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emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens successfully treated by cholecystectomy.emphysematous cholecystitis is life threatening if left untreated. it is associated with arteriosclerosis, embolic events, and diabetes mellitus. in this report, a patient was presented with an early diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis and was treated by cholecystectomy without complications. a 46-year-old male presented at the emergency department. laboratory results as well as the abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. one day after admission, infection parameters started rising. a ...201627385144
prevalence of netf-positive clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern ontario.netf-producing clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of c. perfringens. of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netf and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. colonizati ...201627408339
regulation of toxin production in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. a complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory rna and cell-cell communication. ...201627399773
gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of clostridium perfringens.t cells from neuromyelitis optica (nmo) patients, which recognize the immunodominant epitope of aquaporin-4, exhibit th17 polarization and cross-react with a homologous sequence of a clostridium perfringens adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter. therefore, this commensal microbe might participate in nmo pathogenesis. we examined the gut microbiome by phylochip g3 from 16 nmo patients, 16 healthy controls (hc), and 16 multiple sclerosis patients. a significant difference in the abun ...201627398819
effect of trehalose and trehalose transport on the tolerance of clostridium perfringens to environmental stress in a wild type strain and its fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant.trehalose has been shown to protect bacterial cells from environmental stress. its uptake and osmoprotective effect in clostridium perfringens were investigated by comparing wild type c. perfringens atcc 13124 with a fluoroquinolone- (gatifloxacin-) resistant mutant. in a chemically defined medium, trehalose and sucrose supported the growth of the wild type but not that of the mutant. microarray data and qrt-pcr showed that putative genes for the phosphorylation and transport of sucrose and treh ...201628058047
microbiological characterization of vegetables and their rhizosphere soil in eastern poland.the aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriological quality of 5 kinds of vegetables (lettuce, dill, radish, beetroot, carrot) and their rhizosphere soil, originating from conventional farms located in the lublin province of eastern poland. a total number of 35 samples of fresh vegetables (fv) taken immediately from soil, 35 samples of soil from rhizosphere of these vegetables (sr) and 35 samples of vegetables sold at retail in the markets in lublin (vr) were examined. the samples were ...201628030923
mechanical stability of a high-affinity toxin anchor from the pathogen clostridium perfringens.the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens assembles its toxins and carbohydrate-active enzymes by the high-affinity cohesin-dockerin (coh-doc) interaction. coh-doc interactions characterized previously have shown considerable resilience toward mechanical stress. here, we aimed to determine the mechanics of this interaction from c. perfringens in the context of a pathogen. using atomic force microscopy based single-molecule force spectroscopy (afm-smfs) we probed the mechanical propertie ...201627991799
the optimisation of pseudotyped viruses for the characterisation of immune responses to equine influenza virus.pseudotyped viruses (pvs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (eiv) biology. the aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza pvs. co-transfection of the hat protease to activate the haemagglutinin (ha) yielded a higher titre pv than tmprss2 with the ha from a/equine/richmond/1/2007 (h3n8), whereas for a/equine/newma ...201627983716
clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of spondylodiscitis case report and review of the literature.presented is a case of a 64-year old male with a unique and yet unreported case of a spondylodiscitis caused by clostridium perfringens. becoming symptomatic with massive neurological deficits. computed tomography (ct) revealed typical signs of spondylodiscitis involving the vertebral body l5 with extensive vacuum phenomenon.201627967243
bystander host cell killing effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to claudin receptors, e.g., claudin-4, and then forms a pore that triggers cell death. pure cultures of host cells that do not express claudin receptors, e.g., fibroblasts, are unaffected by pathophysiologically relevant cpe concentrations in vitro however, both cpe-insensitive and cpe-sensitive host cells are present in vivo therefore, this study tested whether cpe treatment might affect fibroblasts when cocultured with cpe-sensitive claudin-4 fib ...201627965452
bacterial toxins for oncoleaking suicidal cancer gene therapy.for suicide gene therapy, initially prodrug-converting enzymes (gene-directed enzyme-producing therapy, gdept) were employed to intracellularly metabolize non-toxic prodrugs into toxic compounds, leading to the effective suicidal killing of the transfected tumor cells. in this regard, the suicide gene therapy has demonstrated its potential for efficient tumor eradication. numerous suicide genes of viral or bacterial origin were isolated, characterized, and extensively tested in vitro and in vivo ...201628101690
toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review.toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or plants. some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them amenable for use as potential warfare agents. currently, some toxins are classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to manmade chemical warfare agents. this review focuses on category a and b bio-terror toxins recognized by the centers for dis ...201628265441
structure and inhibition of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.n-acetylneuraminate lyase is the first committed enzyme in the degradation of sialic acid by bacterial pathogens. in this study, we analyzed the kinetic parameters of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). we determined that the enzyme has a relatively high km of 3.2 mm, suggesting that flux through the catabolic pathway is likely to be controlled by this enzyme. our data indicate that sialic acid alditol, a known inhibitor of n-acetylneuraminate lyase ...201627943302
distinct presence of the tight junction protein claudin-3 in olfactory bulb and fila olfactoria of the mouse.the tight junction protein claudin-3 is overexpressed in diverse epithelial tumours and is associated with increased survival, progression and motility of tumour cells. claudin-3 expression profiles are being increasingly used for diagnostic and prognostic tumour classification. claudin-3 has been identified as a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, which is under consideration for selective lysis of claudin-3-expressing tumours, particularly brain metastases, and other translationa ...201627943232
fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis in kidney transplant: a case report.infections, particularly urinary tract infections, and cardiovascular accidents are the main causes of morbidity and mortality during the 1st year after kidney transplantation (kt). bacteria and viruses, such as escherichia coli, enteroccoci, and polyoma bk virus are common in the 1st 6 months, so they are controlled routinely. on the other hand, clostridium perfringens infection is a rare life-threatening condition, associated with a high mortality rate especially in the transplant population, ...201627932159
massive haemolysis, gas-forming liver abscess and sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteraemia.clostridial soft tissue infections are infrequent, but can be life-threatening when associated with certain underlying conditions, such as immunosuppression or malignancy. when bacteraemia occurs, it can be accompanied by haemolysis. only surgical removal of the focus of infection and early onset of antibiotic therapy can prevent a very poor outcome. we describe the case of a man aged 65 years who presented with sepsis, haemolysis and rapid worsening. the identification of a gas-forming liver ab ...201627888224
notes from the field: clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis outbreak associated with a catered lunch - north carolina, november 2015.during november 2015, the north carolina division of public health was notified by the pitt county health department (pchd) that approximately 40 persons who attended a catered company thanksgiving lunch the previous day were ill with diarrhea and abdominal pain. the north carolina division of public health and pchd worked together to investigate the source of illness and implement control measures. within hours of notification, investigators developed and distributed an online survey to all lun ...201627880750
recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of clostridium perfringens: production strategies and applications as veterinary vaccines.clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. this bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. the species is classified into five toxinotypes (a-e) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. alpha, beta, and epsilon toxi ...201627879630
clostridium perfringens sialidases: potential contributors to intestinal pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. this gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named nanh, nani, and nanj. the role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. however, recent in vitro studies suggest that nani may contribute to intestinal virulence by upregulating production of some toxins associated with intestinal infection, in ...201627869757
acute hemolysis with renal failure due to clostridium bacteremia in a patient with aml.we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and clostridium perfringens bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. the high fatality of c. perfringens bacteremia requires that clinicians recognize and rapidly treat patients at risk for this infection. although other hemolytic processes are in the differential diagnosis of these events, the presence of high fever, chills, and rapidly positive blood cultures may help narrow the diagnosis. most cases of c. perfringens ...201627774325
fulminant sepsis caused by clostridium perfringens. 201627765298
antimicrobial activity of lactobacillus strains of chicken origin against bacterial pathogenss.this study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin. among 90 isolates 14 lactobacillus species were distinguished using maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 16s-ardra. the dominant species was l. salivarius (34.4%), followed by l. johnsonii (23.3%), l. crispatus (13.3%) and l. reuteri (11.1%). all lactobacilli were screened for antimicrobial activity against wild-type strains of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and clost ...201627762430
the crystal structure of clostridium perfringens slem, a muramidase involved in cortical hydrolysis during spore germination.clostridium perfringens spores employ two peptidoglycan lysins to degrade the spore cortex during germination. slec initiates cortex hydrolysis to generate cortical fragments that are degraded further by the muramidase slem. here, we present the crystal structure of the c. perfringens s40 slem protein at 1.8 å. slem comprises an n-terminal catalytic domain that adopts an irregular α/β-barrel fold that is common to gh25 family lysozymes, plus a c-terminal fibronectin type iii domain. the latter i ...201627488615
ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system.a batch chlorination system was optimized for on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system (owrs) and its efficiency was evaluated for reducing viruses, protozoa, bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in cold and warm seasons.201627588570
crystal structure of the adp-ribosylating component of bec, the binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens.binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens (bec), consisting of the components beca and becb, was recently identified as a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. although the detailed mechanism of cell intoxication by bec remains to be defined, beca shows both nad(+)-glycohydrolase and actin adp-ribosyltransferase activities in the presence of nad(+). in this study, we determined the first crystal structure of beca in its apo-state and in com ...201627751850
adult necrotising enterocolitis-pig-bel disease: a pacific disease in london.adult necrotising enterocolitis secondary clostridium perfringens type c-pig-bel disease-is rarely seen outside of pacific populations, with the highest incidence being in papau new guinea. we present the first reported case of pig-bel disease in a previously well patient without diabetes following food poisoning since 1996. in this case, the enterotoxin-induced disease necessitated emergency laparotomy and bowel resection following the failure of medical treatment and worsening septic shock. we ...201627793875
non-toxic perfringolysin o and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal clostridium perfringens type a-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. recently the involvement of perfringolysin o and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. in the current study, the perfringolysin o derivative pfo(l491d), alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative gst-cpa247-370, was evaluated ...201627810219
plasma membrane origin of the steroidogenic pool of cholesterol used in hormone-induced acute steroid formation in leydig cells.hormone-sensitive acute steroid biosynthesis requires trafficking of cholesterol from intracellular sources to the inner mitochondrial membrane. the precise location of the intracellular cholesterol and its transport mechanism are uncertain. perfringolysin o, produced by clostridium perfringens, binds cholesterol. its fourth domain (d4) retains cholesterol-binding properties but not cytotoxicity. we transfected steroidogenic ma-10 cells of mouse leydig cell tumors with the mcherry-d4 plasmid. ta ...201627815506
genomic diversity of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from food and human sources.clostridium perfringens is a serious pathogen which causes enteric diseases in domestic animals and food poisoning in humans. spores can survive cooking processes and play an important role in the possible onset of disease. in this study, rapd-pcr and rep-pcr were used to examine the genetic diversity of 49 isolates of c. perfringens type a from three different sources. the results of rapd-pcr revealed the most genetic diversity among poultry isolates, while human isolates showed the least genet ...201627822244
fecal microbiota in pouchitis and ulcerative colitis.to investigate the changes in microbiota in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) and pouchitis using genomic technology.201627833384
in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on clostridium perfringens versus bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta.clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis is generally controlled by antibiotics. however, because of increasing antibiotic resistance, other antibacterial agents are required, preferably ones that do not affect the beneficial intestinal microbiota of the host. this study evaluated the in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) on c. perfringens vs. bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta. prior to the experiments, the minimum inhibitory ...201627936245
a canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: a double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study.a double-blind placebo-controlled intervention study on 60 dogs recruited from a pool of canine patients visiting a veterinary practice and diagnosed with acute diarrhea was conducted. the dogs received in randomized manner either a sour-milk product containing three canine-derived lactobacillus sp. probiotics in combination of lactobacillus fermentum vet 9a, l. rhamnosus vet 16a, and l. plantarum vet 14a (2×10(9)cfu/ml), or placebo. stool consistency, general well-being, and the numbers of spec ...201627938673
the adherent abilities of clostridium perfringens strains are critical for the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis of poultry is an emerging disease of substantial economic importance, but aspects of the pathogenesis of this multi-factorial disease are still unclear. we recently demonstrated that the ability of avian strains of the causative bacterium, clostridium perfringens, to bind to specific collagen types correlated strongly with their virulence and we postulated that binding of the pathogen to collagen types iv and v and gelatin may involve the putative adhesin-encoding gene cnaa, w ...201627938683
enforcement of science-using a clostridium perfringens outbreak investigation to take legal action.we report an outbreak of clostridium perfringens in a care home in north east england.201625972386
nitrate salts suppress sporulation and production of enterotoxin in clostridium perfringens strain nctc8239.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of food-borne illness in humans. ingested vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and in the process produce c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of food-borne illness, the molecules triggering/inhibiting sporulation are still largely unknown. it has previously been reported by our group that sporulation is induced in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 co-cultured with caco- ...201627594514
water sources in a zoological park harbor genetically diverse strains of clostridium perfringens type a with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole.the presence of clostridium perfringens in water is generally regarded as an indicator of fecal contamination, and exposure to waterborne spores is considered a possible source of infection for animals. we assessed the presence and genetic diversity of c. perfringens in water sources in a zoological park located in madrid (spain). a total of 48 water samples from 24 different sources were analyzed, and recovered isolates were toxinotyped, genotyped by fluorophore-enhanced repetitive polymerase c ...201627115499
role of pannexin 1 in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-caused cell death.beta-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is a key virulence factor of fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. this toxin belongs to a family of β-pore-forming toxins (pfts). we reported recently that the atp-gated p2x7 receptor interacts with beta-toxin. the atp-release channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is an important contributor to p2x7 receptor signaling. hence, we investigated the involvement of panx1 in beta-toxin-caused cell death.201627720686
a case of nontraumatic gas gangrene in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is widely used in neuroscience and regenerative medicine research. however, information concerning common marmoset disorders, particularly infectious diseases, is scarce. here, we report a case of a female common marmoset that died suddenly due to gas gangrene. the animal presented with gaseous abdominal distention at postmortem, and clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from several tissues. vacuoles, a gram-positive bacteremia and intravascular hemolysis were observed ...201626156080
use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of clostridium perfringens toxoid in rabbits.the present study assessed the efficacy of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) toxoid and/or allicin - as feed additive - in rabbits for preventing or minimizing the severity of infection with locally isolated strain of c. perfringens type a. serum biochemical, immunological and pathological investigations were also done. one hundred rabbits of 6 weeks of age were divided into five equal groups (g1-g5). g1 were kept as normal control. g2 was allocated for c. perfringens type a infection. g3 ...201626973070
transcriptional profile during deoxycholate-induced sporulation in a clostridium perfringens isolate causing foodborne illness.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of foodborne illness (fbi) in humans. vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor c. perfringens enterotoxin. although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fbi, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (dca)-induced sporulation in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 cocultured with hu ...201626969700
effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and immunoglobulins in broilers infected by clostridium perfringens type a.avian necrotic enteritis (ne) induced by clostridium perfringens is a disease that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. the pathogenesis of ne is complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. stress is one of the main limiting factors in poultry production. although several studies emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on immunoglobulins and on g ...201626964716
the gut-brain axis interactions during heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis.the gut-brain axis is known to modulate behavioral and immune responses in animals; evidence supporting this modulation in chickens, however, is elusive. here, we analyzed the effects of heat stress and/orclostridium perfringens (cp) infection on behavior, intestinal morphology, brain activity, and corticosterone serum levels in chickens. broilers were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: a naïve group (n), a thioglycolate group (t), a thioglycolate heat-stressed group (t/hs35), an infected gro ...201626957631
the role of host genetic factors and host immunity in necrotic enteritis.the increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. the rising incidence of clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. high-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from ne-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. therefore, a ...201626957203
effect of yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) on growth performance and local innate immune response of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.this study evaluated the effect of yeast-derived products on growth performance, gut lesion score, intestinal population of clostridium perfringens, and local innate immunity of broiler chickens challenged with c. perfringens. one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments providing six replicate pens of 55 birds each per treatment. dietary treatments consisted of control diets without and with c. perfringens challenge, and diets containing bacitracin methylene d ...201626956683
quantitative microbial risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in natural and processed cheeses.this study evaluated the risk of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) foodborne illness from natural and processed cheeses. microbial risk assessment in this study was conducted according to four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. the hazard identification of c. perfringens on cheese was identified through literature, and dose response models were utilized for hazard characterization of the pathogen. for exposure assessment, ...201626954204
heat production and energy efficiency of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry is the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic losses. the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an experimental challenge with necrotic enteritis on respiration and heat production in birds pretreated with dietary acylated starch or antibiotics (ab) zinc bacitracin (50 mg/kg) plus salinomycin (60 mg/kg). in total, 48 1-day-old ross 308 male broilers were assigned to floor pens until day 10. on day 11, birds were randomly placed in ...201626953943
association of beta2-positive clostridium perfringens type a with focal duodenal necrosis in egg-laying chickens in the united states.focal duodenal necrosis (fdn) is a poorly understood intestinal disease of egg layers, and has been associated with drops in egg production and decreased egg weights. the etiology of this disease is still unknown, but the condition has been associated with clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens. in order to investigate the etiology, duodenal samples were taken from hens with fdn. the hens originated from table egg layer farms in three states. the samples were examined by histopathology, ...201626953942
pathology in practice. clostridium perfringens. 201626953912
molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased turkeys in italy.one hundred and six clostridium perfringens field strains, isolated from diseased turkeys in italy between 2006 and 2015, were toxinotyped by polymerase chain reaction. strains were derived from intestines (87), livers (17) and subcutaneous tissues (2). in addition to the four major toxins, strains were also screened for netb toxin, enterotoxin and beta2 toxin encoding genes. the intestinal gross lesions of turkeys with enteric disorders were statistically studied with respect to the presence of ...201626950690
poultry management: a useful tool for the control of necrotic enteritis in poultry.the intestinal ecosystem of poultry has been inevitably changed as a result of the ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. the re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry, which, in clinical form, causes high mortality and in subclinical forms, affects growth and feed conversion. it is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in modern broiler flocks in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. necrotic enteriti ...201626950433
microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.an outbreak of necrotic enteritis (ne) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic clostridium perfringens. examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as fusarium mycotoxins in feed and eimeria infections. recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota comp ...201626950294
genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of clostridium perfringens: a review.the investigation of genomic variation between clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry has been an important tool to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of strain pathogenicity and the epidemiology of virulent and avirulent strains within the context of necrotic enteritis (ne). the earliest studies used whole genome profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to differentiate isolates and determine their relative levels of relatedness. dna sequencing has been u ...201626949841
vaginal and rectal clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens presence among women in the united states.to characterize the presence of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in the vagina and rectum, identify correlates of presence, and describe strain diversity and presence of key toxins.201626942366
rearing room affects the non-dominant chicken cecum microbiota, while diet affects the dominant microbiota.the combined effect of environment and diet in shaping the gut microbiota remains largely unknown. this knowledge, however, is important for animal welfare and safe food production. for these reasons, we determined the effect of experimental units on the chicken cecum microbiota for a full factorial experiment where we tested the combined effect of room, diet, and antimicrobial treatment. by illumina deep sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, we found that diet mainly affected the dominant microbiota ...201626942187
timing of predisposing factors is important in necrotic enteritis models.since the ban of antimicrobial growth promotors, the importance of necrotic enteritis in broilers increases. reliable and reproducible infection models are required for pathogenesis studies and product screening. two major predisposing factors in necrotic enteritis models are fishmeal supplementation to feed and eimeria infection. however, many unsolved issues regarding these predisposing factors still exist. therefore, the influence of timepoint of fishmeal administration (onset on day 8 or day ...201626927291
necrotic enteritis predisposing factors in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis in chickens develops as a result of infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and the presence of predisposing factors. predisposing factors include elements that directly change the physical properties of the gut, either damaging the epithelial surface, inducing mucus production, or changing gut transit times; factors that disrupt the gut microbiota; and factors that alter the immune status of birds. in the past research into necrotic enteritis predisposing ...201626926926
mechanism of action of a novel recombinant peptide, mp1102, against clostridium perfringens type c.this work is the first to report the antibacterial characteristics and antibacterial mechanisms of mp1102, which is a variant of nz2114, against pathogenic clostridium perfringens. mp1102 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against c. perfringens strains cvcc 61, cvcc 1163, and cvcc 2032 at a low minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.91 μm. mp1102 showed anti-c. perfringens activity over a wide ph range of 2.0 and 10.0, high thermal stability from 20 to 80 °c, and remarkable resistance ...201626921181
clostridium perfringens and its arsenal of toxins. 201626917838
beta lactamase producing clostridium perfringens bacteremia in an elderly man with acute pancreatitis.clostridium perfringens bacteremia is associated with adverse outcomes. known risk factors include chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal disease. we present a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, vomiting, and abdominal pain. exam revealed tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, distended abdomen, and cold extremities. he required intubation and aggressive resuscitation for septic shock. laboratory data showed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney i ...201626904307
diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation.common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. we assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (dc) and nondarkening (ndc) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (bd)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis (2% dss wt/vol, 7 days). ...201626878790
an 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain.an 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. on physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°c. the abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. ct scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. bile cultures r ...201626869625
plasmid characterization and chromosome analysis of two netf+ clostridium perfringens isolates associated with foal and canine necrotizing enteritis.the recent discovery of a novel beta-pore-forming toxin, netf, which is strongly associated with canine and foal necrotizing enteritis should improve our understanding of the role of type a clostridium perfringens associated disease in these animals. the current study presents the complete genome sequence of two netf-positive strains, jfp55 and jfp838, which were recovered from cases of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, respectively. genome sequencing was done us ...201626859667
a novel hsp70 inhibitor prevents cell intoxication with the actin adp-ribosylating clostridium perfringens iota toxin.hsp70 family proteins are folding helper proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular pathways. members of this family interact with key factors in signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle control, and stress response. here, we developed the first hsp70 low molecular weight inhibitor specifically targeting the peptide binding site of human hsp70. after demonstrating that the inhibitor modulates the hsp70 function in the cell, we used the inhibitor to show for the first time that the str ...201626839186
netf-positive clostridium perfringens in neonatal foal necrotising enteritis in kentucky. 201626829965
hepatic abscess-associated clostridial bacteraemia presenting with intravascular haemolysis and severe hypertension.clostridium perfringens bacteraemia is a potentially fatal condition, and its early identification is paramount to maximise chances of survival. prompt recognition of intravascular haemolysis, a known complication of c. perfringens bacteraemia, can help guide clinical decision-making before microbiology data becomes available. we present a novel finding of severe hypertension in a fatal case of clostridial bacteraemia with massive haemolysis. a 58-year-old man with no known medical history prese ...201626823354
experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review.this review discusses key factors important in successful experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis (ne) in chickens, and how these factors can be adjusted to affect the severity of the lesions induced. the critical bacterial factor is the need to use virulent, netb-positive, strains of clostridium perfringens; disease severity can be enhanced by using netb-positive c. perfringens strains that are also tpel-positive, by the use of young rather than old broth cultures, and by the number of ...201626813025
the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review.this review summarizes advances in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis of chickens caused by netb-positive clostridium perfringens. the discovery of netb as the essential toxin trigger for the disease was followed by recognition that it forms part of a large plasmid-encoded 42 kb pathogenicity locus (neloc-1). while the locus is critical for toxin production, it likely has additional functions related to colonization and degradation of the mucus barrier, which are essential both ...201626813023
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin induces rapid cell necrosis.clostridium perfringens delta-toxin is a β-pore-forming toxin and a putative pathogenic agent of c. perfringens types b and c. however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of delta-toxin remains unclear. here, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by delta-toxin in five cell lines (a549, a431, mdck, vero, and caco-2). all cell lines were susceptible to delta-toxin. the toxin caused rapid atp depletion and swelling of the cells. delta-toxin bound and formed oligomers predominantly in pla ...201626807591
direct dynamic kinetic analysis and computer simulation of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey during cooling.this research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. the kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. the models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. the results showed that the residual err ...201626801359
generation and characterization of recombinant bivalent fusion protein r-cpib for immunotherapy against clostridium perfringens beta and iota toxemia.clostridium perfringens beta (cpb) and iota (cpi) toxaemias result in some of the most lethal forms of haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis and sudden death syndrome affecting especially neonates. while cpb enterotoxemia is one of the most common forms of clostridial enterotoxemia, cpi enterotoxemia though putatively considered to be rare is an emerging cause of concern. the similarities in clinical manifestation, gross and histopathology findings of both types of toxaemias coupled to the infrequ ...201626774054
case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea.diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ...201626754836
multidrug resistance in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand.clostridium perfringens causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets, thereby affecting commercial swine farming. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize antimicrobial resistance in c. perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. a total of 260 rectal swab samples were collected from 13 farms and were subjected to c. perfringens isolation. a total of 148 samples were pcr-positive for c. perfringens toxin genes, from which 122 were recovered. all i ...201626752714
occurrence of human-associated bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution.this was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic bacteroidetes faecal markers (gebam) compared with iso-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) from austria and germany were studied in de ...201626745175
variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic netb variant.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of netb (netb w262a) and the c-terminal fragment of c. perfringens alpha-toxin (cpa247-370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. immunized birds ...201626743457
bacterial quality and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in edible offal from slaughterhouses in korea.edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. however, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the republic of korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella, clostridium ...201626735045
implications of decreased nitrite concentrations on clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of ready-to-eat meats.increased popularity of natural and organic processed meats can be attributed to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods, including processed meats. to meet this consumer demand, meat processors have begun using celery juice concentrate in place of sodium nitrite to create products labeled as no-nitrate or no-nitrite-added meat products while maintaining the characteristics unique to conventionally cured processed meats. because of flavor limitations, natural cures with celery co ...201626735043
predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage.recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ...201626735039
detailed characterization of the o-linked glycosylation of the neuropilin-1 c/mam-domain.neuropilins are involved in angiogenesis and neuronal development. the membrane proximal domain of neuropilin-1, called c or mam domain based on its sequence conservation, has been implicated in neuropilin oligomerization required for its function. the c/mam domain of human neuropilin-1 has been recombinantly expressed to allow for investigation of its propensity to engage in molecular interactions with other protein or carbohydrate components on a cell surface. we found that the c/mam domain wa ...201626059692
changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum.the changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16s rdna gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. the experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. after gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. after fermentation, clostridium butyrium and a sequ ...201626492174
identification of a bacteria-specific binding protein from the sequenced bacterial genome.novel and specific recognition elements are of central importance in the development of a pathogen detection method. here, we describe a simple method for identifying the cell-wall binding domain (cbd) from a sequenced bacterial genome employing homology search for phage lysin genes. a putative cbd (cpf369_cbd) was identified from a genome of clostridium perfringens type strain atcc 13124, and its function was studied with the cbdgfp fusion protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. fl ...201626528533
evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens.in this study, three full-scale, operational stormwater harvesting systems located in melbourne, australia were evaluated with respect to water yields; pathogen removal performance by analysis of native surrogate data (escherichiacoli, somatic coliphages and clostridium perfringens); and potential human health risk associated with exposures to faecal pathogens using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). the water yield assessment confirmed variation between design and measured yields. f ...201626615487
diversity of clostridium perfringens isolates from various sources and prevalence of conjugative plasmids.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen, causing food poisoning and other mild to severe infections in humans and animals. some strains of c. perfringens contain conjugative plasmids, which may carry antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. we studied genomic and plasmid diversity of 145 c. perfringens type a strains isolated from soils, foods, chickens, clinical samples, and domestic animals (porcine, bovine and canine), from different geographic areas in the united states between 199 ...201626608548
integration of an innovative biological treatment with physical or chemical disinfection for wastewater reuse.in the present paper, the effectiveness of a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (sbbgr) and its integration with different disinfection strategies (uv irradiation, peracetic acid) for producing an effluent suitable for agricultural use was evaluated. the plant treated raw domestic sewage, and its performances were evaluated in terms of the removal efficiency of a wide group of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. the sbbgr resulted really efficient in removing suspended so ...201626584070
an epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with clostridium perfringens, north east of england, 2012-2014.an anecdotal increase in c. perfringens outbreaks was observed in the north east of england during 2012-2014. we describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. all culture-positive (>105 c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the north east health protection team from 1 january 2012 to 31 december 2014 were included. epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle ...201626567801
effect of clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) is clostridium perfringens (cp), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control ne disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in cp strains. identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal cp colonization is crucial. two experiments were conducted to determine chan ...201626567176
growth and physiology of clostridium perfringens wild-type and δazoc knockout: an azo dye exposure study.clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic micro-organism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce the azoreductase enzyme azoc, an nad(p)h-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes to aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic in nature. a significant amount of work has been completed that focuses on the activity of this enzyme; however, few studies have been completed that focus on the physiology of azo dye reduction. dye reduction studies coupled wi ...201626566621
tcpm: a novel relaxase that mediates transfer of large conjugative plasmids from clostridium perfringens.conjugative transfer of toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in clostridium perfringens is mediated by the tcp conjugation locus. surprisingly, neither a relaxase gene nor an origin of transfer (orit) has been identified on these plasmids, which are typified by the 47 kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3. the tcpm gene (previously called intp) encodes a potential tyrosine recombinase that was postulated to be an atypical relaxase. mutagenesis and complementation studies showed that tcpm w ...201626560080
comparison of vaginal microbial community structure in healthy and endometritis dairy cows by pcr-dgge and real-time pcr.the normal vaginal microflora provides protection against infections of the reproductive tract. previous studies have focused on the isolation and screening of probiotic strains from the vagina of cows; however, the vaginal microflora of postpartum cows is poorly characterized. the present study was conducted to evaluate and characterize the vaginal microflora of healthy postpartum cows in relation to postpartum cows with endometritis by using pcr followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophore ...201626551525
septic arthritis due to clostridium ramosum.clostridium species are anaerobic bacilli that are rarely reported as etiologic agents of infectious arthritis. previous cases of arthritis caused by clostridium ramosum have not been reported. we describe the first 2 cases of c. ramosum arthritis.201626546506
physiological role of fold (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), fcha (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of escherichia coli.most organisms possess bifunctional fold [5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-ch2-thf) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate nadph and 10-formyltetrahdrofolate (10-cho-thf) required in various metabolic steps. in addition, some organisms including clostridium perfringens possess another protein, fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-cho-thf. here, we show that unlike the bifunctional fold of escherichia coli (ecofold), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, c ...201626531681
in vitro fermentation of xylooligosaccharides produced from miscanthus × giganteus by human fecal microbiota.purified xylooligosaccharides from miscanthus × giganteus (m×g xos) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. a commercial xos product and pectin were used as controls. decreases in ph by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in m×g xos, commercial xos, a ...201626648520
presence and characterization of pig group a and c rotaviruses in feces of belgian diarrheic suckling piglets.the importance of group a and c rotaviruses (rva and rvc) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the belgian suckling pig population. obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. in the present study, vi ...201626677793
cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124.α-l-fucosidases are key enzymes for the degradation of intestinal glycans by gut microbes. in this work, three putative α-l-fucosidases (afc1, afc2, and afc3) genes from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. afc1 had the α-l-fucosidase domain of glycoside hydrolase (gh) 29 family but showed no enzyme activity toward all the substrates examined. the putative acid/base residue of afc1, ser205, was replaced by a glutamic acid which is conserved in gh29-b ...201626663202
selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.we developed a novel selection method based on an inherently high and low phenotype of pro-inflammatory mediators and produced "high" and "low" line chickens. we have shown high line birds are more resistant to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and eimeria tenella compared to the low line. clostridium perfringens is the fourth leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illness, and is also an economically important poultry pathogen and known etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis (ne). th ...201626706357
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clostridium species isolated from saudi arabia.the aim of this study was to identify different clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the ha'il region of saudi arabia in september 2014 using maldi-tof-ms. clostridium spp. were identified by bruker maldi-tof-ms and compared with vitek 2. the confirmation of the presence of different clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. in this study, 144 clostridium spp. were isolated. among these specimens, maldi-tof-ms could identify 88.8% (12 ...201626991272
efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.the efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a clostridium perfringens (cp) feed inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and ...201626981841
pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ...201626981703
bioassay-guided chromatographic isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from artemisia annua l. that inhibit clostridium perfringens growth.clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis leading to significant losses in the poultry industry. dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts of artemisia annua (asteraceae) exhibited activity against c. perfringens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 185 and 270 μg/ml, respectively. bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts gave several active fractions (mic between 75 and 600 μg/ml). investigations of the most active fractions resulted in the ...201625902977
isolation and characterization of a new [fefe]-hydrogenase from clostridium perfringens.this paper reports the first characterization of an [fefe]-hydrogenase from a clostridium perfringens strain previously isolated in our laboratory from a pilot-scale bio-hydrogen plant that efficiently produces h2 from waste biomasses. on the basis of sequence analysis, the enzyme is a monomer formed by four domains hosting various iron-sulfur centres involved in electron transfer and the catalytic center h-cluster. after recombinant expression in escherichia coli, the purified protein catalyzes ...201625851509
effects of digestate on soil chemical and microbiological properties: a comparative study with compost and vermicompost.anaerobic digestion has become increasingly popular as an alternative for recycling wastes from different origins. consequently, biogas residues, most of them with unknown chemical and biological composition, accrue in large quantities and their application into soil has become a widespread agricultural practise. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of digestate application on the chemical and microbiological properties of an arable soil in comparison with untreated manure, compost ...201626476314
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