryza sativa l.). in this study, we investigated the effect of a mutation in opsx (xoo1056), which encodes a saccharide biosynthesis regulatory protein, on the virulence and bacterial chemotaxis of xoo. we performed dna microarray analysis, which showed that 63 of 2,678 genes, including genes related to bacterial motility (flagellar and chemotaxis proteins) were significantly downregulated (<-2 log2 fold changes) by ...201627298594
aba suppresses botrytis cinerea elicited no production in tomato to influence h2o2 generation and increase host susceptibility.abscisic acid (aba) production has emerged a susceptibility factor in plant-pathogen interactions. this work examined the interaction of aba with nitric oxide (no) in tomato following challenge with the aba-synthesizing pathogen, botrytis cinerea. trace gas detection using a quantum cascade laser detected no production within minutes of challenge with b. cinerea whilst photoacoustic laser detection detected ethylene production - an established mediator of defense against this pathogen - occurrin ...201627252724
transcriptomic effects of the cell cycle regulator lgo in arabidopsis sepals.endoreduplication is a specialized cell cycle in which dna replication occurs, but mitosis is skipped creating enlarged polyploid cells. endoreduplication is associated with the differentiation of many specialized cell types. in the arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis endoreduplicated giant cells form interspersed between smaller cells. both the transcription factor arabidopsis thaliana meristem layer1 (atml1) and the plant-specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor loss of giant cells from org ...201627920789
dynamic protein acetylation in plant-pathogen interactions.pathogen infection triggers complex molecular perturbations within host cells that results in either resistance or susceptibility. protein acetylation is an emerging biochemical modification that appears to play central roles during host-pathogen interactions. to date, research in this area has focused on two main themes linking protein acetylation to plant immune signaling. firstly, it has been established that proper gene expression during defense responses requires modulation of histone acety ...201627066055
proteome analysis of disease resistance against ralstonia solanacearum in potato cultivar ct206-10.potato is one of the most important crops worldwide. its commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to many fungal and bacterial diseases. among these, bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum causes significant yield loss. in the present study, integrated proteomics and genomics approaches were used in order to identify bacterial wilt resistant genes from rs resistance potato cultivar ct-206-10. 2-de and maldi-tof/tof-ms analysis identified eight differentially abundant proteins includi ...201626889112
involvement of agrobacterium tumefaciens galacturonate tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporter gaapqm in virulence gene expression.monosaccharides capable of serving as nutrients for the soil bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens are also inducers of the vir regulon present in the tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid of this plant pathogen. one such monosaccharide is galacturonate, the predominant monomer of pectin found in plant cell walls. this ligand is recognized by the periplasmic sugar binding protein chve, which interacts with the vira histidine kinase that controls vir gene expression. although chve is also a member of the chv ...201626637603
the effector awr5 from the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of the tor signalling pathway.bacterial pathogens possess complex type iii effector (t3e) repertoires that are translocated inside the host cells to cause disease. however, only a minor proportion of these effectors have been assigned a function. here, we show that the t3e awr5 from the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum is an inhibitor of tor, a central regulator in eukaryotes that controls the switch between cell growth and stress responses in response to nutrient availability. heterologous expression of awr5 in yeast ca ...201627257085
wrky transcription factors: molecular regulation and stress responses in plants.plants in their natural habitat have to face multiple stresses simultaneously. evolutionary adaptation of developmental, physiological, and biochemical parameters give advantage over a single window of stress but not multiple. on the other hand transcription factors like wrky can regulate diverse responses through a complicated network of genes. so molecular orchestration of wrkys in plant may provide the most anticipated outcome of simultaneous multiple responses. activation or repression throu ...201627375634
understanding the impact of drought on foliar and xylem invading bacterial pathogen stress in chickpea.in field conditions, plants are concurrently exposed to multiple stresses, where one stressor impacts the plant's response to another stressor, and the resultant net effect of these stresses differs from individual stress response. the present study investigated the effect of drought stress on interaction of chickpea with pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (psp; foliar pathogen) and ralstonia solanacearum (rs; xylem inhabiting wilt causing pathogen), respectively, and the net-effect of combin ...201627446132
coronatine inhibits stomatal closure through guard cell-specific inhibition of nadph oxidase-dependent ros production.microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by mamps and by the hormone abscisic acid (aba). the mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. reactive oxygen species (ros) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigate ...201628018388
gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) uptake via the gaba permease gabp represses virulence gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.the nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is the most abundant amino acid in the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaf apoplast and is synthesized by arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (hereafter called dc3000). high levels of exogenous gaba have previously been shown to repress the expression of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) in dc3000, resulting in reduced elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) i ...201628001093
differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi hopaf type iii effector family.the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. the present study was performed to investigate the co-existence of both plasmid- and chromosomal-encoded members of the hopaf effector family, hopaf1-1 and hopaf1-2, respectively, in the genome of ncppb 3335. here, we show that the hopaf1 paralogues are widely distributed in the pseudomonas ...201627116193
the stripe rust fungal effector pec6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases.we identified a wheat stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (pec6) with pattern-triggered immunity (pti) suppression function and its corresponding host target. pec6 compromised pti host species-independently. in nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and callose deposition induced by pseudomonas fluorescens. in arabidopsis, plants expressing pec6 were more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pto) dc3000 δavrpto/δavrptob. in wheat ...201627252028
overexpression of panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in arabidopsis thaliana.sesquiterpenes are an abundant group belonging to the terpenoid family, with a c15 structure comprise of three isoprene units. many sesquiterpenes are volatile compounds and it act as chemical messenger in plant signalling, particularly in the defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. panax ginseng meyer is important medicinal herbs with various reported pharmacological efficacies in which its triterpenoid saponins, called ginsenosides, were mostly studied. however, there have been ...201627924121
a conserved puccinia striiformis protein interacts with wheat npr1 and reduces induction of pathogenesis-related genes in response to pathogens.in arabidopsis, npr1 is a key transcriptional coregulator of systemic acquired resistance. upon pathogen challenge, npr1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, in which it interacts with tga-bzip transcription factors to activate the expression of several pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. in a screen of a yeast two-hybrid library from wheat leaves infected with puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we identified a conserved rust protein that interacts with wheat npr1 and named it pnpi (fo ...201627898286
the pattern-recognition receptor core of solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein.plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) by cell surface receptors. many plant species of the solanaceae family detect the highly conserved nucleic acid binding motif rnp-1 of bacterial cold-shock proteins (csps), represented by the peptide csp22, as a mamp. here, we exploited the natural variation in csp22 perception observed between cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and solanum pennellii to map and identify the leucine-ri ...201627892924
bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence.high humidity has a strong influence on the development of numerous diseases affecting the above-ground parts of plants (the phyllosphere) in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. previous studies have emphasized immune suppression as a key step in bacterial pathogenesis. here we show that humidity-dependent, pathogen-driven establishment of an aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) is another important step in bacterial infection ...201627882964
infection assays in arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens.fungi of the pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. how rust effectors-virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions-contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. melampsora larici-populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. ...201627868319
n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone has a critical contribution to the quorum-sensing-dependent regulation in phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528), causing wild-fire disease in soybean and tobacco plants, processes psyi-psyr quorum-sensing (qs) system, in which psyi is the n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3oc6-hsl) synthase. in comparison to p. syringae 11528 ahl-deficient mutant, 845 3oc6-hsl-dependent genes were identified using rna sequencing (rna-seq) in the ahl-deficient mutant grown with exogenous 3oc6-hsl in the transition from the exponential to the s ...201627864298
the arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase lecrk-i.9 is required for full resistance to pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling.on microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. for the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. here, the function of lecrk-i.9 (at5g60300), a legume-type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall-plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular atp ...201627399963
teaching an old dog new tricks: suppressing activation of specific mitogen-activated kinases as a potential virulence function of the bacterial avrrpt2 effector protein.avrrpt2 is one of the first pseudomonas syringae effector proteins demonstrated to be delivered into host cells. it suppresses plant immunity by modulating auxin signaling and cleavage of the membrane-localized defense regulator rin4. we recently uncovered a novel potential virulence function of avrrpt2, where it specifically blocked activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11, but not of mpk3 and mpk6. putative avrrpt2 homologs from different phytopathogens and plant-associa ...201627830985
lon protease is involved in rhprs-mediated regulation of type iii secretion in pseudomonas syringae.pseudomonas syringae depends on the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to directly translocate effectors into host cells. previously, we reported a nonpathogenic rhps mutant, suggesting that the two-component transduction system rhprs is an important regulator of t3ss in p. syringae. rhprs regulates itself and a variety of downstream genes under an inverted repeat element promoter in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. here, we identify lon as a suppressor of the rhps mutant through transposon scr ...201627657922
transcription factor anac032 modulates ja/sa signalling in response to pseudomonas syringae infection.responses to pathogens, including host transcriptional reprogramming, require partially antagonistic signalling pathways dependent on the phytohormones salicylic (sa) and jasmonic (ja) acids. however, upstream factors modulating the interplay of these pathways are not well characterized. here, we identify the transcription factor anac032 from arabidopsis thaliana as one such regulator in response to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst). anac032 directly represses m ...201627632992
multiple xanthomonas euvesicatoria type iii effectors inhibit flg22-triggered immunity.xanthomonas euvesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato. x. euvesicatoria bacteria interfere with plant cellular processes by injecting effector proteins into host cells through the type iii secretion (t3s) system. about 35 t3s effectors have been identified in x. euvesicatoria 85-10, and a few of them were implicated in suppression of pattern-triggered immunity (pti). we used an arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-free protoplast-based assay to identify x. euvesic ...201627529660
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups. 201627528015
structure of a pathogen effector reveals the enzymatic mechanism of a novel acetyltransferase family.effectors secreted by the type iii secretion system are essential for bacterial pathogenesis. members of the yersinia outer-protein j (yopj) family of effectors found in diverse plant and animal pathogens depend on a protease-like catalytic triad to acetylate host proteins and produce virulence. however, the structural basis for this noncanonical acetyltransferase activity remains unknown. here, we report the crystal structures of the yopj effector hopz1a, produced by the phytopathogen pseudomon ...201627525589
pseudomonas syringae differentiates into phenotypically distinct subpopulations during colonization of a plant host.bacterial microcolonies with heterogeneous sizes are formed during colonization of phaseolus vulgaris by pseudomonas syringae. heterogeneous expression of structural and regulatory components of the p. syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss), essential for colonization of the host apoplast and disease development, is likewise detected within the plant apoplast. t3ss expression is bistable in the homogeneous environment of nutrient-limited t3ss-inducing medium, suggesting that subpopulation for ...201627516206
bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse d2o and h2o-in-oil emulsions.ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. in this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different d2o and h2o mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria pseudomonas syringae. we also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of d2o and h2o mixt ...201627495973
a low frequency persistent reservoir of a genomic island in a pathogen population ensures island survival and improves pathogen fitness in a susceptible host.the co-evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. host resistance imposes stress on invading pathogens that can lead to changes in the bacterial genome enabling the pathogen to escape host resistance. we have observed this phenomenon with the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola where isolates that have lost the genomic island pphgi-1 carrying the effector gene avrpphb from its chromosome are infective against previously resistant pla ...201627491006
pathogen infection and morc proteins affect chromatin accessibility of transposable elements and expression of their proximal genes in arabidopsis.to assess the role of morc1 in epigenetics in relation to plant immunity, genome-wide chromatin accessibility was compared between mock- or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato-inoculated wild type (wt) arabidopsis, the morc1/2 double mutant, or both. most changes in chromatin accessibility, scored by dnase i hypersensitive sites (dhss), were located in the promoters of genes and transposable elements (tes). comparisons between morc1/2 and wt receiving the same treatment revealed differential dhss (d ...201627482822
cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean.salicylic acid (sa), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) or the isochorismate synthase (ics) catalyzed steps. the ics pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense-related sa, at least in arabidopsis. we investigated the relative contributions of pal and ics to defense-related sa accumulation in soybean (glycine max). soybean plants silenced for five pal isoforms or two ics isoforms were analyzed for s ...201627411159
metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between azi1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis.the function of azi1 in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis was confirmed by investigation of the phenotypic features of wild-type col-0, azi1 t-dna knockout and azi1 overexpressing plants after infection with virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae. real-time quantitative pcr and northern blotting analyses showed that the transcript abundances of pr genes increased significantly in local and systemic leaves of wild-type col-0 and azi1 overexpressing plants challenged with avirulent ...201627337039
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.201626764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...201626753535
algu controls expression of virulence genes in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.plant-pathogenic bacteria are able to integrate information about their environment and adjust gene expression to provide adaptive functions. algu, an extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma factor encoded by pseudomonas syringae, controls expression of genes for alginate biosynthesis and genes involved with resisting osmotic and oxidative stress. algu is active while these bacteria are associated with plants, where its presence supports bacterial growth and disease symptoms. we found that algu is ...201627325679
the arabidopsis malectin-like/lrr-rlk ios1 is critical for bak1-dependent and bak1-independent pattern-triggered immunity.plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs) such as flagellin sensing2 (fls2), ef-tu receptor (efr), and chitin elicitor receptor kinase1 (cerk1) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (pti). a reverse genetics approach on genes responsive to the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (baba) revealed impaired oomycete susceptibility1 (ios1) as a critical pti player. arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to ps ...201627317676
getting to pti of bacterial rnas: triggering plant innate immunity by extracellular rnas from bacteria.defense against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses requires the plant to distinguish between self and non-self signaling molecules. pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mamps) are pivotal for triggering innate immunity in plants. unlike in animals and humans, the precise roles of nucleic acids in plant innate immunity are unclear. we therefore investigated the effects of infiltration of total pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) rnas into arabidopsis plants. the ...201627301792
selective photoreceptor gene knock-out reveals a regulatory role for the growth behavior of pseudomonas syringae.the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae (ps) is a well-established model organism for bacterial infection of plants. the genome sequences of two pathovars, pv. syringae and pv. tomato, revealed one gene encoding a blue and two genes encoding red/far red light-sensing photoreceptors. continuing former molecular characterization of the photoreceptor proteins, we here report selective photoreceptor gene disruption for pv. tomato aiming at identification of potentially regulatory functions of these ...201627289014
wide distribution of airborne ice-nucleation active pseudomonas syringae in agricultural environments.pseudomonas syringae, a phytopathogen with a wide host range, inhabits various environments. among these habitats, air is an important transport environment for microbes, allowing them to disperse over long distances; however, information on the distribution and composition of airborne p. syringae is limited. here, we report the isolation of several groups of airborne p. syringae in japan. since 2013, we have trapped 43 strains of airborne p. syringae species complex, most of which were ice-nucl ...201627247081
the type iii effector avrxccb in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in arabidopsis.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. the type iii effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. however, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type iii effector avrxccb in xcc. here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of avrxccb and the possible underlying mechanisms. avrxccb was demonstrated to be secreted in a type iii sec ...201627241588
proteomics and functional analyses of arabidopsis nitrilases involved in the defense response to microbial pathogens.proteomics and functional analyses of the arabidopsis - pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato interactions reveal that arabidopsis nitrilases are required for plant defense and r gene-mediated resistant responses to microbial pathogens. a high-throughput in planta proteome screen has identified arabidopsis nitrilase 2 (atnit2), which was de novo-induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) infection. the atnit2, atnit3, and atnit4 genes, but not atnit1, were distinctly induced in arabidopsis leave ...201627095107
detection of peroxynitrite in plants exposed to bacterial infection.peroxynitrite is a highly reactive derivative of nitric oxide (no) which is gaining attention in the plant biology community because it may play a role in no signaling during biotic stress. peroxynitrite can react with many different biomolecules, but its ability to nitrate the tyrosine residues of proteins is particularly important because this may regulate defense signaling in response to pathogens. the analysis of peroxynitrite levels in the context of its proposed defense role requires an ac ...201627094421
image-based quantification of plant immunity and disease.measuring the extent and severity of disease is a critical component of plant pathology research and crop breeding. unfortunately, existing visual scoring systems are qualitative, subjective, and the results are difficult to transfer between research groups, while existing quantitative methods can be quite laborious. here, we present plant immunity and disease image-based quantification (pidiq), a quantitative, semi-automated system to rapidly and objectively measure disease symptoms in a biolog ...201627996374
altered meristem program1 has conflicting effects on the tolerance to heat shock and symptom development after pseudomonas syringae infection.an arabidopsis thaliana altered meristem program1 (atamp1), which encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase, not only controls shoot apical meristem development, but also is involved in tolerance response to abiotic stresses. here, we introduce a novel mutant; named amp1-32 that is a phenocopier to previously isolated different amp1 mutant alleles. interestingly, tiny leaves were continuously developed at the bottom of pre-emerged leaves in the amp1-32. the amp1-32 mutant was less sensitive ...201627743891
exogenous n-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants.in order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. the n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. in this work, we study the interactions between ahl-producing transgenic tobacco plants and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528). both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in ...201627756102
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...201627736646
absence of phosphatidylcholine in bacterial membranes facilitates translocation of sec-dependent β-lactamase ampc from cytoplasm to periplasm in two pseudomonas strains.phosphatidylcholine (pc) is a rare membrane lipid in bacteria but crucial for virulence of various plant and animal pathogens. the pcs- mutant lacking pc in bacterial membranes of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336 displayed more ampicillin resistance. ampicillin susceptibility tests gave an ic50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 52 mg/ml for pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van hall 1336, 53 mg/ml for the complemented strain 1336 rm (pcs-/+) and 90 mg/ml for the 1336 pcs- ...201627060745
natural variation in tomato reveals differences in the recognition of avrpto and avrptob effectors from pseudomonas syringae.the pto protein kinase from solanum pimpinellifolium interacts with pseudomonas syringae effectors avrpto or avrptob to activate effector-triggered immunity. the previously solved crystal structures of the avrpto-pto and avrptob-pto complexes revealed that pto binds each effector through both a shared and a unique interface. here we use natural variation in wild species of tomato to further investigate pto recognition of these two effectors. one species, solanum chmielewskii, was found to have m ...201626993968
production of the streptomyces scabies coronafacoyl phytotoxins involves a novel biosynthetic pathway with an f420 -dependent oxidoreductase and a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase.coronafacoyl phytotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by various phytopathogenic bacteria, including several pathovars of the gram-negative bacterium pseudomonas syringae as well as the gram-positive potato scab pathogen streptomyces scabies. the phytotoxins are composed of the polyketide coronafacic acid (cfa) linked via an amide bond to amino acids or amino acid derivatives, and their biosynthesis involves the cfa and cfa-like gene clusters that are found in p. syringae and s. s ...201626991928
divorcing strain classification from species names.confusion about strain classification and nomenclature permeates modern microbiology. although taxonomists have traditionally acted as gatekeepers of order, the numbers of, and speed at which, new strains are identified has outpaced the opportunity for professional classification for many lineages. furthermore, the growth of bioinformatics and database-fueled investigations have placed metadata curation in the hands of researchers with little taxonomic experience. here i describe practical chall ...201626947794
elongator plays a positive role in exogenous nad-induced defense responses in arabidopsis.extracellular nad is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. although it has been shown that exogenous nad(+) activates defense responses in arabidopsis, components in the exogenous nad(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. in a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous nad(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. map-based cloning revealed that ien2 encodes elongata3 (elo3)/atelp3, a subuni ...201626926998
phytopathogen genome announcement: draft genome sequences of 62 pseudomonas syringae type and pathotype strains.pseudomonas syringae is a diverse species-complex that includes many important crop pathogens. here, we report the draft genomes of 62 type and pathotype strains, which provide a genomic reference for the diversity of this species complex and will contribute to the elucidation of the genomic basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.201626883489
pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from weeds in bean crop fields.pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causative agent of halo blight in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), was isolated from weeds associated with bean crops in spain. the bacterium was recovered from fumaria sp, mercurialis annua, solanum nigrum and sonchus oleraceus. ps. s. pv. phaseolicola had previously been isolated from leguminous plants and s. nigrum, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it was recovered from the other three species. the isolates were phenotypically and gen ...201626880144
analysis of the lmmunity-related oxidative bursts by a luminol-based assay.the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ros) in response to biotic and abiotic cues is a conserved hallmark of plant responses. the detection and quantification of ros generation during immune responses is an excellent readout to analyze signaling triggered by the perception of pathogens. the assay described here is easy to employ and versatile, allowing its use in a multitude of variations. for example, ros production can be analyzed using different tissues including whole seedlings, r ...201626867635
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