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survival of salmonella spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in vietnamese biogas digesters receiving pig slurry.small-scale biogas digesters are widely promoted worldwide as a sustainable technology to manage livestock manure. in vietnam, pig slurry is commonly applied to biogas digesters for production of gas for electricity and cooking with the effluent being used to fertilize field crops, vegetables and fish ponds. slurry may contain a variety of zoonotic pathogens, e.g. salmonella spp., which are able to cause disease in humans either through direct contact with slurry or by fecal contamination of wat ...201424933419
differential regulation of microrna transcriptome in chicken lines resistant and susceptible to necrotic enteritis disease.necrotic enteritis (ne) is a re-emerging disease as a result of increased restriction on the use of antibiotics in poultry. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ne are unclear. small rna transcriptome analysis was performed using spleen and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) from 2 inbred chicken lines selected for resistance or susceptibility to marek's disease (md) in an experimentally induced model of avian ne to investigate whether microrna (mirna) contr ...201424879688
effects of long-term heat stress in an experimental model of avian necrotic enteritis.stressful conditions are predisposing factors for disease development. heat stress is one of the most important stressors in poultry production. the reemergence of some previously controlled diseases [e.g., avian necrotic enteritis (ne)] has been extensively reported. the combination of bacterial infection and certain environmental factors have been reported to trigger the disease. the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of long-term heat stress (35 ± 1°c) on the development of ne in br ...201424879684
investigating an outbreak of clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, london, march 2013.on 22 march 2013, 150 of 1,255 students (13–17 years) and staff at a school in london reported gastrointestinal symptoms; onset peaked 8 to 12 hours after a lunch served in the school on 21 march. we performed a retrospective cohort study of all students and staff. we defined cases as school attenders on 20 and 21 march with onset of gastrointestinal symptoms between 20 and 23 march. we tested food, environmental and stool samples of cases for common pathogens and bacterial toxins. we administer ...201424852955
porcine group a rotaviruses with heterogeneous vp7 and vp4 genotype combinations can be found together with enteric bacteria on belgian swine farms.group a rotaviruses (rva) are an important cause of diarrhea in young piglets, resulting in significant economic losses. however, the role of rva in the etiology of piglet diarrhea on belgian swine farms was previously unreported. in the present study, different techniques, including fast antigen detection tests, virus isolation, rt-pcr and rt-qpcr have been applied for detection of rva in diarrheic (n=28) and asymptomatic (n=6) fecal samples collected on belgian pig farms. rt-qpcr was shown to ...201424837191
evaluation of clostridium perfringens as a tracer of sewage contamination in sediments by two enumeration methods.a traditional method of enumerating clostridium perfringens using membrane filtration (mf) as an indicator of fecal contamination was compared to recently developed rapid method using rapid fung double tube (rfdt) in an evaluation to characterize the extent of sewage contamination in sediments of the great lakes. evaluation of these two methods included determining c. perfringens concentrations and recovery efficiencies from sewage, sewage-spiked sediments, and water (surface and bottom) and sed ...201424833022
development of a flow cytometric bead immunoassay and its assessment as a possible aid to potency evaluation of enterotoxaemia vaccines.enterotoxaemia, an economically important disease of sheep, goats and calves, is caused by systemic effects of the epsilon toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens type d. the only practical means of controlling the occurrence of enterotoxaemia is to immunise animals by vaccination. the vaccine is prepared by deriving a toxoid from the bacterial culture filtrate and the potency of the vaccine is tested with the in vivo mouse neutralisation test (mnt). due to ethical, eco ...201424832497
clostridium perfringens surgical site infection after osteotomy for knee deformity correction in a non-immunocompromised child.clostridium perfringens myonecrosis following an elective surgical procedure in a previously healthy child is a rare incident.201424828080
structural basis of sialidase in complex with geranylated flavonoids as potent natural inhibitors.sialidase catalyzes the removal of a terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates and plays a pivotal role in nutrition, cellular interactions and pathogenesis mediating various infectious diseases including cholera, influenza and sepsis. an array of antiviral sialidase agents have been developed and are commercially available, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir for treating influenza. however, the development of bacterial sialidase inhibitors has been much less successful. here, natural polyphenoli ...201424816104
effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review.melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger. its other physiological or pharmacological activities could be dependent or independent of receptors located in different cells, organs, and tissues. in addition to its role in promoting sleep and circadian rhythms regulation, it has important immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects suggesting that this indole must be considered as a therapeutic alternative against inf ...201424811367
perfringolysin o structure and mechanism of pore formation as a paradigm for cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) constitute a family of pore forming toxins secreted by gram-positive bacteria. these toxins form transmembrane pores by inserting a large β-barrel into cholesterol-containing membrane bilayers. binding of water-soluble cdcs to the membrane triggers the formation of oligomers containing 35-50 monomers. the coordinated insertion of more than seventy β-hairpins into the membrane requires multiple structural conformational changes. perfringolysin o (pfo), secr ...201424798008
effects of in ovo injection with selenium on immune and antioxidant responses during experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of se on modulating the immune system and antioxidant responses in broiler chickens with experimental necrotic enteritis. broiler eggs were injected at 18 d of embryo age with either 100 μl of pbs alone or sodium selenite (na2seo3) in pbs, providing 0 (ss0), 10 (ss10), or 20 (ss20) μg of se/egg. at 14 d posthatch, pbs-treated and uninfected chickens were kept as the control group, whereas the remaining chickens were orally i ...201424795303
analysis of genetic similarities between clostridium perfringens isolates isolated from patients with gas gangrene and from hospital environment conducted with the use of the pfge method.the objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of genetic similarity, with the use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), of clostridium perfringens isolates originating from patients with gas gangrene and from the hospital environment. the study encompassed two patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of gas gangrene, who were hospitalized in one of the hospitals of the małopolska province in the time period between 31st march 2012 and 18th may 2012. clostri ...201424791817
structure and stability of an azoreductase with an fad cofactor from the strict anaerobe clostridium perfringens.azoreductase enzymes present in many microorganisms exhibit the ability to reduce azo dyes, an abundant industrial pollutant, to produce carcinogenic metabolites that threaten human health. all biochemically-characterized azoreductases, around 30 to date, have been isolated from aerobic bacteria, except for azoc, the azoreductase of clostridium perfringens, which is from a strictly anaerobic bacterium. azoc is a recently biochemically-characterized azoreductase. the lack of structural informatio ...201424779771
pathogen exclusion properties of canine probiotics are influenced by the growth media and physical treatments simulating industrial processes.manufacturing process used in preparation of probiotic products may alter beneficial properties of probiotics. the effect of different growth media and inactivation methods on the protective properties of canine-originated probiotic bacteria against adhesion of canine enteropathogens was investigated.201424779583
synergistic effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and beta toxin in rabbit small intestinal loops.the ability of clostridium perfringens type c to cause human enteritis necroticans (en) is attributed to beta toxin (cpb). however, many en strains also express c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), suggesting that cpe could be another contributor to en. supporting this possibility, lysate supernatants from modified duncan-strong sporulation (mds) medium cultures of three cpe-positive type c en strains caused enteropathogenic effects in rabbit small intestinal loops, which is significant since cpe i ...201424778117
beta2 toxin is not involved in in vitro cell cytotoxicity caused by human and porcine cpb2-harbouring clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a common cause of intestinal disease in animals and humans. its pathogenicity is attributed to the toxins it can produce, including the beta2 toxin. the presence of cpb2, the gene encoding the beta2 toxin, has been associated with diarrhoea in neonatal piglets and humans. however, the exact role of the beta2 toxin in the development of diarrhoea is still unknown. in this study we investigated the level of cytotoxicity to porcine ipi-21 and human caco-2 cell-lines cause ...201424768003
towards an understanding of the role of clostridium perfringens toxins in human and animal disease.clostridium perfringens uses its arsenal of >16 toxins to cause histotoxic and intestinal infections in humans and animals. it has been unclear why this bacterium produces so many different toxins, especially since many target the plasma membrane of host cells. however, it is now established that c. perfringens uses chromosomally encoded alpha toxin (a phospholipase c) and perfringolysin o (a pore-forming toxin) during histotoxic infections. in contrast, this bacterium causes intestinal disease ...201424762309
hepatic emphysema associated with ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in a dog.an eleven-year-old chinese crested powder puff dog presented with polydipsia/polyuria, inappetence, diarrhea and vomiting underwent an ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. two days post-biopsy the clinical condition of the dog acutely deteriorated with fever, dyspnea, ataxia and subcutaneous emphysema. radiographs and ultrasound showed focal severe hepatic emphysema in the region of the previous liver biopsy. post-mortem examination revealed chronic hepatitis with dissecting fibrosis, ac ...201424758285
gas-forming liver abscess associated with rapid hemolysis in a diabetic patient.we experienced a case of liver abscess due to clostridium perfringens (cp) complicated with massive hemolysis and rapid death in an adequately controlled type 2 diabetic patient. the patient died 6 h after his first visit to the hospital. cp was later detected in a blood culture. we searched for case reports of cp septicemia and found 124 cases. fifty patients survived, and 74 died. of the 30 patients with liver abscess, only 3 cases survived following treatment with emergency surgical drainage. ...201424748935
hypermotility in clostridium perfringens strain sm101 is due to spontaneous mutations in genes linked to cell division.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen of humans and animals. although they lack flagella, c. perfringens bacteria can still migrate across surfaces using a type of gliding motility that involves the formation of filaments of bacteria lined up in an end-to-end conformation. in strain sm101, hypermotile variants are often found arising from the edges of colonies on agar plates. hypermotile cells are longer than wild-type cells, and video microscopy of their gliding motility ...201424748614
the impact of major earthquakes and subsequent sewage discharges on the microbial quality of water and sediments in an urban river.a series of large earthquakes struck the city of christchurch, new zealand in 2010-2011. major damage sustained by the sewerage infrastructure required direct discharge of up to 38,000 m(3)/day of raw sewage into the avon river of christchurch for approximately six months. this allowed evaluation of the relationship between concentrations of indicator microorganisms (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and f-rna phage) and pathogens (campylobacter, giardia and cryptosporidium) in recreatio ...201424747258
'core species' in three sources of indoor air belonging to the human micro-environment to the exclusion of outdoor air.although we spend the majority of our lives indoors, the airborne microbial content of enclosed spaces still remains inadequately described. the objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity of indoor air in three different enclosed spaces with three levels of occupancy, and, in particular, to highlight the 'core' species, the opportunistic pathogens and their origins. our findings provide an overall description of bacterial diversity in these indoor environments. data gath ...201424747243
retinal microvascular damage and vasogenic edema produced by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in rats.when the brain is exposed to large circulating levels of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin (ext), microvascular damage with resulting severe, generalized, vasogenic edema seems to be principally responsible for the ensuing acute, and frequently fatal, neurologic disorder. however, although the blood-retinal barrier resembles in many respects the blood-brain barrier, retinal changes in livestock with acute epsilon intoxication have not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously report ...201424741023
liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens. 201424739619
microbiological and chemical evaluation of helix spp. snails from local and non-eu markets, utilised as food in sardinia.with this study, 28 pools of snails of the genus helix, respectively helix aspersa (n=24) and helix vermiculata (n=4) were analysed. they were taken from snail farming and stores. the snails were from sardinia, other regions of italy, and from abroad. all the samples were examined as pool looking for these microbiological target: salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, clostridium perfringens, norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the same pools, the concentration of ...201427800346
haemorhagic enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c and type a in silver foxes.type c and type a of c. perfringens were detected in the seat of natural infections in silver foxes characterized by symptoms of haemorrhagic enterotoxemia. in all of the dead foxes characteristic changes were noted in the small intestine and parenchymatous organs. the production of alpha and beta toxins by isolated bacteria was confirmed by the bioassay using white mice and by pcr. the results of the drug sensitivity testing showed that isolated strains were highly susceptible to amoxicillin wi ...201424724490
complication of invasive molar pregnancy with clostridium perfringens sepsis.clostridium perfringens (cp) is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus associated with malignant diseases and near-term pregnancies. the necrotic tissue that results from these disease processes fuels the proliferation of cp, leading to gas gangrene and subsequently sepsis. herein, we report a case of a 41-year-old female patient with a history of invasive molar pregnancy that was further complicated with a cp infection. although past research has shown a link between clostridium infection and cho ...201424716030
necrotic enteritis in chickens: development of a straightforward disease model system.the interaction between eimeria species and clostridium perfringens was investigated in two different necrotic enteritis (ne) models: 120-day-old broilers were used in two separate experiments consisting of six groups (n=10) each. besides controls, chickens were infected with coccidia on study day (sd) 18 (eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina (experiment 1) or eimeria tenella and eimeria brunetti (experiment 2) and/or a netb toxin positive c perfringens strain (both experiments: sd 14 or sd 22, ...201424714053
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant y30a-y196a as a recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia.epsilon toxin (etx) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia, a severe, often fatal disease of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to the farming industry worldwide. this study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of etx (y30a-y196a) to be exploited as a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. replacement of y30 and y196 with alanine generated a stable variant ...201424709588
perfrin, a novel bacteriocin associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens strains from broilers with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens is associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens type a strains. it is known that c. perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of necrotic enteritis are more capable of secreting factors inhibiting growth of other c. perfringens strains than strains isolated from the gut of healthy chickens. this characteristic could lead to extensive and selective presence of a strain that contains the genetic make-up enabling to secrete toxins that cause gut les ...201424708344
heterologous protection against alpha toxins of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus induced by binding domain recombinant chimeric protein.clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are the two important bacteria frequently associated with majority of the soft tissue infections. the severity and progression of the diseases caused by these pathogens are attributed primarily to the alpha toxins they produce. previously, we synthesized a non-toxic chimeric molecule r-αcs encompassing the binding domains of c. perfringens and s. aureus alpha toxins and demonstrated that the r-αcs hyperimmune polysera reacts with both the native ...201424699467
[spondylodiscitis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201424684888
clostridium perfringens challenge and dietary fat type affect broiler chicken performance and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.the aim of the present work was to examine how different fats commonly used in the feed industry affect broiler performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with virulent clostridium perfringens strains. two experiments were carried out, each including 480-day-old male broilers (ross 308), which were randomly distributed to eight experimental groups using six replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. in exper ...201424674938
x-ray structure of a novel endolysin encoded by episomal phage phism101 of clostridium perfringens.gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall composed of a mesh polymer of peptidoglycans, which provides physical protection. endolysins encoded by phages infecting bacteria can hydrolyse peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall, killing the host bacteria immediately. the endolysin (psm) encoded by episomal phage phism101 of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a strain sm101 exhibits potent lytic activity towards most strains of clostridium perfringens. psm has an n-terminal catal ...201424674022
bec, a novel enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens found in human clinical isolates from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.clostridium perfringens is a causative agent of food-borne gastroenteritis for which c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been considered an essential factor. recently, we experienced two outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in which non-cpe producers of c. perfringens were strongly suspected to be the cause. here, we report a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens isolates, bec (binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens). culture supernatants of the c. perfringens strains showed fluid-accum ...201424664508
empathy dolls: are they a source of cross-contamination between patients?following a cluster of two patients with identical strains of clostridium perfringens prosthetic joint infections on an ortho-geriatric ward in a teaching hospital in england, investigations were conducted into infection control practices. it emerged that empathy dolls were being used to help alleviate agitation in dementia patients; this had been introduced without consultation with the infection prevention and control team. environmental testing of the doll pre and post laundry at different te ...201424661788
molecular analysis of infant fecal microbiota in an asian at-risk cohort-correlates with infant and childhood eczema.studies have suggested that selective microbial targets prevail in the fecal microbiota of infants with eczema. this study evaluated the composition of fecal microbiota of infants who developed eczema in the first 5 years of life and compared these with those of healthy controls.201424650346
clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin damages the rabbit colon.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin causes the gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms of c. perfringens type a food poisoning and cpe-associated non-food-borne human gi diseases. it is well established that cpe induces fluid accumulation and severe tissue damage in ligated small intestinal loops of rabbits and other animals. however, a previous study had also reported that cpe binds to rabbit colonic cells yet does not significantly affect rabbit colonic loops. to the contrary, the current study determi ...201424643537
membrane vesicles of clostridium perfringens type a strains induce innate and adaptive immunity.vesicle shedding from bacteria is a universal process in most gram-negative bacteria and a few gram-positive bacteria. in this report, we isolate extracellular membrane vesicles (mvs) from the supernatants of gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens). we demonstrated vesicle production in a variety of virulent and nonvirulent type a strains. mvs did not contain alpha-toxin and netb toxin demonstrated by negative reaction to specific antibody and absence of specific proteins ...201424631214
modulation of micrornas in two genetically disparate chicken lines showing different necrotic enteritis disease susceptibility.micrornas (mirna) play a critical role in post-transcriptional regulation by influencing the 3'-utr of target genes. using two inbred white leghorn chicken lines, line 6.3 and line 7.2 showing marek's disease-resistant and -susceptible phenotypes, respectively, we used small rna high-throughput sequencing (hts) to investigate whether mirnas are differently expressed in these two chicken lines after inducing necrotic enteritis (ne). the 12 mirnas, selected from the most down-regulated or up-regul ...201424629767
fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of potentially pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal porcine diarrhea.neonatal diarrhea is a multifactorial condition commonly present on pig farms and leads to economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality of piglets. immature immune system and lack of fully established microbiota at birth predispose neonatal piglets to infection with enteric pathogens. the microorganisms that for decades have been associated with enteritis and diarrhea in suckling piglets are: rotavirus a, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens t ...201424628856
identification of a key residue for oligomerisation and pore-formation of clostridium perfringens netb.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been identified as a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant economic damage to the poultry industry worldwide. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify amino acids that play a role in netb oligomerisation and pore-formation. netb k41h showed significantly reduced toxicity towards lmh cells and human red blood cel ...201424625763
draft genome sequence of clostridium perfringens strain jjc, a highly efficient hydrogen producer isolated from landfill leachate sludge.clostridium perfringens strain jjc is an effective biohydrogen and biochemical producer that was isolated from landfill leachate sludge. here, we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into the gene interactions involved in efficient biohydrogen production.201424604637
key design factors affecting microbial community composition and pathogenic organism removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.constructed wetlands constitute an interesting option for wastewater reuse since high concentrations of contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms can be removed with these natural treatment systems. in this work, the role of key design factors which could affect microbial removal and wetland performance, such as granular media, water depth and season effect was evaluated in a pilot system consisting of eight parallel horizontal subsurface flow (hssf) constructed wetlands treating urban wastewat ...201424594738
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
mechanistic investigations of unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.experiments were carried out to probe the details of the hydration-initiated hydrolysis catalyzed by the clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of glycoside hydrolase family 88 in the cazy classification system. direct (1)h nmr monitoring of the enzymatic reaction detected no accumulated reaction intermediates in solution, suggesting that rearrangement of the initial hydration product occurs on-enzyme. an attempt at mechanism-based trapping of on-enzyme intermediates using a 1, ...201424573682
growth conditions of clostridium perfringens type b for production of toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines.the diseases caused for clostridium perfringens are generically called enterotoxemias because toxins produced in the intestine may be absorbed into the general circulation. c. perfringens type b, grown in batch fermentation, produced toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines. glucose in concentrations of 1.4-111.1 mm was used to define the culture medium. the minimum concentration for a satisfactory production of vaccines against clostridial diseases was 55.6 mm. best results were brought forth ...201424573216
xylanase supplementation of a wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestion and mrna expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in broiler chickens infected with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens has become prevalent in the european union due to the withdrawal of antibiotics in poultry feed. in an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to 4 groups with or without c. perfringens challenge and fed wheat-based diets supplemented with or without xylanase at 5,500 u/kg of diet. the study aimed to investigate effects of xylanase addition on growth performance as well as nut ...201424570428
opioid analgesics stop the development of clostridial gas gangrene.gas gangrene is a potentially fatal disease that is primarily caused by the ubiquitous, anaerobic bacteria clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum. treatment is limited to antibiotic therapy, debridement of the infected tissue, and, in severe cases, amputation. the need for new treatment approaches is compelling. opioid-based analgesics such as buprenorphine and morphine also have immunomodulatory properties, usually leading to faster disease progression. however, here we show that mice ...201424550443
jejunal hematoma in cattle: a retrospective case analysis.sixteen years of adult cattle submissions to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system were examined and data captured from cases with anaerobic cultures of intestinal content. analysis was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between case submission types (nonbloody intestinal content [129 cases], bloody intestinal content [134 cases], and jejunal hematoma [jh; 51 cases]) for the presence of clostridium perfringens (314 cases), c. perfringens toxinot ...201424532694
multiple effects of escherichia coli nissle 1917 on growth, biofilm formation, and inflammation cytokines profile of clostridium perfringens type a strain cp4.clostridium perfringens is an important gram-positive pathogen responsible for food poisoning, necrotic enteritis, gas gangrene, and even death. escherichia coli nissle 1917 (ecn) is a well-characterized probiotic strain with demonstrated benefits. in this study, we evaluated the effects of ecn on growth, toxin production, biofilm formation, and inflammatory cytokine responses of c. perfringens. in vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that ecn inhibited growth, gas production, and toxin pro ...201424532573
alteration of predominant gastrointestinal flora and oxidative damage of large intestine under simulated hypobaric hypoxia.hypobaric hypoxia is an immediate and crucial starting mechanism of acute mountain sickness included with some non-specific gastrointestinal (gi) complications. to study the effect of hypoxia on gi microflora and its upshot to this system, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (air pressure ~ 4872.9 m altitude) consecutively 30 days for 8 hours/day. the different indicator group of large intestinal microbial populations were enumerated and correlated with the levels of antioxidant indicators l ...201424526402
two necrotic enteritis predisposing factors, dietary fishmeal and eimeria infection, induce large changes in the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens.it is widely established that a high-protein fishmeal supplemented starter diet and eimeria infection can predispose birds to the development of clinical necrotic enteritis symptoms following clostridium perfringens infection. however, it has not been clearly established what changes these treatments cause to predispose birds to succumb to necrotic enteritis. we analysed caecal microbiota of 4 groups of broilers (n=12) using deep pyrosequencing of 16s rdna amplicons: (1) control chicks fed a con ...201424522272
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish by-products is inactivated with inorganic acid (ph 1) and base (ph 12).the aquaculture industry needs a simple, inexpensive and safe method for the treatment of fish waste without heat. microbial inactivation by inorganic acid (hcl) or base (koh) was determined using infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) as a model organism for fish pathogens. salmonella and spores of clostridium perfringens were general hygiene indicators in supplementary examinations. ipnv, which is considered to be among the most chemical- and heat-resistant fish pathogens, was reduced by ...201423617746
[benign subcutaneous emphysema after nail penetration. case report and important differential diagnoses].crepitus under the skin after penetrating injuries: harmless benign subcutaneous emphysema or life-threatening infection with gas-producing bacteria (gas gangrene because of clostridium perfringens, crepitating cellulitis because of anaerobic streptococcus or other coliforme bacteria)? we report a case of a 74-year-old male who developed massive crepitation of the left upper extremity and the lateral thoracic wall and mediastinal emphysema after sustaining a laceration of the left thumb and fore ...201423703620
[clostridium perfringens-induced intravascular hemolysis]. 201423891133
spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis after pregnancy - emergency treatment to the limb salvage and functional recovery: a case report.clostridial myonecrosis (cm) is a rare, life threatening necrotizing infection of a skeletal muscle caused by clostridium perfringens in the majority of cases. the diagnosis may be difficult because of few diagnostic and cutaneous signs early in its course. standard therapy involves surgical debridements of a devitalized tissue and high-dose organism-specific antibiotic therapy. the hyperbaric oxygen has also showed its usefulness in the treatment of these infections. autograft systems as tissue ...201422973988
global phenotypic characterization of effects of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities of clostridium perfringens strains.fluoroquinolone resistance affects toxin production of clostridium perfringens strains differently. to investigate the effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on global changes in metabolic activities and drug susceptibilities, four c. perfringens strains and their norfloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, and gatifloxacin-resistant mutants were compared in nearly 2000 assays, using phenotype microarray plates. variations among mutant strains resulting from resistance selection were observed in all a ...201425587280
erratum for maheux et al., abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water. 201426058088
clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna).this study describes an outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in captive macaws (ara ararauna). two psittacine birds presented a history of prostration and died 18 hr after manifestation of clinical signs. the necropsy findings and histopathologic lesions were indicative of necrotic enteritis. microbiologic assays resulted in the growth of large gram-positive bacilli that were identified as c. perfringens. pcr was used to identify clostridium toxinotypes and con ...201425619013
effects of dexamethasone immunosuppression on turkey clostridial dermatitis.clostridia represents a group of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria ubiquitous in the poultry environment. they are widely distributed in soil and survive for many years as highly resistant, inactive spores. they enter the body through wounds and contaminated feed as active bacteria or spores. multiplication of clostridial bacteria occurs only in the absence of oxygen or in environments with very low concentrations of oxygen. during active multiplication, the clostridial organisms produce several ...201425518439
mucin gene mrna levels in broilers challenged with eimeria and/or clostridium perfringens.the effects of eimeria (em) and clostridium perfringens (cp) challenges on the mrna levels of genes involved in mucin (muc) synthesis (muc2, muc5ac, muc13, and trefoil family factor-2 [tff2]), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [tnf-alpha] and interleukin-18 [il-18]), and metabolic processes (cluster of differentiation [cd]36) in the jejunum of broilers were investigated. two parallel experiments involving 1) em challenge and 2) em and cp challenges were conducted. the first experiment wa ...201425518436
transcriptional profiles of host-pathogen responses to necrotic enteritis and differential regulation of immune genes in two inbreed chicken lines showing disparate disease susceptibility.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important intestinal infectious disease of commercial poultry flocks caused by clostridium perfringens. using an experimental model of ne involving co-infection with c. perfringens and eimeria maxima, transcriptome profiling and functional genomics approaches were applied to identify the genetic mechanisms that might regulate the host response to this disease. microarray hybridization identified 1,049 transcripts whose levels were altered (601 increased, 448 decreas ...201425504150
structure of a bacterial microcompartment shell protein bound to a cobalamin cofactor.the eutl shell protein is a key component of the ethanolamine-utilization microcompartment, which serves to compartmentalize ethanolamine degradation in diverse bacteria. the apparent function of this shell protein is to facilitate the selective diffusion of large cofactor molecules between the cytoplasm and the lumen of the microcompartment. while eutl is implicated in molecular-transport phenomena, the details of its function, including the identity of its transport substrate, remain unknown. ...201425484204
immune and anti-oxidant effects of in ovo selenium proteinate on post-hatch experimental avian necrotic enteritis.this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of selenium (se) incorporated into hydrolyzed soybean protein (b-taxim [bt]) on protection against experimental avian necrotic enteritis (ne). broiler eggs were injected with either 100 μl of pbs alone (bt0), or 20 or 40 μg/egg of bt in pbs (bt20, bt40) at 18 days of embryogenesis. on day 14 post-hatch, the chickens were uninfected or orally infected with 1.0 × 10(4) oocysts of eimeria maxima (e. maxima). on day 18 post ...201425468015
prevalence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea.clostridium perfringens has been suspected as an enteropathogen in dogs. however, its exact role in gastrointestinal (gi) disorders in dogs remains unknown. recent studies suggest the importance of an altered intestinal microbiota in the activation of virulence factors of enteropathogens. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diarrhea, dysbiosis, and the presence of c. perfringens and its enterotoxin (cpe). fecal samples were collected prospectively from 95 healthy contr ...201425458422
modulation of small intestinal homeostasis along with its microflora during acclimatization at simulated hypobaric hypoxia.at high altitude (ha) hypobaric hypoxic environment manifested several pathophysiological consequences of which gastrointestinal (gi) disorder are very common phenomena. to explore the most possible clue behind this disorder intestinal flora, the major player of the gi functions, were subjected following simulated hypobaric hypoxic treatment in model animal. for this, male albino rats were exposed to 55 kpa (approximately 4872.9 m) air pressure consecutively for 30 days for 8 h/day and its small ...201425434105
successional changes in the chicken cecal microbiome during 42 days of growth are independent of organic acid feed additives.poultry remains a major source of foodborne bacterial infections. a variety of additives with presumed anti-microbial and/or growth-promoting effects are commonly added to poultry feed during commercial grow-out, yet the effects of these additives on the gastrointestinal microbial community (the gi microbiome) as the bird matures remain largely unknown. here we compared temporal changes in the cecal microbiome to the effects of formic acid, propionic acid, and medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa) add ...201425427406
[focal meningitis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--diagnostic procedure and pathology].a 15-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with progressive lameness of the hindlimbs and a chronic skin lesion was presented for clinical examination. the clinical neurological examination, showing a paraparesis, was completed by magnetic resonance imaging. mr images of the cervical and thoracic spine showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion between the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) and the second thoracic vertebra (t2), which extended through the intervertebral ...201425406071
effect of rooibos (aspalathus linearis) on growth control of clostridium perfringens and lipid oxidation of ready-to-eat jokbal (pig's trotters).this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of rooibos (tea extract), potassium lactate (pl) and sodium diacetate (sda) mixture alone or in combinations on the growth of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell and spore in ready-to-eat (rte) jokbal (pig's trotters). addition of a combination of 10% rooibos and 4% pl + sda inhibit growth of c. perfringens vegetative cell in jokbal at 24 °c and 36 °c. the significant inhibition on germination and growth of c. perfringens spores was also obse ...201425394229
in vitro effect of dietary protein level and nondigestible oligosaccharides on feline fecal microbiota.the aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of some prebiotic substances and 2 dietary protein levels on the composition and activity of feline fecal microbiota. two in vitro studies were conducted. first, 6 nondigestible oligosaccharides were studied; treatments were control diet (ctrl), gluconic acid (ga), carrot fiber (cf), fructooligosaccharides (fos), galactooligosaccharides (gos), lactitol (lac), and pectins from citrus fruit (pec). substrates were added to feline feca ...201425367521
splenic abscess after splenic blunt injury angioembolization.splenic angioembolization (sae), during nonoperative management (nom) of blunt splenic injury (bsi), is an effective therapy for hemodynamically stable patients with grade iii, iv, and v ois splenic injuries. we report a case of a patient with a blunt abdominal trauma due to an accidental fall, who presented splenic abscess a week after sae and a review of the literature.201425362884
high incidence of staphylococcus aureus and norovirus gastroenteritis in infancy: a single-center, 1-year experience.the etiology of acute gastroenteritis (age) has changed since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination. the aim of this study was to clarify which common pathogens, both bacterial and viral, are currently causing age in infants.201425349829
in vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria.lactulose has been known as a prebiotic that can selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. recent studies have indicated that streptococcus mutans, clostridium perfringens, and faecalibacterium prausnitzii are also able to utilize lactulose. however, the previous studies mainly focused on the utilization of lactulose by individual strains, and few studies were designed to identify the species that could utilize lactulose among gut microbiota. this study aime ...201425340538
crystal structure of the phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type phosphate transporter from clostridium perfringens.phosphate limitation is an important environmental stress that affects the metabolism of various organisms and, in particular, can trigger the virulence of numerous bacterial pathogens. clostridium perfringens, a human pathogen, is one of the most common causes of enteritis necroticans, gas gangrene and food poisoning. here, we focused on the high affinity phosphate-binding protein (pbp-1) of an abc-type transporter, responsible for cellular phosphate uptake. we report the crystal structure (1.6 ...201425338617
proteolytic processing and activation of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by caprine small intestinal contents.epsilon toxin (etx), a pore-forming toxin produced by type b and d strains of clostridium perfringens, mediates severe enterotoxemia in livestock and possibly plays a role in human disease. during enterotoxemia, the nearly inactive etx prototoxin is produced in the intestines but then must be activated by proteolytic processing. the current study sought to examine etx prototoxin processing and activation ex vivo using the intestinal contents of a goat, a natural host species for etx-mediated dis ...201425336460
clostridium perfringens septicemia in a long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis: an etiology of gas bubble accumulation in cetaceans.an adult female long-beaked common dolphin delphinus capensis live-stranded in la jolla, california, usa, on july 30, 2012 and subsequently died on the beach. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gas bubble accumulation in the vasculature, organ parenchyma, mandibular fat pads, and subdermal sheath as well as a gas-filled cavity within the liver, mild caudal abdominal effusion, and fluid in the uterus. gross examination confirmed these findings and also identified mild ulc ...201425320031
a fatal spontaneous gas gangrene due to clostridium perfringens during neutropenia of allogeneic stem cell transplantation: case report and literature review.most cases of gas gangrene caused by clostridium species begin with trauma-related injuries but in rare cases, spontaneous gas gangrene (sgg) can occur when patients have conditions such as advanced malignancy, diabetes, or immunosuppression. clostridium perfringens, a rare cause of sgg, exists as normal flora of skin and intestines of human. adequate antibiotics with surgical debridement of infected tissue is the only curative therapeutic management. mortality rate among adults is reported rang ...201425298910
genetic and antigenic typing of clostridium perfringens isolates from ostriches. 201425290951
neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes food poisoning. the neuraminidase (na) protein of c. perfringens plays a pivotal role in bacterial proliferation and is considered a novel antibacterial drug target. based on screens for novel na inhibitors, a 95% etoh extract of corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome showed na inhibitory activity (68% at 30 μg/ml), which resulted in the isolation of 10 isoquinoline alkaloids; namely, palmatine (1), berberine (2), coptisin ...201425277281
the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol predisposes for the development of clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.both mycotoxin contamination of feed and clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis have an increasing global economic impact on poultry production. especially the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) is a common feed contaminant. this study aimed at examining the predisposing effect of don on the development of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. an experimental clostridium perfringens infection study revealed that don, at a contamination level of 3,000 to 4,000 µg/kg feed, incre ...201425268498
intestinal events and nutritional dynamics predispose clostridium perfringens virulence in broilers.clostridium perfringensa (cpa) entering the gastrointestinal system depends on favorable conditions to develop and subsequently extend pathogenicity. reduction in digestive dynamics progressing from the duodenum decreases lumen oxygen, leading to anaerobic conditions in the distal lumen that favor cpa. when nutritional support is concurrently provided, an expanding population threatens the mucosa. dietary nonstarch polysaccharides that increase viscosity further impair oxygen transfer from the m ...201425260526
a tripartite cocktail of chimeric monoclonal antibodies passively protects mice against ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.due to the fast-acting nature of ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), and clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), it is necessary that therapeutic interventions following a bioterrorism incident by one of these toxins occur as soon as possible after intoxication. moreover, because the clinical manifestations of intoxication by these agents are likely to be indistinguishable from each other, especially following aerosol exposure, we have developed a cocktail of chimeric monoclonal anti ...201425260254
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: the third most potent bacterial toxin known.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by clostridium perfringens type b and d strains and causes enterotoxemia, a highly lethal disease with major impacts on the farming of domestic ruminants, particularly sheep. etx belongs to the aerolysin-like pore-forming toxin family. although etx has striking similarities to other toxins in this family, etx is often more potent, with an ld50 of 100 ng/kg in mice. due to this high potency, etx is considered as a potential bioterrorism agent and has been classifie ...201425234332
comparing the identification of clostridium spp. by two matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry platforms to 16s rrna pcr sequencing as a reference standard: a detailed analysis of age of culture and sample preparation.we compared the identification of clostridium species using mass spectrometry by two different matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) platforms (bruker ms and vitek ms) against 16s rrna sequencing as the reference standard. we then examined the impact of different sample preparations and (on one of those platforms) age of bacterial colonial growth on the performance of the maldi-tof ms systems. we identified 10 different species amongst the 52 ...201425230331
induction of potential protective immunity against enterotoxemia in calves by single or multiple recombinant clostridium perfringens toxoids.cattle enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens toxins is a noncontagious, sporadic, and fatal disease characterized by sudden death. strategies for controlling and preventing cattle enterotoxemia are based on systematic vaccination of herds with toxoids. because the process of producing conventional clostridial vaccines is dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming, the prospect of recombinant toxoid vaccines against diseases caused by c. perfringens toxins is promising. in this study, non ...201425197030
differential responses of cecal microbiota to fishmeal, eimeria and clostridium perfringens in a necrotic enteritis challenge model in chickens.clostridium perfringens causes enteric diseases in animals and humans. in poultry, avian-specific c. perfringens strains cause necrotic enteritis, an economically significant poultry disease that costs the global industry over $2 billion annually in losses and control measures. with removal of antibiotic growth promoters in some countries this disease appears to be on the rise. in experimental conditions used to study disease pathogenesis and potential control measures, reproduction of the disea ...201425167074
a synthetic peptide corresponding to the extracellular loop 2 region of claudin-4 protects against clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in vitro and in vivo.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) action starts when the toxin binds to claudin receptors. claudins contain two extracellular loop domains, with the second loop (ecl-2) being slightly smaller than the first. cpe has been shown to bind to ecl-2 in receptor claudins. we recently demonstrated that caco-2 cells (a naturally cpe-sensitive enterocyte-like cell line) can be protected from cpe-induced cytotoxicity by preincubating the enterotoxin with soluble full-length recombinant claudin-4 (r ...201425156725
[alpha and theta toxin clostridium perfringens infection complicated by septic shock and hemolysis]. 201425154792
targeting tight junctions during epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality of patients with this disease. in pancreatic cancer, some tight junction proteins, including claudins, are abnormally regulated and therefore are promising molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. claudin-4 and -18 are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions. claudin ...201425152584
identification of a two-component signal transduction system that regulates maltose genes in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive rod that is widely distributed in nature and is the etiological agent of several human and animal diseases. the complete genome sequence of c. perfringens strain 13 has been determined and multiple two-component signal transduction systems identified. one of these systems, designated here as the malno system, was analyzed in this study. microarray analysis was used to carry out functional analysis of a malo mutant. the results, which were confirmed by q ...201425152227
screening of lactobacillus strains of domestic goose origin against bacterial poultry pathogens for use as probiotics.lactobacilli are natural inhabitants of human and animal mucous membranes, including the avian gastrointestinal tract. recently, increasing attention has been given to their probiotic, health-promoting capacities, among which their antagonistic potential against pathogens plays a key role. a study was conducted to evaluate probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from feces or cloacae of domestic geese. among the 104 examined isolates, previously identified to the species level by ...201425104766
new amino acid germinants for spores of the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a isolates.clostridium perfringens spore germination plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of c. perfringens-associated food poisoning (fp) and non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. germination is initiated when bacterial spores sense specific nutrient germinants (such as amino acids) through germinant receptors (grs). in this study, we aimed to identify and characterize amino acid germinants for spores of enterotoxigenic c. perfringens type a. the polar, uncharged amino acids at ph 6.0 effic ...201425084641
proportion of illness acquired by foodborne transmission for nine enteric pathogens in australia: an expert elicitation.estimates of the burden of illness acquired from food inform public health policy and prioritize interventions. a key component of such estimates is the proportion of illnesses that are acquired by foodborne transmission. in view of the shortage of requisite data, these proportions are commonly obtained through a process known as expert elicitation. we report findings from an elicitation process used to assess the importance of the foodborne transmission route for nine pathogens in australia, ci ...201425072416
lumbar discitis caused by clostridium perfringens.we report here a rare case of chronic lumbar discitis caused by clostridium perfringens in an elderly patient that was treated with a combination of β-lactams and clindamycin. molecular analysis performed on the strain revealed an unusual toxin gene pattern.201425056327
first isolation of mycoplasma iowae in grey partridge flocks.mycoplasma iowae, an occasional pathogen of turkeys, was isolated for the first time from captive grey partridges (perdix perdix). clinical signs including respiratory and intestinal disorder were seen in birds of all ages but mainly in those kept housed during rearing. mortality rates averaged over 20% during the year. treatment with antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs produced only a transient improvement in condition. the gross pathology findings included poor body growth, lack of development ...201425055642
toxinotyping of clostridium perfringens fecal isolates of reintroduced père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) in china.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen causing sudden death syndrome, necrotic enteritis, and gas gangrene in ruminants, especially some deer species. père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) is one of the world's rare species and is an endangered and protected species in china. some père david's deer in the chinese shishou père david's deer preserve died due to c. perfringens infection. we investigated the toxin types and c. perfringens enterotoxin-positive (cpe(+)) strains of isolate ...201425050802
[complex surgical management of hemodialysis vascular access infection caused by clostridium perfringens].infection of prosthetic hemodialysis (hd) shunts is one of the most common complications of vascular access in hemodialysis patients. the incidence of anaerobic infection is very rare. in such a case, management of treatment represents a great challenge for the surgeon. we report a complicated case of autologous hemodialysis shunt infected by clostridium perfringens on the right forearm in a polymorbid female patient with chronic renal failure and myelodysplastic syndrome. the patient has underg ...201425047973
applicability of universal bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators.water quality monitoring is essential for the provision of safe drinking water. in this study, we compared a selection of fecal indicators with universal bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources. a total of 60 samples were collected from water sources. the microbiological parameters included total coliforms, fecal coliforms, escherichia coli and fecal streptococci as the fecal indicator bacteria (fib), clostridium perfringens and h2s bacteri ...201425023746
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