Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| fucosyltransferase 2 non-secretor and low secretor status predicts severe outcomes in premature infants. | to investigate secretor gene fucosyltransferase 2 (fut2) polymorphism and secretor phenotype in relation to outcomes of prematurity. | 2011 | 21256510 |
| advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. | the research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. the purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future ... | 2011 | 22346620 |
| anti-gq1b-negative miller fisher syndrome with acute areflexic mydriasis and cholinergic supersensitivity. | miller fisher syndrome is a rare variant of guillain-barré syndrome and it is characterised by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. pupillomotor involvement occurs in approximately half of the patients with the disorder. the authors report a patient with acute areflexic mydriasis, external ophthalmoplegia, areflexia, and ataxia. although the pupils were unreactive to light and near stimuli, administration of 0.1% pilocarpine resulted in marked miosis, suggesting cholinergic supersensitivity. ... | 2011 | 27956933 |
| enteric pathogen exploitation of the microbiota-generated nutrient environment of the gut. | residing within the intestine is a large community of commensal organisms collectively termed the microbiota. this community generates a complex nutrient environment by breaking down indigestible food products into metabolites that are used by both the host and the microbiota. both the invading intestinal pathogen and the microbiota compete for these metabolites, which can shape both the composition of the flora, as well as susceptibility to infection. after infection is established, pathogen me ... | 2011 | 21215681 |
| xenobiotic efflux in bacteria and fungi: a genomics update. | 2011 | 21692371 | |
| the amazing transglycosylation activity of endo-β-n-acetylglucosaminidases. | major advances have been made in exploring the transglycosylation activity of endo-β-n-acetylglucosaminidases (engases) for synthetic purpose. the exploration of synthetic sugar oxazolines as donor substrates for the engase-catalyzed transglycosylation has expanded the substrate availability and significantly enhanced the overall transglycosylation efficiency. on the other hand, site-directed mutagenesis in combination with activity screening has led to the discovery of the first generation enga ... | 2011 | 25309039 |
| foodborne, food related illness and role of the healthcare professionals. | 2011 | 24834147 | |
| recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of microscopic colitis. | microscopic colitis, comprising collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, is a common cause of chronic diarrhea. it is characterized clinically by chronic watery diarrhea and a macroscopically normal colonic mucosa where diagnostic histopathological features are seen on microscopic examination. the annual incidence of each disorder is 4-6/100,000 inhabitants, with a peak incidence in individuals 60-70 years old and a noticeable female predominance in collagenous colitis. the etiology is unkno ... | 2011 | 24713787 |
| a ruptured infected mesenteric cyst diagnosed on laparoscopy for suspected appendicitis. | lower abdominal pain of acute onset in young women with a negative pregnancy test is a frequent reason for referral to the general surgical team and the differential diagnoses include acute appendicitis, complicated ovarian cysts and pelvic inflammatory disease. intestinal and mesenteric cystic disease is a rare entity and less than half of cases present acutely. we present a case of a 25-year-old woman who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for acute lower abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a ... | 2011 | 24713757 |
| comparative analysis of cultural isolation and pcr based assay for detection of campylobacter jejuni in food and faecal samples. | in the present study, the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on mapa gene of c. jejuni was tested for detection of campylobacter jejuni in naturally infected as well as spiked faecal and food samples of human and animal origin. simultaneously, all the samples were subjected to the cultural isolation of organism and biochemical characterization. the positive samples resulted in the amplification of a dna fragment of size ~589 bp in pcr assay whereas the absence of such amplicon in ... | 2011 | 24031619 |
| mathematical modeling of the transmission and control of foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance at preharvest. | foodborne diseases are a significant health-care and economic burden. most foodborne pathogens are enteric pathogens harbored in the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals. understanding the transmission of foodborne pathogens and the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance at the farm level is necessary to design effective control strategies at preharvest. mathematical models improve our understanding of pathogen dynamics by providing a theoretical framework in which factors affecting transmi ... | 2011 | 21043837 |
| critical appraisal of irrational drug combinations: a call for awareness in undergraduate medical students. | 2011 | 21701649 | |
| phages in nature. | bacteriophages or phages are the most abundant organisms in the biosphere and they are a ubiquitous feature of prokaryotic existence. a bacteriophage is a virus which infects a bacterium. archaea are also infected by viruses, whether these should be referred to as 'phages' is debatable, but they are included as such in the scope this article. phages have been of interest to scientists as tools to understand fundamental molecular biology, as vectors of horizontal gene transfer and drivers of bact ... | 2011 | 21687533 |
| human isolates of cronobacter sakazakii bind efficiently to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro to induce monolayer permeability and apoptosis. | cronobacter sakazakii (cs) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in infants. this pathogen has been implicated in the outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) with associated rates of high mortality and morbidity. in this study, we compared the abilities of cs strains isolated from human and environmental sources to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis. | 2011 | 22221600 |
| human isolates of cronobacter sakazakii bind efficiently to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro to induce monolayer permeability and apoptosis. | cronobacter sakazakii (cs) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in infants. this pathogen has been implicated in the outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) with associated rates of high mortality and morbidity. in this study, we compared the abilities of cs strains isolated from human and environmental sources to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis. | 2011 | 22221600 |
| defining the causes of diarrhea: novel approaches. | diarrheal disease causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, defining the microbiologic causes are challenging due to the large number of potential enteropathogens that require testing, insensitivity of existing conventional methods, the frequent occurrence of mixed infections, and high rates of background carriage in many communities. | 2011 | 21844805 |
| cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages. | cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a heterotrimeric ab-type genotoxin produced by several clinically important gram-negative mucocutaneous bacterial pathogens. irrespective of the bacterial species of origin, cdt causes characteristic and irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a broad range of cultured mammalian cell lineages. the active subunit cdtb has structural homology with the phosphodiesterase family of enzymes including mammalian dnase i, and alone is necessary and sufficient ... | 2011 | 21565933 |
| a comparison between hippurate hydrolysis and multiplex pcr for differentiating campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni. | species identification is important for epidemiological, clinical and treatment purposes. the aim of this study was to find out whether hippurate hydrolysis is a reliable test for differentiating between campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni. to achieve this, hippurate hydrolysis test was compared with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) for their ability to speciate c. coli and c. jejuni. eighteen campylobacter strains from poultry samples were used for this study. the results from ... | 2011 | 24575212 |
| microbial efflux pump inhibition: tactics and strategies. | traditional antimicrobials are increasingly suffering from the emergence of multidrug resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. to overcome these deficiencies, a range of novel approaches to control microbial infections are under investigation as potential alternative treatments. multidrug efflux is a key target of these efforts. efflux mechanisms are broadly recognized as major components of resistance to many classes of chemotherapeutic agents as well as antimicrobials. efflux occurs due to ... | 2011 | 21470111 |
| Application of the modular approach to an in-house validation study of real-time PCR methods for the detection and serogroup determination of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli. | European Commission regulation 2073/2005 on the microbiological criteria for food requires that Escherichia coli is monitored as an indicator of hygienic conditions. Since verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) strains often cause food-borne infections by the consumption of raw food, the Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended their monitoring in food as well. In particular, VTEC strains belonging to serogroups such as O26, O103, O111, O145, and O157 ... | 2011 | 21856838 |
| Ribosomal mutations as the main cause of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. | The aim of this study was to examine macrolide resistance mutations in Campylobacter species. In 76 strains studied, point mutation A to G at position 2059 of the 23S rRNA gene was detected in 30 of the 33 erythromycin-resistant strains. An amino acid insertion in the ribosomal protein L22 was found in one resistant strain without a 23S rRNA mutation. The A2059G mutation is the main cause of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter species. | 2011 | 21911571 |
| Molecular Techniques in Ecohealth Research Toolkit: Facilitating Estimation of Aggregate Gastroenteritis Burden in an Irrigated Periurban Landscape. | Assessment of microbial hazards associated with certain environmental matrices, livelihood strategies, and food handling practices are constrained by time-consuming conventional microbiological techniques that lead to health risk assessments of narrow geographic or time scope, often targeting very few pathogens. Health risk assessment based on one or few indicator organisms underestimates true disease burden due a number of coexisting causative pathogens. Here, we employed molecular techniques i ... | 2011 | 22146856 |
| CsrA-FliW interaction governs flagellin homeostasis and a checkpoint on flagellar morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis. | CsrA is a widely distributed RNA binding protein that regulates translation initiation and/or mRNA stability of target transcripts. CsrA activity is antagonized by sRNA(s) containing multiple CsrA binding sites in several Gram-negative bacterial species. Here we discover FliW, the first protein antagonist of CsrA activity that constitutes a partner switching mechanism to control flagellin synthesis in the Gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis. Following the flagellar assembly checkpoint of ho ... | 2011 | 21895793 |
| roles of rpon in the resistance of campylobacter jejuni under various stress conditions. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading foodborne pathogen worldwide. despite the fastidious nature of c. jejuni growth, increasing numbers of human campylobacteriosis suggest that c. jejuni may possess unique mechanisms to survive under various stress conditions. c. jejuni possesses only three sigma factors (flia, rpod, and rpon) and lacks stress-defense sigma factors. since flia and rpod are dedicated to flagella synthesis and housekeeping, respectively, in this study, we investigated the role of rp ... | 2011 | 21939540 |
| motility and chemotaxis in campylobacter and helicobacter . | flagellar motility of campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori influences host colonization by promoting migration through viscous milieus such as gastrointestinal mucus. this review explores mechanisms c. jejuni and h. pylori employ to control flagellar biosynthesis and chemotactic responses. these microbes tightly control the activities of σ(54) and σ(28) to mediate ordered flagellar gene expression. in addition to phase-variable and posttranslational mechanisms, flagellar biosynthesis is ... | 2011 | 21939377 |
| epidemiologic characteristics of human campylobacteriosis in the county primorsko-goranska (croatia), 2003-2007. | the aim of the study was to investigate campylobacteriosis incidence in the county primorsko-goranska (croatia) between 2003 and 2007 and to find out possible connection with environmental factors (the average monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation). the data (number of stool samples examined, age and sex distribution of patients, monthly distribution of isolates and distribution of isolates according to the species) from the laboratory for diagnostics of enteric infections of the t ... | 2011 | 22053566 |
| Biogenesis of cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. | The cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-Cox) constitute the second most abundant cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) group after the mitochondrial-like aa(3)-type Cox. They are present in bacteria only, and are considered to represent a primordial innovation in the domain of Eubacteria due to their phylogenetic distribution and their similarity to nitric oxide (NO) reductases. They are crucial for the onset of many anaerobic biological processes, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis or nitrogen fixati ... | 2011 | 22079199 |
| Biogenesis of cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus. | The cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-Cox) constitute the second most abundant cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) group after the mitochondrial-like aa(3)-type Cox. They are present in bacteria only, and are considered to represent a primordial innovation in the domain of Eubacteria due to their phylogenetic distribution and their similarity to nitric oxide (NO) reductases. They are crucial for the onset of many anaerobic biological processes, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis or nitrogen fixati ... | 2011 | 22079199 |
| energy complexes are apparently associated with the switch-motor complex of bacterial flagella. | recently, the switch-motor complex of bacterial flagella was found to be associated with a number of non-flagellar proteins, which, in spite of not being known as belonging to the chemotaxis system, affect the function of the flagella. the observation that one of these proteins, fumarate reductase, is essentially involved in electron transport under anaerobic conditions raised the question of whether other energy-linked enzymes are associated with the switch-motor complex as well. here, we ident ... | 2011 | 22210351 |
| energy complexes are apparently associated with the switch-motor complex of bacterial flagella. | recently, the switch-motor complex of bacterial flagella was found to be associated with a number of non-flagellar proteins, which, in spite of not being known as belonging to the chemotaxis system, affect the function of the flagella. the observation that one of these proteins, fumarate reductase, is essentially involved in electron transport under anaerobic conditions raised the question of whether other energy-linked enzymes are associated with the switch-motor complex as well. here, we ident ... | 2011 | 22210351 |
| development of a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli. | a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) method was developed for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli by using specific primers. counts of the enteric pathogens spiked in human stools were quantified at the lower detection limit of 10(3) cells /g of stools by rt-qpcr, in marked contrast with conventional quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) at the detection limit of ... | 2011 | 22146006 |
| iron storage proteins are essential for the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis in thp-1 macrophages and the guinea pig model of infection. | iron is one of the crucial elements required for the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, excess free iron becomes toxic for the cells because it catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen radicals, leading to oxidative damage. hence, it is essential for the pathogen to have the ability to store intracellular iron in an iron-rich environment and utilize it under iron depletion. m. tuberculosis has two iron storage proteins, namely bfra (rv1876; a bacterioferritin) and bfrb (rv3841; a ... | 2011 | 22101841 |
| from farm to fork follow-up of thermotolerant campylobacters throughout the broiler production chain and in human cases in a hungarian county during a ten-months period. | a study tracking thermotolerant campylobacters from the setting of the broilers throughout the whole rearing period, slaughter and sale of chicken products in five consecutive broiler rotations of the same henhouse as well as in two different other farms was conducted in a well-defined geographic area (hajdú-bihar county, hungary) between march 2006 and feb 2007. all notified cases of human campylobacteriosis in this area during the study period were also included. one hundred and one, 44, 23 an ... | 2011 | 21864930 |
| a comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) arises in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of an unidentified environmental trigger, possibly a hitherto unknown bacterial pathogen. twenty-six clinical isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis were obtained from 134 adults and 61 pediatric patients undergoing colonoscopy, of whom 69 and 29 respectively had ibd. s. wadsworthensis was initially more frequently isolated from ibd subjects, hence this comprehensive study was undertaken to elucidate its ro ... | 2011 | 22073125 |
| Improvement of Modified Charcoal-Cefoperazone-Deoxycholate Agar by Supplementation with a High Concentration of Polymyxin B for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Chicken Carcass Rinse. | Modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) was improved by supplementation with a high concentration of polymyxin B. The ability of the supplemented medium to isolate Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from chicken carcass rinse was compared to that of Campy-Cefex agar and mCCDA. Modification of mCCDA with increased polymyxin B yielded significantly (p < 0.05) better isolation rate and selectivity than those achieved on using Campy-Cefex agar and mCCDA. | 2011 | 22210208 |
| Identification of Immunogenic and Virulence associated Campylobacter jejuni Proteins. | With the aim of identifying proteins important for host interaction and virulence, we have screened an expression library of NCTC 11168 C. jejuni genes for highly immunogenic proteins. A commercial C. jejuni ORF library consisting of more than 1600 genes was transformed into the E. coli expression strain BL21 (DE3) resulting in 2304 clones. This library was subsequently screened for immunogenic proteins using antibodies raised in rabbit against a clinical isolate of C. jejuni; this resulted in 5 ... | 2011 | 22155767 |
| Protective effect of probiotics on Salmonella infectivity assessed with combined in vitro gut fermentation-cellular models. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment of probiotics with targeted anti-Salmonella activity requires suitable models accounting for both, microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions in gut environments. Here we report the combination of two original in vitro intestinal models closely mimicking the complex in vivo conditions of the large intestine. Effluents from continuous in vitro three-stage fermentation colonic models of Salmonella Typhimurium infection inoculated with immobilized child ... | 2011 | 22171685 |
| Emergence of unique variants and inter-genotype recombinants of human astroviruses infecting infants, children and adults in Kolkata, India. | Two conserved genomic fragments viz. 289bp of ORF1a and 449bp of ORF2 amplified by RT-PCR showed emergence of interesting recombinant strains representing new and novel genetic variants (n=5) within eight different genotypes of astroviruses known to date. HAstV-positive cases with ORF1a [HAstV genotype G2 or G8] and ORF2 [HAstV genotype G1, G2, or G3] were detected as sole or mixed infection among infants, children and adults in Kolkata with severe illness owing to acute gastroenteritis that req ... | 2011 | 21915361 |
| Empiric antimicrobial therapy and infectious diarrhea. Do we need local guidelines? | In the management of acute diarrhea, administration of antibiotics may be indicated. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy can shorten illness, reduce morbidity and can be life-saving in invasive infections. Emergence of microbial strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics means that treatment failures may become common. Because of changing patterns of resistance, knowledge of recent local patterns of susceptibility can guide the initial choice of antibiotics. | 2011 | 21925045 |
| simple media and conditions for inter-laboratory transport of campylobacter jejuni isolates. | background: campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. production as well as companion animals can be the infectious source for campylobacteriosis in humans. hence, epidemiological research on animal colonization, survival in food of animal origin, and human campylobacteriosis is of high priority. as such studies involve worldwide co-operations and should include further typing of isolates in reference centers, using a reliable method for transportation is esse ... | 2011 | 22029851 |
| prevalence of campylobacter species in adult crohn's disease and the preferential colonization sites of campylobacter species in the human intestine. | crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). a high prevalence of campylobacter concisus was previously detected in paediatric cd and adult uc. currently, the prevalence of c. concisus in adult cd and the preferential colonization sites of campylobacter species in the human intestine are unknown. in this study, we examined the prevalence of campylobacter species in biopsies collected from multiple anatomic sites of adult patients w ... | 2011 | 21966525 |
| Galactosaminogalactan, a new immunosuppressive polysaccharide of Aspergillus fumigatus. | A new polysaccharide secreted by the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been characterized. Carbohydrate analysis using specific chemical degradations, mass spectrometry, ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance showed that this polysaccharide is a linear heterogeneous galactosaminogalactan composed of a1-4 linked galactose and a1-4 linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues where both monosacharides are randomly distributed and where the percentage of galactose per chain vari ... | 2011 | 22102815 |
| Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to a washwater-contaminated water supply, Switzerland, 2008. | An operating error in a sewage treatment plant led to severe drinking water contamination in a well-defined district of a suburban municipality of Zurich, Switzerland. Despite the alert issued to the local population on the same day advising people not to consume the contaminated water, cases of acute gastroenteric diseases were subsequently observed. Considerable faecal contamination was detected the day after the incident in water samples taken up to 500 m from the sewage plant. In a retrospec ... | 2011 | 21976203 |
| The cinnamon-oil ingredient trans-cinnamaldehyde fails to target Campylobacter jejuni strain KC 40 in the broiler chicken cecum despite marked in vitro activity. | Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of diarrheal disease in humans worldwide, with poultry products being a major source. Therefore, strategies to decrease Campylobacter colonization during primary production might aid in reducing the number of human campylobacteriosis cases. Several plant-derived compounds have been reported to possess anti-Campylobacter properties in vitro, so they could be promising candidates to reduce Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. To t ... | 2011 | 22004822 |
| Delineation of the Pasteurellaceae-specific GbpA-family of glutathione-binding proteins. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is a glutathione auxotroph and acquires the redox-active tripeptide by import. The dedicated glutathione transporter belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter superfamily and displays more than 60% overall sequence identity with the well-studied dipeptide (Dpp) permease of Escherichia coli. The solute binding protein (SBP) that mediates glutathione transport in H. influenzae is a lipoprotein termed GbpA and is ... | 2011 | 22087650 |
| Engineered single-domain antibodies with high protease resistance and thermal stability. | The extreme pH and protease-rich environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a major obstacle facing orally-administered protein therapeutics, including antibodies. Through protein engineering, several Clostridium difficile toxin A-specific heavy chain antibody variable domains (V(H)Hs) were expressed with an additional disulfide bond by introducing Ala/Gly54Cys and Ile78Cys mutations. Mutant antibodies were compared to their wild-type counterparts with respect to expression yield, non-ag ... | 2011 | 22140551 |
| the influence of staphylococcus aureus on gut microbial ecology in an in vitro continuous culture human colonic model system. | an anaerobic three-stage continuous culture model of the human colon (gut model), which represent different anatomical areas of the large intestine, was used to study the effect of s. aureus infection of the gut on the resident faecal microbiota. studies on the development of the microbiota in the three vessels were performed and bacteria identified by culture independent fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). furtheremore, short chain fatty acids (scfa), as principal end products of gut bac ... | 2011 | 21858036 |
| caecal transcriptome analysis of colonized and non-colonized chickens within two genetic lines that differ in caecal colonization by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of human bacterial enteritis worldwide. the molecular mechanisms of the host responses of chickens to c. jejuni colonization are not well understood. we have previously found differences in c. jejuni colonization at 7-days post-inoculation (pi) between two genetic broiler lines. however, within each line, not all birds were colonized by c. jejuni (27.5% colonized in line a, and 70% in line b). therefore, the objective of the present experimen ... | 2011 | 21906100 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection and its virulence associated genes among children with moderate to severe diarrhea attended at emergency rooms in northeastern brazil. | campylobacter is an important cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. we determined the occurrence of campylobacter sp. - using culture-based methods - and c. jejuni, c. coli and some virulence associated genes (vag) - using pcr - among children aged ≤ 14 years attended at emergency rooms in northeastern brazil because of diarrhea. genomic dna was extracted directly from stool samples collected from 366 children. a survey form regarding clinical parameters was applied to caretakers. c. jejuni was de ... | 2011 | 22174372 |
| characterization of a unique modification of the flagellar rod protein flgg by the campylobacter jejuni lipid a phosphoethanolamine transferase, linking bacterial locomotion and antimicrobial peptide resistance. | gram-negative bacteria assemble complex surface structures which interface with the surrounding environment and are involved in pathogenesis. recent work in campylobacter jejuni identified a gene encoding a novel phosphoethanolamine (petn) transferase cj0256, renamed eptc, that serves a dual role in modifying the flagellar rod protein, flgg, and the lipid a domain of c. jejuni lipooligosaccharide (los) with a petn residue. in this work, we characterize the unique post-translational petn modifi ... | 2011 | 22158617 |
| dipstick test for rapid diagnosis of shigella dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and its potential use on stool samples. | we describe a test for rapid detection of s. dysenteriae 1 in bacterial cultures and in stools, at the bedside of patients. | 2011 | 21984895 |
| crystallization of a 79 kda fragment of the hook protein flge from campylobacter jejuni. | a 79 kda fragment of the bacterial flagellar hook protein flge from campylobacter jejuni was cloned, overexpressed, purified and crystallized. two different crystal forms were obtained. synchrotron x-ray diffraction data showed that the first crystal form, which diffracted to 4.9 å resolution, belonged to the tetragonal crystal system, with space group i4(1)22 and unit-cell parameters a = b = 186.2, c = 386.6 å, α = β = γ = 90°. the second crystal form diffracted to 2.5 å resolution and belonged ... | 2011 | 22139190 |
| guillain-barre syndrome presenting with sensory disturbance following a herpes virus infection: a case report. | abstract: introduction: we present a case of an unusual clinical manifestation of guillain-barre syndrome following a pre-existing herpes virus infection. although there have been several reports describing the co-existence of herpes virus infection and guillain-barre syndrome, we undertook a more in-depth study of the cross-reactivity between herpes viruses and recommend a follow-up study based on serology tests. case presentation: a 39-year-old healthy caucasian man with guillain-barre syndro ... | 2011 | 22136568 |
| Ciliate Ingestion and Digestion: Flow Cytometric Measurements and Regrowth of a Digestion-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni. | We measured ingestion and digestion rates of the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni by a freshwater ciliate Colpoda sp. to determine whether Campylobacter is able to resist protist digestion. Campylobacter and the nonpathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida LH1 were labeled with a 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, which fluoresces in intact and active cells but fades when exposed to low pH environments, such as protistan food vacuoles. Ingestion and digestion rates were measured via flo ... | 2011 | 22092598 |
| synthesis of the 6-o-methyl-d-glycero-α-l-gluco-heptopyranose moiety present in the capsular polysaccharide from campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168. | the first synthesis of the 6-o-methyl-d-glycero-α-l-gluco-heptopyranose moiety present in the capsular polysaccharide from campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 is reported. the target (1) was synthesized as the 8-aminooctyl glycoside and then conjugated to bovine serum albumin (bsa) for the generation of antibodies recognizing this motif. heptose 1 was obtained from d-galactose via a series of galactofuranose derivatives. | 2011 | 21879746 |
| quality control strain campylobacter jejuni atcc 33560 contains a frameshift mutation in the cmer regulator. | 2011 | 22143527 | |
| Alternative Spermidine Biosynthetic Route Is Critical for Growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Is the Dominant Polyamine Pathway in Human Gut Microbiota. | The availability of fully sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed that many species known to synthesize the polyamine spermidine lack the spermidine biosynthetic enzymes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase. We found that such species possess orthologues of the sym-norspermidine biosynthetic enzymes carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. By deleting these genes in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, we found that the carboxynor ... | 2011 | 22025614 |
| helicobacter pylori relies primarily on the purine salvage pathway for purine nucleotide biosynthesis. | helicobacter pylori is a chronic colonizer of the gastric epithelium and plays a major role in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. in its co-evolution with humans, a streamlining of the h. pylori genome has resulted in a significant reduction in metabolic pathways, one being purine nucleotide biosynthesis. bioinformatic analysis revealed that h. pylori lacks the enzymatic machinery for de novo production of inosine monophosphate (imp), the first purine nucleot ... | 2011 | 22194455 |
| Characterization of mono- and mixed-culture Campylobacter jejuni biofilms. | Campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis, is a thermophilic and microaerophilic bacterium. These characteristics make it a fastidious organism, which limits its ability to survive outside of animal hosts. Nevertheless, C. jejuni can be transmitted to both humans and animals via environmental pathways, especially through contaminated water. Biofilms may play a crucial role in the survival of the bacterium under unfavorable environmental conditions. The goal of ... | 2011 | 22179238 |
| identification of lactobacilli residing in chicken ceca with antagonism against campylobacter. | bacteriocins produced by lactobacillus salivarius have been recently recognized as a natural means to control campylobacter and salmonella in live poultry. this finding is of relevance since campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the predominant species isolated from poultry that are associated with human campylobacteriosis. in the present work, lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from the cecum of twenty tunisian chickens were identified and those isolates with antagonism against campy ... | 2011 | 22069154 |
| guillian-barre syndrome. | guillian-barre syndrome (gbs) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. all age groups can be affected, more common in elderly. campylobacter jejuni, a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide has become recognized as a most frequent antecedent pathogen for gbs. a prospective case-controlled study showed, positive c. jejuni serology was found in an unprecedented high frequency of 57% as compared to 8% in family controls and 3% in control patients with other neurological dise ... | 2011 | 22081202 |
| immunoreactive proteins of campylobacter concisus, an emergent intestinal pathogen. | campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen of the human gastrointestinal tract. recently, a significantly higher prevalence of c. concisus dna and higher levels of antibodies specific to c. concisus was detected in children with crohn's disease when compared with controls. the aim of this study was to identify c. concisus immunoreactive antigens. proteins from c. concisus were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and sera from 10 c. concisus-positive children with crohn's dis ... | 2011 | 22092566 |
| campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: a review. | campylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. symptoms can range from mild to serious infections of the children and the elderly and permanent neurological symptoms. the organism is a cytochrome oxidase positive, microaerophilic, curved gram-negative rod exhibiting corkscrew motility and is carried in the intestine of many wild and domestic animals, particularly avian species including poultry. intestinal colonization results in healthy ... | 2011 | 21991264 |
| are dysregulated inflammatory responses to commensal bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary-pancreatic autoimmune disease? an analysis using mice models of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune pancreatitis. | the etiopathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders has not been identified. the aim of this paper is to focus on the involvement of bacterial exposure in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (pbc) and autoimmune pancreatitis (aip), both of which are broadly categorized as autoimmune disorders involving hepatobiliary-pancreatic lesions. avirulent and/or commensal bacteria, which may have important role(s) as initiating factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as pbc and ai ... | 2011 | 21991516 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter in broiler flocks in japan. | campylobacter was isolated from 67 (47.2%) of 142 broiler flocks between september 2009 and february 2010. the prevalence of campylobacter in broiler flocks was significantly lower during january and february than it was from september to december. campylobacter colonization was more common in flocks that were not provided with a disinfected water supply, which was consistent with the findings of a previous study. the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant campylobacter spp. was investigated ... | 2011 | 22103704 |
| comparison of campylobacter contamination levels on chicken carcasses between modern and traditional types of slaughtering facilities in malaysia. | a total of 360 samples including fresh fecal droppings, neck skins, and swab samples was collected from 24 broiler flocks and processed by 12 modern processing plants in 6 states in malaysia. ninety samples from 10 traditional wet markets located in the same states as modern processing plants were also collected. microbiological isolation for campylobacter was performed following iso 10272-1:2006 (e). the overall rate of contamination for campylobacter in modern processing plants and in traditio ... | 2011 | 21891977 |
| the cooperative action of bacterial fibronectin-binding proteins and secreted proteins promote maximal campylobacter jejuni invasion of host cells by stimulating membrane ruffling. | this study was performed to elucidate the host cell scaffolding and signalling molecules that campylobacter jejuni utilizes to invade epithelial cells. we hypothesized that the c. jejuni fibronectin-binding proteins and secreted proteins are required for cell signalling and maximal invasion of host cells. c. jejuni binding to host cells via the cadf and flpa fibronectin-binding proteins activated the epidermal growth factor (egf) pathway, as evidenced by inhibitor studies and immunoprecipitation ... | 2011 | 21999233 |
| genome sequences of two stress-tolerant campylobacter jejuni poultry strains, 305 and dfvf1099. | campylobacter jejuni is a food-borne pathogen with a high prevalence in poultry meat, which in fresh unfrozen condition is the major source of campylobacteriosis. c. jejuni strains dfvf1099 and 305 are considered tolerant to several environmental stresses (t. birk et al., j. food prot. 73:258-265, 2010; s. l. on et al., int. j. med. microbiol. 296:353-363, 2006). here, we report the genome sequences of c. jejuni 305 and dfvf1099, a turkey and a chicken isolate, respectively. | 2011 | 21914871 |
| development of flexible antimicrobial packaging materials against campylobacter jejuni by incorporation of gallic acid into zein-based films. | in this study, antimicrobial films were developed against campylobacter jejuni by incorporation of gallic acid (ga) into zein-based films. the zein and zein-wax composite films containing ga between 2.5 and 10 mg/cm(2) were effective on different c. jejuni strains in a concentration-dependent manner. zein and zein-wax composite films showed different release profiles in distilled water but quite similar release profiles at solid agar medium. depending on incorporated ga concentration, 60-80% of ... | 2011 | 21905708 |
| poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni. | abstract campylobacteriosis is the most reported foodborne gastroenteritic disease and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. disease in humans is mainly caused by the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni. due to its wide-spread occurrence in the environment, the epidemiology of campylobacter remains poorly understood. it is generally accepted, however, that chickens are a natural host for campylobacter jejuni, and for campylobacter spp. in general, and that colonized bro ... | 2011 | 22133236 |
| A Nationwide Study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998-2007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility. | Campylobacter bacteremia is an uncommon condition, usually diagnosed in elderly and immunocompromised patients. | 2011 | 21921217 |
| An ancient molecule in a recalcitrant pathogen: the contributions of poly-P to the pathogenesis and stress responses of Campylobacter jejuni. | 2011 | 22004028 | |
| Comparison of molecular typing methods useful for detecting clusters of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates through routine surveillance. | Campylobacter spp. may be responsible for unreported outbreaks of foodborne disease. Detection of these outbreaks is made more difficult by the fact that the appropriate methods for detecting clusters of Campylobacter have not been well defined. We have compared the characteristics of five molecular typing methods on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates obtained from human and non-human sources during sentinel site surveillance over a three year period. Comparative genomic fingerprinting (C ... | 2011 | 22162562 |
| crystal structure of the multicopper oxidase from the pathogenic bacterium campylobacter jejuni cgug11284: characterization of a metallo-oxidase. | multicopper oxidases are a multi-domain family of enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. these enzymes are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. this metallo-oxidase activity observed in several members of this family has been linked to mechanisms of homeostasis in different organisms. recently, a periplasmic multicopper oxidase, encoded by campylobacter jejuni, has been ... | 2011 | 22127520 |
| N-linked glycosylation in Archaea: two paths to the same glycan. | N-linked protein glycosylation occurs in all three branches of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. The simplest system is that of the bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni, in which a heptasaccharide glycan is added to multiple proteins from a single lipid carrier molecule. In the eukaryotic system a conserved tetradecasaccharide modification is first added to target proteins, but is then modified by trimming and addition of other glycans from additional carrier molecules resulting in a diverse ar ... | 2011 | 21848800 |
| PATRIC: the comprehensive bacterial bioinformatics resource with a focus on human pathogenic species. | Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) is a genomics-centric relational database and bioinformatics resource designed to assist scientists in infectious-disease research. Specifically, PATRIC provides scientists with (i) a comprehensive bacterial genomics database, (ii) a plethora of associated data relevant to genomic analysis, and (iii) an extensive suite of computational tools and platforms for bioinformatics ... | 2011 | 21896772 |
| campylobacter jejuni dna-binding protein from starved cells in guillain-barré syndrome patients. | campylobacter jejuni enteritis is frequently associated with an axonal form of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and c. jejuni dna-binding protein from starved cells (c-dps) induces paranodal myelin detachment and axonal degeneration through binding with sulfatide in vivo. here we investigated the invasion of c-dps into hosts with c. jejuni-related gbs. our analyses of patient sera found that both c-dps and anti-c-dps antibodies were most commonly detected in sera from c. jejuni-related gbs patients ... | 2011 | 21996079 |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate synthase gene thyX is essential and potentially bifunctional, while thyA deletion confers resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid. | Thymidylate synthase (TS) enzymes catalyse the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), and so are important for DNA replication and repair. Two different types of TS proteins have been described (ThyA and ThyX), which have different enzymatic mechanisms and unrelated structures. Mycobacteria are unusual as they encode both thyA and thyX, and the biological significance of this is not yet understood. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX is thought to be essential and a potential drug targ ... | 2011 | 22034487 |
| evidence-based annotation of gene function in shewanella oneidensis mr-1 using genome-wide fitness profiling across 121 conditions. | most genes in bacteria are experimentally uncharacterized and cannot be annotated with a specific function. given the great diversity of bacteria and the ease of genome sequencing, high-throughput approaches to identify gene function experimentally are needed. here, we use pools of tagged transposon mutants in the metal-reducing bacterium shewanella oneidensis mr-1 to probe the mutant fitness of 3,355 genes in 121 diverse conditions including different growth substrates, alternative electron acc ... | 2011 | 22125499 |
| Reverse transcriptase real-time PCR for detection and quantification of viable Campylobacter jejuni directly from poultry faecal samples. | Campylobacter spp. is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans worldwide. Therefore, rapid and reliable methods for detection and quantification of this pathogen are required. In this study, we have developed a reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) for detection and quantification of viable Campylobacter jejuni directly from chicken faecal samples. The results of this method and a DNA-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method were compared with those of a ... | 2011 | 22064380 |
| A gastric pathogen moves chemotaxis in a new direction. | For almost 50 years, Escherichia coli has been the model for understanding how bacteria orient their movement in response to chemical cues, but recent studies of chemotaxis in other bacteria have revealed interesting variations from prevailing paradigms. Investigating the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, Amieva and colleagues [mBio 2(4):e00098-11, 2011] discovered a new chemotaxis regulator, ChePep, which modulates swimming behavior through the canonical histidine-aspartate phosphorelay syste ... | 2011 | 21933915 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection in guillain-barré syndrome: a prospective case control study in a tertiary care hospital. | guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), is a common post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy worldwide. the commonest implicated causative organism the world over is campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni). this study was carried out to determine the relationship between c. jejuni infection and gbs in an indian setting. | 2011 | 22019657 |
| sialylation of lipooligosaccharides is dispensable for the virulence of haemophilus ducreyi in humans. | sialylated glycoconjugates on the surfaces of mammalian cells play important roles in intercellular communication and self-recognition. the sialic acid preferentially expressed in human tissues is n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac). in a process called molecular mimicry, many bacterial pathogens decorate their cell surface glycolipids with neu5ac. incorporation of neu5ac into bacterial glycolipids promotes bacterial interactions with host cell receptors called siglecs. these interactions affect ba ... | 2011 | 22144477 |
| systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. | background: the use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is increasing worldwide. suppression of gastric acid alters the susceptibility to enteric bacterial pathogens. aim this systematic review was undertaken to examine the relationship between ppi use and susceptibility to enteric infections by a specific pathogen based on published literature and to discuss the potential mechanisms of ppi enhanced pathogenesis of enteric infections. methods pubmed, ovid medline databases were searched. search t ... | 2011 | 21999643 |
| comparative analyses of campylobacter concisusstrains reveal the genome of the reference strain baa-1457 is not representative of the species. | abstract: | 2011 | 21992484 |
| [Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for CjaA protein of Campylobacter jejuni]. | Expression, purification of Campylobacter jejuni CjaA protein and development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against this protein. | 2011 | 22078449 |
| Gut microbiota: next frontier in understanding human health and development of biotherapeutics. | The gut microbiota is a remarkable asset for human health. As a key element in the development and prevention of specific diseases, its study has yielded a new field of promising biotherapeutics. This review provides comprehensive and updated knowledge of the human gut microbiota, its implications in health and disease, and the potentials and limitations of its modification by currently available biotherapeutics to treat, prevent and/or restore human health, and future directions. Homeostasis of ... | 2011 | 21847343 |
| annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms. | the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ... | 2011 | 24710297 |
| simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. in dairy products using real time pcr-melt curve analysis. | the present investigation reports development of post real time pcr (rti-pcr) - melt curve analysis for simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. the optimal sybr green i (sg-i) concentration of 1.6 μm resulted in two specific peaks with melting temperature (tm) of 79.90 ± 0.39 °c and 86.29 ± 0.13 °c for l. monocytogenes and salmonella spp respectively. the detection sensitivity of the assay in reconstituted non-fat dried milk (nfdm; 11%) spiked with the target pathoge ... | 2011 | 23572847 |
| simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. in dairy products using real time pcr-melt curve analysis. | the present investigation reports development of post real time pcr (rti-pcr) - melt curve analysis for simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. the optimal sybr green i (sg-i) concentration of 1.6 μm resulted in two specific peaks with melting temperature (tm) of 79.90 ± 0.39 °c and 86.29 ± 0.13 °c for l. monocytogenes and salmonella spp respectively. the detection sensitivity of the assay in reconstituted non-fat dried milk (nfdm; 11%) spiked with the target pathoge ... | 2011 | 23572847 |
| the zinc-ribbon domain of helicobacter pylori hp0958: requirement for rpon accumulation and possible roles of homologs in other bacteria. | helicobacter pylori hp0958 protein (flgz) prevents the rapid turnover of rpon (σ(54)), a transcription factor required for expression of several flagellar genes in h. pylori. flgz possesses a zinc-ribbon domain (duf164) that contains two conserved cxxc motifs which coordinate a zinc ion and is thought to interact with nucleic acids or proteins. two conserved cysteine residues in flgz (cys-202 and cys-223) were replaced with serine to assess their significance in flgz function. after confirming t ... | 2011 | 22408721 |
| welcome to microbial informatics and experimentation. | 2011 | 22587655 | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis: a clonal pathogen?: Diversities in housekeeping genes and the major fimbriae gene. | The introduction of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in infectious disease research has allowed standardized typing of bacterial clones. Through multiple markers around the genome, it is possible to determine the sequence type (ST) of bacterial isolates to establish the population structure of a species. For the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, the MLST scheme has been established at www.pubmlst.org/pgingivalis, and data from the database indicate a high degree of genetic diversi ... | 2011 | 22125739 |
| individuals with le(a+b-) blood group have increased susceptibility to symptomatic vibrio cholerae o1 infection. | human genetic factors such as blood group antigens may affect the severity of infectious diseases. presence of specific abo and lewis blood group antigens has been shown previously to be associated with the risk of different enteric infections. the aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the lewis blood group antigens with susceptibility to cholera, as well as severity of disease and immune responses to infection. | 2011 | 22216364 |
| chest neoplasms with infectious etiologies. | a wide spectrum of thoracic tumors have known or suspected viral etiologies. oncogenic viruses can be classified by the type of genomic material they contain. neoplastic conditions found to have viral etiologies include post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, lymphoid granulomatosis, kaposi's sarcoma, castleman's disease, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, leukemia and lymphomas. viruses involved in these conditions include epstein-barr virus, human h ... | 2011 | 22224176 |
| infant rat infection modifies phenotypic properties of an invasive nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | enhancing the virulence trait of a specific bacterium in an animal model is often performed prior to the use of the strain for ex vivo human studies, such as reactivity with complement and antibody, or with phagocytic cells. for example, in streptococcus pneumoniae mouse passage is used to enhance capsule production. while investigating an unusual serum-resistant unencapsulated haemophilus influenzae (r2866), we found that animal passage yielded an isolate (r3392) which had decreased resistance ... | 2011 | 22222846 |
| infant rat infection modifies phenotypic properties of an invasive nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | enhancing the virulence trait of a specific bacterium in an animal model is often performed prior to the use of the strain for ex vivo human studies, such as reactivity with complement and antibody, or with phagocytic cells. for example, in streptococcus pneumoniae mouse passage is used to enhance capsule production. while investigating an unusual serum-resistant unencapsulated haemophilus influenzae (r2866), we found that animal passage yielded an isolate (r3392) which had decreased resistance ... | 2011 | 22222846 |
| identification of surprisingly diverse type iv pili, across a broad range of gram-positive bacteria. | in gram-negative bacteria, type iv pili (tfp) have long been known to play important roles in such diverse biological phenomena as surface adhesion, motility, and dna transfer, with significant consequences for pathogenicity. more recently it became apparent that gram-positive bacteria also express type iv pili; however, little is known about the diversity and abundance of these structures in gram-positives. computational tools for automated identification of type iv pilins are not currently ava ... | 2011 | 22216142 |
| optical biosensors for food quality and safety assurance-a review. | food quality and safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. food serves as a growth medium for microorganisms that can be pathogenic or cause food spoilage. therefore, it is imperative to have stringent laws and standards for the preparation, packaging and transportation of food. the conventional methods for detection of food contamination based on culturing, colony counting, chromatography and immunoassay are t ... | 2011 | 23904648 |
| optical biosensors for food quality and safety assurance-a review. | food quality and safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. food serves as a growth medium for microorganisms that can be pathogenic or cause food spoilage. therefore, it is imperative to have stringent laws and standards for the preparation, packaging and transportation of food. the conventional methods for detection of food contamination based on culturing, colony counting, chromatography and immunoassay are t ... | 2011 | 23904648 |