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the effect of microrna-375 overexpression, an inhibitor of helicobacter pylori-induced carcinogenesis, on lncrna sox2ot.helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogenic bacterium in gastric mucosa. although the association between gastric cancer and h. pylori has been well-established, the molecular mechanisms underlying h. pylori-induced carcinogenesis are still under investigation. micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that modulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. recently, studies have revealed that mirnas are involved in immune response and host cell response to bacteria. also, microrna ...201627800139
de novo analysis of transcriptome reveals genes associated with leaf abscission in sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.).sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) is an important sugar crop which belongs to the grass family and can be used for fuel ethanol production. the growing demands for sugar and biofuel is asking for breeding a sugarcane variety that can shed their leaves during the maturity time due to the increasing cost on sugarcane harvest.201626946183
plant aquaporin atpip1;4 links apoplastic h2o2 induction to disease immunity pathways.hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) is a stable component of reactive oxygen species, and its production in plants represents the successful recognition of pathogen infection and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). this production of h2o2 is typically apoplastic but is subsequently associated with intracellular immunity pathways that regulate disease resistance, such as systemic acquired resistance and pamp-triggered immunity. here, we elucidate that an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) aquapo ...201626945050
nbcspr underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in nicotiana benthamiana.plants use receptor kinases (rks) and receptor-like proteins (rlps) as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. after ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing prrs interact with the lrr-rk bri1-associated kinase 1 (bak1). bak1 is thus expected to interact with unknown prrs. here, we used bak1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown lrr-rlp required for the recognition ...201626944079
bacteriocins synthesized by bacillus thuringiensis: generalities and potential applications.the members of the bacillus thuringiensis group, commonly known as bt, produce a huge number of metabolites, which show biocidal and antagonistic activity. b. thuringiensis is widely known for synthesizing cry, vip and cyt proteins, active against insects and other parasporins with biocidal activity against certain types of cancerous cells. nevertheless, b. thuringiensis also synthesizes compounds with antimicrobial activity, especially bacteriocins. some b. thuringiensis bacteriocins resemble l ...201627340340
complete genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa strain atcc 10859, isolated from infected wheat.pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa is a pathovar of pseudomonas syringae that can infect wheat. the complete genome of p. syringae pv. lapsa strain atcc 10859 contains a 5,918,899-bp circular chromosome with 4,973 coding sequences, 16 rrnas, 69 trnas, and an average gc content of 59.13%. the analysis of this genome revealed several gene clusters that are related to pathogenesis and virulence.201626941133
are pectin esterase inhibitor genes involved in mediating resistance to rhynchosporium commune in barley?a family of putative pectin esterase inhibitor (pei) genes, which were detected in the genomic region co-segregating with the resistance gene rrs2 against scald caused by rhynchosporium commune in barley, were characterized and tested for their possible involvement in mediating resistance to the pathogen by complementation and overexpression analysis. the sequences of the respective genes were derived from two bac contigs originating from the susceptible cultivar 'morex'. for the genes hvpei2, h ...201626937960
pp2a phosphatase as a regulator of ros signaling in plants.reactive oxygen species (ros) carry out vital functions in determining appropriate stress reactions in plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensing, signaling and response to ros as signaling molecules are not yet fully understood. recent studies have underscored the role of protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) in ros-dependent responses involved in light acclimation and pathogenesis responses in arabidopsis thaliana. genetic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated that trim ...201626950157
mutation of the glucosinolate biosynthesis enzyme cytochrome p450 83a1 monooxygenase increases camalexin accumulation and powdery mildew resistance.small secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and the major phytoalexin camalexin, play important roles in immunity in arabidopsis thaliana. we isolated an arabidopsis mutant with increased resistance to the powdery mildew fungus golovinomyces cichoracearum and identified a mutation in the gene encoding cytochrome p450 83a1 monooxygenase (cyp83a1), which functions in glucosinolate biosynthesis. the cyp83a1-3 mutant exhibited enhanced defense responses to g. cichoracearum and double mutan ...201626973671
allantoin, a stress-related purine metabolite, can activate jasmonate signaling in a myc2-regulated and abscisic acid-dependent manner.allantoin is a metabolic intermediate of purine catabolism that often accumulates in stressed plants. recently, we used arabidopsis knockout mutants (aln) of allantoinase to show that this purine metabolite activates abscisic acid (aba) production, thereby stimulating stress-related gene expression and enhancing seedling tolerance to abiotic stress. a detailed re-examination of the microarray data of an aln mutant (aln-1) confirmed the increased expression of aba-related genes and also revealed ...201626931169
morphological and chemical characteristics of doubled haploids of flue-cured tobacco combining resistance to thielaviopsis basicola and tswv.thielaviopsis basicola and tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) are the most important problems in a moderate climate zone. previously obtained doubled haploids (dh) of f1 hybrids of the flue-cured line wgl3 resistant to th. basicola and the dark-cured line pw-834 carrying rtsw-al gene provided the research material. biological tests and scar markers linked with tswv were applied to confirm resistance of dh. lines combining resistance to tswv and th. basicola were evaluated for morphological and che ...201627162500
triticum monococcum lines with distinct metabolic phenotypes and phloem-based partial resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi.crop protection is an integral part of establishing food security, by protecting the yield potential of crops. cereal aphids cause yield losses by direct damage and transmission of viruses. some wild relatives of wheat show resistance to aphids but the mechanisms remain unresolved. in order to elucidate the location of the partial resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi, in diploid wheat lines of triticum monococcum, we conducted aphid performance studies using developmental ...201627570248
phylogeny of plant camtas and role of atcamtas in nonhost resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.calmodulin-binding transcription activator (camta) constitutes one of the most important ca(2+)/cam-regulated transcription factor families in plants. nevertheless, the phylogeny, protein interaction network, and role in nonhost resistance of plant camtas are not well understood. in this study, 200 camta genes were identified from 35 species representing four major plant lineages. the camta genes were conserved in multicellular land plants but absent in unicellular eukaryotes, and were likely to ...201626973658
a rice lsd1-like-type zfp gene oslol5 enhances saline-alkaline tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana, yeast and rice.zinc finger proteins (zfps) play an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. however, little is known about the function of lsd1-like-type zfp in saline-alkaline (sa) stress resistance of rice. in this study, oslol5 (genbank no. aj620677), containing two lsd1-like-type c2c2 domains, was isolated and analyzed its protection roles in transgenic plants and yeast. oslol5 was located in the nucleus as evidenced by the bombardment of onion epidermal cells.201626920613
functional analysis of the ferric uptake regulator gene fur in xanthomonas vesicatoria.iron is essential for the growth and survival of many organisms. intracellular iron homeostasis must be maintained for cell survival and protection against iron toxicity. the ferric uptake regulator protein (fur) regulates the high-affinity ferric uptake system in many bacteria. to investigate the function of the fur gene in xanthomonas vesicatoria (xv), we generated a fur mutant strain, fur-m, by site-directed mutagenesis. whereas siderophore production increased in the xv fur mutant, extracell ...201626910324
editorial: salicylic acid signaling networks. 201626941775
iron availability shapes the evolution of bacteriocin resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa.the evolution of bacterial resistance to conventional antimicrobials is a widely documented phenomenon with gravely important consequences for public health. however, bacteria also produce a vast repertoire of natural antimicrobials, presumably in order to kill competing species. bacteriocins are a common class of protein-based antimicrobials that have been shown to have an important role in the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. relative to the evolution of antibiotic resistance, l ...201626905630
expression patterns of genes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aphid-infested maize (zea mays l.) seedlings.reduced forms of ascorbate (asa) and glutathione (gsh) are among the most important non-enzymatic foliar antioxidants in maize (zea mays l.). the survey was aimed to evaluate impact of bird cherry-oat aphid (rhopalosiphum padi l.) or grain aphid (sitobion avenae f.) herbivory on expression of genes related to ascorbate-glutathione (asa-gsh) cycle in seedlings of six maize varieties (ambrozja, nana, tasty sweet, touran, waza, złota karłowa), differing in resistance to the cereal aphids. relative ...201626907270
are bacterial volatile compounds poisonous odors to a fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea, alarm signals to arabidopsis seedlings for eliciting induced resistance, or both?biological control (biocontrol) agents act on plants via numerous mechanisms, and can be used to protect plants from pathogens. biocontrol agents can act directly as pathogen antagonists or competitors or indirectly to promote plant induced systemic resistance (isr). whether a biocontrol agent acts directly or indirectly depends on the specific strain and the pathosystem type. we reported previously that bacterial volatile organic compounds (vocs) are determinants for eliciting plant isr. emergi ...201626941721
global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the cross-road.current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. however, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signalin ...201626941757
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family in capsicum annuum l.the wrky family of transcription factors is one of the most important families of plant transcriptional regulators with members regulating multiple biological processes, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about wrkys in pepper (capsicum annuum l.). the recent release of completely assembled genome sequences of pepper allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for pepper wrky proteins. in the present study, a total ...201626941768
cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence.plants produce cytokinin (ck) hormones for controlling key developmental processes like source/sink distribution, cell division or programmed cell-death. some plant pathogens have been shown to produce cks but the function of this mimicry production by non-tumor inducing pathogens, has yet to be established. here we identify a gene required for ck biosynthesis, cks1, in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae. the fungal-secreted cks are likely perceived by the plant during infection since the ...201626900703
micrornas in rice innate immunity.micrornas (mirnas) are short regulatory non-coding rnas that guide gene silencing in most eukaryotes. they regulate gene expression by triggering sequence-specific cleavage or translational repression of target transcripts. plant mirnas are known to play important roles in a wide range of developmental processes. increasing evidence also supports that the modulation of mirna levels plays an important role in reprogramming plant responses to abiotic stress (drought, cold, salinity and nutrient de ...201626897721
characterization of a jaz7 activation-tagged arabidopsis mutant with increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum.in arabidopsis, jasmonate (ja)-signaling plays a key role in mediating fusarium oxysporum disease outcome. however, the roles of jasmonate zim-domain (jaz) proteins that repress ja-signaling have not been characterized in host resistance or susceptibility to this pathogen. here, we found most jaz genes are induced following f. oxysporum challenge, and screening t-dna insertion lines in arabidopsis jaz family members identified a highly disease-susceptible jaz7 mutant (jaz7-1d). this mutant exhib ...201626896849
comparison of four comamonas catabolic plasmids reveals the evolution of pbhb to catabolize haloaromatics.comamonas plasmids play important roles in shaping the phenotypes of their hosts and the adaptation of these hosts to changing environments, and understanding the evolutionary strategy of these plasmids is thus of great concern. in this study, the sequence of the 119-kb 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile-catabolizing plasmid pbhb from comamonas sp. strain 7d-2 was studied and compared with those of three other comamonas haloaromatic catabolic plasmids. incompatibility group determination based on ...201626682859
genome analysis of the kiwifruit canker pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 5.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is a destructive pathogen of kiwifruit bacterial canker disease, causing severe economic losses to kiwifruit industry worldwide. biovar 5 is the most recently reported biovar of psa, and is found in only a local area of japan at present. there is not much information of genetic characteristics of biovar 5. thus, the genome of biovar 5 was sequenced and analyzed to clarify its detailed genetic characteristics. here, the genomes of strain maff 212056 and m ...201626891997
melatonin in plants - diversity of levels and multiplicity of functions.melatonin has been detected in numerous plant species. a particularly surprising finding concerns the highly divergent levels of melatonin that vary between species, organs and environmental conditions, from a few pg/g to over 20 μg/g, reportedly up to 200 μg/g. highest values have been determined in oily seeds and in plant organs exposed to high uv radiation. the divergency of melatonin concentrations is discussed under various functional aspects and focused on several open questions. this comp ...201626925091
metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the asian rice gall midge.an incompatible interaction between rice (oryza sativa) and the asian rice gall midge (agm, orseolia oryzae wood-mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (hr), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. we investigated changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of the host (indica rice variety: rp2068-18-3-5, rp), showing hr when attacked by an avirulent gall midge biotype (gmb1), to deduce molecular and biochemical bases ...201626892000
evolution of a heavy metal homeostasis/resistance island reflects increasing copper stress in enterobacteria.copper homeostasis in bacteria is challenged by periodic elevation of copper levels in the environment, arising from both natural sources and human inputs. several mechanisms have evolved to efflux copper from bacterial cells, including thecus(copper sensing copper efflux system), andpco(plasmid-borne copper resistance system) systems. the genes belonging to these two systems can be physically clustered in a copper homeostasis and silver resistance island (chasri) on both plasmids and chromosome ...201626893455
fire blight disease reactome: rna-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to erwinia amylovora pathogen infection.the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. rna-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. in presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. these included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen relate ...201626883568
arabidopsis myc transcription factors are the target of hormonal salicylic acid/jasmonic acid cross talk in response to pieris brassicae egg extract.arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants recognize insect eggs and activate the salicylic acid (sa) pathway. as a consequence, expression of defense genes regulated by the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway is suppressed and larval performance is enhanced. cross talk between defense signaling pathways is common in plant-pathogen interactions, but the molecular mechanism mediating this phenomenon is poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that egg-induced sa/ja antagonism works independently of the apet ...201626884488
atpdcd5 plays a role in programmed cell death after uv-b exposure in arabidopsis.dna damage responses have evolved to sense and react to dna damage; the induction of dna repair mechanisms can lead to genomic restoration or, if the damaged dna cannot be adequately repaired, to the execution of a cell death program. in this work, we investigated the role of an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) protein, atpdcd5, which is highly similar to the human pdcd5 protein; it is induced by ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation and participates in programmed cell death in the uv-b dna damage resp ...201626884483
mapping of internal monophosphate 5' ends of bacillus subtilis messenger rnas and ribosomal rnas in wild-type and ribonuclease-mutant strains.the recent findings that the narrow-specificity endoribonuclease rnase iii and the 5' exonuclease rnase j1 are not essential in the gram-positive model organism,bacillus subtilis, facilitated a global analysis of internal 5' ends that are generated or acted upon by these enzymes. an rna-seq protocol known as pare (parallel analysis of rna ends) was used to capture 5' monophosphorylated rna ends in ribonuclease wild-type and mutant strains. comparison of pare peaks in strains with rnase iii prese ...201626883633
the mechanistic underpinnings of an ago1-mediated, environmentally dependent, and stochastic phenotype.the crucial role of micrornas in plant development is exceedingly well supported; their importance in environmental robustness is studied in less detail. here, we describe a novel, environmentally dependent phenotype in hypomorphic argonaute1 (ago1) mutants and uncover its mechanistic underpinnings in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). ago1 is a key player in microrna-mediated gene regulation. we observed transparent lesions on embryonic leaves of ago1 mutant seedlings. these lesions increased ...201626872948
genome-wide analysis indicates lineage-specific gene loss during papilionoideae evolution.gene loss is the driving force for changes in genome and morphology; however, this particular evolutionary event has been poorly investigated in leguminous plants. legumes (fabaceae) have some lineage-specific and diagnostic characteristics that are distinct from other angiosperms. to understand the potential role of gene loss in the evolution of legumes, we compared six genome-sequenced legume species of papilionoideae, the largest representative clade of fabaceae, such as glycine max, with 34 ...201626868598
the cotton myb108 forms a positive feedback regulation loop with cml11 and participates in the defense response against verticillium dahliae infection.accumulating evidence indicates that plant myb transcription factors participate in defense against pathogen attack, but their regulatory targets and related signaling processes remain largely unknown. here, we identified a defense-related myb gene (ghmyb108) from upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and characterized its functional mechanism. expression of ghmyb108 in cotton plants was induced by verticillium dahliae infection and responded to the application of defense signaling molecules, inclu ...201626873979
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae alf3 isolated from alfalfa.we report here the annotated draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain alf3, isolated in wyoming. a comparison of this genome sequence with those of closely related strains of p. syringae adapted to other hosts will facilitate research into interactions between this pathogen and alfalfa.201626868403
the quantitative basis of the arabidopsis innate immune system to endemic pathogens depends on pathogen genetics.the most established model of the eukaryotic innate immune system is derived from examples of large effect monogenic quantitative resistance to pathogens. however, many host-pathogen interactions involve many genes of small to medium effect and exhibit quantitative resistance. we used the arabidopsis-botrytis pathosystem to explore the quantitative genetic architecture underlying host innate immune system in a population of arabidopsis thaliana. by infecting a diverse panel of arabidopsis access ...201626866607
mapk cascades in guard cell signal transduction.guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss, processes which involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapks form three-tiered kinase cascades with mapk kinases and mapk kinase kinases, by which signals are transduced to the target proteins. mapk cascade genes are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and they play crucial roles in myriad developmental and phy ...201626904052
a partial loss-of-function mutation in an arabidopsis rna polymerase iii subunit leads to pleiotropic defects.plants employ five dna-dependent rna polymerases (pols) in transcription. one of these polymerases, pol iii, has previously been reported to transcribe 5s rrna, trnas, and a number of small rnas. however, in-depth functional analysis is complicated by the fact that knockout mutations in pol subunits are typically lethal. here, we report the characterization of the first known viable pol iii subunit mutant,nrpc7-1 this mutant was originally isolated from a forward genetic screen designed to ident ...201626865731
a highly infective plant-associated bacterium influences reproductive rates in pea aphids.pea aphids, acyrthosiphon pisum, have the potential to increase reproduction as a defence against pathogens, though how frequently this occurs or how infection with live pathogens influences this response is not well understood. here we determine the minimum infective dose of an environmentally common bacterium and possible aphid pathogen, pseudomonas syringae, to determine the likelihood of pathogenic effects to pea aphids. additionally, we used p. syringae infection to investigate how live pat ...201626998321
functional analysis of the citrate activator cito from enterococcus faecalis implicates a divalent metal in ligand binding.the regulator of citrate metabolism, cito, from enterococcus faecalis belongs to the fcd family within the gntr superfamily. in the presence of citrate, cito binds to cis-acting sequences located upstream of the cit promoters inducing the expression of genes involved in citrate utilization. the quantification of the molecular binding affinities, performed by isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), indicated that cito has a high affinity for citrate (k d = 1.2 ± 0.2 μm), while it did not recogniz ...201626903980
bacillus cereus ar156 primes induced systemic resistance by suppressing mir825/825* and activating defense-related genes in arabidopsis.small rnas play an important role in plant immune responses. however, their regulatory function in induced systemic resistance (isr) is nascent. bacillus cereus ar156 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces isr in arabidopsis against bacterial infection. here, by comparing small rna profiles of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000-infected arabidopsis with and without ar156 pretreatment, we identified a group of arabidopsis micrornas (mirnas) that are differentially regul ...201626526683
diguanylate cyclases adra and stm1987 regulate salmonella enterica exopolysaccharide production during plant colonization in an environment-dependent manner.increasing evidence indicates that despite exposure to harsh environmental stresses, salmonella enterica successfully persists on plants, utilizing fresh produce as a vector to animal hosts. among the important s. enterica plant colonization factors are those involved in biofilm formation. s. enterica biofilm formation is controlled by the signaling molecule cyclic di-gmp and represents a sessile lifestyle on surfaces that protects the bacterium from environmental factors. thus, the transition f ...201626655751
overexpression of the ndr1/hin1-like gene nhl6 modifies seed germination in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis.nhl (ndr1/hin1-like) genes play crucial roles in pathogen induced plant responses to biotic stress. here, we report the possible function of nhl6 in plant response to abscisic acid (aba) and abiotic stress. nhl6 was highly expressed in non-germinated seeds, and its expression was strongly induced by aba and multiple abiotic stress signals. loss-of-function of nhl6 decreased sensitivity to aba in the early developmental stages including seed germination and post-germination seedling growth of the ...201626849212
gene structures, evolution and transcriptional profiling of the wrky gene family in castor bean (ricinus communis l.).wrky proteins comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and form key regulators of many plant processes. this study presents the characterization of 58 wrky genes from the castor bean (ricinus communis l., euphorbiaceae) genome. compared with the automatic genome annotation, one more wrky-encoding locus was identified and 20 out of the 57 predicted gene models were manually corrected. all rcwrky genes were shown to contain at least one intron in their coding sequences. ...201626849139
transcriptome analysis of an anthracnose-resistant tea plant cultivar reveals genes associated with resistance to colletotrichum camelliae.tea plant breeding is a topic of great economic importance. however, disease remains a major cause of yield and quality losses. in this study, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar, zc108, was developed. an infection assay revealed different responses to colletotrichum sp. infection between zc108 and its parent cultivar lj43. zc108 had greater resistance than lj43 to colletotrichum camelliae. additionally, zc108 exhibited earlier sprouting in the spring, as well as different leaf shape and plant arc ...201626849553
protein phosphorylation and redox modification in stomatal guard cells.post-translational modification (ptm) is recognized as a major process accounting for protein structural variation, functional diversity, and the dynamics and complexity of the proteome. since ptms can change the structure and function of proteins, they are essential to coordinate signaling networks and to regulate important physiological processes in eukaryotes. plants are constantly challenged by both biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce productivity, causing economic losses in crops. the p ...201626903877
effector polymorphisms of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen plasmopara halstedii and their use to identify pathotypes from field isolates.the obligate biotroph oomycete plasmopara halstedii causes downy mildew on sunflower crop, helianthus annuus. the breakdown of several pl resistance genes used in sunflower hybrids over the last 25 years came along with the appearance of new pl. halstedii isolates showing modified virulence profiles. in oomycetes, two classes of effector proteins, key players of pathogen virulence, are translocated into the host: rxlr and crn effectors. we identified 54 putative crn or rxlr effector genes from t ...201626845339
regulation of wrky46 transcription factor function by mitogen-activated protein kinases in arabidopsis thaliana.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are central signaling pathways activated in plants after sensing internal developmental and external stress cues. knowledge about the downstream substrate proteins of mapks is still limited in plants. we screened arabidopsis wrky transcription factors as potential targets downstream of mapks, and concentrated on characterizing wrky46 as a substrate of the mapk, mpk3. mass spectrometry revealed in vitro phosphorylation of wrky46 at amino acid posit ...201626870073
spore density determines infection strategy by the plant pathogenic fungus plectosphaerella cucumerina.necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens are resisted by different plant defenses. while necrotrophic pathogens are sensitive to jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent resistance, biotrophic pathogens are resisted by salicylic acid (sa)- and reactive oxygen species (ros)-dependent resistance. although many pathogens switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy during infection, little is known about the signals triggering this transition. this study is based on the observation that the early colonization pattern and ...201626842622
extensive field survey, laboratory and greenhouse studies reveal complex nature of pseudomonas syringae-associated hazelnut decline in central italy.pseudomonas avellanae (pav) has been reported as the causal agent of bacterial decline and bacterial canker of hazelnut in italy and greece, respectively. both hazelnut diseases were reported to be similar in terms of symptoms, severity and persistence. in this study, we found that both symptomatic and asymptomatic trees in the field were colonized by pav. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis showed that pav strains isolated during this study in italy belong to the p. syringae phylogroup 1 ...201626840951
a site-specific integrative plasmid found in pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 along with a plasmid carrying an aminoglycoside-resistant gene.plasmids play critical roles in bacterial fitness and evolution of pseudomonas aeruginosa. here two plasmids found in a drug-resistant p. aeruginosa clinical isolate hs87 were completely sequenced. the phs87b plasmid (11.2 kb) carries phage-related genes and function-unknown genes. notably, phs87b encodes an integrase and has an adjacent trnathr-associated attachment site. a corresponding integrated form of phs87b at the trnathr locus was identified on the chromosome of p. aeruginosa, showing th ...201626841043
de novo assembled wheat transcriptomes delineate differentially expressed host genes in response to leaf rust infection.pathogens like puccinia triticina, the causal organism for leaf rust, extensively damages wheat production. the interaction at molecular level between wheat and the pathogen is complex and less explored. the pathogen induced response was characterized using mock- or pathogen inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines (with or without seedling leaf rust resistance gene lr28). four serial analysis of gene expression libraries were prepared from mock- and pathogen inoculated plants and were subjected to ...201626840746
the genome of newly classified ochroconis mirabilis: insights into fungal adaptation to different living conditions.ochroconis mirabilis, a recently introduced water-borne dematiaceous fungus, is occasionally isolated from human skin lesions and nails. we identified an isolate of o. mirabilis from a skin scraping with morphological and molecular studies. its genome was then sequenced and analysed for genetic features related to classification and biological characteristics.201626842951
role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana.plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (brs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. however, mechanisms by which brs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. in this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of brs in plant defense against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. exogenous applied brs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, w ...201626838475
co-expression of active human cytochrome p450 1a2 and cytochrome p450 reductase on the cell surface of escherichia coli.human cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug-drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of cyp related drug metabolites. however, recombinant expression of cyp enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cyt ...201626838175
the structure and function of type iii secretion systems.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) afford gram-negative bacteria an intimate means of altering the biology of their eukaryotic hosts--the direct delivery of effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to that of the eukaryote. this incredible biophysical feat is accomplished by nanosyringe "injectisomes," which form a conduit across the three plasma membranes, peptidoglycan layer, and extracellular space that form a barrier to the direct delivery of proteins from bacterium to host. the focus ...201626999392
development of scar markers for rapid and specific detection of pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum races 1 and 2, using conventional and real-time pcr.specific primers were developed to detect the causal agent of stone fruit bacterial canker using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. pcr melting profile (pcr mp) used for analysis of diversity of pseudomonas syringae strains, allowed to pinpoint the amplified fragments specific for p. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (psm1) and race 2 (psm2), which were sequenced. using obtained data, specific sequence characterised amplified region (scar) primers were designed. c ...201626830104
a phytophthora infestans rxlr effector targets plant pp1c isoforms that promote late blight disease.plant pathogens deliver effectors to alter host processes. knowledge of how effectors target and manipulate host proteins is critical to understand crop disease. here, we show that in planta expression of the rxlr effector pi04314 enhances leaf colonization by phytophthora infestans via activity in the host nucleus and attenuates induction of jasmonic and salicylic acid-responsive genes. pi04314 interacts with three host protein phosphatase 1 catalytic (pp1c) isoforms, causing their re-localizat ...201626822079
altered glycosylation of exported proteins, including surface immune receptors, compromises calcium and downstream signaling responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns in arabidopsis thaliana.calcium, as a second messenger, transduces extracellular signals into cellular reactions. a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration is one of the first plant responses after exposure to microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). we reported previously the isolation of arabidopsis thaliana mutants with a "changed calcium elevation" (cce) response to flg22, a 22-amino-acid mamp derived from bacterial flagellin.201626822404
photoinhibition and photoinhibition-like damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in tobacco leaves induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci under light and dark conditions.pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst), which is the pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease, has received considerable attention in recent years. the objective of this study was to clarify the responses of photosystem i (psi) and photosystem ii (psii) to pst infection in tobacco leaves.201626811180
transcriptome sequencing in response to salicylic acid in salvia miltiorrhiza.salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional chinese herbal medicine, whose quality and yield are often affected by diseases and environmental stresses during its growing season. salicylic acid (sa) plays a significant role in plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, but the involved regulatory factors and their signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. in order to identify the genes involved in sa signaling, the rna sequencing (rna-seq) strategy was employed to evaluate the transcriptional pro ...201626808150
elucidating the diversity of aquatic microdochium and trichoderma species and their activity against the fish pathogen saprolegnia diclina.animals and plants are increasingly threatened by emerging fungal and oomycete diseases. amongst oomycetes, saprolegnia species cause population declines in aquatic animals, especially fish and amphibians, resulting in significant perturbation in biodiversity, ecological balance and food security. due to the prohibition of several chemical control agents, novel sustainable measures are required to control saprolegnia infections in aquaculture. previously, fungal community analysis by terminal re ...201626805821
overexpression of rice wall-associated kinase 25 (oswak25) alters resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.wall-associated kinases comprise a sub-family of receptor-like kinases that function in plant growth and stress responses. previous studies have shown that the rice wall-associated kinase, oswak25, interacts with a diverse set of proteins associated with both biotic and abiotic stress responses. here, we show that wounding and bth treatments induce oswak25 transcript expression in rice. we generated oswak25 overexpression lines and show that these lines exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype and enhan ...201626795719
how microbes twist jasmonate signaling around their little fingers.plant immunity relies on a complex network of hormone signaling pathways in which jasmonic acid (ja) plays a central role. successful microbial pathogens or symbionts have developed strategies to manipulate plant hormone signaling pathways to cause hormonal imbalances for their own benefit. these strategies include the production of plant hormones, phytohormone mimics, or effector proteins that target host components to disrupt hormonal signaling pathways and enhance virulence. here, we describe ...201627135229
de novo transcriptome analyses of host-fungal interactions in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.).basal stem rot (bsr) is a fungal disease in oil palm (elaeis guineensis jacq.) which is caused by hemibiotrophic white rot fungi belonging to the ganoderma genus. molecular responses of oil palm to these pathogens are not well known although this information is crucial to strategize effective measures to eradicate bsr. in order to elucidate the molecular interactions between oil palm and g. boninense and its biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum, we compared the root transcriptomes of untreate ...201626781612
the c2 protein from the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus decreases sensitivity to jasmonates and suppresses jasmonate-mediated defences.an increasing body of evidence points at a role of the plant hormones jasmonates (jas) in determining the outcome of plant-virus interactions. geminiviruses, small dna viruses infecting a wide range of plant species worldwide, encode a multifunctional protein, c2, which is essential for full pathogenicity. the c2 protein has been shown to suppress the ja response, although the current view on the extent of this effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms is incomplete. in this work, we use a ...201627135228
an effector of the irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor.plants use autophagy to safeguard against infectious diseases. however, how plant pathogens interfere with autophagy-related processes is unknown. here, we show that pexrd54, an effector from the irish potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans, binds host autophagy protein atg8cl to stimulate autophagosome formation. pexrd54 depletes the autophagy cargo receptor joka2 out of atg8cl complexes and interferes with joka2's positive effect on pathogen defense. thus, a plant pathogen effector has ...201626765567
network-based comparative analysis of arabidopsis immune responses to golovinomyces orontii and botrytis cinerea infections.a comprehensive exploration of common and specific plant responses to biotrophs and necrotrophs is necessary for a better understanding of plant immunity. here, we compared the arabidopsis defense responses evoked by the biotrophic fungus golovinomyces orontii and the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea through integrative network analysis. two time-course transcriptional datasets were integrated with an arabidopsis protein-protein interaction (ppi) network to construct a g. orontii conditional ...201626750561
the ubiquitin system and jasmonate signaling.the ubiquitin (ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. the major specificity determinants of this system are the e3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. the ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivatives, known as jasm ...201627135226
grp-3 and kapp, encoding interactors of wak1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding.conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. these molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. oligogalacturonides (ogs), damps released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. the arabidopsis wall-associated kinase 1 (wak1), a receptor of og ...201626748394
nuclear function of subclass i actin-depolymerizing factor contributes to susceptibility in arabidopsis to an adapted powdery mildew fungus.actin-depolymerizing factors (adfs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. in this study, we present evidence that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) subclass i adfs, particularly adf4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. the null mutant of adf4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus golovinomyces orontii. the degree of resistance was further ...201626747284
aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of bag6 is necessary for autophagy and fungal resistance in plants.the bcl-2-associated athanogene (bag) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of cochaperones that modulate numerous cellular processes. previously we found that arabidopsis thaliana bag6 is required for basal immunity against the fungal phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. however, the mechanisms by which bag6 controls immunity are obscure. here, we address this important question by determining the molecular mechanisms responsible for bag6-mediated basal resistance. we show that arabidopsis bag ...201626739014
the plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk.the exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. the crosstalk between jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. however, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels ...201626733689
overcoming substrate limitations for improved production of ethylene in e. coli.ethylene is an important industrial compound for the production of a wide variety of plastics and chemicals. at present, ethylene production involves steam cracking of a fossil-based feedstock, representing the highest co2-emitting process in the chemical industry. biological ethylene production can be achieved via expression of a single protein, the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe), found in some bacteria and fungi; it has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative to steam cracking, provi ...201626734073
microrna-induced negative regulation of tlr-5 in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small non-coding rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. however, the role of mirnas in antibacterial defence in fish has not been fully determined. here, we identified that nine mirnas are differentially expressed in kidney between susceptible and resistant grass carp strains. analysis of spatial and temporal mirna expression patterns suggests that cid-mirn-115 and mir-142a-3p are potential regulators of anti-bacterial activity. overexpre ...201626727169
the mechanistic targets of antifungal agents: an overview.pathogenic fungi are a major causative group for opportunistic infections (ois). aids patients and other immunocompromised individuals are at risk for ois, which if not treated appropriately, contribute to the mortality associated with their conditions. several studies have indicated that the majority of hiv-positive patients contract fungal infections throughout the course of their disease. similar observations have been made regarding the increased frequency of bone marrow and organ transplant ...201626776224
direct capture technologies for genomics-guided discovery of natural products.microbes are important producers of natural products, which have played key roles in understanding biology and treating disease. however, the full potential of microbes to produce natural products has yet to be realized; the overwhelming majority of natural product gene clusters encoded in microbial genomes remain "cryptic", and have not been expressed or characterized. in contrast to the fast-growing number of genomic sequences and bioinformatic tools, methods to connect these genes to natural ...201626456469
screening for expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics.liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics is a powerful technique for the profiling of protein expression in cells in a high-throughput fashion. herein we report a protocol using lc-ms/ms-based proteomics for the screening of enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss) from bacterial strains. taking advantage of the large size of modular nrpss and pkss (often >200 kda), size-based separa ...201626831706
psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs.the aim of this study was to disentangle the microbial diversity on porcine musculature. the hypervariable v1-v2 region of the 16s rrna gene was amplified from dna samples of clinically healthy slaughter pigs (n=8). pyrosequencing yielded 37,000 quality-controlled reads and a diverse microbiome with 54-159 otus per sample was detected. interestingly, 6 out of 8 samples were strongly dominated by 1-2 highly abundant otus (best hits of highly abundant otus: serratia proteamaculans, pseudomonas syr ...201626943946
ltp3 contributes to disease susceptibility in arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (aba) biosynthesis.several plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) act positively in plant disease resistance. here, we show that ltp3 (at5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (aba)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in arabidopsis. the overexpression of ltp3 (ltp3-ox) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. on infection of ltp3-ox plants with pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in aba biosynthesis, nced3 and aao3, were highl ...201626123657
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups.the aim of this study was to develop a rapid pcr-based method for the specific detection of individual phylogroups of the pseudomonas syringae complex.201626661140
the pathogenicity factor hrpf interacts with hrpa and hrpg to modulate type iii secretion system (t3ss) function and t3ss expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.to ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type iii secretion system (t3ss) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. in this study, we showed that the hrpf gene of p. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpg, encodes a t3ss-dependent secreted/translocated protein. mutation of hrpf leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitati ...201626638129
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. owing to the prohibition of agricultural antibiotic use in major kiwifruit-cultivating countries, alternative methods need to be developed to manage this disease. bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect target bacteria and have recently been reconsidered as potential biological control agents for bacterial pathogens owing to their specificity in terms of host range. in this study, we isolated bacterioph ...201626628254
isolation and identification of pseudomonas syringae facilitated by a pcr targeting the whole p. syringae group.we present a reliable pcr-based method to avoid the biases related to identification based on the conventional phenotypes currently used in the identification of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, a ubiquitous environmental bacterium including plant pathogens. we identified a dna target suitable for this purpose by applying a comparative genomic pipeline to pseudomonas genomes. we designed primers and developed pcr conditions that led to a clean and strong pcr product from 97% of the 185 strains o ...201626610434
competitive index: mixed infection-based virulence assays for genetic analysis in pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.when studying bacterial plant pathogens, the genetic analysis of the contribution of virulence factors to the infection process has traditionally been hindered by their high degree of functional redundancy. in recent years, it has become clear that the use of competitive index in mixed infections provides an accurate and sensitive manner of establishing virulence phenotypes for mutants for which other assays have failed. such increases in sensitivity and accuracy are due to the direct comparison ...201626577792
amrz regulates cellulose production in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, the second messenger c-di-gmp has been previously shown to stimulate pellicle formation and cellulose biosynthesis. a screen for genes involved in cellulose production under high c-di-gmp intracellular levels led to the identification of insertions in two genes, wssb and wsse, belonging to the pto dc3000 cellulose biosynthesis operon wssabcdefghi. interestingly, beside cellulose-deficient mutants, colonies with a rougher appearance than the wild type al ...201626564578
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato oxyr is required for virulence in tomato and arabidopsis.reactive oxygen species (ros) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. in addition, ros also have direct toxicity against pathogens. however, the molecular mechanisms of plant ros in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. to investigate the function of plant ros in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyr, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3 ...201626554736
the hexapeptide repeated segment liagy is a hot spot of aggregation of the pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.ice nucleation proteins (inps) form oligomeric structures by self-assembly and aggregation. we looked for the presence of potential aggregating sequences inside the inp from pseudomonas syringae by a computational approach with the aggrescan, fomdamyloid and tango softwares. a total of 38 hot spots of aggregation were predicted in the inp sequence: 7 localized in the nterminal domain, 2 in the c-terminal region, 28 in the highly repetitive central (hrc) region and 1 shared between the hrc and th ...201626548995
calcium-dependent protein kinase (cdpk) and cdpk-related kinase (crk) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) and cdpk-related kinases (crks) play multiple roles in plant. nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of crks in disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we identified the cdpk and crk gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. twenty-nine cdpk and six crk genes wer ...201626520101
from filaments to function: the role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity.the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. in recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. in this review, we will highlight recent advances that have define ...201626514830
membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase saul1 suppresses temperature- and humidity-dependent autoimmunity in arabidopsis.plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. in arabidopsis, saul1 encodes a plant u-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. a decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. these physio ...201626505534
bacterial rnas activate innate immunity in arabidopsis.the common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. however, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. we pre-infiltrated arabidopsis leaves with total rnas from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. total pto dc3000 rnas pre-infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against pto dc3000. however, she ...201626499893
a bacterial effector co-opts calmodulin to target the plant microtubule network.the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type iii secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. the majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. using arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the hope1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (cam), as a co-factor to target the microtubule-associated protein 65 (map65), an important component of the microtubul ...201626764598
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.201626764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...201626753535
transcriptional control of quorum sensing and associated metabolic interactions in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cell densities fluctuate regularly during host plant colonization. previously we identified nine genes dependent on the quorum-sensing-associated luxr homolog ahlr during epiphytic and apoplastic stages of host colonization. yet their contributions to host colonization remain obscure, despite ahlr regulon presence within and beyond the p. syringae pan-genome. to elucidate ahir regulon member functions, we characterized their regulation, interactions with each ot ...201626713670
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...201627736646
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...201627664099
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