Publications

rifaximin for the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea.	rifaximin is a nonabsorbable rifamycin derivative with an excellent safety profile and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a variety of enteropathogens causing acute infectious diarrhea. after oral ingestion, its bioavailability is known to be less than 0.4%, and it has a low potential for significant drug interactions. in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea caused by noninvasive diarrheagenic escherichia coli, it has been demonstrated that rifaximin significantly shortens the du ...	2011	21765867
leaching of human pathogens in repacked soil lysimeters and contamination of potato tubers under subsurface drip irrigation in denmark.	the risk for contamination of potatoes and groundwater through subsurface drip irrigation with low quality water was explored in 30 large-scale lysimeters containing repacked coarse sand and sandy loam soils. the human pathogens, salmonella senftenberg, campylobacter jejuni and escherichia coli o157:h7, and the virus indicator salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage 28b, were added weekly through irrigation tubes for one month with low irrigation rates (8 mm per week). in the following six months l ...	2011	21762945
high incidence of guillain-barre syndrome in children, bangladesh.	to the editor: bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in its drive to eliminate poliomyelitis; no case has been reported from that country since 2000. still, the nonpolio incidence rate of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) in bangladesh is 3.25 cases per 100,000 children *lt;15 years of age (1). guillain-barre syndrome (gbs), an acute polyradiculoneuropathy, is the most frequent cause of afp (2). gbs in bangladesh is frequently preceded by an enteric infection caused by campylobacter jejuni (3). ...	2011	21762603
melioidosis in birds and burkholderia pseudomallei dispersal, australia.	to the editor: melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, which inhabits soil and surface water in the disease-endemic regions of southeast asia and northern australia (1). the aim of this study was to assess the potential for birds to spread b. pseudomallei. birds are known carriers of various human pathogens, including influenza viruses, west nile virus, campylobacter jejuni, and antimicrobial drug-resist ...	2011	21762599
niche segregation and genetic structure of campylobacter jejuni populations from wild and agricultural host species.	bacterial populations can display high levels of genetic structuring but the forces that influence this are incompletely understood. here, by combining modelling approaches with multilocus sequence data for the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter, we investigated how ecological factors such as niche (host) separation relate to population structure. we analysed seven housekeeping genes from published c. jejuni and c. coli isolate collections from a range of food and wild animal sources as well as abi ...	2011	21762392
chemotactic behavior of campylobacter spp. in function of different temperatures (37 °c and 42 °c).	the chemotactic behaviour of campylobacter strains was determined in the presence of different amino acids at two temperatures (37 °c and 42 °c). two strains of catalase positive (campylobacter jejuni) and negative (campylobacter sputurum) campylobacter were isolated from river water in tonekabon, iran and identified by phenotyping and 16srrna gene sequencing methods. chemotactic responses of the isolates were assessed toward a variety of amino acids viz., l-cystine, l-asparagine, l-histidine, l ...	2011	21757020
marked campylobacteriosis decline after interventions aimed at poultry, new zealand.	beginning in the 1980s, new zealand experienced rising annual rates of campylobacteriosis that peaked in 2006. we analyzed notification, hospitalization, and other data to explore the 2007-2008 drop in campylobacteriosis incidence. source attribution techniques based on genotyping of campylobacter jejuni isolates from patients and environmental sources were also used to examine the decline. in 2008, the annual campylobacteriosis notification rate was 161.5/100,000 population, representing a 54% ...	2011	21749761
systemic response to campylobacter jejuni infection by profiling gene transcription in the spleens of two genetic lines of chickens.	campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) is a leading cause of human bacterial enteritis worldwide with poultry products being a major source of c. jejuni contamination. the chicken is the natural reservoir of c. jejuni where bacteria colonize the digestive tract of poultry, but rarely cause symptoms of disease. to understand the systemic molecular response mechanisms to c. jejuni infection in chickens, total splenic rna was isolated and applied to a whole genome chicken microarray for comparison betwee ...	2011	21748442
a comparative genomic analysis of energy metabolism in sulfate reducing bacteria and archaea.	the number of sequenced genomes of sulfate reducing organisms (sro) has increased significantly in the recent years, providing an opportunity for a broader perspective into their energy metabolism. in this work we carried out a comparative survey of energy metabolism genes found in 25 available genomes of sro. this analysis revealed a higher diversity of possible energy conserving pathways than classically considered to be present in these organisms, and permitted the identification of new prote ...	2011	21747791
the thermoacidophilic archaeon sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains an unsually short, highly reduced dolichyl phosphate.	polyprenoids, polymers containing varied numbers of isoprene subunits, serve numerous roles in biology. in eukarya, dolichyl phosphate, a phosphorylated polyprenol bearing a saturated a-end isoprene subunit, serves as the glycan carrier during n-glycosylation, namely that post-translational modification whereby glycans are covalently linked to select asparagine residues of a target protein. as in eukarya, n-glycosylation in archaea also relies on phosphorylated dolichol. in this report, lc-esi/m ...	2011	21745590
distribution of flagella secreted protein and integral membrane protein among campylobacter jejuni isolated from thailand.	abstract:	2011	21745410
transmission of multiple resistant salmonella concord from internationally adopted children to their adoptive families and social environment: proposition of guidelines.	since 2004, an increasing number of multidrug-resistant salmonella serovar concord infections have been isolated in belgium among children adopted from ethiopia. the patients or their family were interviewed and the isolates were subtyped. between 2004 and 2009, a total of 39 salmonella concord infections were isolated from patients. thirty-four isolates presented a multidrug resistance including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. thirty-six cases involved children and 30 of these w ...	2011	21744280
transmission of multiple resistant salmonella concord from internationally adopted children to their adoptive families and social environment: proposition of guidelines.	since 2004, an increasing number of multidrug-resistant salmonella serovar concord infections have been isolated in belgium among children adopted from ethiopia. the patients or their family were interviewed and the isolates were subtyped. between 2004 and 2009, a total of 39 salmonella concord infections were isolated from patients. thirty-four isolates presented a multidrug resistance including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. thirty-six cases involved children and 30 of these w ...	2011	21744280
nucleotide pyrophosphatase employs a p-loop-like motif to enhance catalytic power and ndp/ntp discrimination.	we investigated the potential (d)ndp/(d)ntp discrimination mechanisms in nucleotide pyrophosphatases. here, we report that dutpase, an essential nucleotide pyrophosphatase, uses a c-terminal p-loop-like sequence in a unique mechanism for substrate discrimination and efficient hydrolysis. our spectroscopy and transient kinetics results on human dutpase mutants combined with previous structural studies indicate that (i) h-bond interactions between the +¦-phosphate and the p-loop-like motif v promo ...	2011	21831832
cholesterol depletion reduces entry of campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin and attenuates intoxication of host cells.	campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. cytolethal distending toxin, produced by campylobacter jejuni, is a putative virulence factor that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. cellular cholesterol, a major component of lipid rafts, has a pivotal role in regulating signaling transduction and protein trafficking as well as pathogen internalization. in this study, we demonstrated that cell intoxication by campylobacter jejuni cytolethal disten ...	2011	21730089
bacteria as trigger for chronic gastrointestinal disorders.	apart from acute infections, microorganisms may also induce or perpetuate chronic inflammatory diseases and reversible or irreversible proliferation of various cells in the gastrointestinal tract (the extreme being adenocarcinoma and lymphoma). helicobacter pylori is not only involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. the steps and mechanisms of the carcinogenic process involve host predisposition, environmental factors, and strain virulence. the steps of lymphoma genes ...	2011	21734380
efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family: a perspective of their structure, function, and regulation in gram-negative bacteria.		2011	21692368
sequencing and validation of the genome of a campylobacter concisus reveals intra-species diversity.	campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen of the human gastrointestinal tract. its role in different diseases remains a subject of debate; this may be due to strain to strain genetic variation. here, we sequence and analyze the genome of a c. concisus from a biopsy of a child with crohn's disease (unswcd); the second such genome for this species. a 1.8 mb genome was assembled with paired-end reads from a next-generation sequencer. this genome is smaller than the 2.1 mb c. concisus reference ...	2011	21829448
novel murine infection models provide deep insights into the "m+®nage +á trois" of campylobacter jejuni, microbiota and host innate immunity.	although campylobacter jejuni-infections have a high prevalence worldwide and represent a significant socioeconomic burden, it is still not well understood how c. jejuni causes intestinal inflammation. detailed investigation of c. jejuni-mediated intestinal immunopathology is hampered by the lack of appropriate vertebrate models. in particular, mice display colonization resistance against this pathogen.	2011	21698299
irrelevance between the induction of anti-campylobacter humoral response by a bacterin and the lack of protection against homologous challenge in japanese jidori chickens.	on-farm vaccination of chickens against campylobacter jejuni is considered a potentially effective countermeasure to decrease campylobacteriosis via consumption of contaminated chicken meat, but is not yet available. in this study, two groups of jidori chicks were immunized subcutaneously with a formalin-killed c. jejuni with 2 different adjuvants. another chicks served as the unvaccinated control group. both vaccines induced high levels of anti-campylobacter igg, but provided no decrease of bac ...	2011	21836379
identification of persistent subtypes of campylobacter jejuni by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in finland.	abstract the genetic diversity of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from finnish patients was studied by typing 508 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: 311 were isolated from domestically acquired infections and 197 from travel-related infections. the strains were systematically selected from a larger collection of previously serotyped strains isolated during two 1-year sampling periods. the four most common smai profiles accounted for 45% of the domestic strains but only 3% of the ...	2011	21675864
mannose-6-phosphate regulates destruction of lipid-linked oligosaccharides.	mannose-6-phosphate (m6p) is an essential precursor for mannosyl glycoconjugates, including lipid-linked oligosaccharides (llo; glucose(3)mannose(9)glcnac(2)-p-p-dolichol) used for protein n-glycosylation. in permeabilized mammalian cells, m6p also causes specific llo cleavage. however, the context and purpose of this paradoxical reaction are unknown. in this study, we used intact mouse embryonic fibroblasts to show that endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress elevates m6p concentrations, leading to c ...	2011	21737679
the proteome folding project: proteome-scale prediction of structure and function.	the incompleteness of proteome structure and function annotation is a critical problem for biologists and, in particular, severely limits interpretation of high-throughput and next-generation experiments. we have developed a proteome annotation pipeline based on structure prediction, where function and structure annotations are generated using an integration of sequence comparison, fold recognition and grid-computing enabled de novo structure prediction. we predict protein domain boundaries and ...	2011	21824995
genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni strain 327, a strain isolated from a turkey slaughterhouse.	campylobacter is one of the leading causes of food-borne gastroenteritis and has a high prevalence in poultry. campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni 327 is a subspecies of the genus campylobacter of the family campylobacteraceae in the phylum proteobacteria. the microaerophilic, spiral shaped, catalase positive bacterium obtains energy from the metabolism of amino acids and krebs cycle intermediates. strain 327 was isolated from a turkey slaughter production line and is considered environmentally s ...	2011	21677848
general metabolism of laribacter hongkongensis: a genome-wide analysis.		2011	21711917
prevalence of campylobacter in wild birds of the mid-atlantic region, usa.	we evaluated the occurrence of three campylobacter species--c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari--from 333 wild bird fecal samples collected at tri-state bird rescue and research in newark, delaware, in 2008. using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, we detected c. jejuni from six avian families with an overall prevalence rate of 7.2%. we did not detect any other campylobacter species. campylobacter jejuni prevalence ranged widely between different avian families with crows (corvidae) and gulls (lar ...	2011	21719846
salicylate functions as an efflux pump inducer and promotes the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in campylobacter jejuni.	salicylate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, has been shown to increase the resistance of campylobacter to antimicrobials. however, the molecular mechanism underlying salicylate-induced resistance has not yet been established. in this study, we determined how salicylate increases antibiotic resistance and evaluated its impact on the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in campylobacter. transcriptional fusion assay, real time quantitative rt-pcr and immunoblotting assay co ...	2011	21821741
analysis of glycosylation motifs and glycosyltransferases in bacteria and archaea.	the process of glycosylation has been studied extensively in prokaryotes but many questions still remain unanswered. glycosyltransferase is the enzyme which mediates glycosylation and has its preference for the target glycosylation sites as well as for the type of glycosylation i.e. n-linked and o-linked glycosylation. in this study we carried out the bioinformatics analysis of one of the key enzymes of pgl locus from campylobacter jejuni, known as pglb, which is distributed widely in bacteria a ...	2011	21738312
[campylobacter jejuni spondylodiscitis.]		2011	21719222
recombination and population structure in salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that causes enteric fever and gastroenteritis in humans and animals. although its population structure was long described as clonal, based on high linkage disequilibrium between loci typed by enzyme electrophoresis, recent examination of gene sequences has revealed that recombination plays an important evolutionary role. we sequenced around 10% of the core genome of 114 isolates of enterica using a resequencing microarray. application of two different ...	2011	21829375
comparison between conventional and qpcr methods for enumerating campylobacter jejuni in a poultry processing plant.	campylobacter jejuni is worldwide recognized as a human foodborne pathogen. it is widely present in poultry meat and slaughterhouses, but little is known about its fate during the processing of poultry meat preparations. in stress conditions, this pathogen can enter into a viable but non-culturable state, where quantitative pcr (qpcr) becomes more convenient for its detection. in this study, two different pairs of primers, targeting the rpob and the hipo genes, were compared for its detection an ...	2011	21839385
hygienic quality and antibiotic resistance profile of sliced butchery.	in order to investigate the microbiological quality of different meat products on the greek market, 200 samples were collected from the following preparations: boiled turkey (n=50), boiled pork ham (n=50), smoked turkey (n=50) and smoked pork ham (n=50). in all cold meat preparations clostridium perfringens vegetative and spore forms, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and other clostridium sp lec(-), as well as lactobacillus, bacillus sp. and salmonella sp. were recovered. for instance bac ...	2011	21722746
helicobacter pylori eradication by sitafloxacin-lansoprazole combination and sitafloxacin pharmacokinetics in mongolian gerbils and its in vitro activity and resistance development.	a total of 293 strains of helicobacter pylori, including strains resistant to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, or amoxicillin, were examined for in vitro susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents. among these agents, sitafloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) showed the greatest activity (mic(90), 0.06 ++g/ml), with high bactericidal activity and synergy in sitafloxacin-lansoprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) combination. in a mongolian gerbil model with a h. pylori atcc 43504 challenge, marked ...	2011	21730117
a protein thermometer controls temperature-dependent transcription of flagellar motility genes in listeria monocytogenes.	facultative bacterial pathogens must adapt to multiple stimuli to persist in the environment or establish infection within a host. temperature is often utilized as a signal to control expression of virulence genes necessary for infection or genes required for persistence in the environment. however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt and respond to temperature fluctuations. listeria monocytogenes (lm) is a food-borne, facultative intracellular pathog ...	2011	21829361
a ccd-based fluorescence imaging system for real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based rapid and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens on microchips.	rapid, sensitive, and low-cost pathogen diagnostic systems are needed for early disease diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. this study reports a low-cost charge-coupled device (ccd)-based fluorescence imaging system for rapid detection of waterborne pathogens by isothermal gene amplification in disposable microchips. fluorescence imaging capability of this monochromatic ccd camera is evaluated by optimizing the gain, offset, and exposure time. this imaging system is ...	2011	21720851
the pi3k-akt signaling pathway is important for staphylococcus aureus internalization by endothelial cells.	internalization of staphylococcus aureus in bovine endothelial cells (bec) is increased by tnf-+¦ stimulation and nf-+¦b activation. because the pi3k-akt signaling pathway also modulates nf-+¦b activity, we considered whether the internalization of s. aureus by bec is associated with the activity of pi3k and akt. we found a time- and multiplicity of infection-dependent phosphorylation of akt on ser473 in bec infected with s. aureus. this phosphorylation was inhibited by ly294002 (ly) indicating ...	2011	21844240
context-dependent activation kinetics elicited by soluble versus outer membrane vesicle-associated heat-labile enterotoxin.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and children's diarrhea worldwide. among its virulence factors, etec produces heat-labile enterotoxin (lt). most secreted lt is associated with outer membrane vesicles that are rich in lipopolysaccharide. the majority of prior studies have focused on soluble lt purified from etec periplasm. we investigated the hypothesis that the extracellular vesicle context of toxin presentation might be important in eliciting ...	2011	21708992
asparagine peptide lyases: a seventh catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes.	the terms "proteolytic enzyme" and "peptidase" have been treated as synonymous, and all proteolytic enzymes have been considered to be hydrolases (ec 3.4). however, the recent discovery of proteins that cleave themselves at asparagine residues indicates that not all peptide bond cleavage occurs by hydrolysis. these self-cleaving proteins include the tsh protein precursor of escherichia coli, in which the large c-terminal propeptide acts as an autotransporter; certain viral coat proteins; and pro ...	2011	21832066
colonization factors of campylobacter jejuni in the chicken gut.	abstract: campylobacter contaminated broiler chicken meat is an important source of foodborne gastroenteritis and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. broiler chickens are commonly regarded as a natural host for this zoonotic pathogen and infected birds carry a very high c. jejuni load in their gastrointestinal tract, especially the ceca. this eventually results in contaminated carcasses during processing. current intervention methods fail to reduce the colonization of broi ...	2011	21714866
cross-reactive epitopes present in campylobacter jejuni serotypes isolated from enteritis patients.	(full text is available at http://www.manu.edu.mk/prilozi). campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) infection frequently triggers autoimmune-mediated neuropathies, especially the guillain-barre syndrome (gbs). the molecular mimicry between the core oligosaccharides of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lpss) and the human gangliosides presumably results in the production of anti-neural cross-reactive antibodies which are likely to be a contributory factor in the induction and pathogenesis of gbs. the aim o ...	2011	21822182
genetic and molecular characterization of flagellar assembly in shewanella oneidensis.	shewanella oneidensis is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar flagellum. unlike most flagellated bacteria, it contains only one major chromosome segment encoding the components of the flagellum with the exception of the motor proteins. in this region, three genes encode flagellinsaccording to the original genome annotation. however, we find that only flaa and flab encode functional filament subunits. although these two genesare under the control of different promoters, they are actively ...	2011	21731763
the prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in domestic 'backyard' poultry in canterbury, new zealand.	campylobacteriosis is the most commonly notified illness in new zealand. whilst the importance of commercial poultry in campylobacteriosis is well established, little is known about the possible role of chickens kept at home as a direct animal/faecal contact or consumption exposure pathway. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in domestic backyard chicken flocks in the canterbury region of new zealand. poultry faecal samples were colle ...	2011	21824372
horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) plays an important role in the evolution of life on the earth. this view is supported by numerous occasions of hgt that are recorded in the genomes of all three domains of living organisms. hgt-mediated rapid evolution is especially noticeable among the bacteria, which demonstrate formidable adaptability in the face of recent environmental changes imposed by human activities, such as the use of antibiotics, industrial contamination, and intensive agriculture. at th ...	2011	21845185
structural and functional insights into dr2231 protein, the mazg-like nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from deinococcus radiodurans.	deinococcus radiodurans is among the very few bacterial species extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, uv light, oxidizing agents, and cycles of prolonged desiccation. the proteome of d. radiodurans reflects the evolutionary pressure exerted by chronic exposure to (nonradioactive) forms of dna and protein damage. a clear example of this adaptation is the overrepresentation of protein families involved in the removal of non-canonical nucleoside triphosphates (ntps) whose incorporation into na ...	2011	21733847
screening for antecedent campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-ganglioside antibodies in idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy.		2011	21692917
detection of campylobacter concisus and other campylobacter species in colonic biopsies from adults with ulcerative colitis.	the critical role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (uc) is well recognized, but an individual causative microorganism has not been singled out so far. campylobacter concisus and other non-jejuni species of campylobacter have been implicated as putative aetiological agents in inflammatory bowel disease in children, but such studies have not been addressed in adults. this study investigated the prevalence of campylobacter species in colonic biopsy samples from adults with uc a ...	2011	21738679
epidemiology and outcome of shigella, salmonella and campylobacter infections in travellers returning from the tropics with fever and diarrhoea.	during a study on fever after a stay in the tropics, we aimed at investigating the epidemiology and outcome of invasive bacterial enteritis due to shigella, salmonella or campylobacter spp. in patients diagnosed with febrile traveller's diarrhoea.	2011	21837926
distribution of campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkey farms and different stages at slaughter using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaa-short variable region sequencing.	the aim of this study was to assess the diversity of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. isolated from turkey flocks at six rearing farms 1-2ôçâweeks prior to slaughter (360 faecal swab samples) and from 11 different stages at the slaughterhouse (636 caecal, environmental, neck skin and meat samples). a total of 121 campylobacter isolates were identified to species level using a multiplex pcr assay and were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and flaa-short variable region (svr) seque ...	2011	21824338
sirt1 and sirt3 deacetylate homologous substrates: acecs1,2 and hmgcs1,2.	sirt1 and sirt3 are nad+-dependent protein deacetylases that are evolutionarily conserved across mammals. these proteins are located in the cytoplasm/nucleus and mitochondria, respectively. previous reports demonstrated that human sirt1 deacetylates acetyl-coa synthase 1 (acecs1) in the cytoplasm, whereas sirt3 deacetylates the homologous acetyl-coa synthase 2 (acecs2) in the mitochondria. we recently showed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coa synthase 2 (hmgcs2) is deacetylated by sirt3 in mito ...	2011	21701047
structural and kinetic analysis of substrate binding to the sialyltransferase cst-ii from campylobacter jejuni.	sialic acids play important roles in various biological processes and typically terminate the oligosaccharide chains on the cell surfaces of a wide range of organisms including mammals and bacteria. their attachment is catalyzed by a set of sialyltransferases with defined specificities both for their acceptor sugars and the position of attachment. however, little is known of how this specificity is encoded. the structure of the bifunctional sialyltransferase cst-ii of the human pathogen campylob ...	2011	21832050
Genetic comparison of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from different cattle farms.	To compare the genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni, isolates of cattle origin were collected from 9 Polish farms and genotyped by ERIC-PCR. We identified 28 genotypes among the 43 C. jejuni isolates, and demonstrated high genomic diversity. The highest level of diversity was observed in strains isolated from stanchion-barn animals in opposition to those from the loose-housing system.	2011	21721414
regulation and function of versatile aerobic and anaerobic respiratory metabolism in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitously distributed opportunistic pathogen that inhabits soil and water as well as animal-, human-, and plant-host-associated environments. the ubiquity would be attributed to its very versatile energy metabolism. p. aeruginosa has a highly branched respiratory chain terminated by multiple terminal oxidases and denitrification enzymes. five terminal oxidases for aerobic respiration have been identified in the p. aeruginosa cells. three of them, the cbb(3)-1 oxida ...	2011	21833336
structure and mechanism of rnd-type multidrug efflux pumps.		2011	21692366
cryptosporidium and giardia associated with reduced lamb carcase productivity.	on two extensive sheep farms in southern western australia, 111 (farm a) and 124 (farm b) female crossbred lambs (2-6 weeks old) were randomly selected and individually identified using ear tags (a numbered tag and radio-frequency tag) at marking. on five separate occasions, faecal samples were collected and live weight, body condition score (bcs), faecal consistency score (fcs), breech fleece faecal soiling score and faecal dry matter percentage (dm%) were recorded. lamb hot carcase weight (hcw ...	2011	21719199
Occurrence of virulence genes among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from domestic animals and children.	The presence of the flaA, cadF, cdtB and iam genes of Campylobacter spp. was determined with the PCR method. The materials to investigate were 56 C. jejuni and 23 C. coli strains isolated from clinical samples (children and domestic animals). It was found that all of the Campylobacter spp. isolates from children with diarrhoea and domestic animals had cadF gene, responsible for adherence. The flaA gene was present in all Campylobacter spp. isolates derived from children and cats. Occurrence of f ...	2011	21721403
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin: A Model for Protein N-Glycosylation in Recombinant Escherichia coli.	Background: The hemagglutinin molecule of influenza virus is considered as an ideal model to study biological processes as well as the effect of glycosylation on the function of glycoproteins. Objectives: The large subunit of the influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) hemagglutinin (HA1) was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli containing the glycosylation system of Campylobacter jejuni. This viral glycoprotein contains glycosylation motifs recognized by prokaryotic and eukaryotic oli ...	2011	21734350
Transcriptional Profiling of the Iron Starvation Response in Bordetella pertussis Provides New Insights into Siderophore Utilization and Virulence Gene Expression.	Serological studies of patients with pertussis and the identification of antigenic Bordetella pertussis proteins support the hypothesis that B. pertussis perceives an iron starvation cue and expresses multiple iron source utilization systems in its natural human host environment. Furthermore, previous studies using a murine respiratory tract infection model showed that several of these B. pertussis iron systems are required for colonization and persistence and are differentially expressed over t ...	2011	21742863
The utility of high-resolution melting analysis of SNP nucleated PCR amplicons--an MLST based Staphylococcus aureus typing scheme.	High resolution melting (HRM) analysis is gaining prominence as a method for discriminating DNA sequence variants. Its advantage is that it is performed in a real-time PCR device, and the PCR amplification and HRM analysis are closed tube, and effectively single step. We have developed an HRM-based method for Staphylococcus aureus genotyping. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were derived from the S. aureus multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) database on the basis of maximized Simpson' ...	2011	21731606
specific detection of campylobacter jejuni using the bacteriophage nctc 12673 receptor binding protein as a probe.	campylobacter jejuni is found in the intestines of poultry, cattle, swine, wild birds and pet animals and is the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in developed countries. we report the use of the receptor binding protein (rbp) of campylobacter bacteriophage nctc 12673 for the specific capture of campylobacter jejuni bacteria using rbp-derivatized capturing surfaces. the gp48 rbp was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase-gp48 (gst-gp48) fusion protein and immobilized onto surface plasmo ...	2011	21955997
test of direct and indirect effects of agrochemicals on the survival of fecal indicator bacteria.	water bodies often receive agrochemicals and animal waste carrying fecal indicator bacteria (fib) and zoonotic pathogens, but we know little about the effects of agrochemicals on these microbes. we assessed the direct effects of the pesticides atrazine, malathion, and chlorothalonil and inorganic fertilizer on escherichia coli and enterococcal survival in simplified microcosms held in the dark. e. coli strain composition in sediments and water column were positively correlated, but none of the a ...	2011	22003017
evaluating 3 gas-delivery systems for culturing campylobacter jejuni in a microaerophilic environment.	campylobacter spp. require a microaerophilic environment (80% n(2), 10% co(2), 5% h(2), and 5% o(2)) for growth. since the late 1800s, several systems for creating and maintaining specific microbial atmospheres have been developed and applied. the objective of this study was to evaluate campylobacter jejuni growth by means of 3 commonly used gas-delivery systems for generating a microaerophilic environment: automated, gas-generating sachet, and plastic storage bag. pure culture c. jejuni cells w ...	2011	21934023
immunoreactivity of glycoproteins isolated from human peripheral nerve and campylobacter jejuni (o:19).	antibodies to ganglioside gm1 are associated with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in patients with serologic evidence of a preceding infection with campylobacter jejuni. molecular mimicry between c. jejuni lipopolysaccharide (lps) and ganglioside gm1 has been proven to be the immunopathogenic mechanism of the disease in the axonal variant of gbs. gm1-positive sera cross-react with several gal-galnac-bearing glycoproteins from the human peripheral nerve and c. jejuni (o:19). this study aimed to exa ...	2011	21897673
biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce campylobacter spp. on poultry farms.	the prevention and control of campylobacter colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. a critical review of the literature on interventions to control campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the united kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. multiple electronic databases were em ...	2011	21984249
dynamic proteome changes in campylobacter jejuni 81-176 after high pressure shock and subsequent recovery.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the most intriguing human foodborne bacterial pathogen. its survival throughout the food processing chain and its pathogenesis mechanisms in humans remain enigmatic. living in the animal guts and particularly in avian intestine as a commensal bacterium, this microorganism is frequently isolated from meat products. ultra high pressure (hp) is a promising alternative to thermal technology for microbial safety of foodstuffs with less organoleptic and nutritional alter ...	2011	22079248
Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken on retail sale in the republic of Ireland.	To assess the current risks to consumers from Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken products sold in the Republic of Ireland, a retail survey was undertaken to define their prevalence. Samples (n = 510) were analyzed using protocols based on ISO 10272-1:2006 and ISO 6579:2002. Processor codes on pack labels showed that 67% of samples were produced in the Republic of Ireland and 25% in the United Kingdom. Salmonella was present in 5.1% of samples, but the eight serovars found caused less t ...	2011	22054193
survival of campylobacter jejuni in co-culture with acanthamoeba castellanii: role of amoeba-mediated depletion of dissolved oxygen.	campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of infectious diarrhoea worldwide but relatively little is known about its ecology. in this study, we examined its interactions with acanthamoeba castellanii, a protozoan suspected to serve as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens. we observed rapid degradation of intracellular c. jejuni in a. castellanii 5 h post gentamicin treatment at 25°c. conversely, we found that a. castellanii promoted the extracellular growth of c. jejuni in co-cultures at 37°c in aero ...	2011	22176643
bioinformatic characterization of the trimeric intracellular cation-specific channel protein family.	trimeric intracellular cation-specific (tric) channels are integral to muscle excitation-contraction coupling. tric channels provide counter-ionic flux when calcium is rapidly transported from intracellular stores to the cell cytoplasm. until recently, knowledge of the presence of these proteins was limited to animals. we analyzed the tric family and identified a profusion of prokaryotic family members with topologies and motifs similar to those of their eukaryotic counterparts. prokaryotic memb ...	2011	21519847
bovine antibody-based oral immunotherapy for reduction of intragastric helicobacter pylori colonization: a randomized clinical trial.	antibiotic-based regimens are frequently used for the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection. these regimens fail to eradicate h pylori in 15% to 40% of patients, primarily due to antimicrobial resistance and insufficient patient compliance. effective prevention and eradication of h pylori by passive immunization with orally administered bovine antibodies has been demonstrated in animal studies, and may serve as an alternative therapy in humans.	2011	21523262
differentiation of campylobacter species by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	abstract the genus campylobacter contains several, widespread pathogens causing food-borne diseases of zoonotic nature in humans. in case of outbreaks, the differentiation of closely related campylobacter is essential for epidemiological studies, which investigate the routes of geographical spread and ways of transmission. recent advances in mass spectrometry (ms) have shown that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (maldi-tof) ms is a valuable tool for speciation of bacter ...	2011	21524195
the virulence factor peb4 and the periplasmic protein cj1289 are two structurally related sura-like chaperones in the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni.	the peb4 protein is an antigenic virulence factor implicated in host cell adhesion, invasion and colonisation in the food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni. peb4 mutants have defects in outer membrane protein (omp) assembly and peb4 is thought to act as a periplasmic chaperone. the crystallographic structure of peb4 at 2.2å resolution reveals a dimer with distinct sura-like chaperone and peptidyl prolyl cis/transisomerase (ppiase) domains encasing a large central cavity. unlike sura, the chape ...	2011	21524997
cellular response of campylobacter jejuni to trisodium phosphate.	the highly alkaline compound trisodium phosphate (tsp) is used as an intervention to reduce the load of campylobacter on poultry meat in u.s. poultry slaughter plants. the aim of the present study was to investigate the cellular responses of campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of tsp. pre-exposure of c. jejuni to tsp resulted in a significant increase in heat sensitivity, suggesting that a combined heat and tsp treatment may increase reduction of c. jejuni. a ...	2011	22194296
Development of a rapid and sensitive method combining a cellulose ester microfilter and a real-time qPCR assay to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 20 liters of drinking water or low turbidity waters.	Investigation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in samples of drinking water suspected of being at the origin of outbreak very often leads to negative results. One of the reasons for this failure is the small volume of water typically used for detecting these pathogens (10 to 1000 mL). Efficiency of three microfilters and different elution procedures were determined using real-time qPCR to propose a procedure allowing detection of Campylobacter in 20 L drinking water or low turbidit ...	2011	22138985
finnish campylobacter jejuni strains of multilocus sequence type st-22 complex have two lineages with different characteristics.	campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and in a minority of cases, post-infectious complications may occur. st-22 complex (usually penner serotype 19) strains have been overrepresented among patients with postinfectious complications of campylobacteriosis. we here present a characterization of a collection of 27 finnish c. jejuni strains of st-22 complex, from humans (22 strains) and animal sources (five strains), with the aim of contributing to our ...	2011	22039552
sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside promotes endothelial cell apoptosis in inflammation: elucidation of a novel glycosphingolipid-signaling pathway.	sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (sgpg), a minor glycosphingolipid of endothelial cells, is a ligand for l-selectin and has been implicated in neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as guillian-barré syndrome. inflammatory cytokines, such as tnfα and il-1β, up-regulate sgpg expression by stimulating gene expression for glucuronosyltransferases, both p and s forms (glcatp and glcats), and the human natural killer antigen (hnk-1) sulfotransferase (hnk-1 st). transfection of a human cerebromicrovascular ...	2011	21916893
Exploiting bacterial glycosylation machineries for the synthesis of a Lewis antigen-containing glycoprotein.	Glycoproteins constitute a class of compounds of increasing importance for pharmaceutical applications. The manipulation of bacterial protein glycosylation systems from Gram-negative bacteria for the synthesis of recombinant glycoproteins is a promising alternative to the current production methods. Proteins carrying Lewis antigens have been shown to have potential applications for the treatment of diverse autoimmune diseases. In this work, we developed a mixed approach consisting of in vivo and ...	2011	21878645
Enteropathogens in acute diarrhea: a general practice-based study in a Nordic country.	The epidemiology of infectious diarrhea influences the microbiological investigation of the disease, and is best elucidated through prospective studies. We undertook such a study in a Nordic country. Patients of all age groups who had acute diarrhea were recruited prospectively from general practice clinics in Iceland. They completed a questionnaire and provided stool samples for the detection of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Of the 464 recruited patients, 211 (45%) had 224 infect ...	2011	22057365
Comparative Genomics of Helicobacter pylori and the human-derived Helicobacter bizzozeronii CIII-1 strain reveal the molecular basis of the zoonotic nature of non-pylori gastric Helicobacter infections in humans.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22039924
Glycosylation of Twisted Gastrulation is Required for BMP Binding and Activity during Craniofacial Development.	Twisted gastrulation (TWSG1) is a conserved, secreted glycoprotein that modulates signaling of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the extracellular space. Deletion of exon 4 of mouse Twsg1 (mTwsg1) is associated with significant craniofacial defects. However, little is understood about the biochemical properties of the corresponding region of the protein. We have uncovered a significant role for exon 4 sequences as encoding the only two glycosylation sites of the mTWSG1 protein. Deletion of t ...	2011	21941513
diagnostic strategy used to establish etiologies of encephalitis in a prospective cohort of patients in england.	the laboratory diagnostic strategy used to determine the etiology of encephalitis in 203 patients is reported. an etiological diagnosis was made by first-line laboratory testing for 111 (55%) patients. subsequent testing, based on individual case reviews, resulted in 17 (8%) further diagnoses, of which 12 (71%) were immune-mediated and 5 (29%) were due to infection. seventy-five cases were of unknown etiology. sixteen (8%) of 203 samples were found to be associated with either n-methyl-d-asparta ...	2011	21865429
pan-european monitoring of susceptibility to human-use antimicrobial agents in enteric bacteria isolated from healthy food-producing animals.	objectives: to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli, salmonella, campylobacter and enterococcus from cattle, pigs and chickens across the european union (eu) using uniform methodology. methods: intestinal samples (1624) were taken at slaughter across five eu countries. bacteria were isolated in national laboratories, whilst mics were determined in a central laboratory for key antimicrobials used in human medicine. clinical resistance was based on clsi breakpoints and de ...	2011	22210758
Protective immunity to ricin toxin conferred by antibodies against the toxin's binding subunit (RTB).	The B subunit (RTB) of ricin toxin is a galactose-/N-acetyl galactosamine-specific lectin that promotes attachment and entry of ricin into host cells. RTB is also the archetype of the so-called R-type lectin family, whose members include haemagglutinins of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) progenitor toxins, as well as the binding subunits of cytolethal distending toxins. Although RTB is an appealing subunit vaccine candidate, as well as a potential target for immunotherapeutics, the degree to which R ...	2011	21872634
in vivo and in silico determination of essential genes of campylobacter jejuni.	in the united kingdom, the thermophilic campylobacter species c. jejuni and c. coli are the most frequent causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. while campylobacteriosis is usually a relatively mild infection, it has a significant public health and economic impact, and possible complications include reactive arthritis and the autoimmune diseases guillain-barré syndrome. the rapid developments in "omics" technologies have resulted in the availability of diverse datasets allowing predicti ...	2011	22044676
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of major foodborne pathogens in imported seafood.	Seafood is a leading commodity implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Seafood importation rose dramatically in the past 3 decades and now contributes to more than 80% of the total U.S. seafood supply. However, limited data are available on the microbiological safety of imported seafood. In this study, we obtained a total of 171 salmon, shrimp, and tilapia samples imported from 12 countries in three retail stores in Baton Rouge, LA. The total microbial population and the ...	2011	21902913
Spatial Distribution of Putative Growth Factors in the Guinea Pig Placenta and the Effects of These Factors, Plasma, and Bile on the Growth and Chemotaxis of Campylobacter jejuni.	The pregnant guinea pig is an effective model for studying abortifacient Campylobacter spp, and previous experiments have demonstrated that C. jejuni IA3902 has a marked predilection for the subplacenta while sparing the placental disc in this species. In the study described here, the growth and chemotaxis of IA3902 and a reference strain (NCTC 11168) are compared in the presence of subplacental and placental factors, as well as bile and plasma, from pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs. Both st ...	2011	22081135
Transcytosis of Listeria monocytogenes across the intestinal barrier upon specific targeting of goblet cell accessible E-cadherin.	Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne pathogen that crosses the intestinal barrier upon interaction between its surface protein InlA and its species-specific host receptor E-cadherin (Ecad). Ecad, the key constituent of adherens junctions, is typically situated below tight junctions and therefore considered inaccessible from the intestinal lumen. In this study, we investigated how Lm specifically targets its receptor on intestinal villi and crosses the intestinal epithelium to disseminate s ...	2011	21967767
Survival of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and their relationship with Enterococcus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus in freshwater microcosms as measured by PMA-qPCR.	The ideal host-associated genetic fecal marker would be capable of predicting the presence of specific pathogens of concern. Flow-through freshwater microcosms containing mixed feces and inocula of the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus were placed at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of diurnal sunlight. The total Enterococcus DNA increased during the early periods (23 h) under sunlight exposure, even though cultivable Enterococcus and DNA in int ...	2011	22139002
A Campylobacter jejuni Dps Homolog Has a Role in Intracellular Survival and in the Development of Campylobacterosis in Neonate Piglets.	Abstract Iron acquisition is an absolute requirement by most microorganisms for host survival. In this work, we investigated the Campylobacter jejuni iron binding Dps protein for a potential role in virulence. In vitro assays using J774A.1 macrophage-like cells demonstrated a 2.5 log reduction in C. jejuni survival of the Dps mutant and a reduction of four logs in invasion of HEp-2 epithelial cells compared to the wild-type strain. To examine the role of the dps gene in host pathogenesis, the ...	2011	21854265
Phage-based biocontrol strategies to reduce foodborne pathogens in foods.	There has been much recent interest in the use of phages as biocontrol agents of foodborne pathogens in animals used for food production, and in the food products themselves. This interest seems to be driven by consumers' request for more natural foods, as well as the fact that foodborne outbreaks continue to occur, globally, in many foods, some of which (such as fresh produce), lack adequate methods to control any pathogenic contamination present. Also, the many successes with respect to regula ...	2011	22164346
The twin-arginine translocation system: contributions to the pathobiology of Campylobacter jejuni.	The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is specialized in the transport of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Although the mechanisms that govern the Tat transport and its scope are not well understood, this system and its cognate substrates are involved in important functions that facilitate the adaptation and survival of bacteria. Evidence also exists that connects the Tat system to virulent traits of clinically relevant pathogens. Of interest is Campylobacter jejuni, an imp ...	2011	22082291
no evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and guillain-barre syndrome-associated antiganglioside antibodies.	please cite this paper as: wang et al. (2011) no evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and guillain-barre syndrome-associated antiganglioside antibodies. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi:. 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00294.x background guillain-barre syndrome (gbs) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by acute, progressive peripheral neuropathy and is commonly associated with the presence of antiganglioside antibodies. previously, influenza vaccination was linked with the ...	2011	21955390
no evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and guillain-barre syndrome-associated antiganglioside antibodies.	please cite this paper as: wang et al. (2011) no evidence of a link between influenza vaccines and guillain-barre syndrome-associated antiganglioside antibodies. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi:. 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00294.x background guillain-barre syndrome (gbs) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by acute, progressive peripheral neuropathy and is commonly associated with the presence of antiganglioside antibodies. previously, influenza vaccination was linked with the ...	2011	21955390
Genes coding for virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni in human clinical and cattle isolates from Alberta, Canada, and their potential role in colonization of poultry.	Forty nine Campylobacter jejuni isolates from cattle feces collected from Alberta feedlots and 50 clinical C. jejuni isolates from people in Alberta were tested for the presence of 14 genes encoding putative virulence factors by PCR. These included genes implicated in adherence and colonization (flaC, cadF, docC, racR, jlpA, peb1, and dnaJ), invasion (virB11, ciaB, pldA, and iamA) and protection against harsh conditions (htrA, cbrA, and sodB). The genes examined were widely distributed in both t ...	2011	22015699
the campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 capsule prevents excessive cytokine production by dendritic cells.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, mainly caused by handling and consumption of contaminated poultry. however, the immune response to infection is poorly understood. here, the impact of the c. jejuni capsule, flagella and the n-linked glycosylation system on cytokine production by dendritic cells was investigated. bone marrow-derived murine dendritic cells (bmdcs) infected with c. jejuni lacking the n-linked glycosylation system produced simil ...	2011	21863342
htra chaperone activity contributes to host cell binding in campylobacter jejuni.	abstract:	2011	21939552
[Investigation of verotoxigenic escherichia coli O157:H7 incidence in gastroenteritis patients].	Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most common serotype among verotoxigenic E.coli (VTEC) strains that cause haemolytic uremic syndrome. Although sporadic VTEC cases originating from Turkey and small outbreaks have been reported from our country, VTEC has not been routinely investigated in most of the diagnostic microbiology laboratories in Turkey and studies related to this topic are limited. In this study, the incidence of E.coli O157:H7 in patients who were admitted to Alanya Research and Applic ...	2011	21935785
Novel One-Step Method for Detection and Isolation of Active-Toxin-Producing Clostridium difficile Strains Directly from Stool Samples.	The alarming emergence of hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile with increased toxin production, severity of disease, morbidity, and mortality emphasizes the need for a culture method that permits simultaneous isolation and detection of virulent strains. The C. difficile toxins A and B are critical virulence factors, and strains can either be toxin-producing (virulent) or non-toxin-producing (nonvirulent). Strains that are isolated from human infections generally produce either toxin A ...	2011	21976761
Carcinogenic bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers DNA double-strand breaks and a DNA damage response in its host cells.	The bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori chronically infects the human gastric mucosa and is the leading risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The molecular mechanisms of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis remain ill defined. In this study, we examined the possibility that H. pylori directly compromises the genomic integrity of its host cells. We provide evidence that the infection introduces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in primary and transformed murine and human epit ...	2011	21896770
Multifaceted SlyD from Helicobacter pylori: implication in [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation.	SlyD belongs to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family with both peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities, and is considered to be a ubiquitous cytosolic protein-folding facilitator in bacteria. It possesses a histidine- and cysteine-rich C-terminus binding to selected divalent metal ions (e.g., Ni(2+), Zn(2+)), which is important for its involvement in the maturation processes of metalloenzymes. We have determined the solution structure of C-terminus-truncated SlyD from Helic ...	2011	22045417
Multifaceted SlyD from Helicobacter pylori: implication in [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation.	SlyD belongs to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family with both peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities, and is considered to be a ubiquitous cytosolic protein-folding facilitator in bacteria. It possesses a histidine- and cysteine-rich C-terminus binding to selected divalent metal ions (e.g., Ni(2+), Zn(2+)), which is important for its involvement in the maturation processes of metalloenzymes. We have determined the solution structure of C-terminus-truncated SlyD from Helic ...	2011	22045417
Protein glycosylation in Helicobacter pylori: beyond the flagellins?	Glycosylation of flagellins by pseudaminic acid is required for virulence in Helicobacter pylori. We demonstrate that, in H. pylori, glycosylation extends to proteins other than flagellins and to sugars other than pseudaminic acid. Several candidate glycoproteins distinct from the flagellins were detected via ProQ-emerald staining and DIG- or biotin- hydrazide labeling of the soluble and outer membrane fractions of wild-type H. pylori, suggesting that protein glycosylation is not limited to the ...	2011	21984942