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characterisation of plasmids implicated in the mobilisation of extended-spectrum and ampc β-lactamase genes in clinical salmonella enterica isolates and temporal stability of the resistance genotype.plasmids implicated in the mobilisation of β-lactamase genes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)- and ampc-producing salmonella enterica isolates recovered from three spanish hospitals were characterised. the temporal stability of these plasmids and of the resistance phenotype without antimicrobial pressure was also assessed in the laboratory setting. the resistance determinants and their genetic environments were characterised by pcr sequencing, and their genomic location was analysed by s1 ...201323706977
genome sequence of salmonella enterica serotype tennessee strain cdc07-0191, implicated in the 2006-2007 multistate food-borne outbreak linked to peanut butter in the united states.salmonella enterica serotype tennessee strain cdc07-0191 was isolated from the 2006-2007 multistate food-borne outbreak linked to peanut butter in the united states. here we report a high-quality draft assembly of the genome sequence of this strain, derived from a patient. this is the first reported high-quality draft genome sequence for s. enterica serotype tennessee, which will enable in-depth studies of its transmission and virulence.201323704182
antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enterica serovars in a tertiary care hospital in southern india.salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi are predominantly known to cause enteric fever. multidrug resistance in s. tphi and s. paratyphi has emerged as a cause of concern. this study was done to evaluate status in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and s. paratyphi obtained from blood culture in a tertiary care hospital in south india.201323703350
ß-lactamases in salmonella enterica isolated in australia.understanding the antibiotic susceptibility of salmonella enterica is important both from a clinical treatment and a public health perspective. the emergence of extended spectrum ß-lactamases (esßls) and ampc ß-lactamases in s. enterica is important, as this will limit treatment options and could provide a strain with a significant selective advantage. the aim of the study was to screen isolates of s. enterica, including isolates that had previously shown antibiotic resistance, to gauge the exte ...201323692158
salmonella enterica mtan at 1.36 å resolution: a structure-based design of tailored transition state analogs.accumulation of 5'-methylthioadenosine (mta) and s-adenosylhomocysteine (sah) in bacteria disrupts the s-adenosylmethionine pool to alter biological methylations, synthesis of polyamines, and production of quorum-sensing molecules. bacterial metabolism of mta and sah depends on mta/sah nucleosidase (mtan), an enzyme not present in humans and a target for quorum sensing because mtan activity is essential for synthesis of autoinducer-2 molecules. crystals of salmonella enterica mtan with product a ...201323685211
spi1 defective mutants of salmonella enterica induce cross-protective immunity in chickens against challenge with serovars typhimurium and enteritidis.in this study we were interested in the serovar cross-protection potential of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) attenuated vaccine strains of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium and immune response of vaccinated and naive chickens to salmonella infection. the immune response was characterized by real time pcr quantifying transcripts of interleukins il1β, il17, il22, interferon gamma (ifnγ), inducible no synthase (inos), immunoglobulins igm, iga, igy and ig light chain ...201323684831
survey of enterobacteriaceae contamination of table eggs collected from layer flocks in australia.in the present study, eggs from commercial caged layer flocks at different stages of lay in australia were collected. enterobacteriaceae populations from eggshell surface and eggshell pore were enumerated and these populations characterized using api® rapid 20e strips. the eggshell surface, eggshell pore and egg internal content samples were also processed for the isolation of salmonella and these isolates were tested for the presence or absence of several virulence genes (prgh, sopb, spic, orfl ...201323680799
safety and efficacy of a metabolic drift live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine against fowl typhoid.fowl typhoid (ft), a systemic disease that results in septicemia in poultry, is caused by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg). mortality and morbidity rates from ft can reach up to 80%. attenuated live salmonella vaccine candidates have received considerable attention because they confer solid immunity, and they can produce systemic and mucosal immunity in the gut when administered orally. in the present study, five metabolic drift (md) mutants with a single-(designated ...201323678726
subtyping of salmonella enterica serovar newport outbreak isolates by crispr-mvlst and determination of the relationship between crispr-mvlst and pfge results.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar newport (s. newport) is the third most prevalent cause of food-borne salmonellosis. rapid, efficient, and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains of s. newport during outbreaks. by exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), we previously developed a sequence-based subtyping approach, designated crispr-multi-virulence-locus sequence ty ...201323678062
presence of β-lactamases in extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant salmonella enterica of 30 different serovars in germany 2005-11.between 20 000 and 35 000 cases of salmonellosis are detected annually in germany, but only a few salmonella are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. the german national reference centre for salmonella and other enterics obtained 150 salmonella enterica isolates from human infections between 2005 and 2011. in the present study we identified the β-lactamase genes causing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in these isolates.201323674765
unique class 1 integron and multiple resistance genes co-located on inchi2 plasmid is associated with the emerging multidrug resistance of salmonella indiana isolated from chicken in china.the objective of this study was to clarify the molecular antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of salmonella enterica serovar indiana isolated from chickens in china. a total of 327 chicken intestinal content and feces were collected in shandong, china in 2009. isolates were serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. thirty-five (10.7%) salmonella isolates were recovered, and 16 (45.7%) were salmonella enterica serovar indiana, which were resistant to at least 14 of 15 antim ...201323672474
desirability for a typhoid fever vaccine among rural residents, pemba island, tanzania.surveillance data indicate that salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in africa. with limited anticipated short-term improvements in sanitation and water infrastructure, targeted vaccination campaigns may be an important prevention tool for typhoid fever.201323664993
a flagellated motile salmonella gallinarum mutant (sg fla+) elicits a pro-inflammatory response from avian epithelial cells and macrophages and is less virulent to chickens.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) is a non-flagellated bacterium which causes fowl typhoid, a systemic disease associated with high mortality in birds. it has been suggested that the absence of flagella in sg is advantageous in the early stages of systemic infection through absence of tlr-5 activation. in order to investigate this hypothesis in more detail a flagellated and motile sg mutant (sg fla(+)) was constructed. the presence of flagella incr ...201323664623
morbidity among child travellers with sickle-cell disease visiting tropical areas: an observational study in a french tertiary care centre.to examine morbidity among children with sickle-cell disease (scd) during and after travel to a tropical area.201323661574
whole-genome sequences of four salmonella enterica serotype newport strains from humans.salmonellosis contributes significantly to the public health burden globally. salmonella enterica serotype newport is among salmonella serotypes most associated with food-borne illness in the united states and china. it was thought to be polyphyletic and to contain different lineages. we report draft genomes of four s. newport strains isolated from humans in china.201323661485
living with stress: a lesson from the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica.the ability to sense and respond to the environment is essential for the survival of all living organisms. bacterial pathogens such as salmonella enterica are of particular interest due to their ability to sense and adapt to the diverse range of conditions they encounter, both in vivo and in environmental reservoirs. during this cycling from host to non-host environments, salmonella encounter a variety of environmental insults ranging from temperature fluctuations, nutrient availability and chan ...201323651595
resistance to essential oils affects survival of salmonella enterica serovars in growing and harvested basil.the number of outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with consumption of fresh products has increased. a recent and noteworthy outbreak occurred in 2007. basil contaminated with salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg was the source of this outbreak. since basil produces high levels of antibacterial compounds the aim of this study was to investigate if the emerging outbreak reflects ecological changes that occurred as a result of development of resistance to ingredients of the basil oil. we ...201323648052
isolation and characterization of a rare waterborne lytic phage of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b.a lytic phage of salmonella serovar paratyphi b, named φspb, was isolated from surface waters of the pavana river in india. phage φspb is a member of the podoviridae family and is morphologically similar to the 7-11 phages of the c3 morphotype of tailed phages, characterized by a very long, cigar-shaped head. the head measured approximately 153 × 57 nm, and the tail size was 12 × 7 nm. the phage was stable over a wide range of ph (4-9) and temperature (4-40 °c). the adsorption rate constant was ...201323647344
low-ph rescue of acid-sensitive salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains by a rhamnose-regulated arginine decarboxylase system.for salmonella, transient exposure to gastric ph prepares invading bacteria for the stresses of host-cell interactions. to resist the effects of low ph, wild-type salmonella enterica uses the acid tolerance response and the arginine decarboxylase acid resistance system. however, arginine decarboxylase is typically repressed under routine culture conditions, and for many live attenuated salmonella vaccine strains, the acid tolerance response is unable to provide the necessary protection. the obje ...201323645603
development of antimicrobial coatings for improving the microbiological safety and quality of shell eggs.this study was conducted to develop antimicrobial coatings to decontaminate and prevent cross-contamination of shell eggs. egg shells were inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica enteritidis strains ob030832, ob040159, and c405 and treated with antimicrobial coatings. polylactic acid served as a nonedible polymer, and chitosan served as an edible polymer carrier of natural antimicrobials, including nisin, allyl isothiocyanate (ait), lauric arginate ester (lae), and organic a ...201323643119
fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) for rapid identification of salmonella spp. from agar and blood culture broth--an option for the tropics?salmonella enterica is an important cause of diarrhea with the potential to cause systemic infection including sepsis, particularly in the tropics. sepsis in particular requires quick and reliable identification to allow a rapid optimization of antibiotic therapy. we describe the establishment and evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) as a rapid and easy-to-perform molecular identification procedure from agar and blood culture broths.201323642903
identification and characterization of a cis-encoded antisense rna associated with the replication process of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.antisense rnas that originate from the complementary strand of protein coding genes are involved in the regulation of gene expression in all domains of life. in bacteria, some of these antisense rnas are transcriptional noise while others play a vital role to adapt the cell to changing environmental conditions. by deep sequencing analysis of transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, a partial rna sequence encoded in-cis to the dnaa gene was revealed. northern blot and race analysis con ...201323637809
neutral genomic microevolution of a recently emerged pathogen, salmonella enterica serovar agona.salmonella enterica serovar agona has caused multiple food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis since it was first isolated in 1952. we analyzed the genomes of 73 isolates from global sources, comparing five distinct outbreaks with sporadic infections as well as food contamination and the environment. agona consists of three lineages with minimal mutational diversity: only 846 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have accumulated in the non-repetitive, core genome since agona evolved in 1932 and ...201323637636
comprehensive assignment of roles for salmonella typhimurium genes in intestinal colonization of food-producing animals.chickens, pigs, and cattle are key reservoirs of salmonella enterica, a foodborne pathogen of worldwide importance. though a decade has elapsed since publication of the first salmonella genome, thousands of genes remain of hypothetical or unknown function, and the basis of colonization of reservoir hosts is ill-defined. moreover, previous surveys of the role of salmonella genes in vivo have focused on systemic virulence in murine typhoid models, and the genetic basis of intestinal persistence an ...201323637626
emergence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase ctx-m-2-producing salmonella enterica serovars schwarzengrund and agona in poultry farms. 201323629722
isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar javiana from food, environmental and clinical samples.a total of 50 salmonella enterica serovar javiana isolates, isolated from food, environmental and clinical samples, were analyzed for antibiotic resistance, presence of virulence genes, plasmids and plasmid replicon types. to assess the genetic diversity, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) fingerprinting and plasmid profiles were performed. all of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and sulfisoxazole, and four isolates showed intermediate resistance to gentamicin ...201323628778
inhibition of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on walnut kernels.the aim of this study was to determine whether escherichia coli o157:h7 can be reliably detected and isolated from walnut kernels using standard methods of analysis. the limit of detection approached 1 cell per analytical unit (25 g) for e. coli o157:h7 on walnut kernels enriched in modified tryptic soy broth with 20 μg/ml novobiocin and plating onto selective agar media. the presence of pcr inhibitors in walnut kernels was indicated by the failure to detect e. coli o157:h7 from culture positive ...201323628609
salmonella type iii effector sopb modulates host cell exocytosis.salmonella enterica pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to enter and replicate inside host cells. replication occurs inside the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv), a vacuolar compartment that is modified by bacterial effectors secreted through the two type iii secretion systems (t3ss-1 and t3ss-2). type iii effectors interact with the host cell endocytic pathway to aid replication. we investigated whether salmonella effector proteins may also interact with the host's exocytic pathway. a se ...201326038467
salmonella enterica diversity in central californian coastal waterways.salmonella enterica is one of the most important bacterial enteric pathogens worldwide. however, little is known about its distribution and diversity in the environment. the present study explored the diversity of 104 strains of salmonella enterica isolated over 2 years from 12 coastal waterways in central california. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing were used to probe species diversity. seventy-four pfge patterns and 38 sequence types (sts) were found, incl ...201323624479
loop region-specific oligonucleotide probes for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay truly minimize the instrument needed for detection process.enteric fever represents a significant public health burden in less-developed countries. therefore, there is a great need for developing an improved diagnostic tool adapted to the demands of poor-resource clinical laboratories in those countries. the current study has developed a reliable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for diagnosis of enteric fever with a minimal equipment dependency. the lamp-elisa assay involves direct incorporation of ...201323624347
antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes muenster, florian, omuna, and noya strains isolated from clinically diarrheic humans in egypt.four serotypes recovered from clinically diarrheic human faecal samples (salmonella muenster, salmonella florian, salmonella omuna and salmonella noya) were investigated for the presence of 11 virulence genes (inva, avra, ssaq, mgtc, siid, sopb, gipa, sodc1, sope1, spvc, and bcfc) and their association with antibiotic resistance. the 4 salmonella serotypes lacked virulence genes gipa and spvc. resistance to 7 of the 14 antimicrobials was detected. the frequency of resistance, to lincomycin and s ...201323621859
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella isolates in pekin ducks from south korea.an investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of salmonella serotypes at south korean duck farms. a total of 7119 samples collected from 72 duck farms in five provinces were examined from 2011 to 2012. the overall prevalence of salmonella serotypes was 43.4% (69/159) in duck flocks from 65.2% (47/72) of the duck farms. eighty-five strains were isolated from 69 duck flocks. three serotypes of salmonella enterica were identified such as s. typhimurium (39/8 ...201323618792
fully assembled genome sequence for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana cfsan001992.we report a closed genome of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana (s. javiana). this serotype is a common food-borne pathogen and is often associated with fresh-cut produce. complete (finished) genome assemblies will support pilot studies testing the utility of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies in public health laboratories.201323516208
polymerase chain reaction assay based on rata gene allows differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum are classified as biovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. these salmonellae are the causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. when serovar gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to ...201323512922
population structures in the sara and sarb reference collections of salmonella enterica according to mlst, mlee and microarray hybridization.in the 1980's and 1990's, population genetic analyses based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) provided an initial overview of the genetic diversity of multiple bacterial species, including salmonella enterica. the genetic diversity within s. enterica subspecies enterica according to mlee is represented by the sara and sarb reference collections, each consisting of 72 isolates, which have been extensively used for comparative analyses. mlee has subsequently been replaced by multilocus s ...201323507027
identification of salmonella enterica genes with a role in persistence on lettuce leaves during cold storage by recombinase-based in vivo expression technology.recurrent outbreaks of enteric illness linked to lettuce and a lack of efficacious strategies to decontaminate produce underscores the need for a better understanding of the molecular interactions of foodborne pathogens with plants. this study aimed at identifying salmonella enterica genes involved in the persistence of this organism on post-harvest lettuce during cold storage using recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (rivet). in total, 37 potentially induced loci were identified in ...201323506363
prevalence of salmonella enterica serovar albany in captive zoo wild animals in the culiacán zoo in mexico.salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but little is known about the role that free-living animals play as carriers of this pathogen. moreover, the primary route of infection in the wild needs to be elucidated. the aim of this study was to determine the source and the route of transmission of salmonella enterica serovar albany (s. albany) infection in captive zoo wild animals in the culiacán zoo. a total of 267 samples were analyzed including 220 fecal samples from zoo animals, 15 fecal ...201323505697
virulence gene profiling and pathogenicity characterization of non-typhoidal salmonella accounted for invasive disease in humans.human infection with non-typhoidal salmonella serovars (nts) infrequently causes invasive systemic disease and bacteremia. to understand better the nature of invasive nts (ints), we studied the gene content and the pathogenicity of bacteremic strains from twelve serovars (typhimurium, enteritidis, choleraesuis, dublin, virchow, newport, bredeney, heidelberg, montevideo, schwarzengrund, 9,12:l,v:- and hadar). comparative genomic hybridization using a salmonella enterica microarray revealed a core ...201323505508
a comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the enantiomers of thioridazine and its racemate.a long list of chemotherapeutical drugs used in the treatment of the peripheral and the central nervous systems possess anti-microbial activity. some of these neurotropic compounds are chiral, with the one stereo isomeric form exaggerating reduced neurotropism. this is the case for the levorotatory form of thioridazine. the phenothiazine thioridazine is an interesting compound, characterized by exhibiting a significant growth inhibiting activity on a wide array of micro-organisms. thioridazine i ...201323505431
effect of antimicrobial exposure on acrab expression in salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis.understanding the impact of antimicrobial use on the emergence of resistant bacteria is imperative to prevent its emergence. for instance, activation of the acrab efflux pumps is responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant salmonella strains. here, we examined the expression levels of acrb and its multiple regulator genes (rama, soxs, mara, and rob) in 17 field isolates of s. choleraesuis by using quantitative pcr methods. the expression of acrb increased in eight of the field isola ...201323503095
therapeutic effects of salmonella typhi in a mouse model of t-cell lymphoma.in this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a live, attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) vaccine strain as a cancer immunotherapy in a mouse model of metastatic t-cell lymphoma. el4 tumor-bearing c57bl/6j mice immunized with s. typhi strain cvd 915, by injection into the tumor and the draining lymph node areas, displayed a significant decrease in tumor growth, a reduction in the mitotic index (mi) of tumors, a delayed development of palpable lymph node metastases and most ...201323502764
development and evaluation of a novel nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method using one specific primer and one degenerate primer for simultaneous detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium are the most widespread causes of salmonellosis and gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. thus, their simple and sensitive detection is significantly important in biosafety and point-of-care diagnostics. in that regard, although present nucleic acid-based attempts are mainly focused on the detection methods encompassing all salmonella enterica members in a single reaction, serotypes other than s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium are clinically and e ...201323498700
quantitative multi-year elucidation of fecal sources of waterborne pathogen contamination in the south nation river basin using bacteroidales microbial source tracking markers.over a seven-year period (2004-2010) 1095 water samples were obtained from the south nation river basin at multiple watershed monitoring sites (ontario, canada). real-time pcr using bacteroidales specific markers was used to identify the origin (human (10% prevalence), ruminant (22%), pig (~2%), canada goose (4%) and muskrat (7%)) of fecal pollution. in parallel, the distribution of fecal indicator bacteria and waterborne pathogens (cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, escherichia coli o157:h ...201323497974
survival and transfer of microorganisms from kitchen sponges to surfaces of stainless steel and polyethylene.contaminated sponges might lead to cross-contamination in kitchens since they can transfer microorganisms to surfaces where microorganisms can survive for hours or days and contaminate food. the main objective of this study was to evaluate the transfer and the survival of bacteria from kitchen sponges to surfaces of aisi 316 stainless steel and polyethylene.201323493001
identification of in vivo-induced bacterial proteins during human infection with salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a.salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a is a human-restricted pathogen and the cause of paratyphoid a fever. using a high-throughput immunoscreening technique, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat), we identified 20 immunogenic bacterial proteins expressed in humans who were bacteremic with s. paratyphi a but not those expressed in s. paratyphi a grown under standard laboratory conditions. the majority of these proteins have known or potential roles in the pathogenesis of s. enterica. thes ...201323486419
protective action of camel milk in mice inoculated with salmonella enterica.in some countries people believe that camel milk can protect against various aggressors, whether due to infections, diabetes, or even autism. little has been scientifically demonstrated regarding the veracity of these beliefs.201323484230
molecular characterization of motile serovars of salmonella enterica from breeder and commercial broiler poultry farms in bangladesh.contaminated poultry and poultry products are a major source of motile salmonellae for human salmonellosis worldwide. local circulation of any motile salmonella serovar in poultry has a wider public health impact beyond its source of origin for being dispersed elsewhere through poultry trades or human travels. to investigate the status of motile salmonella serovars in breeder farms in bangladesh, multiple flocks of two breeder farms were observed for a period of six months. in addition, a cross- ...201323483931
prevalence and characterization of salmonella species isolated from pigs, ducks and chickens in sichuan province, china.this study aimed to analyze the prevalence of salmonella isolated from different parts of the food production chain, and to characterize these isolates. a total of 165 salmonella enterica isolates were identified from 1382 samples taken from conventional farms, abattoirs and retail markets from 2010 to 2011 in sichuan, china. the salmonella isolates were assayed for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, prevalence of class 1 integrons and β-lactamase genes, and subtyped using pulsed-field gel ...201323474653
stable expression of shigella sonnei form i o-polysaccharide genes recombineered into the chromosome of live salmonella oral vaccine vector ty21a.live, attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain ty21a, a licensed oral typhoid fever vaccine, has also been employed for use as a vector to deliver protective antigens of shigella and other pathogens. importantly, lipopolysaccharide (lps) alone has been shown to be a potent antigen for specific protection against shigellosis. we reported previously the plasmid cloning of heterologous lps biosynthetic genes and the expression in ty21a of either s. sonnei or of s. dysenteriae 1 lps's. th ...201323474241
risk factors for invasive reptile-associated salmonellosis in children.reptile-associated salmonellosis (ras) in children has been reported primarily due to direct contact with turtles, but recently also due to indirect contact with more exotic reptiles, causing disease in infants. to evaluate risk factors for ras, we reviewed the ras cases published in the literature since 1965. a case was defined as a child ≤18 years of age with an epidemiological link by identification of salmonella enterica in cultures from both the affected child and the exposed reptile. we id ...201323473215
draft genome sequences of three salmonella enterica serotype agona strains from china.salmonellosis has been one of the major contributors to the global public health burden. salmonella enterica serotype agona has ranked among the top 10 and top 20 most frequent salmonella serotypes isolated from human sources in china and the united states, respectively. we report draft genomes of three s. agona strains from china.201323469342
[broncho-pulmonary salmonellosis--a case series and review of the literature].broncho-pulmonary salmonelloses are rare manifestations of extraintestinal focal infections in adults caused by different subspecies of salmonella. they may appear without previous gastroenteritic symptoms especially in patients older than 60 years, as well as in patients who are immunocompromised or suffer from chronic pulmonary diseases. the transmission route is hematogenous or via aspiration of contaminated gastric fluid. complications are acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung abscesses ...201323468341
first isolation of ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi in taiwan.typhoid fever is a major cause of disease burden in developing countries. the use of fluoroquinolones, once considered the drugs of choice, should be re-evaluated due to the emergence of quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi. in taiwan, typhoid fever is rare but constitutes an important public health concern.201323465712
evaluation of recombinant outer membrane protein based vaccine against salmonella typhimurium in birds.food-borne diseases caused by salmonella enterica from poultry sources represent an important public health problem and no reliable control by vaccination has proved effective despite research. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of recombinant ompc protein for immunization of birds to elucidate its protection against virulent salmonella typhimurium. the recombinant ompc protein was prepared after cloning and expressing ompc gene and was characterized by sds-page and western blo ...201323462815
a prime-boost vaccination of mice with attenuated salmonella expressing a 30-mer peptide from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen.protection against trichinella infections has been achieved using various parasite antigens and adjuvants. recently, we reported that immunization of mice with an attenuated salmonella strain displaying a 30-mer peptide (residues 210-239) from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen using the shda autotransporter induced partial protection against t. spiralis infection. to improve the efficacy of vaccination, we used the misl autotransporter system to display the ts30mer peptide on the surface of ...201323462251
biofilms promote survival and virulence of salmonella enterica sv. tennessee during prolonged dry storage and after passage through an in vitro digestion system.salmonella enterica serotypes have been linked to outbreaks associated with low water activity foods. while the biofilm-forming abilities of salmonella improve its survival during thermal processing and sanitation it is unclear whether biofilms enhance survival to desiccation and gastric stresses. the purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of physiological state (planktonic versus biofilm) and prior exposure to desiccation and storage in dry milk powder on salmonella survival and gene ...201323454816
expression of the mara, soxs, acrb and rama genes related to the acrab/tolc efflux pump in salmonella enterica strains with and without quinolone resistance-determining regions gyra gene mutations.several studies have been conducted in recent years to elucidate the structure, function and significance of acrb, mara, soxs and rama in salmonella enterica. in this study, the relative quantification of acrb, soxs, mara and rama genes expression was evaluated in 14 strains of s. enterica, with or without accompanying mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyra gene, that were exposed to ciprofloxacin during the exponential growth phase. the presence of ciprofloxacin d ...201323453941
concurrent and transferable resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactam and fluoroquinolone in a salmonella enterica serovar worthington blood isolate from a neonate in kolkata, india. 201323453618
salmonella enteritidis is superior in egg white survival compared with other salmonella serotypes.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype enteritidis is a major cause of egg-borne human salmonellosis. the ability to survive in egg albumen at chicken body temperature was hypothesized to be an important factor involved in the predominant contamination of eggs by this specific serotype. eighty-nine salmonella strains from different serotypes, belonging to 5 serogroups, were incubated for 24 h in egg white at 42°c. the number of salmonella enteritidis strains that were able to survive i ...201323436537
effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg in broilers.the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of an essential oil blend (eo; carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, lemon) administered in drinking water on the performance, mortality, water consumption, ph of crop and ceca, and salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg fecal shedding and colonization in broiler birds following salmonella heidelberg challenge and feed withdrawal. chicks were randomly assigned to water treatments containing 0.05, 0.025, or 0.0125% eo or untreated controls. treat ...201323436536
public health management of salmonella typhi/paratyphi case and contact screening: lessons from north london.to evaluate the public health management salmonella enterica serovar typhi (typhoid) and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi (paratyphoid) cases and their contacts to assess the outcome of screening.201323433577
survival of salmonella enterica serotype tennessee during simulated gastric passage is improved by low water activity and high fat content.the low water activity (a(w) 0.3) of peanut butter prohibits the growth of salmonella in a product; however, illnesses are reported from peanut butter contaminated with very small doses, suggesting the food matrix itself influences the infectious dose of salmonella, potentially by improving salmonella's survival in the gastrointestinal tract. the purpose of our study was to quantify the survival of a peanut butter outbreak-associated strain of salmonella enterica serotype tennessee when inoculat ...201323433384
a recurrent, multistate outbreak of salmonella serotype agona infections associated with dry, unsweetened cereal consumption, united states, 2008.an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype agona infections associated with nationwide distribution of cereal from company x was identified in april 2008. this outbreak was detected using pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, which coincided with company x's voluntary recall of unsweetened puffed rice and wheat cereals after routine product sampling yielded salmonella agona. a case patient was defined as being infected with the outbreak strain of ...201323433369
salmonella gastroenteritis in children (clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility): comparison of the years 1995-2001 and 2002-2008.we document herein the prevalence and serotype distribution among salmonella enterica strains isolated from children treated for diarrhea over two seven-year periods spanning 14 years. four hundred and eight (1.38%) s. enterica cases were isolated among 29,601 diarrheal admissions. among the salmonella isolates, 63.7% were serogroup d and 29.9% were serogroup b. overall, 21.7% of cases were under one year of age, with 2.1% being younger than three months. bloody diarrhea was found in 18.8% of th ...201323427508
the structural elucidation of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, reveals that it contains both o-factors 4 and 5 on the lps antigen.spectroscopic investigation of the o-antigen from salmonella enterica subsp. enterica revealed fine details on the acetylation pattern, the biological repeating unit and the polymerization degree. acetylation at o-2 of the abequose residue, defined both o-factors 4 and 5 in the o-antigen chain of the lipopolysaccharide. nmr observation of the terminal non-reducing end of the polymer confirmed previous data regarding the biological repeating unit and showed an average polymerization degree of 5. ...201323419941
the nest long ncrna controls microbial susceptibility and epigenetic activation of the interferon-γ locus.long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) are increasingly appreciated as regulators of cell-specific gene expression. here, an enhancer-like lncrna termed nest (nettoie salmonella pas theiler's [cleanup salmonella not theiler's]) is shown to be causal for all phenotypes conferred by murine viral susceptibility locus tmevp3. this locus was defined by crosses between sjl/j and b10.s mice and contains several candidate genes, including nest. the sjl/j-derived locus confers higher lncrna expression, increased ...201323415224
novel methods for expression of foreign antigens in live vector vaccines.bacterial live vector vaccines represent a vaccine development strategy that offers exceptional flexibility. in this approach, genes encoding protective antigens of unrelated bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens are expressed in an attenuated bacterial vaccine strain that delivers these foreign antigens to the immune system, thereby eliciting relevant immune responses. rather than expressing these antigens using low copy expression plasmids, here we pursue expression of foreign proteins from ...201323406777
genome sequences of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg isolates isolated in the united states from a multistate outbreak of human salmonella infections.salmonella enterica is recognized as one of the most common bacterial agents of foodborne illness. we report draft genomes of four salmonella serovar heidelberg isolates associated with the recent multistate outbreak of human salmonella heidelberg infections linked to kosher broiled chicken livers in the united states in 2011. isolates 2011k-1259 and 2011k-1232 were recovered from humans, whereas 2011k-1724 and 2011k-1726 were isolated from chicken liver. whole genome sequence analysis of these ...201323405335
cellular distribution of lipid a and lps r595 after in vitro application to isolated human monocytes by freeze-fracture replica immunogold-labelling.we have performed freeze-fracture replica immunogold labelling of endotoxin preparations (lipid a and deep rough mutant lps re from salmonella enterica sv. minnesota), i.e. adding the endotoxins to human monocytes, labelling with monoclonal abs recognizing either lipid a or lps re (a6 and a20 respectively), and fixing with immunogold secondary ab. we have found that the endotoxins intercalated into the cell membranes with subsequent internalization by the cells. surprisingly, membrane uptake too ...201323405031
impact of disinfectant-filled foot mats on mechanical transmission of bacteria in a veterinary teaching hospital.to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectant-filled foot mats at reducing tracking of salmonella enterica and overall bacterial contamination on floors in a veterinary teaching hospital.201323402417
antibiogram profile of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in india - a two year study.typhoid fever continues to remain a major health problem in the developing world, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) strains has further reduced therapeutic options for treatment of the disease. the national salmonella and escherichia centre in kasauli, india received 128 salmonella typhi isolates during 2008-2009. these were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance, prevalent resistotypes and the proportion of mdr strains, using standard methods for 11 antimicrobials. an abrupt decrea ...201324575241
salmonella enterica arthritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy.anti-tumour necrosis factor (tnf) monoclonal antibodies have become an invaluable treatment against chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, due to increased risk of opportunistic infections, patients receiving anti-tnf therapy should be closely monitored for serious infections. here, we describe a case of acute salmonella_enteritidis infection of a joint arthroplasty that previously was functioning well, in a patient receiving infliximab treatment for ra. after ...201324564054
practical considerations of surveillance of salmonella serovars other than enteritidis and typhimurium.non-typhoid salmonella serovars other than salmonella enterica serovars s. enteritidis (se) and s.typhimurium (st) are isolated throughout the world with huge variations in prevalence. besides the more generally occurring serovars, such as s. infantis and s. hadar, there are many examples of serovars that are principally reported from the regions and are most probably associated with local reservoirs. in most countries of the world, no formal surveillance systems for human salmonellosis are in p ...201324547654
comparison of salmonella typhi and paratyphi a occurrence in a tertiary care hospital.enteric fever is an important public health problem in many underdeveloped and developing countries. in india, though salmonella enterica serotype typhi remains the predominant salmonella species causing enteric fever, isolation of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a is increasing. it occurs in all age groups and more common in summer season affecting mainly children.201324551623
comparative virulotyping of salmonella typhi and salmonella enteritidis.members of salmonella enterica are important foodborne pathogens of significant public health concern worldwide. this study aimed to determine a range of virulence genes among typhoidal (s. typhi) and non-typhoidal (s. enteritidis) strains isolated from different geographical regions and different years. a total of 87 s. typhi and 94 s. enteritidis strains were tested for presence of 22 virulence genes by employing multiplex pcr and the genetic relatedness of these strains was further characteri ...201324426144
increased bile resistance in salmonella enterica mutants lacking prc periplasmic protease.prc is a periplasmic protease involved in processing of penicillin-binding protein 3 (pbp3). lack of prc suppresses bile sensitivity in dam-, wec-, phop-, damx-, and seqa- mutants of salmonella enterica, and increases bile resistance in the wild type. changes in the activity of penicillin binding proteins pbp3, pbp4, pbp5/6 and pbp7 are detected in a prc- background, suggesting that peptidoglycan remodeling might contribute to bile resistance.201324400526
muscle abscess due to salmonella enterica.non typhoidal salmonellae spp. causes clinical symptoms especially in neonates, infants, aged and immunocompromised patients. hematogenous dissemination may occur in complicated cases whereas the formation of abscess is rare. a 61-year old woman presented to our hospital with pain and a mass in her left arm, without fever and leukocytosis. she was using methotrexate, corticosteroids and quinine for rheumatoid arthritis. she had a history of cervix cancer and was given radiotherapy and chemothera ...201324396582
revised ciprofloxacin breakpoints for salmonella: is it time to write an obituary?to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin among 50 blood stream isolates of salmonella enterica.201324392374
characterization of the yehut two-component regulatory system of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and typhimurium.proteins exhibiting hyper-variable sequences within a bacterial pathogen may be associated with host adaptation. several lineages of the monophyletic pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) have accumulated non-synonymous mutations in the putative two-component regulatory system yehut. consequently we evaluated the function of yehut in s. typhi brd948 and s. typhimurium st4/74. transcriptome analysis identified the csta gene, encoding a carbon starvation protein as the predominantl ...201324386394
the global establishment of a highly-fluoroquinolone resistant salmonella enterica serotype kentucky st198 strain.while the spread of salmonella enterica serotype kentucky resistant to ciprofloxacin across africa and the middle-east has been described recently, the presence of this strain in humans, food, various animal species (livestock, pets, and wildlife) and in environment is suspected in other countries of different continents. here, we report results of an in-depth molecular epidemiological study on a global human and non-human collection of s. kentucky (n = 70). we performed xbai-pulsed field gel el ...201324385975
nested sampling for bayesian model comparison in the context of salmonella disease dynamics.understanding the mechanisms underlying the observed dynamics of complex biological systems requires the statistical assessment and comparison of multiple alternative models. although this has traditionally been done using maximum likelihood-based methods such as akaike's information criterion (aic), bayesian methods have gained in popularity because they provide more informative output in the form of posterior probability distributions. however, comparison between multiple models in a bayesian ...201324376528
salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis outbreak at a long-term care facility, connecticut, 2012.in may of 2012, the connecticut department of public health (dph) was notified of three hospitalized residents of a long-term care facility (ltcf) who had gastrointestinal illness, one of whom had a stool culture positive for salmonella enterica. a multiagency outbreak investigation was initiated and identified a total of 21 possible salmonellosis cases; nine were culture-confirmed salmonella serotype enteritidis with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern (pfge). this rep ...201324367841
the study of genetic relationship among third generation cephalosporin-resistant salmonella enterica strains by eric-pcr.salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen responsible for disease in humans and animals. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic relationship among third generation cephalosporin-resistant salmonella enterica strains by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-pcr.201324358066
molecular evaluation of drug resistance in clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi from pakistan.this study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns and genetic elements related to drug resistance in isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) from the faisalabad region of pakistan.201324334939
outbreak of salmonella enterica goldcoast infection associated with whelk consumption, england, june to october 2013.an increase in the number of cases of salmonella enterica serotype goldcoast infection was observed in england during september 2013. a total of 38 cases were reported, with symptom onset dates between 21 june and 6 october 2013. epidemiological, environmental, microbiological and food chain evidence all support the conclusion that this outbreak was associated with eating whelks processed by the same factory. whelks are a novel vehicle of salmonella infection and should be considered when invest ...201324330940
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype oranienburg strain s-76, isolated from an aquatic environment.salmonella is a widespread microorganism and a common causative agent of food-borne illnesses. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype oranienburg is highly prevalent in surface water from tropical ecosystems and is not commonly related to illnesses. here, we report the first genome sequence of salmonella oranienburg strain s-76, isolated from an aquatic environment.201324336368
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype saintpaul strain s-70, isolated from an aquatic environment.salmonella is a pathogen of worldwide importance, causing disease in a vast range of hosts, including humans. we report the genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype saintpaul strain s-70, isolated from an aquatic environment.201324336367
multistate outbreak of salmonella chester infections associated with frozen meals -- 18 states, 2010.on may 24, 2010, a cluster of 17 human salmonella enterica serotype chester clinical isolates with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns was reported to pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. this pfge pattern had not been reported previously. subsequently, cdc conducted an investigation that identified 44 ill persons in 18 states during may 24-june 19, 2010. in a multistate case-control study, consumption of a brand a ...201324304829
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of salmonella enterica strains from brazil.the objective of this study was to identify mutations in the quinolone resistance determining sources regions (qrdr) of the gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-ib-cr variant were present in strains of salmonella spp. isolated in brazil. a total of 126 salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. one hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (nal) and 29 (23.01%) showed ...201324294265
characterization of antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica isolates determined from ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables.in the last decade, ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in human diet. however, since they are consumed fresh, inadequate washing during processing can bring on some foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, since these food items have natural contamination from soil and water. during 2009-2010, a total of 81 samples were purchased arbitrarily from local markets in ankara, and were examined for salmonella contamination. salmonella screening was performed by using ...201324294226
commercially laid eggs vs. discarded hatching eggs: contamination by salmonella spp.salmonella enterica is frequently associated with outbreaks of human salmonellosis, and products of avian origin, such as eggs and chicken meat, are the main vehicles of its transmission. the present study describes the occurrence of different serovars of salmonella enterica and phagotypes of s. enterica serovar enteritidis in eggs destined for human consumption. four thousand eggs obtained from commercial egg laying farms and one thousand discarded hatching eggs from broiler farms, which were a ...201324294223
fever of unknown origin attributable to haematocolpos infected with salmonella enterica serotypetyphi resistant to nalidixic acid: a case report.the prevalence of nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella typhi (narst) infection is increasing worldwide. we are reporting an unusual case of infected haematocolpos presenting as urinary obstruction in a patient with fever of unknown origin (fuo). this case report highlights the importance of quinolone-resistant typhoid fever in the differential diagnosis of any acute febrile illness in countries, like india, where salmonella infection is endemic.201324288955
screening of soil actinomyectes against salmonella serovar typhi nctc 5761 and characterization of the prominent active strains.annual incidence of infection with s. typhi is estimated to be about 17 million cases worldwide. a systematic search among actinomycete isolates from soil of iran aimed at finding active actinomycetes against the causative agent of typhoid fever, salmonella typhi was carried out during this study.201325848505
antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella circulating in commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products in brazil.antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products from different regions in brazil between 2007 and 2011. these isolates were submitted unsolicited to the national reference laboratory for bacterial enteroinfections, oswaldo cruz institute, oswaldo cruz foundation, rio de janeiro, brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. the prevalent salmonella enterica serogroups w ...201324290674
gatifloxacin versus ofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever in nepal: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial.fluoroquinolones are the most commonly used group of antimicrobials for the treatment of enteric fever, but no direct comparison between two fluoroquinolones has been performed in a large randomised trial. an open-label randomized trial was conducted to investigate whether gatifloxacin is more effective than ofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever caused by nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.201324282626
effects of water, sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, and acidified sodium chlorite on in-shell hazelnuts inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar panama.recent foodborne disease outbreaks involving minimally processed tree nuts have generated a need for improved sanitation procedures. chemical sprays and dips have shown promise for reducing pathogens on fresh produce, but little research has been conducted for in-shell hazelnuts. this study analyzed the effectiveness of 3 chemical sanitizers for reducing salmonella on in-shell hazelnuts. treatments of water, sodium hypochlorite (naocl; 25 and 50 ppm), peroxyacetic acid (paa; 80 and 120 ppm), and ...201324279902
bioactive quinic acid derivatives from ageratina adenophora.a novel quinic acid derivative, 5-o-trans-o-coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester (1), together with three known ones, chlorogenic acid methyl ester (2), macranthoin f (3) and macranthoin g (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of the invasive plant ageratina adenophora (spreng.). the structure of new compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1d- and 2d-nmr techniques. compounds 2-4 were isolated from plant a. adenophora for the first time. all the comp ...201324241153
antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of salmonella enterica in new delhi.enteric fever is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. antimicrobial resistance is a major issue enteric fever management. this study examined current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among salmonella enterica isolates from enteric fever cases at a tertiary care centre in new delhi, india.201324240035
evaluating area-level spatial clustering of salmonella enteritidis infections and their socioeconomic determinants in the greater toronto area, ontario, canada (2007 - 2009): a retrospective population-based ecological study.there have been only a few region-level ecological studies conducted in canada investigating enteric infections in humans. our study objectives were to 1) assess the spatial clustering of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) human infections in the greater toronto area, and 2) identify underlying area-level associations between s. enteritidis infection rates and socioeconomic status (ses) indicators that might explain the clustering of infections.201324237666
[determination of salmonella serotypes by conventional and molecular methods].determination of salmonella enterica serotypes is crucial for epidemiological studies. salmonella serotypes are defined on the basis of somatic (o) and flagellar (h) antigens, both of which are present in the cell wall of salmonella. the aim of this study was to compare the results of molecular serotyping obtained by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) with conventional serotyping results. conventional serotyping has been performed in ministry of health refik saydam hygiene center as part ...201324237438
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