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genome wide transcriptomic analysis identifies pathways affected by the infusion of clostridium perfringens culture supernatant in the duodenum of broilers in situ.clostridium perfringens type a is the main etiological factor for necrotic enteritis, a multifactorial enteric disease that penalizes performance, health, and welfare of poultry. lack of knowledge of host responses and disease pathogenesis is slowing down progress on developing therapies for disease control. a combined genomewide and targeted gene approach was used to investigate pathways and biological functions affected by the infusion of c. perfringens culture supernatant in the duodenum of b ...201526115301
gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess with septic shock.the pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is a rare but rapidly fatal infection. the main virulence factor of this pathogen is its α-toxin (lecithinase), which decomposes the phospholipid in cell membranes leading to cell lysis. once the bacteria are in blood stream, massive intravascular hemolysis occurs. this can present as anemia on admission with evidence of hemolysis as indicated by low serum haptoglobin, high serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), elevated i ...201526090240
using broiler litter and swine manure lagoon effluent in sawdust-based swine mortality composts: effects on nutrients, bacteria, and gaseous emissions.disposition of mortalities challenges confined animal feeding operations (cafos), especially sow (farrowing) farms, which experience mortalities daily. regulations and transportation costs may preclude incineration, landfill burial, and rendering; therefore, swine cafos in mississippi in the mid-south u.s. often compost mortalities. in this study, a farm-standard composting mix of sawdust (s) and water (w) was compared with mixes where n was supplied by broiler litter (l) and water was replaced ...201526081729
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin causes selective death of mature oligodendrocytes and central nervous system demyelination.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ε-toxin) is responsible for a devastating multifocal central nervous system (cns) white matter disease in ruminant animals. the mechanism by which ε-toxin causes white matter damage is poorly understood. in this study, we sought to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ε-toxin causes pathological changes to white matter. in primary cns cultures, ε-toxin binds to and kills oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes, microglia, or neurons. in cere ...201526081637
cholesterol segregates into submicrometric domains at the living erythrocyte membrane: evidence and regulation.although cholesterol is essential for membrane fluidity and deformability, the level of its lateral heterogeneity at the plasma membrane of living cells is poorly understood due to lack of appropriate probe. we here report on the usefulness of the d4 fragment of clostridium perfringens toxin fused to mcherry (theta*), as specific, non-toxic, sensitive and quantitative cholesterol-labeling tool, using erythrocyte flat membrane. by confocal microscopy, theta* labels cholesterol-enriched submicrome ...201526077601
a thermophilic phage endolysin fusion to a clostridium perfringens-specific cell wall binding domain creates an anti-clostridium antimicrobial with improved thermostability.clostridium perfringens is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease and is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens. treatment of poultry with antibiotics is becoming less acceptable. endolysin enzymes are potential replacements for antibiotics. many enzymes are added to animal feed during production and are subjected to high-heat stress during feed processing. to produce a thermostabile endolysin for treating poultry, an e. coli codon-optimized ge ...201526075507
oncoleaking: use of the pore-forming clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) for suicide gene therapy.suicide gene therapy has been shown to be very efficient in tumor eradication. numerous suicide genes were tested in vitro and in vivo demonstrating their therapeutic potential in clinical trials. apart from this, still growing efforts are made to generate more targeted and more effective suicide gene systems for cancer gene therapy. in this regard bacterial toxins are an alternative, which add to the broad spectrum of different suicide strategies. in this context, the claudin-targeted bacterial ...201526072402
convergent weaponry in a biological arms race.bacterial surface proteins covalently attach to host cells via a mechanism that is also used by immune system proteins that help eliminate invading pathogens.201526062771
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin c-terminal domain labeled to fluorescent dyes for in vivo visualization of micrometastatic chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer.identification of micrometastatic disease at the time of surgery remains extremely challenging in ovarian cancer patients. we used fluorescence microscopy, an in vivo imaging system and a fluorescence stereo microscope to evaluate fluorescence distribution in claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing ovarian tumors, floating tumor clumps isolated from ascites and healthy organs. to do so, mice harboring chemotherapy-naïve and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts or patient-derived xenog ...201526060989
clostridium perfringens infection after transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma.we report an unusual case of clostridium perfringens liver abscess formation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (tace) for large hepatocellular carcinoma. severe deterioration in liver and renal function accompanied with hemocytolysis was found on the 2(nd) day after tace. blood culture found clostridium perfringens and abdominal computed tomography revealed a gas-containing abscess in the liver. following antibiotics administration and support care, the infection was controlled and ...201525892893
vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess caused by gas gangrene presenting with complete paraplegia: a case report.gas gangrene is most often caused by clostridium perfringens infection. gas gangrene is a medical emergency that develops suddenly. the mortality rate is higher with trunk involvement than with involvement of the extremities, which carries a better prognosis. with respect to vertebral involvement, there are few reports in the literature. the purpose of this paper is to report a very rare case of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by gas gangrene.201525888739
non-classical azoreductase secretion in clostridium perfringens in response to sulfonated azo dye exposure.clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic microorganism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce an azoreductase enzyme (azoc), an nadh-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes into aromatic amines, which can be carcinogenic. a significant amount of work has been completed on the activity of azoc. despite this, much is still unknown, including whether azoreduction of these dyes occurs intracellularly or extracellulary. a physiological study of c.  ...201525881497
specific binding of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment to claudin-b and modulation of zebrafish epidermal barrier.claudins (cldn) are the major components of tight junctions (tjs) sealing the paracellular cleft in tissue barriers of various organs. zebrafish cldnb, the homolog of mammalian cldn4, is expressed at epithelial cell-cell contacts and is important for regulating epidermal permeability. the bacterial toxin clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been shown to bind to a subset of mammalian cldns. in this study, we used the cldn-binding c-terminal domain of cpe (194-319 amino acids, ccpe 194-3 ...201525869230
attack rate in food poisoning: order in chaos.the frequency distributions of the numbers of patients and eaters were near lognormal for almost all food poisonings. the medians and ranges remained almost unchanged over time, although the annual number of incidents varied. however, the numbers of patients and eaters were not correlated for many of the food poisonings. a regular pattern relating the numbers of patients and eaters emerged for food poisonings exhibited strong seasonal incidence. for example, food poisonings caused by norovirus o ...201525866112
a novel pore-forming toxin in type a clostridium perfringens is associated with both fatal canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and fatal foal necrotizing enterocolitis.a role for type a clostridium perfringens in acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing gastroenteritis in dogs and in necrotizing enterocolitis of neonatal foals has long been suspected but incompletely characterized. the supernatants of an isolate made from a dog and from a foal that died from these diseases were both found to be highly cytotoxic for an equine ovarian (eo) cell line. partial genome sequencing of the canine isolate revealed three novel putative toxin genes encoding proteins related to t ...201525853427
neuroinflammation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of microbial neuraminidase.in the present paper, we describe the facts that took place in the rat brain after a single injection of the enzyme neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens into the right lateral ventricle. after injection, it diffused through the cerebrospinal fluid of the ipsilateral ventricle and the third ventricle, and about 400 μm into the periventricular brain parenchyma. the expression of icam1 in the endothelial cells of the periventricular vessels, iba1 in microglia, and gfap in astrocytes notably i ...201525853134
claudin-4 binder c-cpe 194 enhances effects of anticancer agents on pancreatic cancer cell lines via a mapk pathway.the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) modulates the tight junction protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional barrier. it also can enhance the effectiveness of anticancer agents. however, the detailed mechanisms of the effects of c-cpe remain unclear in both normal and cancerous cells. the c-cpe mutant called c-cpe 194 binds only to claudin-4, but the c-cpe 194 mutant called c-cpe m19 binds not only to claudin-4 but also to claudin-1. in the present study, ...201527022469
an unusual necrotic myositis by clostridium perfringens in a german shepherd dog: a clinical report, bacteriological and molecular identification.clostridial myositis, considered to be rare in pet animals, is an acutely fatal toxaemic condition. some species of clostridia are responsible for necrotic myositis. a 2-year-old male german shepherd dog was admitted with non-weight bearing lameness and massive swelling of the left hind limb. clostridium perfringens type a with alpha toxin was diagnosed as a pathogenic agent. based on the history, the bacteria were introduced inside the tissue via contaminated needle following intramuscular inje ...201526973773
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from broiler meat in northeastern of iran.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is an important cause of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe gene. the aim of this research was to identify the different types of c. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from broilers' meat marketed in retail meat shops of mashhad city in northeastern of iran. after isolation of c. perfringens using conventional culture method and confirmation by specific 16 ...201526973762
roles of asp179 and glu270 in adp-ribosylation of actin by clostridium perfringens iota toxin.clostridium perfringens iota toxin is a binary toxin composed of the enzymatically active component ia and receptor binding component ib. ia is an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies arg177 of actin. the previously determined crystal structure of the actin-ia complex suggested involvement of asp179 of actin in the adp-ribosylation reaction. to gain more insights into the structural requirements of actin to serve as a substrate for toxin-catalyzed adp-ribosylation, we engineered saccharomyces ...201526713879
successful treatment of aortic root abscess in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension.continuous prostanoid infusion is an established treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension that has led to improvements in symptoms, exercise tolerance, and survival. patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) who develop sepsis frequently experience clinical and hemodynamic deterioration associated with poor outcomes. successful management of sepsis involves identification of the source of infection, early antimicrobial administration, judicious fluid resuscitation, and continuatio ...201526697181
single molecule compression reveals intra-protein forces drive cytotoxin pore formation.perfringolysin o (pfo) is a prototypical member of a large family of pore-forming proteins that undergo a significant reduction in height during the transition from the membrane-assembled prepore to the membrane-inserted pore. here, we show that targeted application of compressive forces can catalyze this conformational change in individual pfo complexes trapped at the prepore stage, recapitulating this critical step of the spontaneous process. the free energy landscape determined from these mea ...201526652734
alternatives to antibiotics to prevent necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a microbiologist's perspective.since the 2006 european ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. a particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their h ...201526648920
the effect of cold stress on the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks.cold stress is a physical environmental stressor with significant effect on the poultry industry. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold stress as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. the experimental challenge model included an oral inoculation with 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens. birds were either challenged or not as described above, and eit ...201526642742
evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of cytomegalovirus in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis.to evaluate a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (uc).201526640344
membrane-binding mechanism of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a key mediator of gas gangrene, which is a life-threatening infection that manifests as fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. alpha-toxin possesses phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. the toxin is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 aa, n-domain), which is the catalytic site, and a c-terminal domain (251-370 aa, c-domain), which is the membrane-binding site. immunization of mice with the c-domain of alpha-toxin prevents the g ...201526633512
protection against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by regulated delayed lysis salmonella vaccines.necrotic enteritis (ne), caused by gram-positive clostridium perfringens type a strains, has gained more attention in the broiler industry due to governmental restrictions affecting the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in feed. to date, there is only one commercial ne vaccine available, based on the c. perfringens alpha toxin. however, recent work has suggested that the netb toxin, not alpha toxin, is the most critical virulence factor for causing ne. these findings notwithstanding, it is cle ...201526629620
identification and characterization of a new enterotoxin produced by clostridium perfringens isolated from food poisoning outbreaks.there is a strain of clostridium perfringens, w5052, which does not produce a known enterotoxin. we herein report that the strain w5052 expressed a homologue of the iota-like toxin components sa and sb of c. spiroforme, named clostridium perfringens iota-like enterotoxin, cpile-a and cpile-b, respectively, based on the results of a genome sequencing analysis and a systematic protein screening. in the nicotinamide glyco-hydrolase (nadase) assay the hydrolysis activity was dose-dependently increas ...201526584048
effects of supplemental mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance, faecal characteristics and health in dairy calves.twenty holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (mos) supplementation in the whole milk on growth performance, faecal score, faecal ph, selected faecal bacterial populations and health during the preweaning period. healthy calves selected by clinical examination were allocated to one of the two groups (control [cg] and experimental [eg]) at 5 days old. each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female calves. each calf in eg was supplemented with 7 g/d of a mos pr ...201526580284
evaluation of an ultrafiltration-based procedure for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in source waters.in this study, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (uf) was assessed for recovery of escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens spores, cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, echovirus 1, and bacteriophages ms2 and φx174 from ground and surface waters. microbes were seeded into twenty-two 50-l water samples that were collected from the southeastern united states and concentrated to ∼500 ml by uf. secondary concentration was performed for c. parvum by centrifugation followed by immunomagnetic separation. second ...201526530003
the antimicrobial peptide sublancin ameliorates necrotic enteritis induced by clostridium perfringens in broilers.sublancin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by 168 containing 37 amino acids. the objective of this study was to investigate its inhibitory efficacy against both in vitro and in vivo. in the in vitro study, we determined that sublancin had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μm against , which was much higher than the antibiotic lincomycin (0.281 μm). scanning electron microscopy showed that sublancin damaged the morphology of . the in vivo study was conducted on broilers for a 28-d perio ...201526523568
intestinal microbiota profiles of healthy pre-school and school-age children and effects of probiotic supplementation.this study aims to establish the baseline profile of intestinal microbiota in pre-school and school-age japanese children and to investigate the effects of a probiotic on the microbiota.201526496372
massive pneumatosis without necrosis: a case report of clostridium perfringens sepsis in an extremely low birth weight infant.pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air on abdominal radiographs are considered pathognomonic signs of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). we report a unique case of late-onset fulminant sepsis due to clostridium perfringens presenting with shock, extensive pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air in an extremely low birth weight infant without histopathological evidence of bowel necrosis or nec.201526485548
sensitive quantification of clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time pcr targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes.clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic c. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time pcr assays for quantification of c. perfr ...201526482797
pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus.the number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. an important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. in this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of dete ...201526480911
necrotic enteritis in chickens associated with clostridium sordellii.three outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease associated with clostridium sordelii were diagnosed in commercial broiler chicken flocks with 18,000 to 31,000 birds between 18 and 26 days old. clinical signs in the affected flocks included high mortality up to 2% a day, depression, and diarrhea. the main gross changes included segmental dilation of the small intestine with watery contents, gas, mucoid exudate, and roughened and uneven mucosa, occasionally covered with a pseudomembrane. micros ...201526478166
clostridium perfringens infections - a diagnostic challenge. 201526475898
clostridium perfringens liver abscess complicated by bacteremia. 201526465182
binding of clostridium perfringens to collagen correlates with the ability to cause necrotic enteritis in chickens.this study investigated the ability of clostridium perfringens isolates derived from chickens to bind to collagen types i-v and gelatin. in total 21 strains from three distinct backgrounds were studied: (i) virulent strains isolated from birds suffering from necrotic enteritis, (ii) avirulent strains isolated from birds suffering from necrotic enteritis and (iii) strains isolated from healthy birds. all strains isolated from diseased birds had been assessed for virulence in a disease induction m ...201526455806
[toxins of clostridium perfringens as a natural and bioterroristic threats].clostridium perfringens is absolutely anaerobic rod-shaped, sporeforming bacterium. the morbidity is connected with producing toxins. depending on the type of toxin produced clostridium perfringens can be divided into five serotypes:a-e. under natural conditions, this bacterium is responsible for local outbreaks of food poisoning associated with eating contaminated food which which was improperly heat treated. some countries with lower economic level are endemic foci of necrotizing enteritis cau ...201526449576
rationale design of quorum-quenching peptides that target the virsr system of clostridium perfringens.in clostridium perfringens, a 5-membered thiolactone peptide acts as an autoinducing peptide (aipcp) to activate the virsr two-component signal transduction system, which in turn controls the expression of genes encoding multiple toxins, including α, θ and κ. to develop anti-pathogenic agents against virulent c. perfringens, quorum-quenching peptides were rationally designed based on the structure-activity relationship (sar) data on aipcp. alanine scanning study of aipcp suggested that trp(3) an ...201526443835
clostridium perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin.the aims of this study were to describe 42 cases of clostridium perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in cattle seen between 2003 and 2014 and to determine the diagnostic value of detecting epsilon toxin in bovine intestinal content. all cases in the series had histological brain changes considered pathognomonic for c. perfringens type-d enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats and the epsilon toxin of c. perfringens was concurrently detected in the intestinal contents of 15 (36 per cent) cases. the data f ...201526428898
differences in major bacterial populations in the intestines of mature broilers after feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate.the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of feeding virginiamycin or bacitracin methylene disalicylate (bmd), two in-feed antibiotics typically used by commercial poultry producers in the united states, on the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota.201526425940
antibiotic sensitivity of clostridium perfringens isolated from faeces in tabriz, iran.clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that produces at least 16 virulence factors including 12 toxins (α-ν), enterotoxin, hemolysin and neuraminidase, can create variable pathogenic condition, ranging from a food poisoning to life-threatening myonecrosis. among c. perfringens strains, resistance to the drug choices such as penicillin as well as to alternatives of penicillin like metronidazole and clindamycin has also been observed.201526421135
evaluation of a novel human igg1 anti-claudin3 antibody that specifically recognizes its aberrantly localized antigen in ovarian cancer cells and that is suitable for selective drug delivery.membrane protein claudin3 has been recently suggested as a marker for biologically aggressive tumors and a possible target for the therapeutic delivery of active anti-cancer compounds. claudin3-binding molecules such as the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cpe-related molecules, and murine and chimeric antibodies have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical oncological settings. we first engineered a fully human anti-claudin3 igg1 antibody (iggh6) by fusing the human igg1 fc- ...201526416446
dietary capsicum and curcuma longa oleoresins increase intestinal microbiome and necrotic enteritis in three commercial broiler breeds.three commercial broiler breeds were fed from hatch with a diet supplemented with capsicum and curcuma longa oleoresins, and co-infected with eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens to induce necrotic enteritis (ne). pyrotag deep sequencing of bacterial 16s rrna showed that gut microbiota compositions were quite distinct depending on the broiler breed type. in the absence of oleoresin diet, the number of operational taxonomic units (otus), was decreased in infected cobb, and increased in ross ...201526412535
fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis.fumonisins (fbs) are mycotoxins produced by fusarium fungi. this study aimed to investigate the effect of these feed contaminants on the intestinal morphology and microbiota composition, and to evaluate whether fbs predispose broilers to necrotic enteritis. one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into a group fed a control diet, and a group fed a fbs contaminated diet (18.6 mg fb1+fb2/kg feed). a significant increase in the plasma sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in the fbs-treated group (0.21 ± 0. ...201526394675
modelling pathogen log10 reduction values achieved by activated sludge treatment using naïve and semi naïve bayes network models.risk management for wastewater treatment and reuse have led to growing interest in understanding and optimising pathogen reduction during biological treatment processes. however, modelling pathogen reduction is often limited by poor characterization of the relationships between variables and incomplete knowledge of removal mechanisms. the aim of this paper was to assess the applicability of bayesian belief network models to represent associations between pathogen reduction, and operating conditi ...201526342914
rna-seq profiles of immune related genes in the spleen of necrotic enteritis-afflicted chicken lines.the study aimed to compare the necrotic enteritis (ne)-induced transcriptome differences between the spleens of marek's disease resistant chicken line 6.3 and susceptible line 7.2 co-infected with eimeria maxima/clostridium perfringens using rna-seq. total rna from the spleens of two chicken lines were used to make libraries, generating 42,736,296 and 42,617,720 usable reads, which were assembled into groups of 29,897 and 29,833 mrna genes, respectively. the transcriptome changes were investigat ...201526323406
pathogens and pharmaceuticals in source-separated urine in ethekwini, south africa.in ethekwini, south africa, the production of agricultural fertilizers from human urine collected from urine-diverting dry toilets is being evaluated at a municipality scale as a way to help finance a decentralized, dry sanitation system. the present study aimed to assess a range of human and environmental health hazards in source-separated urine, which was presumed to be contaminated with feces, by evaluating the presence of human pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and an antibiotic resistance gene. c ...201526302215
role of p2x7 receptor in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-mediated cellular injury.clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is a pore-forming toxin (pft) and an important agent of necrotic enteritis and enterotoxemia. we recently reported that beta-toxin strongly induced cell death in thp-1 cells via the formation of oligomers. we here describe that the p2x(7) receptor, which is an atp receptor, interacts with beta-toxin.201526299247
analysis of the intestinal microbial community structure of healthy and long-living elderly residents in gaotian village of liuyang city.gaotian, one typical conservative village in rural area of south china, is differentiated from other adjacent village for its longevity and health situation of residents. to ascertain the difference of intestinal microbial community between gaotian and other region, high-throughput sequencing and systematical bioinformation analyses was adopted to compare 21 samples in long life group with 28 in control group. the α diversity showed that the diversity of species of intestinal flora of gaotian vi ...201526298698
low prevalence of netb and tpel in historical clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler farms in alabama.the discovery of novel clostridium perfringens toxins netb and tpel has initiated questions regarding their role in the pathogenesis of disease. however, data showing the prevalence of these genes in c. perfringens populations are limited to certain geographical areas. if netb and tpel are important virulence factors for disease worldwide, one would expect to find these genes in isolates from other regions as well. to address this hypothesis, c. perfringens isolates collected from alabama broile ...201526292533
a multifactorial analysis of the extent to which eimeria and fishmeal predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important infectious disease in chickens. predisposing factors play critical roles both in disease outbreaks in the field and in models for experimental induction of disease. systematic manipulation and study of predisposing factors help to optimize methods for the experimental reproduction of disease. the nature of such factors may play a confounding role in challenge models and, therefore, warrant investigation to determine their importance in industry-relevant ne ...201526292532
increase of clostridium perfringens in association with eimeria in haemorrhagic enteritis in japanese beef cattle.a coprological survey with detailed clinical observation of naturally occurring haemorrhagic enteritis (he) cases was conducted to understand the pathophysiology of he by clarifying the infection status of eimeria and enteropathogenic bacteria in cattle. faecal samples from 55 cases of he and 26 clinically normal animals were collected, and a quantitative examination of eimeria and potential enteropathogenic bacteria was performed. the number of eimeria species oocysts per gram of faeces (opg) e ...201526286947
wastewater treatment by a modular, domestic-scale reedbed system for safe horticultural irrigation.the aim of the study was to assess the sequential treatment performance of a commercial, domestic-scale modular reedbed system intended to provide safe horticultural irrigation water. previously only mechanical treatment systems involving forced aeration with subsequent disinfection, usually by tablet-chlorination, had been accredited in australia. the modular design of the hybrid, subsurface-flow reedbed system offered 5 control points where monitoring and management of the treatment train coul ...201526282758
necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs is associated with increased density of intestinal mucosa-associated bacteria including clostridium perfringens.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is associated with changes in the luminal gut microbiota. it is not known whether the mucosa-associated microbiota is affected by nec and stimulates inflammatory lesions.201526278554
hydrogen production at high faradaic efficiency by a bio-electrode based on tio2 adsorption of a new [fefe]-hydrogenase from clostridium perfringens.the [fefe]-hydrogenase cphyda from clostridium perfringens was immobilized by adsorption on anatase tio2 electrodes for clean hydrogen production. the immobilized enzyme proved to perform direct electron transfer to and from the electrode surface and catalyses both h2 oxidation (h2 uptake) and h2 production (h2 evolution) with a current density for h2 evolution of about 2 ma cm(-1). the tio2/cphyda bioelectrode remained active for several days upon storage and when a reducing potential was set, ...201526278509
nani sialidase, ccpa, and cody work together to regulate epsilon toxin production by clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.clostridium perfringens type d strains are usually associated with diseases of livestock, and their virulence requires the production of epsilon toxin (etx). we previously showed (j. li, s. sayeed, s. robertson, j. chen, and b. a. mcclane, plos pathog 7:e1002429, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002429) that bmc202, a nani null mutant of type d strain cn3718, produces less etx than wild-type cn3718 does. the current study proved that the lower etx production by strain bmc202 is due ...201526260460
toxinotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens isolates from mutton, beef and chicken meat.a total of 300 meat samples comprising mutton, beef, and chicken meat (n = 100) collected from either local butcher shops or large meat outlets situated at various areas of lahore city located in punjab province of pakistan were tested for the isolation of clostridium perfringens. prevalence of the organism was highest in the chicken (6 %) followed by mutton (5 %) and beef (1 %). contamination level was high (10/150) in the samples collected from local butcher shops in comparison to the samples ...201526243960
comparative analysis of extractable proteins from clostridium perfringens type a and type c strains showing varying degree of virulence.the prevailing scenario of bioterrorism warrants development of medical countermeasures with expanded coverage of select agents. clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of medical, veterinary and military importance, and has been listed as validated biological agent. we employed 2de-ms approach to identify a total of 134 unique proteins (529 protein spot features) from the extractable proteome of four type a and type c strains. proteins showing altered expression under host-simulated conditions fr ...201526238688
evaluation of antileishmanial, antibacterial and brine shrimp cytotoxic potential of crude methanolic extract of herb ocimum basilicum (lamiacea).to collect and screen for ethnopharmacological properties (antileishmanial, antibacterial and brine lethality assays) of medicinal plan ocimum basilicum from peshawar region (34.008 latitude and 71.57 altitudes).201526237837
intravascular hemolysis and septicemia due to clostridium perfringens emphysematous cholecystitis and hepatic abscesses.context. clostridium perfringens septicemia is often associated with translocation from the gastrointestinal or gastrourinary tract and occurs in patients who have malignancy or are immunocompromised. clostridium perfringens septicemia is usually fatal without early identification, source control, and antibiotics. case. we present a case of a 65-year-old female with clostridium perfringens septicemia secondary to emphysematous cholecystitis, with progression to hepatic abscesses. conclusion. sep ...201526229537
novel application of vacuum sealing drainage with continuous irrigation of potassium permanganate for managing infective wounds of gas gangrene.traumatic gas gangrene is a fatal infection mainly caused by clostridium perfringens. it is a challenge to manage gas gangrene in open wounds and control infection after debridement or amputation. the aim of the present study was to use vacuum sealing drainage (vsd) with continuous irrigation of potassium permanganate to manage infective wounds of gas gangrene and observe its clinical efficacy. a total of 48 patients with open traumatic gas gangrene infection were included in this study. amputat ...201526223928
safety, beneficial and technological properties of enterococcus faecium isolated from brazilian cheeses.this study aimed to characterize the safety and technological properties of enterococcus faecium strains isolated from brazilian coalho cheeses. high levels of co-aggregation were observed between enterococcus faecium strains em485 and em925 and both escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens . both strains presented low levels of hydrophobicity. e. faecium em485 and em925 were both able to grow in the presence of 0.5% of the sodium salts of taurocholic acid (tc), taurodeoxycholic acid (tdc), ...201526221113
comparison of the effect of curing ingredients derived from purified and natural sources on inhibition of clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of deli-style turkey breast.the antimicrobial impact of purified and natural sources of both nitrite and ascorbate were evaluated against clostridium perfringens during the postthermal processing cooling period of deli-style turkey breast. the objective of phase i was to assess comparable concentrations of nitrite (0 or 100 ppm) and ascorbate (0 or 547 ppm) from both purified and natural sources. phase ii was conducted to investigate concentrations of nitrite (50, 75, or 100 ppm) from cultured celery juice powder and ascor ...201526219366
assessing the performance of clostridium perfringens cooling models for cooked, uncured meat and poultry products.heat-resistant spores of clostridium perfringens may germinate and multiply in cooked meat and poultry products when the rate and extent of cooling does not occur in a timely manner. therefore, six cooling models (pmp 7.0 broth model; pmip uncured beef, chicken, and pork models; smith-schaffner version 3; and uk ifr combase perfringens predictor) were evaluated for relative performance in predicting growth of c. perfringens under dynamic temperature conditions encountered during cooling of cooke ...201526219365
clostridium sacroiliitis (gas gangrene) following sacroiliac joint injection--case report and review of the literature.an 80-year-old woman presented with chronic lumbosacral pain since her laminectomy and instrumentation 10 years ago. examination was consistent with left sacroiliitis, and the patient underwent an elective left sacroiliac joint injection. two days following her procedure she fell and landed on her left hip and on the next day, she presented to the emergency room with acutely worsening left gluteal pain. on evaluation in the emergency department, she was found to be suffering from a fever, headac ...201526218953
nanr, a transcriptional regulator that binds to the promoters of genes involved in sialic acid metabolism in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens.among many other virulence factors, clostridium perfringens produces three sialidases nanh, nani and nanj. nanh lacks a secretion signal peptide and is predicted to be an intracellular enzyme, while nani and nanj are secreted. previously, we had identified part of an operon encoding nane (epimerase) and nana (sialic acid lyase) enzymes. further analysis of the entire operon suggests that it encodes a complete pathway for the transport and metabolism of sialic acid along with a putative transcrip ...201526197388
evaluation of ice slurries as a control for postharvest growth of vibrio spp. in oysters and potential for filth contamination.raw oyster consumption is the most common route of exposure for vibrio spp. infections in humans. vibriosis has been increasing steadily in the united states despite efforts to reduce the incidence of the disease. research has demonstrated that ice is effective in reducing postharvest vibrio spp. growth in oysters but has raised concerns of possible contamination of oyster meat by filth (as indicated by the presence of fecal coliform bacteria or clostridium perfringens). this study examined the ...201526197291
chlorinated water modulates the development of colorectal tumors with chromosomal instability and gut microbiota in apc-deficient mice.the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to a variety of chemicals and commensal bacteria. recent studies have shown that changes in gut microbial populations caused by chlorine or other chemicals in the drinking water influence the development of human colorectal cancer, although the mechanism of tumorigenesis in the gut epithelium is obfuscated by the diversity of microflora and complexity of the tumor microenvironment. in this regard, mouse models that recapitulate human colorectal ...201526186212
veal calves produce less antibodies against c. perfringens alpha toxin compared to beef calves.enterotoxaemia is a disease with a high associated mortality rate, affecting beef and veal calves worldwide, caused by c. perfringens alpha toxin and perfringolysin. a longitudinal study was conducted to determine the dynamics of antibodies against these toxins in 528 calves on 4 beef and 15 veal farms. the second study aimed to determine the effect of solid feed intake on the production of antibodies against alpha toxin and perfringolysin. the control group only received milk replacer, whereas ...201526184311
high-throughput sequencing reveals differing immune responses in the intestinal mucosa of two inbred lines afflicted with necrotic enteritis.we investigated the necrotic enteritis (ne)-induced transcripts of immune-related genes in the intestinal mucosa of two highly inbred white leghorn chicken lines, line 6.3 and line 7.2, which share the same mhc haplotype and show different levels of ne susceptibility using high-throughput rna sequencing (rna-seq) technology. ne was induced by the previously described co-infection model using eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens. the rna-seq generated over 38 million sequence reads for mare ...201526182861
pigbel in the 21st century: still here, and still in need of an effective surveillance system.pigbel remains a likely significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the highlands of papua new guinea (png), two decades after the administration of pigbel vaccination ceased. there is a need for an effective surveillance program for pigbel to better understand the disease burden and to target communities for preventive strategies. this paper reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, recent history and current data on the burden of pigbel in png. we propose a surveillance program based on clin ...201526288931
erythrophagocytosis by neutrophils associated with clostridium perfringens-induced hemolytic anemia. 201525109599
interface dynamics explain assembly dependency of influenza neuraminidase catalytic activity.influenza virus neuraminidase (ina) is a homotetrameric surface protein of the influenza virus and an established target for antiviral drugs. in contrast to neuraminidases (nas) of other biological systems (non-inas), enzymatic activity of ina is only observed in a quaternary assembly and ina needs the tetramerization to mediate enzymatic activity. obviously, differences on a molecular level between ina and non-inas are responsible for this intriguing observation. comparison between protein stru ...201524279589
cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domain-containing pyrophosphatase as a target for diadenosine polyphosphates in bacteria.among numerous proteins containing pairs of regulatory cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains, family ii pyrophosphatases (cbs-ppases) are unique in that they generally contain an additional drtgg domain between the cbs domains. adenine nucleotides bind to the cbs domains in cbs-ppases in a positively cooperative manner, resulting in enzyme inhibition (amp or adp) or activation (atp). here we show that linear p(1),p(n)-diadenosine 5'-polyphosphates (apnas, where n is the number of phosphate resi ...201526400082
clostridium perfringens hip arthritis in a haemodialysis patient.haemodialysis patients have acquired immunity disturbances, co-morbidities and a vascular access, factors predisposing them to infection and bacteraemia. clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium potentially causing severe infections, including rarely septic arthritis. we report the first case of clostridium perfringens septic arthritis in a haemodialysis patient and suggest a haematogenous spread. after rapid joint lavage combined with appropriate anti-microbial therapy, the patient rec ...201622480041
host cell-induced signaling causes clostridium perfringens to upregulate production of toxins important for intestinal infections.clostridium perfringens causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in humans and livestock due to prolific toxin production. in broth culture, c. perfringens uses the agr-like quorum sensing (qs) system to regulate production of toxins important for enteritis/enterotoxemia, including beta toxin (cpb), enterotoxin, and epsilon toxin (etx). the virs/virr two-component regulatory system (tcrs) also controls cpb production in broth cultures. both the agr-like qs and virs/virr systems are important when c. p ...201624061146
a case of nontraumatic gas gangrene in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is widely used in neuroscience and regenerative medicine research. however, information concerning common marmoset disorders, particularly infectious diseases, is scarce. here, we report a case of a female common marmoset that died suddenly due to gas gangrene. the animal presented with gaseous abdominal distention at postmortem, and clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from several tissues. vacuoles, a gram-positive bacteremia and intravascular hemolysis were observed ...201626156080
effects of digestate on soil chemical and microbiological properties: a comparative study with compost and vermicompost.anaerobic digestion has become increasingly popular as an alternative for recycling wastes from different origins. consequently, biogas residues, most of them with unknown chemical and biological composition, accrue in large quantities and their application into soil has become a widespread agricultural practise. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of digestate application on the chemical and microbiological properties of an arable soil in comparison with untreated manure, compost ...201626476314
changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum.the changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16s rdna gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. the experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. after gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. after fermentation, clostridium butyrium and a sequ ...201626492174
identification of a bacteria-specific binding protein from the sequenced bacterial genome.novel and specific recognition elements are of central importance in the development of a pathogen detection method. here, we describe a simple method for identifying the cell-wall binding domain (cbd) from a sequenced bacterial genome employing homology search for phage lysin genes. a putative cbd (cpf369_cbd) was identified from a genome of clostridium perfringens type strain atcc 13124, and its function was studied with the cbdgfp fusion protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. fl ...201626528533
an epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with clostridium perfringens, north east of england, 2012-2014.an anecdotal increase in c. perfringens outbreaks was observed in the north east of england during 2012-2014. we describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. all culture-positive (>105 c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the north east health protection team from 1 january 2012 to 31 december 2014 were included. epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle ...201626567801
effect of clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) is clostridium perfringens (cp), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control ne disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in cp strains. identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal cp colonization is crucial. two experiments were conducted to determine chan ...201626567176
growth and physiology of clostridium perfringens wild-type and δazoc knockout: an azo dye exposure study.clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic micro-organism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce the azoreductase enzyme azoc, an nad(p)h-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes to aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic in nature. a significant amount of work has been completed that focuses on the activity of this enzyme; however, few studies have been completed that focus on the physiology of azo dye reduction. dye reduction studies coupled wi ...201626566621
tcpm: a novel relaxase that mediates transfer of large conjugative plasmids from clostridium perfringens.conjugative transfer of toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in clostridium perfringens is mediated by the tcp conjugation locus. surprisingly, neither a relaxase gene nor an origin of transfer (orit) has been identified on these plasmids, which are typified by the 47 kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3. the tcpm gene (previously called intp) encodes a potential tyrosine recombinase that was postulated to be an atypical relaxase. mutagenesis and complementation studies showed that tcpm w ...201626560080
comparison of vaginal microbial community structure in healthy and endometritis dairy cows by pcr-dgge and real-time pcr.the normal vaginal microflora provides protection against infections of the reproductive tract. previous studies have focused on the isolation and screening of probiotic strains from the vagina of cows; however, the vaginal microflora of postpartum cows is poorly characterized. the present study was conducted to evaluate and characterize the vaginal microflora of healthy postpartum cows in relation to postpartum cows with endometritis by using pcr followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophore ...201626551525
septic arthritis due to clostridium ramosum.clostridium species are anaerobic bacilli that are rarely reported as etiologic agents of infectious arthritis. previous cases of arthritis caused by clostridium ramosum have not been reported. we describe the first 2 cases of c. ramosum arthritis.201626546506
physiological role of fold (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), fcha (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of escherichia coli.most organisms possess bifunctional fold [5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-ch2-thf) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate nadph and 10-formyltetrahdrofolate (10-cho-thf) required in various metabolic steps. in addition, some organisms including clostridium perfringens possess another protein, fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-cho-thf. here, we show that unlike the bifunctional fold of escherichia coli (ecofold), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, c ...201626531681
evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens.in this study, three full-scale, operational stormwater harvesting systems located in melbourne, australia were evaluated with respect to water yields; pathogen removal performance by analysis of native surrogate data (escherichiacoli, somatic coliphages and clostridium perfringens); and potential human health risk associated with exposures to faecal pathogens using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). the water yield assessment confirmed variation between design and measured yields. f ...201626615487
diversity of clostridium perfringens isolates from various sources and prevalence of conjugative plasmids.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen, causing food poisoning and other mild to severe infections in humans and animals. some strains of c. perfringens contain conjugative plasmids, which may carry antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. we studied genomic and plasmid diversity of 145 c. perfringens type a strains isolated from soils, foods, chickens, clinical samples, and domestic animals (porcine, bovine and canine), from different geographic areas in the united states between 199 ...201626608548
integration of an innovative biological treatment with physical or chemical disinfection for wastewater reuse.in the present paper, the effectiveness of a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (sbbgr) and its integration with different disinfection strategies (uv irradiation, peracetic acid) for producing an effluent suitable for agricultural use was evaluated. the plant treated raw domestic sewage, and its performances were evaluated in terms of the removal efficiency of a wide group of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. the sbbgr resulted really efficient in removing suspended so ...201626584070
in vitro fermentation of xylooligosaccharides produced from miscanthus × giganteus by human fecal microbiota.purified xylooligosaccharides from miscanthus × giganteus (m×g xos) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. a commercial xos product and pectin were used as controls. decreases in ph by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in m×g xos, commercial xos, a ...201626648520
presence and characterization of pig group a and c rotaviruses in feces of belgian diarrheic suckling piglets.the importance of group a and c rotaviruses (rva and rvc) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the belgian suckling pig population. obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. in the present study, vi ...201626677793
cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124.α-l-fucosidases are key enzymes for the degradation of intestinal glycans by gut microbes. in this work, three putative α-l-fucosidases (afc1, afc2, and afc3) genes from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. afc1 had the α-l-fucosidase domain of glycoside hydrolase (gh) 29 family but showed no enzyme activity toward all the substrates examined. the putative acid/base residue of afc1, ser205, was replaced by a glutamic acid which is conserved in gh29-b ...201626663202
selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.we developed a novel selection method based on an inherently high and low phenotype of pro-inflammatory mediators and produced "high" and "low" line chickens. we have shown high line birds are more resistant to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and eimeria tenella compared to the low line. clostridium perfringens is the fourth leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illness, and is also an economically important poultry pathogen and known etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis (ne). th ...201626706357
matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clostridium species isolated from saudi arabia.the aim of this study was to identify different clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the ha'il region of saudi arabia in september 2014 using maldi-tof-ms. clostridium spp. were identified by bruker maldi-tof-ms and compared with vitek 2. the confirmation of the presence of different clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. in this study, 144 clostridium spp. were isolated. among these specimens, maldi-tof-ms could identify 88.8% (12 ...201626991272
efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.the efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a clostridium perfringens (cp) feed inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and ...201626981841
pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ...201626981703
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