Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| an antimicrobial stewardship program's real-world experience with fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a case series. | to evaluate real-world clinical and economic outcomes in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) treated with fidaxomicin. | 2014 | 24898525 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) hospitalization among hospitalized patients with an initial cdi episode: a retrospective cohort study. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is observed in up to 25% of patients with an initial cdi episode (icdi). we assessed risk factors for rcdi among patients hospitalized with icdi. | 2014 | 24898123 |
| risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can lead to complications, recurrence, and death. numerous studies have assessed risk factors for these unfavourable outcomes, but systematic reviews or meta-analyses published so far were limited in scope or in quality. | 2014 | 24897375 |
| outcomes from rectal vancomycin therapy in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24896763 | |
| national trends and inpatient outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients with concomitant chronic liver disease. | there is little information on the frequency of chronic liver disease among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). in this study, we seek to define the common etiologies contributing to chronic liver disease among ibd patients and to identify potential risk factors predictive of increased mortality in this population. | 2014 | 24895841 |
| clinical characteristics of relapses and re-infections in clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with relapses or re-infections in patients with recurring clostridium difficile infections (cdis). from september 2008 to january 2012, cases with two or more isolates from consecutive cdi episodes were included. pcr-ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis were performed using paired isolates. among 473 patients, 68 (14.4%) experienced one to five recurrences. fifty-one of these with two or more isolates from c ... | 2014 | 24894547 |
| carriage and acquisition rates of clostridium difficile in hospitalized horses, including molecular characterization, multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. | clostridium difficile has been identified as a significant agent of diarrhoea and enterocolitis in both foals and adult horses. hospitalization, antibiotic therapy or changes in diet may contribute to the development of c. difficile infection. horses admitted to a care unit are therefore at greater risk of being colonized. the aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of c. difficile in hospitalized horses and the possible influence of some risk factors in colonization. during a seven-mo ... | 2014 | 24894133 |
| clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | patients undergoing solid organ and stem cell transplantation are at increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) compared with nontransplant patients. cdi may be associated with significant morbidity in this population including prolonged hospitalization, increased hospital charges, and complications in the transplanted organ. a combination of host factors, including both b-cell and t-cell immunosuppression, in addition to traditional risk factors for cdi such as broad-spectrum antib ... | 2014 | 24893981 |
| herbal therapy is equivalent to rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. | patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (sibo) have chronic intestinal and extraintestinal symptomatology which adversely affects their quality of life. present treatment of sibo is limited to oral antibiotics with variable success. a growing number of patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies for their gastrointestinal health. the objective was to determine the remission rate of sibo using either the antibiotic rifaximin or herbals in a tertiary care re ... | 2014 | 24891990 |
| patience is a virtue: an argument for delayed surgical intervention in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | recently, the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased. in cases of fulminant infection, surgery is a viable therapeutic option but associated with high mortality. we sought to examine factors associated with mortality in a large sample of patients with severe cdi that underwent surgery. a retrospective study was conducted in patients with severe cdi undergoing colectomy. demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, clinical and laboratory data, and time betwee ... | 2014 | 24887802 |
| detection of clostridium difficile infection clusters, using the temporal scan statistic, in a community hospital in southern ontario, canada, 2006-2011. | in hospitals, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance relies on unvalidated guidelines or threshold criteria to identify outbreaks. this can result in false-positive and -negative cluster alarms. the application of statistical methods to identify and understand cdi clusters may be a useful alternative or complement to standard surveillance techniques. the objectives of this study were to investigate the utility of the temporal scan statistic for detecting cdi clusters and determine if ... | 2014 | 24885351 |
| appendicectomy and clostridium difficile infection: is there a link? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a gradually emerging healthcare problem in the western world, occurring predominantly from the de-arrangement of the gut microbiota and the widespread use of antibiotics. recently, it has been proposed that the presence or absence of the appendix could be a factor influencing the occurrence and/or the severity of cdi. we performed a review of the literature, aiming to identify and interpret in an accumulative way the results of the published clinical stud ... | 2014 | 24883147 |
| [contamination of healthcare workers hands with clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with c. difficile infection.] | 2014 | 24878917 | |
| fatal spontaneous clostridium septicum gas gangrene: a possible association with iatrogenic gastric acid suppression. | the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors has been linked to an increased risk for the development of gastric polyps, hip fractures, pneumonia, and clostridium difficile colitis. there is evidence that chronic acid suppression from long-term use of proton pump inhibitors poses some risk for the development of c difficile-associated diarrhea by decreasing the elimination of pathogenic microbes before reaching the lower gastrointestinal tract. here we present a case of a 51-year-old woman with a ... | 2014 | 24878026 |
| genes encoding toxin of clostridium difficile in children with and without diarrhea. | the presence of gene 16s rrna and genes encoding toxin a (tcda), toxin b (tcdb), and binary toxin (cdta/cdtb) of clostridium difficile in stool samples from children with (110) and without (150) diarrhea was determined by using a taqman system. fifty-seven (21.9%) out of 260 stool samples harbored the 16s rrna gene. the genetic profile of tcda+/tcdb- and cdta+/cdtb+ was verified in one c. difficile-positive diarrhea sample and of tcda+/tcdb+ in three c. difficile-positive nondiarrhea samples. th ... | 2014 | 24876992 |
| risk of aki with gentamicin as surgical prophylaxis. | in 2009, the scottish government issued a target to reduce clostridium difficile infection by 30% in 2 years. consequently, scottish hospitals changed from cephalosporins to gentamicin for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. this study examined rates of postoperative aki before and after this policy change. the study population comprised 12,482 adults undergoing surgery (orthopedic, urology, vascular, gastrointestinal, and gynecology) with antibiotic prophylaxis between october 1, 2006, and septemb ... | 2014 | 24876113 |
| results from the first 12 months of the national surveillance of healthcare associated outbreaks in germany, 2011/2012. | in august 2011, the german protection against infection act was amended, mandating the reporting of healthcare associated infection (hai) outbreak notifications by all healthcare workers in germany via local public health authorities and federal states to the robert koch institute (rki). | 2014 | 24875674 |
| clostridium difficile infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: strain diversity and outcomes associated with nap1/027. | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients are at high risk for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we studied the incidence, risk factors, nap1/027 prevalence, and clinical outcomes, including acute lower gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (gi gvhd), associated with early cdi in this population. a retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent allogeneic hsct at memorial sloan kettering cancer center from january 1, 2005 to september ... | 2014 | 24973628 |
| a detection dog to identify patients with clostridium difficile infection during a hospital outbreak. | early and rapid identification of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is important to prevent transmission. in this study we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a trained detection dog for detecting cdi cases on hospital wards in an outbreak setting. | 2014 | 24973552 |
| international clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of intestinal infections in some animal species and animals might be a reservoir for community associated human infections. here we describe a collection of animal associated c. difficile strains from 12 countries based on inclusion criteria of one strain (pcr ribotype) per animal species per laboratory. | 2014 | 24972659 |
| c. difficile ribotype 027 or 176? | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen of present times. the analysis of 624 c. difficile strains from 11 hospitals in the czech republic in 2013 revealed that 40% of isolates belonged to ribotype 176. these results suggest that the incidence of cdi (c. difficile infection) in the czech republic has increased probably in connection with c. difficile ribotype 176. the molecular systems xpert c. difficile epi assay (cepheid inc., sunnyvale, ca) diagnoses toxigenic strains and support ... | 2014 | 24970104 |
| modulating the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: prebiotics, probiotics or faecal transplantation? | crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) which constitute a spectrum of chronic, debilitating diseases characterised by a relapsing inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining. evidence from a variety of disciplines implicates the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ibd and their complications, including pouchitis. many studies have reported a dysbiosis in ibd, characterised by a decrease in diversity ... | 2014 | 24969143 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infections: the importance of the intestinal microbiota. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a leading cause of antibiotic-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. despite effective antibiotic treatments, recurrent infections are common. with the recent emergence of hypervirulent isolates of c. difficile, cdi is a growing epidemic with higher rates of recurrence, increasing severity and mortality. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an alternative treatment for recurrent cdi. a better understanding of intestinal microbiota and its role in cdi ... | 2014 | 24966611 |
| clostridium difficile in goats and sheep in slovenia: characterisation of strains and evidence of age-related shedding. | diversity of clostridium difficile in different age groups of goats (n = 109) and sheep (n = 105) was investigated. c. difficile was detected in 9.2% of goats and 5.7% of sheep. none of the adult animals were positive. isolates belonged to four toxinotypes (0, v, xia, xii), six pcr-ribotypes (010, 014/020, 045, 056, slo 061, slo 151) and six pulsotypes. pcr-ribotypes 010, 014/020, 045 and 056 were found previously in other animal species and humans in slovenia. additionally, three pulsotypes wer ... | 2014 | 24960532 |
| sensitive and selective culture medium for detection of environmental clostridium difficile isolates without requirement for anaerobic culture conditions. | effective and easy-to-use methods for detecting clostridium difficile spore contamination would be useful for identifying environmental reservoirs and monitoring the effectiveness of room disinfection. culture-based detection methods are sensitive for detecting c. difficile, but their utility is limited due to the requirement of anaerobic culture conditions and microbiological expertise. we developed a low-cost selective broth medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed c. difficil ... | 2014 | 24958803 |
| sequence variation in tcda and tcdb of clostridium difficile: st37 with truncated tcda is a potential epidemic strain in china. | clostridium difficile is a well-known nosocomial infectious pathogen. research on c. difficile infection has primarily focused on strains such as the hypervirulent pcr ribotype 027 (sequence type 1 [st1]) emerging in europe and north america. however, other new emerging ribotypes in some countries have attracted attention, such as pcr ribotype 17 (st37) in asia and latin america. we collected 70 strains and sequenced their toxin genes, tcda and tcdb. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to ... | 2014 | 24958798 |
| national european guidelines for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and a major topic in infection prevention. | 2014 | 24957805 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 126 in southern taiwan: a cluster of three symptomatic cases. | several virulent clostridium difficile clones, designated as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes 017, 027, or 078, are well recognized in western countries. however, the ribotype distribution of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan remains unclear. | 2014 | 24956433 |
| cephalosporins currently in early clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infections. | healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria remain a major cause of worldwide mortality. with the recent approval of agents such as hetero-resistant cocci (i.e., ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin) for the treatment of gram-positive infections by and drugs like fidaxomicin for treating clostridium difficile, present-day research on antibacterials has largely shifted to developing interventions for diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli. cephalosporins have gaine ... | 2014 | 24956017 |
| the cd27l and ctp1l endolysins targeting clostridia contain a built-in trigger and release factor. | the bacteriophage φcd27 is capable of lysing clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause for nosocomial infection. a recombinant cd27l endolysin lyses c. difficile in vitro, and represents a promising alternative as a bactericide. to better understand the lysis mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of an autoproteolytic fragment of the cd27l endolysin. the structure covers the c-terminal domain of the endolysin, and represents a novel fold that is identified ... | 2014 | 25058163 |
| healthcare resource utilization for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a large university hospital in houston, texas. | there are limited data examining healthcare resource utilization in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25057871 |
| inter- and intraspecies transfer of a clostridium difficile conjugative transposon conferring resistance to mlsb. | resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b group of antibiotics in clostridium difficile is generally due to erm(b) genes. tn6194, a conjugative transposon initially detected in pcr-ribotype 027 isolates, is an erm(b)-containing element also detected in other relevant c. difficile pcr-ribotypes. in this study, the genome of a c. difficile pcr-ribotype 001 strain was sequenced, and an element with two nucleotidic changes compared to tn6194 was detected. this element was transferred b ... | 2014 | 25055190 |
| the combined repetitive oligopeptides of clostridium difficile toxin a counteract premature cleavage of the glucosyl-transferase domain by stabilizing protein conformation. | toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) from clostridium difficile enter host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. a prerequisite for proper toxin action is the intracellular release of the glucosyltransferase domain by an inherent cysteine protease, which is allosterically activated by inositol hexaphosphate (ip6). we found that in in vitro assays, the c-terminally-truncated tcda1-1065 was more efficient at ip6-induced cleavage compared with full-length tcda. we hypothesized that the c-terminally-locate ... | 2014 | 25054784 |
| investigation of toxin gene diversity and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile strains. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been previously reported in a number of studies. however, data collected from the chinese population is limited. in the present study, the diversity of the toxin genes, tcda and tcdb, of 57 clostridium difficile (c. difficile) isolates from a chinese population were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (38 a(+)b(+), 14 a(-)b(+) and 5 a(-)b(-)). quantitative pcr was used to check the expression of these two genes and it was fou ... | 2014 | 25054021 |
| clostridium difficile infection: nursing considerations. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium which commonly causes diarrhoea in inpatients. c. difficile affects hospitalised patients worldwide and can pose a significant risk to patients. this article explores the transmission and risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi). there are many aspects to the prevention and control of cdi: appropriate antibiotic use, early instigation and maintenance of prevention and control strategies, and high standards of environmental cleanliness, education, and sur ... | 2014 | 25052676 |
| [using the real-time pcr assay to establish taqman-mgb probe for rapid identification of clostridium difficile and its toxin]. | to develop a real-time pcr assay for the rapid identification of clostridium(c.)difficile and its toxin. | 2014 | 25059372 |
| clostridium difficile and the microbiota. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading health care-associated illness. both human and animal models have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota's capability of providing colonization resistance against c. difficile. risk factors for disease development include antibiotic use, which disrupts the gut microbiota, leading to the loss of colonization resistance and subsequent cdi. identification of the specific microbes capable of restoring this function remains elusive. futu ... | 2014 | 25036699 |
| concomitant cmv and clostridium difficile colitis in an immunocompetent patient treated with ganciclovir and fecal transplantation. | 2014 | 24949617 | |
| clinical information on admission is insufficient to determine the appropriate isolation regimen for acute gastroenteritis. | the number of admissions for acute gastroenteritis (ge) is increasing. the majority of patients pass through a single high-flow emergency department (ed) area which increases the risk of spreading ge. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and aetiology of ge for acutely admitted patients and to analyse their clinical information focusing on risk indicators of contagious aetiology and on the chosen isolation regime to determine if the ge required a contact precaution isolation regi ... | 2014 | 24947622 |
| the human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (vocs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. | breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. antoine lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, wilhelm (vilém) petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and johannes müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. a recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. for a large number of compounds, real-time ... | 2014 | 24946087 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction ribotyping, toxinotyping and nutritional aspects of toxin production of clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. enterotoxin a (tcda) and cytotoxin b (tcdb), have been identified as the main virulence factors of c. difficile. in china, data on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes and abilities of hospital-derived c. difficile isolates to produce tcda and tcdb are sparse. in this study, we identified 40 c. difficile isolates from the taizhou hospital and investigated their pcr ribotypes based on the ... | 2014 | 24944791 |
| clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ... | 2014 | 24944124 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients at a czech tertiary center: analysis of epidemiology, clinical features, and risk factors of fulminant course. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing in incidence, with significant morbidity and mortality, and is subject to geographical and institutional variability. we aimed to characterize epidemiology and clinical manifestations of cdi in a czech tertiary care center and to identify risk factors of fulminant course. | 2014 | 24942955 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in salamanca]. | clostridium difficile infection is considered a major cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries and is increasingly becoming more important as an etiologic agent of community diarrhoea, also in patients without risk factors. | 2014 | 24940894 |
| recovery of the gut microbiome following fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is one of the most common health care-associated infections, and up to 40% of patients suffer from recurrence of disease following standard antibiotic therapy. recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been successfully used to treat recurrent c. difficile infection. it is hypothesized that fmt aids in recovery of a microbiota capable of colonization resistance to c. difficile. however, it is not fully understood how this occurs. here we investigated ch ... | 2014 | 24939885 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile infections by an antimicrobial stewardship program that reduces moxifloxacin use. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in hospitalized patients are known to be closely related to antibiotic exposure. although several substances can cause cdi, the risk differs between individual agents. in vienna and other eastern parts of austria, cdi ribotype 027 is currently highly prevalent. this ribotype has the characteristic of intrinsic moxifloxacin resistance. therefore, we hypothesized that moxifloxacin restriction can decrease the number of cdi cases in hospitalized patients. our ... | 2014 | 24936597 |
| tryptophan catabolism restricts ifn-γ-expressing neutrophils and clostridium difficile immunopathology. | the interplay between clostridium difficile and the host's metabolome is believed to influence the severity of infection. however, the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. in this study, we model one of these metabolic pathways by focusing on tryptophan metabolism in the host. we found that inhibition of tryptophan catabolism in ido1-knockout mice led to increased mucosal destruction, cecal hemorrhage, and increased production of ifn-γ in response to c. difficile infection, but no sign ... | 2014 | 24935925 |
| antibiotic overuse and clostridium difficile: a teachable moment. | 2014 | 24935617 | |
| nosocomial transmission of c. difficile in english hospitals from patients with symptomatic infection. | recent evidence suggests that less than one-quarter of patients with symptomatic nosocomial clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are linked to other in-patients. however, this evidence was limited to one geographic area. we aimed to investigate the level of symptomatic cdi transmission in hospitals located across england from 2008 to 2012. | 2014 | 24932484 |
| survey of c. difficile-specific infection control policies in local long-term care facilities. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing and long-term care facility (ltcf) residents are at high risk given their age, co-morbidities, and high antibiotic exposure. infection control policies are crucial for controlling cdi, but there are currently no regulatory guidelines in the united states. therefore, we evaluated infection control policies in local ltcfs to define the cdi-specific policies and the administrative and staff understanding of cdi, ... | 2014 | 24932422 |
| fate of clostridium difficile during wastewater treatment and incidence in southern ontario watersheds. | to investigate the prevalence of clostridium difficile encountered during sewage treatment and in water sources into which treated effluent was directly or indirectly discharged. | 2014 | 24930867 |
| multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat and humans in belgium. | clostridium difficile has been isolated from food animals and meat, specially ground pork and ground beef. the recovered isolates were closely related to c. difficile human strains, indicating that animals and food are possible transmission routes of human c. difficile infection. the main objective of this study was to characterize c. difficile isolates from retail meat and to compare with human isolates recovered from hospital patients in belgium. raw meat (beef and pork) was obtained from the ... | 2014 | 24929733 |
| clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, and the threat associated with cdi continues to grow in all patient populations. there is increasing evidence that cdi has a substantial impact on the morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. furthermore, new diagnostic and treatment options and strategies for cdi have emerged over the last decade. the purpose of this review is to provide a general understanding of cdi and ... | 2014 | 24927151 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe clostridium difficile colitis. | intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been utilized in patients with recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile colitis. it is increasingly being used in patients with initial clinical presentation of severe colitis. herein, we report a case of severe c. difficile colitis successfully treated with ivig with a review of the medical literature to identify the optimal timing and clinical characteristics for this treatment strategy. | 2014 | 24926170 |
| staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal with administration of kefir for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | daily administration of the probiotic kefir given in combination with a staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal regimen may resolve recurrent clostridium difficile infection as effectively as fecal microbiota transplantation. | 2014 | 24917658 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile infections due to pcr ribotype 027 in bucharest, romania. | little is known about prevailing ribotypes of clostridium difficile infection in romania where cdi is not a mandatory notifiable disease. | 2014 | 24916866 |
| structural, spectroscopic and functional investigation into fe-substituted mnsod from human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, which inhabits the human digestive tract, is an etiological agent that causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the oxidative stress tightly relates to its virulence, which highlights the function of its superoxide dismutase (sod). the sod from clostridium difficile (sodcd) is a mn/fe cambialistic sod with mnsodcd exhibiting an optimal activity while fe-sub-mnsodcd showing 10-fold less activity. to explain why the fe-loaded protein exhibits a muc ... | 2014 | 24915901 |
| hospital clostridium difficile infection testing rates: is "don't ask, don't tell" at play? | 2014 | 24915231 | |
| pediatric clostridium difficile infection: 6-year active surveillance in a defined patient population. | 2014 | 24915227 | |
| the prediction of complicated clostridium difficile infections in children. | we validated proposed definitions for severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in adults for prediction of complicated cdi in children. complicated cdi occurred in 9 of 202 cases. definitions for severe cdi in adults showed poor measures for discrimination of complicated cdi in children, which calls into question the usefulness of such definitions in pediatric cohorts. | 2014 | 24915226 |
| protein expression, characterization, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a fic protein from clostridium difficile. | fic domains in proteins are found in abundance in nature from the simplest prokaryotes to animals. interestingly, fic domains found in two virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria have recently been demonstrated to catalyse the transfer of the amp moiety from atp to small host gtpases. this post-translational modification has attracted considerable interest and a role for adenylylation in pathology and physiology is emerging. this work was aimed at the structural characterization of a newly i ... | 2014 | 24915103 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the hematopoietic unit: a meta-analysis of published studies. | hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients are at high risk of contracting clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we systematically searched the pubmed and embase databases through march 2014 and performed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and trends of cdi over time. among 48 eligible articles that included 12,025 patients at risk, we estimated that 7.9% (95% confidence interval [ci], 6.5% to 9.5%) of hsct patients are diagnosed with cdi during the peri-transpl ... | 2014 | 24914822 |
| hematologic diseases: high risk of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | to investigate the incidence and clinical outcome of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated diarrhea (cdad) in patients with hematologic disease. | 2014 | 24914383 |
| antibiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), namely ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn's disease (cd), have worse outcomes with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), including increased readmissions, colectomy, and death. oral vancomycin is recommended for the treatment of severe cdi, while metronidazole is the standard of care for nonsevere infection. we aimed to assess treatment outcomes of cdi in ibd. we conducted a retrospective observational study of inpatients with cdi and ibd from janu ... | 2014 | 24913174 |
| multidisciplinary analysis of a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain with stable resistance to metronidazole. | stable resistance to metronidazole in a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain was investigated at both the genomic and proteomic levels. alterations in the metabolic pathway involving the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase were found, suggesting that reduction of metronidazole, required for its activity, may be less efficient in this strain. proteomic studies also showed a cellular response to oxidative stress. | 2014 | 24913157 |
| initiation of sporulation in clostridium difficile: a twist on the classic model. | the formation of dormant endospores is a complex morphological process that permits long-term survival in inhospitable environments for many gram-positive bacteria. sporulation for the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile is necessary for survival outside of the gastrointestinal tract of its host. while the developmental stages of spore formation are largely conserved among endospore-forming bacteria, the genus clostridium appears to be missing a number of conserved regulato ... | 2014 | 24910370 |
| clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in rio de janeiro, brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore forming anaerobic bacterium, often associated with nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the acquisition of this organism occurs primarily in hospitals through accidental ingestion of spores, and its establishment and proliferation in the colon results from the removal of members of the normal intestinal flora during or after antibiotic therapy. in this study, stool samples from patients admitted to the university hospital clementino fra ... | 2014 | 24907488 |
| haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ... | 2014 | 24905543 |
| rhode island clostridium difficile infection trends and laboratory id events ranking. | 2014 | 24905379 | |
| [development of gastrointestinal infectious diseases between 2000 and 2012]. | infectious gastroenterological diseases are of increasing medical and health-economic significance. | 2014 | 24905106 |
| study of the frequency of clostridium difficile tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb genes in feces of calves in south west of iran. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a gram-positive, toxin-producing bacillus which is an intestinal pathogen in both humans and animals and causes a range of digestive disorders including inflammation of the bowel, abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea. c. difficile toxins include enterotoxin (toxin a), cytotoxin (toxin b) and a binary toxin. two large protein toxins a and b are encoded by separate genes, tcda and tcdb. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) mainly caused by the activity of the ... | 2014 | 24903619 |
| severe clostridium difficile infection: incidence and risk factors at a tertiary care university hospital in vienna, austria. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of hospital-acquired bacterial diarrhoea. the incidence of cdi has been increasing in canada, the us and europe and severe cases are becoming more common. | 2014 | 24903143 |
| clostridium difficile infection in liver transplant recipients: a retrospective study of rates, risk factors and outcomes. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occurs in 3-7% of liver transplant recipients (ltr). however, few data exist on the recent epidemiology, predictors and outcomes of cdi in ltr. a cohort study was performed including ltr from 2000 to 2010 at a tertiary care hospital in detroit. cdi was defined as diarrhea with a stool c. difficile positive test. data analyzed included demographics, comorbidities, length of stay (los), severity of cdi, rates of recurrence (<12 weeks), relapse (<4 weeks) and o ... | 2014 | 24902610 |
| core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs from the centers for disease control and prevention. | the proven benefits of antibiotic stewardship programs (asps) for optimizing antibiotic use and minimizing adverse events, such as clostridium difficile and antibiotic resistance, have prompted the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) to recommend that all hospitals have an asp. this article summarizes core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs, a recently released cdc document focused on defining the infrastructure and practices of coordinated multidisciplinary progra ... | 2014 | 25261548 |
| extraintestinal clostridium difficile infections: a single-center experience. | to evaluate the clinical burden of extraintestinal clostridium difficile infection (cdi) seen at a single institution and to characterize the management and outcomes of these rare infections. | 2014 | 25245597 |
| a survey of prescriber perceptions about the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding in the intensive care unit. | practices vary between institutions and amongst prescribers regarding when to initiate stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup), which agent to choose (including doses and frequencies) and rationale, and decisions about escalation or discontinuation of therapy. the purpose of this survey is to evaluate the perceptions of prescribers about risk assessment of stress-related mucosal bleeding (srmb) and practice patterns of sup. | 2014 | 25243327 |
| biofilms of clostridium species. | the biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. a biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. it protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. in this review we describe all biofilms formed by clostridium species d ... | 2014 | 25242197 |
| clostridium difficile infection after cardiac surgery: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization. | despite increasing efforts to prevent infection, the prevalence of hospital-associated clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is increasing. heightened awareness prompted this study of the prevalence and morbidity associated with cdi after cardiac surgery. | 2014 | 25242055 |
| evaluation of the illumigene c. difficile assay for toxigenic clostridium difficile detection: a prospective study of 302 consecutive clinical fecal samples. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is a major pathogen causing nosocomial diarrhea. consequently, rapid detection of toxigenic c. difficile is very important in clinical laboratories. the illumigene c. difficile dna amplification assay (illumigene; meridian bioscience, inc.) is a rapid method that detects the toxin a gene (tcda) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. in the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the illumigene assay using 302 consecutive stool specimens in co ... | 2014 | 25241189 |
| hand-hygiene compliance does not predict rates of resistant infections in critically ill surgical patients. | our institution had a major outbreak of multi-drug-resistant acinetobacter (mdra) in its general surgical and trauma intensive care units (icus) in 2011, requiring implementation of an aggressive infection-control response. we hypothesized that poor hand-hygiene compliance (hhc) may have contributed to the outbreak of mdra. a response to the outbreak including aggressive environmental cleaning, cohorting, and increased hand hygiene compliance monitoring may have led to an increase in hhc after t ... | 2014 | 25215463 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: not always caused by clostridium difficile. | although classically pseudomembranous colitis is caused by clostridium difficile, it can result from several etiologies. certain medications, chemical injury, collagenous colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia, and other infectious pathogens can reportedly cause mucosal injury and subsequent pseudomembrane formation. we present the case of a middle-aged woman with vascular disease who was incorrectly diagnosed with refractory c. difficile infection due to the presence of pseudomembranes. ... | 2014 | 25214850 |
| diagnosis and management of common gastrointestinal tract infectious diseases in ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease patients. | management of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, stretches beyond control of flares. some infections of the gastrointestinal tract are more commonly seen in patients with ibd. work from the human microbiome project has been instrumental in our understanding of the interplay between the vast gut microbiota and host immune responses. patients with ibd may be more prone to infectious complications based on their underlying inflammatory disease and va ... | 2014 | 25208106 |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile for clinical practice. | during the last decade, the world has witnessed numerous outbreaks of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in healthcare settings. increasing incidence rates of cdi have been mainly attributed to the successful global spread of a more virulent strain of c. difficile - namely pcr-ribotype 027. more recent studies, however, point to the emergence of other ribotypes as the main cause of the continuing epidemic. this review summarises the current literature on the molecular epidemiology of c. diff ... | 2014 | 25207831 |
| impact of clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review. | although a considerable number of studies support a substantial increase in incidence, severity, and healthcare costs for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), only few evaluate its impact on ibd outcome. medline and several other electronic databases from january 1993 to october 2013 were searched in order to identify potentially relevant literature. most of the studies showed that ibd patients with cdi present a greater proportion of worse outcomes than tho ... | 2014 | 25206277 |
| point-of-care testing for clostridium difficile infection: a real-world feasibility study of a rapid molecular test in two hospital settings. | in the developed world, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. in addition to providing epidemiological data and helping to indicate that a local outbreak may be occurring, laboratory tests are used to augment clinical decisions on individual patients. very rarely do diagnostic tests provide results at the point of decision making; in the intervening period between requesting investigations on a patient with suspected cdi and return o ... | 2014 | 25205503 |
| fidaxomicin: a novel macrolide antibiotic for clostridium difficile infection. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, dosing, and administration of fidaxomicin (fdx). | 2014 | 25203410 |
| shared hoppers: a novel risk factor for the transmission of clostridium difficile. | 2014 | 25203194 | |
| clinical and molecular characteristics of an outbreak caused by the pandemic (bi/nap1/027) clostridium difficile clone in a single center in israel. | 2014 | 25203189 | |
| antimicrobial stewardship programs in inpatient hospital settings: a systematic review. | evaluate the evidence for effects of inpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) on patient, prescribing, and microbial outcomes. | 2014 | 25203174 |
| commentary on "high frequency of nonadherence to clostridium difficile treatment guidelines". | 2014 | 25188628 | |
| high frequency of nonadherence to clostridium difficile treatment guidelines. | the 2010 infectious diseases society of america/society for healthcare epidemiology of america treatment guidelines for clostridium difficile infections (cdi) recommend oral metronidazole for mild-to-moderate disease and oral vancomycin for severe disease. given that disease severity is easily determined by the peripheral white blood cell count and serum creatinine level, a computerized decision support (cds) pathway to guide treatment is inherently appealing. because providers often override or ... | 2014 | 25188627 |
| performance of chromid clostridium difficile agar compared with bbl c. difficile selective agar for detection of c. difficile in stool specimens. | we evaluated the performance of a new chromogenic medium for detection of clostridium difficile, chromid c. difficile agar (cdif; biomérieux, france), by comparison with bbl c. difficile selective agar (cdsa; becton dickinson and company, usa). after heat pre-treatment (80℃, 5 min), 185 diarrheal stool samples were inoculated onto the two media types and incubated anaerobically for 24 hr and 48 hr for cdif and for 48 hr and 72 hr for cdsa. all typical colonies on each medium were examined by gra ... | 2014 | 25187891 |
| epidemiology and clinical features of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection: a multicentre prospective study in tertiary hospitals of south korea. | hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains, most notably bi/nap1/027, have been increasingly emerging in western countries as local epidemics. we performed a prospective multicentre observational study from december 2011 to may 2012 to identify recent incidences of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset c. difficile infections (cdi) and their associated clinical characteristics in south korea. patients suspected of having been suffering from cdi more than 48 h after admission and aged ≥20 y ... | 2014 | 25187603 |
| multi-institution case-control and cohort study of risk factors for the development and mortality of clostridium difficile infections in japan. | to examine risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) morbidity and mortality in japan. | 2014 | 25186155 |
| inflammatory bowel disease cause-specific mortality: a primer for clinicians. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) is perceived to harbor significant morbidity but limited excess mortality, thought to be driven by colon cancer, compared with the general population. recent studies suggest mortality rates seem higher than previously understood, and there are emerging threats to mortality. clinicians must be up to date and able to clearly convey the causes of mortality to arm individual patients with information to mean ... | 2014 | 25185685 |
| evaluation of six pcr assays in combination with patient related data for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated infections. | the aim of this multicenter study was to establish a diagnostic algorithm using molecular methods for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated infection (cdi). in addition patient specific data were taken into consideration for the interpretation of the results. | 2014 | 25185420 |
| clostridium difficile has a single sortase, srtb, that can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors. | bacterial sortases are transpeptidases that covalently anchor surface proteins to the peptidoglycan of the gram-positive cell wall. sortase protein anchoring is mediated by a conserved cell wall sorting signal on the anchored protein, comprising of a c-terminal recognition sequence containing an "lpxtg-like" motif, followed by a hydrophobic domain and a positively charged tail. | 2014 | 25183427 |
| cost and impact on patient length of stay of rapid molecular testing for clostridium difficile. | a study was performed to assess the cost of a rapid molecular assay (pcr) for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the impact of its routine use on patient length of stay (los) in comparison with cell culture cytotoxin neutralization assay (ccna). | 2014 | 25183400 |
| ramoplanin at bactericidal concentrations induces bacterial membrane depolarization in staphylococcus aureus. | ramoplanin is an actinomycetes-derived antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria that has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of gastrointestinal vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and clostridium difficile infections. recent studies have proposed that ramoplanin binds to bacterial membranes as a c2 symmetrical dimer that can sequester lipid ii, which causes inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis and cell death. in this study, ramoplan ... | 2014 | 25182650 |
| biofilm formation of clostridium difficile and susceptibility to manuka honey. | biofilm bacteria are relatively more resistant to antibiotics. the escalating trend of antibiotic resistance higlights the need for evaluating alternative potential therapeutic agents with antibacterial properties. the use of honey for treating microbial infections dates back to ancient times, though antimicrobial properties of manuka honey was discovered recently. the aim of this study was to demonstrate biofilm formation of specific clostridium difficile strains and evaluate susceptibility of ... | 2014 | 25181951 |