Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a taxonomic framework for emerging groups of ecologically important marine gammaproteobacteria based on the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships using genome-scale data. | in recent years a large number of isolates were obtained from saline environments that are phylogenetically related to distinct clades of oligotrophic marine gammaproteobacteria, which were originally identified in seawater samples using cultivation independent methods and are characterized by high seasonal abundances in coastal environments. to date a sound taxonomic framework for the classification of these ecologically important isolates and related species in accordance with their evolutiona ... | 2015 | 25914684 |
| vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death. | vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (aep/vpe/legumain). vpe has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (pcd) pathway in animals. although there is limited sequence identity between vpe an ... | 2015 | 25914711 |
| differential effects of lesion mimic mutants in barley on disease development by facultative pathogens. | lesion mimic mutants display spontaneous necrotic spots and chlorotic leaves as a result of mis-regulated cell death programmes. typically these mutants have increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens but their response to facultative fungi that cause necrotrophic diseases is less well studied. the effect of altered cell death regulation on the development of disease caused by ramularia collo-cygni, fusarium culmorum and oculimacula yallundae was explored using a collection of barley necrotic ... | 2015 | 25873675 |
| central role of gimap5 in maintaining peripheral tolerance and t cell homeostasis in the gut. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) including crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is often precipitated by an abnormal immune response to microbiota due to host genetic aberrancies. recent studies highlight the importance of the host genome and microflora interactions in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation including ibd. specifically, genome-wide (gwas) and also next-generation sequencing (ngs)-including whole exome or genome sequencing-have uncovered a large number of susceptibility loci t ... | 2015 | 25944983 |
| cnl disease resistance genes in soybean and their evolutionary divergence. | disease resistance genes (r-genes) encode proteins involved in detecting pathogen attack and activating downstream defense molecules. recent availability of soybean genome sequences makes it possible to examine the diversity of gene families including disease-resistant genes. the objectives of this study were to identify coiled-coil nbs-lrr (= cnl) r-genes in soybean, infer their evolutionary relationships, and assess structural as well as functional divergence of the r-genes. profile hidden mar ... | 2015 | 25922568 |
| a novel pyrimidin-like plant activator stimulates plant disease resistance and promotes growth. | plant activators are chemicals that induce plant defense responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. here, we identified a new potential plant activator, 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-ol, named ppa (pyrimidin-type plant activator). compared with benzothiadiazole s-methyl ester (bth), a functional analog of salicylic acid (sa), ppa was fully soluble in water and increased fresh weight of rice (oryza sativa) and arabidopsis plants at low concentrations. in addition, ppa a ... | 2015 | 25849038 |
| atp-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance. | sulfur (s) stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after n, p, and k. sulfate (so4 (2-)), a form of soil-s taken up by plant roots is metabolically inert. as the first committed step of s-assimilation, atp-sulfurylase (atp-s) catalyzes so4 (2-)-activation and yields activated high-energy compound adenosine-5(')-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide (s(2-)) and incorporated into cysteine (cys). in turn, cys acts as a precursor or donor of reduced s for a range of s-compounds such a ... | 2015 | 25904923 |
| pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase caaldh1 interacts with xanthomonas effector avrbst and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses. | xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (capsicum annuum) and nicotiana benthamiana. little is known about the host factors that interact with avrbst. here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (caaldh1) as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between caaldh1 and avrbst in planta. caaldh1:smgfp fluorescence was detected in the cyto ... | 2015 | 25873668 |
| small rnas in plants: recent development and application for crop improvement. | the phenomenon of rna interference (rnai) which involves sequence-specific gene regulation by small non-coding rnas, i.e., small interfering rna (sirna) and microrna (mirna) has emerged as one of most powerful approaches for crop improvement. rnai based on sirna is one of the widely used tools of reverse genetics which aid in revealing gene functions in many species. this technology has been extensively applied to alter the gene expression in plants with an aim to achieve desirable traits. rnai ... | 2015 | 25883599 |
| involvement of the caleosin/peroxygenase rd20 in the control of cell death during arabidopsis responses to pathogens. | caleosins, mostly found in lipid droplets of seeds and leaves, are believed to play physiological roles through their enzymatic capacities to produce oxylipins. we recently identified the caleosin rd20 as a peroxygenase reducing endogenous fatty acid hydroperoxides into their corresponding alcohols. such oxylipins confer tolerance to oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species accumulation and by minimizing cell death. rd20 expression being induced by pathogens, we have examined the m ... | 2015 | 25830533 |
| anti-toxoplasma activity of 2-(naphthalene-2-γlthiol)-1h indole. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the viability, infectivity and immunity of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1h-indole. | 2015 | 26246814 |
| wheat homologs of yeast atg6 function in autophagy and are implicated in powdery mildew immunity. | autophagy-related atg6 proteins are pleiotropic proteins functioning in autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-signaling pathways. arabidopsis atg6 regulates normal plant growth, pollen development and germination, and plant responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. however, the atg6 functions in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), an important food crop, are lacking. | 2015 | 25888209 |
| novel disease susceptibility factors for fungal necrotrophic pathogens in arabidopsis. | host cells use an intricate signaling system to respond to invasions by pathogenic microorganisms. although several signaling components of disease resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens have been identified, our understanding for how molecular components and host processes contribute to plant disease susceptibility is rather sparse. here, we identified four transcription factors (tfs) from arabidopsis that limit pathogen spread. arabidopsis mutants defective in any of these tfs displa ... | 2015 | 25830627 |
| cytoplastic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases interact with atg3 to negatively regulate autophagy and immunity in nicotiana benthamiana. | autophagy as a conserved catabolic pathway can respond to reactive oxygen species (ros) and plays an important role in degrading oxidized proteins in plants under various stress conditions. however, how ros regulates autophagy in response to oxidative stresses is largely unknown. here, we show that autophagy-related protein 3 (atg3) interacts with the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (gapcs) to regulate autophagy in nicotiana benthamiana plants. we found that oxidative stress ... | 2015 | 25829441 |
| proteomic analysis of citrus sinensis roots and leaves in response to long-term magnesium-deficiency. | magnesium (mg)-deficiency is frequently observed in citrus plantations and is responsible for the loss of productivity and poor fruit quality. knowledge on the effects of mg-deficiency on upstream targets is scarce. seedlings of 'xuegan' [citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck] were irrigated with mg-deficient (0 mm mgso4) or mg-sufficient (1 mm mgso4) nutrient solution for 16 weeks. thereafter, we first investigated the proteomic responses of c. sinensis roots and leaves to mg-deficiency using two-dimensi ... | 2015 | 25887480 |
| hyperspectral and thermal imaging of oilseed rape (brassica napus) response to fungal species of the genus alternaria. | in this paper, thermal (8-13 µm) and hyperspectral imaging in visible and near infrared (vnir) and short wavelength infrared (swir) ranges were used to elaborate a method of early detection of biotic stresses caused by fungal species belonging to the genus alternaria that were host (alternaria alternata, alternaria brassicae, and alternaria brassicicola) and non-host (alternaria dauci) pathogens to oilseed rape (brassica napus l.). the measurements of disease severity for chosen dates after inoc ... | 2015 | 25826369 |
| regulation of coronafacoyl phytotoxin production by the pas-luxr family regulator cfar in the common scab pathogen streptomyces scabies. | potato common scab is an economically important crop disease that is characterized by the formation of superficial, raised or pitted lesions on the potato tuber surface. the most widely distributed causative agent of the disease is streptomyces scabies, which produces the phytotoxic secondary metabolite thaxtomin a that serves as a key virulence factor for the organism. recently, it was demonstrated that s. scabies can also produce the phytotoxic secondary metabolite coronafacoyl-l-isoleucine (c ... | 2015 | 25826255 |
| unmasking host and microbial strategies in the agrobacterium-plant defense tango. | coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. eloquently captured in the red queen hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or pamps, that are harbingers of microbial presence. upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of ... | 2015 | 25873923 |
| transcriptomic profiling of arabidopsis thaliana mutant pad2.1 in response to combined cold and osmotic stress. | the contribution of glutathione (gsh) in stress tolerance, defense response and antioxidant signaling is an established fact. in this study transcriptome analysis of pad2.1, an arabidopsis thaliana mutant, after combined osmotic and cold stress treatment has been performed to explore the intricate position of gsh in the stress and defense signaling network in planta. microarray data revealed the differential regulation of about 1674 genes in pad2.1 amongst which 973 and 701 were significantly up ... | 2015 | 25822199 |
| roles and programming of arabidopsis argonaute proteins during turnip mosaic virus infection. | in eukaryotes, argonaute proteins (agos) associate with micrornas (mirnas), short interfering rnas (sirnas), and other classes of small rnas to regulate target rna or target loci. viral infection in plants induces a potent and highly specific antiviral rna silencing response characterized by the formation of virus-derived sirnas. arabidopsis thaliana has ten ago genes of which ago1, ago2, and ago7 have been shown to play roles in antiviral defense. a genetic analysis was used to identify and cha ... | 2015 | 25806948 |
| how salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. | transcriptional regulation is a central process in plant immunity. the induction or repression of defense genes is orchestrated by signaling networks that are directed by plant hormones of which salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) are the major players. extensive cross-communication between the hormone signaling pathways allows for fine tuning of transcriptional programs, determining resistance to invaders and trade-offs with plant development. here, we give an overview of how sa can cont ... | 2015 | 25859250 |
| wrky proteins: signaling and regulation of expression during abiotic stress responses. | wrky proteins are emerging players in plant signaling and have been thoroughly reported to play important roles in plants under biotic stress like pathogen attack. however, recent advances in this field do reveal the enormous significance of these proteins in eliciting responses induced by abiotic stresses. wrky proteins act as major transcription factors, either as positive or negative regulators. specific wrky factors which help in the expression of a cluster of stress-responsive genes are bei ... | 2015 | 25879071 |
| functional roles of three cutin biosynthetic acyltransferases in cytokinin responses and skotomorphogenesis. | cytokinins (cks) regulate plant development and growth via a two-component signaling pathway. by forward genetic screening, we isolated an arabidopsis mutant named grow fast on cytokinins 1 (gfc1), whose seedlings grew larger aerial parts on ms medium with ck. gfc1 is allelic to a previously reported cutin mutant defective in cuticular ridges (dcr). gfc1/dcr encodes a soluble bahd acyltransferase (a name based on the first four enzymes characterized in this family: benzylalcohol o-acetyltransfer ... | 2015 | 25803274 |
| molecular and functional characterization of recd, a novel member of the sf1 family of helicases, from mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the annotated whole-genome sequence of mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed the presence of a putative recd gene; however, the biochemical characteristics of its encoded protein product (mtrecd) remain largely unknown. here, we show that mtrecd exists in solution as a stable homodimer. protein-dna binding assays revealed that mtrecd binds efficiently to single-stranded dna and linear duplexes containing 5' overhangs relative to the 3' overhangs but not to blunt-ended duplex. furthermore, mtrecd b ... | 2015 | 25802334 |
| lathyrus sativus transcriptome resistance response to ascochyta lathyri investigated by deepsupersage analysis. | lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is a temperate grain legume crop with a great potential for expansion in dry areas or zones that are becoming more drought-prone. it is also recognized as a potential source of resistance to several important diseases in legumes, such as ascochyta blight. nevertheless, the lack of detailed genomic and/or transcriptomic information hampers further exploitation of grass pea resistance-related genes in precision breeding. to elucidate the pathways differentially regulat ... | 2015 | 25852725 |
| hypersensitive response-like lesions 1 codes for atppt1 and regulates accumulation of ros and defense against bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis thaliana. | plants employ both basal and resistance gene (r gene)-mediated defenses in response to pathogens. reactive oxygen species (ros) are widely reported to play a central role in both basal and r gene-mediated defense; however, the nature of ros has been less well established for basal defense. in addition, spatial distribution of redox moieties and mechanisms of plant responses during basal defense are poorly understood. we investigated redox signaling in arabidopsis thaliana in response to virulent ... | 2015 | 25557512 |
| evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling. | the objective of this research is to evaluate eluents for recovery of an enveloped bacteriophage, φ6, using whole-hand sampling. | 2015 | 25693048 |
| the n-terminal domain of the tomato immune protein prf contains multiple homotypic and pto kinase interaction sites. | resistance to pseudomonas syringae bacteria in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is conferred by the prf recognition complex, composed of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats protein prf and the protein kinase pto. the complex is activated by recognition of the p. syringae effectors avrpto and avrptob. the n-terminal domain is responsible for prf homodimerization, which brings two pto kinases into close proximity and holds them in inactive conformation in the absence of either effector. negat ... | 2015 | 25792750 |
| interconnection between flowering time control and activation of systemic acquired resistance. | the ability to avoid or neutralize pathogens is inherent to all higher organisms including plants. plants recognize pathogens through receptors, and mount resistance against the intruders, with the help of well-elaborated defense arsenal. in response to some localinfections, plants develop systemic acquired resistance (sar), which provides heightened resistance during subsequent infections. infected tissues generate mobile signaling molecules that travel to the systemic tissues, where they epige ... | 2015 | 25852723 |
| hijacking of the jasmonate pathway by the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1) to initiate programmed cell death in arabidopsis is modulated by rglg3 and rglg4. | the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1) is a strong inducer of programmed cell death (pcd) in plants, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we describe two ubiquitin ligases, ring domain ligase3 (rglg3) and rglg4, which control fb1-triggered pcd by modulating the jasmonate (ja) signalling pathway in arabidopsis thaliana. rglg3 and rglg4 transcription was sensitive to fb1. arabidopsis fb1 sensitivity was suppressed by loss of function of rglg3 and rglg4 and was increased by their overexpre ... | 2015 | 25788731 |
| phylogenetic spectrum and analysis of antibacterial activities of leaf extracts from plants of the genus rhododendron. | plants are traditionally used for medicinal treatment of numerous human disorders including infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. due to the increasing resistance of many pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. plants of the genus rhododendron belong to the woody representatives of the family ericaceae, which are typically used in a range of ethno-medical applications. there are more than one thousand rhododendron specie ... | 2015 | 25879877 |
| goodness-of-fit tests and model diagnostics for negative binomial regression of rna sequencing data. | this work is about assessing model adequacy for negative binomial (nb) regression, particularly (1) assessing the adequacy of the nb assumption, and (2) assessing the appropriateness of models for nb dispersion parameters. tools for the first are appropriate for nb regression generally; those for the second are primarily intended for rna sequencing (rna-seq) data analysis. the typically small number of biological samples and large number of genes in rna-seq analysis motivate us to address the tr ... | 2015 | 25787144 |
| overexpressing cyp71z2 enhances resistance to bacterial blight by suppressing auxin biosynthesis in rice. | the hormone auxin plays an important role not only in the growth and development of rice, but also in its defense responses. we've previously shown that the p450 gene cyp71z2 enhances disease resistance to pathogens through regulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in rice, though it remains unclear if auxin is involved in this process or not. | 2015 | 25786239 |
| novel type iii effectors in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic and acute infections in immunocompromised patients. most p. aeruginosa strains encode an active type iii secretion system (t3ss), utilized by the bacteria to deliver effector proteins from the bacterial cell directly into the cytoplasm of the host cell. four t3ss effectors have been discovered and extensively studied in p. aeruginosa: exot, exos, exou, and exoy. this is especially intriguing in light of p. aeru ... | 2015 | 25784698 |
| transcriptomic profiling of linolenic acid-responsive genes in ros signaling from rna-seq data in arabidopsis. | linolenic acid (ln) released from chloroplast membrane galactolipids is a precursor of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (ja). the involvement of this hormone in different plant biological processes, such as responses to biotic stress conditions, has been extensively studied. however, the role of ln in the regulation of gene expression during abiotic stress situations mediated by cellular redox changes and/or by oxidative stress processes remains poorly understood. an rna-seq approach has increased ... | 2015 | 25852698 |
| osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin. | osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (pr)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. it lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. it is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. it is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading patho ... | 2015 | 25852715 |
| ecological genomics in xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts. | comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants. | 2015 | 25879893 |
| phosphorylation of trihelix transcriptional repressor asr3 by map kinase4 negatively regulates arabidopsis immunity. | proper control of immune-related gene expression is crucial for the host to launch an effective defense response. perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) induces rapid and profound transcriptional reprogramming via unclear mechanisms. here, we show that asr3 (arabidopsis sh4-related3) functions as a transcriptional repressor and plays a negative role in regulating pattern-triggered immunity (pti) in arabidopsis thaliana. asr3 belongs to a plant-specific trihelix transcription ... | 2015 | 25770109 |
| programmed cell death in plants: a chloroplastic connection. | programmed cell death (pcd) is an integral cellular program by which targeted cells culminate to demise under certain developmental and pathological conditions. it is essential for controlling cell number, removing unwanted diseased or damaged cells and maintaining the cellular homeostasis. the details of pcd process has been very well elucidated and characterized in animals but similar understanding of the process in plants has not been achieved rather the field is still in its infancy that see ... | 2015 | 25760871 |
| structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley. | the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ... | 2015 | 25732064 |
| myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management. | nanotechnology can offer green and eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. apart from being eco-friendly, fungi are used as bio-manufacturing units, which will provide an added benefit in being easy to use, as compared to other microbes. the non-pathogenic nature of some fungal species in combination with the simplicity of production and handling will improve the mass production of silver nanoparticles. recently, a diverse range of fungi have been screened for their ability to cr ... | 2015 | 26019636 |
| fine-mapping of a major qtl controlling angular leaf spot resistance in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.). | a major qtl for angular leaf spot resistance in the common bean accession g5686 was fine-mapped to a region containing 36 candidate genes. markers have been developed for marker-assisted selection. common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is an important grain legume and an essential protein source for human nutrition in developing countries. angular leaf spot (als) caused by the pathogen pseudocercospora griseola (sacc.) crous and u. braun is responsible for severe yield losses of up to 80%. breedin ... | 2015 | 25740562 |
| the bacterial alarmone (p)ppgpp is required for virulence and controls cell size and survival of pseudomonas syringae on plants. | the stringent response, mediated by second messenger (p)ppgpp, results in swift and massive transcriptional reprogramming under nutrient limited conditions. in this study, the role of (p)ppgpp on virulence of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a (pssb728a) was investigated. the virulence of the rela/spot (ppgpp(0) ) double mutant was completely impaired on bean, and bacterial growth was significantly reduced, suggesting that (p)ppgpp is required for full virulence of p. syringae. expression o ... | 2015 | 25626964 |
| the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj proteolytically degrades proteasome subunit rpt6. | many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria inject type iii effector (t3e) proteins into their eukaryotic host cells to suppress immunity. the yersinia outer protein j (yopj) family of t3es is a widely distributed family of effector proteins found in both animal and plant pathogens, and its members are highly diversified in virulence functions. some members have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity; however, whether this is a general feature of yopj family t3es is currently unknown. th ... | 2015 | 25739698 |
| effect of quorum sensing signals produced by seaweed-associated bacteria on carpospore liberation from gracilaria dura. | epiphytic and endophytic bacteria associated with green macroalgae ulva (u. fasciata and u. lactuca) and red macroalgae gracilaria (g. corticata and g. dura) have been identified from three different seasons to evaluate the effect of quorum sensing (qs) molecules on carpospores liberation from gracilaria dura. the bacterial isolates belonging to the orders bacillales, pseudomonadales, alteromonadales, and vibrionales were present in all seasons, whereas actinomycetales and enterobacteriales were ... | 2015 | 25788899 |
| identification of the linkage between a-polysaccharide and the core in the a-lipopolysaccharide of porphyromonas gingivalis w50. | porphyromonas gingivalis synthesizes two lipopolysaccharides (lpss), o-lps and a-lps. the structure of the core oligosaccharide (os) of o-lps and the attachment site of the o-polysaccharide (o-ps) repeating unit [ → 3)-α-d-galp-(1 → 6)-α-d-glcp-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-β-d-galnacp-(1 → ] to the core have been elucidated using the δpg1051 (waal, o-antigen ligase) and δpg1142 (wzy, o-antigen polymerase) mutant strains, respectively. the core os occurs as an "uncapped" glycoform devoid of o-ps and ... | 2015 | 25733619 |
| tanac1 acts as a negative regulator of stripe rust resistance in wheat, enhances susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae, and promotes lateral root development in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana. | plant-specific nac transcription factors (tfs) constitute a large family and play important roles in regulating plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses, but only some of them have been investigated for effects on disease reaction in cereal crops. virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an effective strategy for rapid functional analysis of genes in plant tissues. in this study, tanac1, encoding a new member of the nac1 subgroup, was cloned from bread wheat and charac ... | 2015 | 25774162 |
| proteomic identification of early salicylate- and flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins in arabidopsis. | accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the early defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. the mechanism about the initial and direct regulation of the defense signaling pathway by ros remains elusive. perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis by ros is believed to alter functions of redox-sensitive proteins through their oxidative modifications. here we report an oxitraq-based proteomic study in identifying proteins whose cysteines underwent oxidative modificatio ... | 2015 | 25720653 |
| an assessment of heavy ion irradiation mutagenesis for reverse genetics in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | reverse genetic techniques harnessing mutational approaches are powerful tools that can provide substantial insight into gene function in plants. however, as compared to diploid species, reverse genetic analyses in polyploid plants such as bread wheat can present substantial challenges associated with high levels of sequence and functional similarity amongst homoeologous loci. we previously developed a high-throughput method to identify deletions of genes within a physically mutagenized wheat po ... | 2015 | 25719507 |
| a high-sensitivity optical device for the early monitoring of plant pathogen attack via the in vivo detection of ros bursts. | biotic stressors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, are rather difficult to detect. in plants, one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen infection is the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). in this study, a novel optical device for the early monitoring of pseudomonas attack was developed; this device measures the ros level via oxidation-sensitive 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (h2dcfda)-mediated fluorescence, which could provide early monitoring of attac ... | 2015 | 25767474 |
| rna-seq analysis reveals the role of red light in resistance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tomato plants. | plants attenuate their responses to a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens, leading to higher incidences of pathogen infection at night. however, little is known about the molecular mechanism responsible for the light-induced defence response; transcriptome data would likely facilitate the elucidation of this mechanism. | 2015 | 25765075 |
| induced resistance for plant defense. | 2015 | 25759706 | |
| pale-green phenotype of atl31atl6 double mutant leaves is caused by disruption of 5-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana. | arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases atl31 and homologue atl6 control the carbon/nitrogen nutrient and pathogen responses. a mutant with the loss-of-function of both atl31 and atl6 developed light intensity-dependent pale-green true leaves, whereas the single knockout mutants did not. plastid ultrastructure and blue native-page analyses revealed that pale-green leaves contain abnormal plastid structure with highly reduced levels of thylakoid proteins. in contrast, the pale-green leaves of the atl31/atl ... | 2015 | 25706562 |
| the epl1 and sm1 proteins from trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma virens differentially modulate systemic disease resistance against different life style pathogens in solanum lycopersicum. | fungi belonging to the genus trichoderma, commonly found in soil or colonizing plant roots, exert beneficial effects on plants, including the promotion of growth and the induction of resistance to disease. t. virens and t. atroviride secrete the proteins sm1 and epl1, respectively, which elicit local and systemic disease resistance in plants. in this work, we show that these fungi promote growth in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants. t. virens was more effective than t. atroviride in promoting ... | 2015 | 25755658 |
| the interaction of arabidopsis with piriformospora indica shifts from initial transient stress induced by fungus-released chemical mediators to a mutualistic interaction after physical contact of the two symbionts. | piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of sebacinales, colonizes the roots of many plant species including arabidopsis thaliana. the symbiotic interaction promotes plant performance, growth and resistance/tolerance against abiotic and biotic stress. | 2015 | 25849363 |
| priming of wheat with the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate enhances defense against fusarium graminearum but boosts deoxynivalenol production. | priming refers to a mechanism whereby plants are sensitized to respond faster and/or more strongly to future pathogen attack. here, we demonstrate that preexposure to the green leaf volatile z-3-hexenyl acetate (z-3-hac) primed wheat (triticum aestivum) for enhanced defense against subsequent infection with the hemibiotrophic fungus fusarium graminearum. bioassays showed that, after priming with z-3-hac, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets. furthermore, leaves of seedlings ... | 2015 | 25713338 |
| effects of n-glycosylation site removal in archaellins on the assembly and function of archaella in methanococcus maripaludis. | in methanococcus maripaludis s2, the swimming organelle, the archaellum, is composed of three archaellins, flab1s2, flab2s2 and flab3s2. all three are modified with an n-linked tetrasaccharide at multiple sites. disruption of the n-linked glycosylation pathway is known to cause defects in archaella assembly or function. here, we explored the potential requirement of n-glycosylation of archaellins on archaellation by investigating the effects of eliminating the 4 n-glycosylation sites in the wild ... | 2015 | 25700084 |
| arabidopsis flower specific defense gene expression patterns affect resistance to pathogens. | we investigated whether the arabidopsis flower evolved protective measures to increase reproductive success. firstly, analyses of available transcriptome data show that the most highly expressed transcripts in the closed sepal (stage 12) are enriched in genes with roles in responses to chemical stimuli and cellular metabolic processes. at stage 15, there is enrichment in transcripts with a role in responses to biotic stimuli. comparative analyses between the sepal and petal in the open flower ma ... | 2015 | 25750645 |
| comparative genomic analysis of seven mycoplasma hyosynoviae strains. | infection with mycoplasma hyosynoviae can result in debilitating arthritis in pigs, particularly those aged 10 weeks or older. strategies for controlling this pathogen are becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of cases of arthritis that have been attributed to infection in recent years. in order to begin to develop interventions to prevent arthritis caused by m. hyosynoviae, more information regarding the specific proteins and potential virulence factors that its genome e ... | 2015 | 25693846 |
| phospholipase d affects translocation of npr1 to the nucleus in arabidopsis thaliana. | phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. although the key players of the sa pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. in our previous research, we showed in arabidopsis suspension cells that n-butanol, which specifically modulates phospholipase d activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related (pr-1) gene, whi ... | 2015 | 25741350 |
| the capsicum annuum class iv chitinase chitiv interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase pik1 to accelerate pik1-triggered cell death and defence responses. | the pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase, capik1, which mediates signalling of plant cell death and defence responses was previously identified. here, the identification of a class iv chitinase, cachitiv, from pepper plants (capsicum annuum), which interacts with capik1 and promotes capik1-triggered cell death and defence responses, is reported. cachitiv contains a signal peptide, chitin-binding domain, and glycol hydrolase domain. cachitiv expression was up-regulated by xanthomonas c ... | 2015 | 25694549 |
| comprehensive analysis suggests overlapping expression of rice onac transcription factors in abiotic and biotic stress responses. | nac (nam/ataf/cuc) transcription factors comprise a large plant-specific gene family that contains more than 149 members in rice. extensive studies have revealed that nac transcription factors not only play important roles in plant growth and development, but also have functions in regulation of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. however, biological functions for most of the members in the nac family remain unknown. in this study, microarray data analyses revealed that a total of 63 onac ... | 2015 | 25690040 |
| a tale of transposition: tn3-like transposons play a major role in the spread of pathogenicity determinants of xanthomonas citri and other xanthomonads. | members of the genus xanthomonas are among the most important phytopathogens. a key feature of xanthomonas pathogenesis is the translocation of type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector proteins (t3ses) into the plant target cells via a t3ss. several t3ses and a murein lytic transglycosylase gene (mlt, required for citrus canker symptoms) are found associated with three transposition-related genes in xanthomonas citri plasmid pxac64. these are flanked by short inverted repeats (irs). the region ... | 2015 | 25691597 |
| retromer contributes to immunity-associated cell death in arabidopsis. | membrane trafficking is required during plant immune responses, but its contribution to the hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death (pcd) associated with effector-triggered immunity, is not well understood. hr is induced by nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) immune receptors and can involve vacuole-mediated processes, including autophagy. we previously isolated lazarus (laz) suppressors of autoimmunity-triggered pcd in the arabidopsis thaliana mutant accelerate ... | 2015 | 25681156 |
| the f-box protein max2 contributes to resistance to bacterial phytopathogens in arabidopsis thaliana. | the arabidopsis thaliana f-box protein more axillary growth2 (max2) has previously been characterized for its role in plant development. max2 appears essential for the perception of the newly characterized phytohormone strigolactone, a negative regulator of polar auxin transport in arabidopsis. | 2015 | 25849639 |
| the e3 ligase ospub15 interacts with the receptor-like kinase pid2 and regulates plant cell death and innate immunity. | rice blast disease is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. we previously cloned the rice blast resistance gene pid2, which encodes a transmembrane receptor-like kinase containing an extracellular b-lectin domain and an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain. however, little is known about pid2-mediated signaling. | 2015 | 25849162 |
| long-chain bases, phosphatidic acid, mapks, and reactive oxygen species as nodal signal transducers in stress responses in arabidopsis. | due to their sessile condition, plants have developed sensitive, fast, and effective ways to contend with environmental changes. these mechanisms operate as informational wires conforming extensive and intricate networks that are connected in several points. the responses are designed as pathways orchestrated by molecules that are transducers of protein and non-protein nature. their chemical nature imposes selective features such as specificity, formation rate, and generation site to the informa ... | 2015 | 25763001 |
| structural analysis of a specialized type iii secretion system peptidoglycan-cleaving enzyme. | the gram-negative bacterium enteropathogenic escherichia coli uses a syringe-like type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject virulence or "effector" proteins into the cytoplasm of host intestinal epithelial cells. to assemble, the t3ss must traverse both bacterial membranes, as well as the peptidoglycan layer. peptidoglycan is made of repeating n-acetylmuramic acid and n-acetylglucosamine disaccharides cross-linked by pentapeptides to form a tight mesh barrier. assembly of many macromolecular ma ... | 2015 | 25678709 |
| development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii. | a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific immunochromatographic test strip was developed for the detection of pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (pss) in corn seed which was soaked overnight and then centrifuged for precipitate re-dissolved as samples. a pair of sensitive monoclonal antibodies for the immunochromatographic test strip was generated by mice immunization and cell fusion. under optimized conditions, the lower detection limit of the strips for pss was 1 × 10(5) cfu/ml both in 0.01 m p ... | 2015 | 25686315 |
| histone chaperones in arabidopsis and rice: genome-wide identification, phylogeny, architecture and transcriptional regulation. | histone chaperones modulate chromatin architecture and hence play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. in contrast to their animal and yeast counterparts, not much is known about plant histone chaperones. to gain insights into their functions in plants, we sought to identify histone chaperones from two model plant species and investigated their phylogeny, domain architecture and transcriptional profiles to establish correlation between their expression patterns and potenti ... | 2015 | 25849155 |
| the physcomitrella patens unique alpha-dioxygenase participates in both developmental processes and defense responses. | plant α-dioxygenases catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to the formation of oxylipins. in flowering plants, two main groups of α-doxs have been described. while the α-dox1 isoforms are mainly involved in defense responses against microbial infection and herbivores, the α-dox2 isoforms are mostly related to development. to gain insight into the roles played by these enzymes during land plant evolution, we performed biochemical, genetic and mole ... | 2015 | 25848849 |
| downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica. | downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. the occurrence of outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 (eco157) and salmonella enterica typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens und ... | 2015 | 25648408 |
| key players of singlet oxygen-induced cell death in plants. | the production of reactive oxygen species (ros) is an unavoidable consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis. singlet oxygen ((1)o2) is a highly reactive species to which has been attributed a major destructive role during the execution of ros-induced cell death in photosynthetic tissues exposed to excess light. the study of the specific biological activity of (1)o2 in plants has been hindered by its high reactivity and short lifetime, the concurrent production of other ros under photooxidative stre ... | 2015 | 25699067 |
| expanding the enzyme universe: accessing non-natural reactions by mechanism-guided directed evolution. | high selectivity and exquisite control over the outcome of reactions entice chemists to use biocatalysts in organic synthesis. however, many useful reactions are not accessible because they are not in nature's known repertoire. in this review, we outline an evolutionary approach to engineering enzymes to catalyze reactions not found in nature. we begin with examples of how nature has discovered new catalytic functions and how such evolutionary progression has been recapitulated in the laboratory ... | 2015 | 25649694 |
| arabidopsis hfr1 is a potential nuclear substrate regulated by the xanthomonas type iii effector xopd(xcc8004). | xopdxcc8004, a type iii effector of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) 8004, is considered a shorter version of the xopd, which lacks the n-terminal domain. to understand the functions of xopdxcc8004, in planta, a transgenic approach combined with inducible promoter to analyze the effects of xopdxcc8004 in arabidopsis was done. here, the expression of xopdxcc8004, in arabidopsis elicited the accumulation of host defense-response genes. these molecular changes were dependent on salicylic ... | 2015 | 25647296 |
| brassica napus l. cultivars show a broad variability in their morphology, physiology and metabolite levels in response to sulfur limitations and to pathogen attack. | under adequate sulfur supply, plants accumulate sulfate in the vacuoles and use sulfur-containing metabolites as storage compounds. under sulfur-limiting conditions, these pools of stored sulfur-compounds are depleted in order to balance the nitrogen to sulfur ratio for protein synthesis. stress conditions like sulfur limitation and/or pathogen attack induce changes in the sulfate pool and the levels of sulfur-containing metabolites, which often depend on the ecotypes or cultivars. we are intere ... | 2015 | 25699060 |
| stress-induced endogenous sirnas targeting regulatory intron sequences in brachypodium. | exposure to abiotic stresses triggers global changes in the expression of thousands of eukaryotic genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. small rna (smrna) pathways and splicing both function as crucial mechanisms regulating stress-responsive gene expression. however, examples of smrnas regulating gene expression remain largely limited to effects on mrna stability, translation, and epigenetic regulation. also, our understanding of the networks controlling plant gene express ... | 2015 | 25480817 |
| jasmonates elicit different sets of stilbenes in vitis vinifera cv. negramaro cell cultures. | the plant phenol trans-resveratrol, which is mainly found in grape, displays a wide range of biological effects. a cell suspension culture was developed from calli of grape leaves of vitis vinifera cv. negramaro in order to study the bioproduction of resveratrol. the effects of a number of secondary plant metabolism elicitors, namely chitosan, methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, coronatine, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, were tested on this cell suspension culture. the identification and quantificat ... | 2015 | 25674504 |
| functional analysis of plant defense suppression and activation by the xanthomonas core type iii effector xopx. | many phytopathogenic type iii secretion effector proteins (t3es) have been shown to target and suppress plant immune signaling but perturbation of the plant immune system by t3es can also elicit a plant response. xopx is a "core" xanthomonas t3e that contributes to growth and symptom development during xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection of tomato but its functional role is undefined. we tested the effect of xopx on several aspects of plant immune signaling. xopx promoted ethylene production and ... | 2015 | 25338145 |
| infection of ustilaginoidea virens intercepts rice seed formation but activates grain-filling-related genes. | rice false smut has become an increasingly serious disease in rice (oryza sativa l.) production worldwide. the typical feature of this disease is that the fungal pathogen ustilaginoidea virens (uv) specifically infects rice flower and forms false smut ball, the ustiloxin-containing ball-like fungal colony, of which the size is usually several times larger than that of a mature rice seed. however, the underlying mechanisms of uv-rice interaction are poorly understood. here, we applied time-course ... | 2015 | 25319482 |
| functional diversity of jasmonates in rice. | phytohormone jasmonates (ja) play essential roles in plants, such as regulating development and growth, responding to environmental changes, and resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. during signaling, ja interacts, either synergistically or antagonistically, with other hormones, such as salicylic acid (sa), gibberellin (ga), ethylene (et), auxin, brassinosteroid (br), and abscisic acid (aba), to regulate gene expression in regulatory networks, conferring physiological and metabolic adjustments ... | 2015 | 26054241 |
| sequence-specific cleavage of dsrna by mini-iii rnase. | ribonucleases (rnases) play a critical role in rna processing and degradation by hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds (exo- or endonucleolytically). many rnases that cut rna internally exhibit substrate specificity, but their target sites are usually limited to one or a few specific nucleotides in single-stranded rna and often in a context of a particular three-dimensional structure of the substrate. thus far, no rnase counterparts of restriction enzymes have been identified which could cleave doubl ... | 2015 | 25634891 |
| perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an avre family type iii effector from pantoea stewartii. | avre family type iii effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. however, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. wtse is an avre family member required for the ability of pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (z ... | 2015 | 25635112 |
| recruitment of plant u-box13 and the pi4kβ1/β2 phosphatidylinositol-4 kinases by the small gtpase raba4b plays important roles during salicylic acid-mediated plant defense signaling in arabidopsis. | protection against microbial pathogens involves the activation of cellular immune responses in eukaryotes, and this cellular immunity likely involves changes in subcellular membrane trafficking. in eukaryotes, members of the rab gtpase family of small monomeric regulatory gtpases play prominent roles in the regulation of membrane trafficking. we previously showed that raba4b is recruited to vesicles that emerge from trans-golgi network (tgn) compartments and regulates polarized membrane traffick ... | 2015 | 25634989 |
| ptrwrky73, a salicylic acid-inducible poplar wrky transcription factor, is involved in disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. | a salicylic acid-inducible wrky gene, ptrwrky73, from populus trichocarpa , was isolated and characterized. overexpression of ptrwrky73 in arabidopsis thaliana increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens but reduced resistance against necrotrophic pathogens. wrky transcription factors are commonly involved in plant defense responses. however, limited information is available about the roles of the wrky genes in poplar defense. in this study, we isolated a salicylic acid (sa)-inducible wrky gene ... | 2015 | 25627252 |
| the search for therapeutic bacteriophages uncovers one new subfamily and two new genera of pseudomonas-infecting myoviridae. | in a previous study, six virulent bacteriophages pak_p1, pak_p2, pak_p3, pak_p4, pak_p5 and cha_p1 were evaluated for their in vivo efficacy in treating pseudomonas aeruginosa infections using a mouse model of lung infection. here, we show that their genomes are closely related to five other pseudomonas phages and allow a subdivision into two clades, pak_p1-like and kpp10-like viruses, based on differences in genome size, %gc and genomic contents, as well as number of trnas. these two clades are ... | 2015 | 25629728 |
| the relevance of nanoscale biological fragments for ice nucleation in clouds. | most studies of the role of biological entities as atmospheric ice-nucleating particles have focused on relatively rare supermicron particles such as bacterial cells, fungal spores and pollen grains. however, it is not clear that there are sufficient numbers of these particles in the atmosphere to strongly influence clouds. here we show that the ice-nucleating activity of a fungus from the ubiquitous genus fusarium is related to the presence of nanometre-scale particles which are far more numero ... | 2015 | 25626414 |
| stereoselective syntheses of α,β-unsaturated γ-amino esters through phosphine-catalyzed γ-umpolung additions of sulfonamides to γ-substituted allenoates. | α,β-unsaturated γ-amino esters can be synthesized efficiently and stereoselectively through phosphine-catalyzed γ-umpolung additions of sulfonamides to γ-substituted allenoates. the structures of the sulfonamide and γ-substituted allenoate partners can be varied to achieve a range of α,β-unsaturated γ-amino esters with potentially interesting chemical and biological properties. | 2015 | 26041942 |
| hydrolysis of phytate and formation of inositol phosphate isomers without or with supplemented phytases in different segments of the digestive tract of broilers. | the objective was to characterise degradation of myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (insp6) and formation of inositol phosphate (insp) isomers in different segments of the broiler digestive tract. influence of an aspergillus niger (phya) and two escherichia coli-derived (phye1 and phye2) phytases was also investigated. a total of 600 16-d-old broilers were allocated to forty floor pens (ten pens per treatment). low-p (5·2 g/kg dm) maize-soyabean meal-based diets were fed wit ... | 2015 | 26090091 |
| imposed glutathione-mediated redox switch modulates the tobacco wound-induced protein kinase and salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activation state and impacts on defence against pseudomonas syringae. | the role of the redox-active tripeptide glutathione in plant defence against pathogens has been studied extensively; however, the impact of changes in cellular glutathione redox potential on signalling processes during defence reactions has remained elusive. this study explored the impact of elevated glutathione content on the cytosolic redox potential and on early defence signalling at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), as well as on subsequent defence reactions, including ... | 2015 | 25628332 |
| a truncated nlr protein, tir-nbs2, is required for activated defense responses in the exo70b1 mutant. | during exocytosis, the evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex tethers golgi-derived vesicles to the target plasma membrane, a critical function for secretory pathways. here we show that exo70b1 loss-of-function mutants express activated defense responses upon infection and express enhanced resistance to fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens. in a screen for mutants that suppress exo70b1 resistance, we identified nine alleles of tir-nbs2 (tn2), suggesting that loss-of-function of exo70b1 lea ... | 2015 | 25617755 |
| regulation of oncogene expression in t-dna-transformed host plant cells. | virulent agrobacterium tumefaciens strains integrate their t-dna into the plant genome where the encoded agrobacterial oncogenes are expressed and cause crown gall disease. essential for crown gall development are iaah (indole-3-acetamide hydrolase), iaam (tryptophan monooxygenase) and ipt (isopentenyl transferase), which encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of auxin (iaah, iaam) and cytokinin (ipt). although these oncogenes are well studied as the tumor-inducing principle, nothing is known about ... | 2015 | 25615824 |
| revealing shared and distinct gene network organization in arabidopsis immune responses by integrative analysis. | pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti) are two main plant immune responses to counter pathogen invasion. genome-wide gene network organizing principles leading to quantitative differences between pti and eti have remained elusive. we combined an advanced machine learning method and modular network analysis to systematically characterize the organizing principles of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) pti and eti at three network resolutions. at the single network n ... | 2015 | 25614062 |
| redundancy and metabolic function of the glutamine synthetase gene family in poplar. | glutamine synthetase (gs; ec: 6.3.1.2, l-glutamate: ammonia ligase adp-forming) is a key enzyme in ammonium assimilation and metabolism in higher plants. in poplar, the gs family is organized in 4 groups of duplicated genes, 3 of which code for cytosolic gs isoforms (gs1.1, gs1.2 and gs1.3) and one group that codes for the choroplastic gs isoform (gs2). our previous work suggested that gs duplicates may have been retained to increase the amount of enzyme in a particular cell type. | 2015 | 25608602 |
| evaluation of methods to purify virus-like particles for metagenomic sequencing of intestinal viromes. | viruses are a significant component of the intestinal microbiota in mammals. in recent years, advances in sequencing technologies and data analysis techniques have enabled detailed metagenomic studies investigating intestinal viromes (collections of bacteriophage and eukaryotic viral nucleic acids) and their potential contributions to the ecology of the microbiota. an important component of virome studies is the isolation and purification of virus-like particles (vlps) from intestinal contents o ... | 2015 | 25608871 |
| the arabidopsis transcription factor brassinosteroid insensitive1-ethyl methanesulfonate-suppressor1 is a direct substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase6 and regulates immunity. | pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors to activate pamp-triggered immunity (pti). mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), as well as other cytoplasmic kinases, integrate upstream immune signals and, in turn, dissect pti signaling via different substrates to regulate defense responses. however, only a few direct substrates of these signaling kinases have been identified. here, we show that pamp perception enhances phosphorylation of ... | 2015 | 25609555 |
| abscisic acid negatively interferes with basal defence of barley against magnaporthe oryzae. | plant hormones are well known regulators which balance plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. we investigated the role of abscisic acid (aba) in resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) against the plant pathogenic fungus magnaporthe oryzae. | 2015 | 25604965 |
| the mrna decay factor pat1 functions in a pathway including map kinase 4 and immune receptor summ2. | multi-layered defense responses are activated in plants upon recognition of invading pathogens. transmembrane receptors recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and activate map kinase cascades, which regulate changes in gene expression to produce appropriate immune responses. for example, arabidopsis map kinase 4 (mpk4) regulates the expression of a subset of defense genes via at least one wrky transcription factor. we report here that mpk4 is found in complexes in viv ... | 2015 | 25603932 |
| targeting virulence not viability in the search for future antibacterials. | new antibacterials need new approaches to overcome the problem of rapid antibiotic resistance. here we review the development of potential new antibacterial drugs that do not kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, but combat disease instead by targeting bacterial virulence. | 2015 | 24552512 |
| innovations in air sampling to detect plant pathogens. | many innovations in the development and use of air sampling devices have occurred in plant pathology since the first description of the hirst spore trap. these include improvements in capture efficiency at relatively high air-volume collection rates, methods to enhance the ease of sample processing with downstream diagnostic methods and even full automation of sampling, diagnosis and wireless reporting of results. other innovations have been to mount air samplers on mobile platforms such as uavs ... | 2015 | 25745191 |