Publications

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of major foodborne pathogens in imported seafood.	Seafood is a leading commodity implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Seafood importation rose dramatically in the past 3 decades and now contributes to more than 80% of the total U.S. seafood supply. However, limited data are available on the microbiological safety of imported seafood. In this study, we obtained a total of 171 salmon, shrimp, and tilapia samples imported from 12 countries in three retail stores in Baton Rouge, LA. The total microbial population and the ...	2011	21902913
Spatial Distribution of Putative Growth Factors in the Guinea Pig Placenta and the Effects of These Factors, Plasma, and Bile on the Growth and Chemotaxis of Campylobacter jejuni.	The pregnant guinea pig is an effective model for studying abortifacient Campylobacter spp, and previous experiments have demonstrated that C. jejuni IA3902 has a marked predilection for the subplacenta while sparing the placental disc in this species. In the study described here, the growth and chemotaxis of IA3902 and a reference strain (NCTC 11168) are compared in the presence of subplacental and placental factors, as well as bile and plasma, from pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs. Both st ...	2011	22081135
irrelevance between the induction of anti-campylobacter humoral response by a bacterin and the lack of protection against homologous challenge in japanese jidori chickens.	on-farm vaccination of chickens against campylobacter jejuni is considered a potentially effective countermeasure to decrease campylobacteriosis via consumption of contaminated chicken meat, but is not yet available. in this study, two groups of jidori chicks were immunized subcutaneously with a formalin-killed c. jejuni with 2 different adjuvants. another chicks served as the unvaccinated control group. both vaccines induced high levels of anti-campylobacter igg, but provided no decrease of bac ...	2011	21836379
identification of persistent subtypes of campylobacter jejuni by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in finland.	abstract the genetic diversity of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from finnish patients was studied by typing 508 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: 311 were isolated from domestically acquired infections and 197 from travel-related infections. the strains were systematically selected from a larger collection of previously serotyped strains isolated during two 1-year sampling periods. the four most common smai profiles accounted for 45% of the domestic strains but only 3% of the ...	2011	21675864
mannose-6-phosphate regulates destruction of lipid-linked oligosaccharides.	mannose-6-phosphate (m6p) is an essential precursor for mannosyl glycoconjugates, including lipid-linked oligosaccharides (llo; glucose(3)mannose(9)glcnac(2)-p-p-dolichol) used for protein n-glycosylation. in permeabilized mammalian cells, m6p also causes specific llo cleavage. however, the context and purpose of this paradoxical reaction are unknown. in this study, we used intact mouse embryonic fibroblasts to show that endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress elevates m6p concentrations, leading to c ...	2011	21737679
the proteome folding project: proteome-scale prediction of structure and function.	the incompleteness of proteome structure and function annotation is a critical problem for biologists and, in particular, severely limits interpretation of high-throughput and next-generation experiments. we have developed a proteome annotation pipeline based on structure prediction, where function and structure annotations are generated using an integration of sequence comparison, fold recognition and grid-computing enabled de novo structure prediction. we predict protein domain boundaries and ...	2011	21824995
genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni strain 327, a strain isolated from a turkey slaughterhouse.	campylobacter is one of the leading causes of food-borne gastroenteritis and has a high prevalence in poultry. campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni 327 is a subspecies of the genus campylobacter of the family campylobacteraceae in the phylum proteobacteria. the microaerophilic, spiral shaped, catalase positive bacterium obtains energy from the metabolism of amino acids and krebs cycle intermediates. strain 327 was isolated from a turkey slaughter production line and is considered environmentally s ...	2011	21677848
general metabolism of laribacter hongkongensis: a genome-wide analysis.		2011	21711917
prevalence of campylobacter in wild birds of the mid-atlantic region, usa.	we evaluated the occurrence of three campylobacter species--c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari--from 333 wild bird fecal samples collected at tri-state bird rescue and research in newark, delaware, in 2008. using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, we detected c. jejuni from six avian families with an overall prevalence rate of 7.2%. we did not detect any other campylobacter species. campylobacter jejuni prevalence ranged widely between different avian families with crows (corvidae) and gulls (lar ...	2011	21719846
salicylate functions as an efflux pump inducer and promotes the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in campylobacter jejuni.	salicylate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, has been shown to increase the resistance of campylobacter to antimicrobials. however, the molecular mechanism underlying salicylate-induced resistance has not yet been established. in this study, we determined how salicylate increases antibiotic resistance and evaluated its impact on the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in campylobacter. transcriptional fusion assay, real time quantitative rt-pcr and immunoblotting assay co ...	2011	21821741
analysis of glycosylation motifs and glycosyltransferases in bacteria and archaea.	the process of glycosylation has been studied extensively in prokaryotes but many questions still remain unanswered. glycosyltransferase is the enzyme which mediates glycosylation and has its preference for the target glycosylation sites as well as for the type of glycosylation i.e. n-linked and o-linked glycosylation. in this study we carried out the bioinformatics analysis of one of the key enzymes of pgl locus from campylobacter jejuni, known as pglb, which is distributed widely in bacteria a ...	2011	21738312
[campylobacter jejuni spondylodiscitis.]		2011	21719222
recombination and population structure in salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that causes enteric fever and gastroenteritis in humans and animals. although its population structure was long described as clonal, based on high linkage disequilibrium between loci typed by enzyme electrophoresis, recent examination of gene sequences has revealed that recombination plays an important evolutionary role. we sequenced around 10% of the core genome of 114 isolates of enterica using a resequencing microarray. application of two different ...	2011	21829375
comparison between conventional and qpcr methods for enumerating campylobacter jejuni in a poultry processing plant.	campylobacter jejuni is worldwide recognized as a human foodborne pathogen. it is widely present in poultry meat and slaughterhouses, but little is known about its fate during the processing of poultry meat preparations. in stress conditions, this pathogen can enter into a viable but non-culturable state, where quantitative pcr (qpcr) becomes more convenient for its detection. in this study, two different pairs of primers, targeting the rpob and the hipo genes, were compared for its detection an ...	2011	21839385
hygienic quality and antibiotic resistance profile of sliced butchery.	in order to investigate the microbiological quality of different meat products on the greek market, 200 samples were collected from the following preparations: boiled turkey (n=50), boiled pork ham (n=50), smoked turkey (n=50) and smoked pork ham (n=50). in all cold meat preparations clostridium perfringens vegetative and spore forms, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and other clostridium sp lec(-), as well as lactobacillus, bacillus sp. and salmonella sp. were recovered. for instance bac ...	2011	21722746
helicobacter pylori eradication by sitafloxacin-lansoprazole combination and sitafloxacin pharmacokinetics in mongolian gerbils and its in vitro activity and resistance development.	a total of 293 strains of helicobacter pylori, including strains resistant to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, or amoxicillin, were examined for in vitro susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents. among these agents, sitafloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) showed the greatest activity (mic(90), 0.06 ++g/ml), with high bactericidal activity and synergy in sitafloxacin-lansoprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) combination. in a mongolian gerbil model with a h. pylori atcc 43504 challenge, marked ...	2011	21730117
a protein thermometer controls temperature-dependent transcription of flagellar motility genes in listeria monocytogenes.	facultative bacterial pathogens must adapt to multiple stimuli to persist in the environment or establish infection within a host. temperature is often utilized as a signal to control expression of virulence genes necessary for infection or genes required for persistence in the environment. however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt and respond to temperature fluctuations. listeria monocytogenes (lm) is a food-borne, facultative intracellular pathog ...	2011	21829361
a ccd-based fluorescence imaging system for real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based rapid and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens on microchips.	rapid, sensitive, and low-cost pathogen diagnostic systems are needed for early disease diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. this study reports a low-cost charge-coupled device (ccd)-based fluorescence imaging system for rapid detection of waterborne pathogens by isothermal gene amplification in disposable microchips. fluorescence imaging capability of this monochromatic ccd camera is evaluated by optimizing the gain, offset, and exposure time. this imaging system is ...	2011	21720851
the pi3k-akt signaling pathway is important for staphylococcus aureus internalization by endothelial cells.	internalization of staphylococcus aureus in bovine endothelial cells (bec) is increased by tnf-+¦ stimulation and nf-+¦b activation. because the pi3k-akt signaling pathway also modulates nf-+¦b activity, we considered whether the internalization of s. aureus by bec is associated with the activity of pi3k and akt. we found a time- and multiplicity of infection-dependent phosphorylation of akt on ser473 in bec infected with s. aureus. this phosphorylation was inhibited by ly294002 (ly) indicating ...	2011	21844240
context-dependent activation kinetics elicited by soluble versus outer membrane vesicle-associated heat-labile enterotoxin.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and children's diarrhea worldwide. among its virulence factors, etec produces heat-labile enterotoxin (lt). most secreted lt is associated with outer membrane vesicles that are rich in lipopolysaccharide. the majority of prior studies have focused on soluble lt purified from etec periplasm. we investigated the hypothesis that the extracellular vesicle context of toxin presentation might be important in eliciting ...	2011	21708992
asparagine peptide lyases: a seventh catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes.	the terms "proteolytic enzyme" and "peptidase" have been treated as synonymous, and all proteolytic enzymes have been considered to be hydrolases (ec 3.4). however, the recent discovery of proteins that cleave themselves at asparagine residues indicates that not all peptide bond cleavage occurs by hydrolysis. these self-cleaving proteins include the tsh protein precursor of escherichia coli, in which the large c-terminal propeptide acts as an autotransporter; certain viral coat proteins; and pro ...	2011	21832066
colonization factors of campylobacter jejuni in the chicken gut.	abstract: campylobacter contaminated broiler chicken meat is an important source of foodborne gastroenteritis and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. broiler chickens are commonly regarded as a natural host for this zoonotic pathogen and infected birds carry a very high c. jejuni load in their gastrointestinal tract, especially the ceca. this eventually results in contaminated carcasses during processing. current intervention methods fail to reduce the colonization of broi ...	2011	21714866
cross-reactive epitopes present in campylobacter jejuni serotypes isolated from enteritis patients.	(full text is available at http://www.manu.edu.mk/prilozi). campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) infection frequently triggers autoimmune-mediated neuropathies, especially the guillain-barre syndrome (gbs). the molecular mimicry between the core oligosaccharides of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lpss) and the human gangliosides presumably results in the production of anti-neural cross-reactive antibodies which are likely to be a contributory factor in the induction and pathogenesis of gbs. the aim o ...	2011	21822182
genetic and molecular characterization of flagellar assembly in shewanella oneidensis.	shewanella oneidensis is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar flagellum. unlike most flagellated bacteria, it contains only one major chromosome segment encoding the components of the flagellum with the exception of the motor proteins. in this region, three genes encode flagellinsaccording to the original genome annotation. however, we find that only flaa and flab encode functional filament subunits. although these two genesare under the control of different promoters, they are actively ...	2011	21731763
the prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in domestic 'backyard' poultry in canterbury, new zealand.	campylobacteriosis is the most commonly notified illness in new zealand. whilst the importance of commercial poultry in campylobacteriosis is well established, little is known about the possible role of chickens kept at home as a direct animal/faecal contact or consumption exposure pathway. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in domestic backyard chicken flocks in the canterbury region of new zealand. poultry faecal samples were colle ...	2011	21824372
horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) plays an important role in the evolution of life on the earth. this view is supported by numerous occasions of hgt that are recorded in the genomes of all three domains of living organisms. hgt-mediated rapid evolution is especially noticeable among the bacteria, which demonstrate formidable adaptability in the face of recent environmental changes imposed by human activities, such as the use of antibiotics, industrial contamination, and intensive agriculture. at th ...	2011	21845185
structural and functional insights into dr2231 protein, the mazg-like nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from deinococcus radiodurans.	deinococcus radiodurans is among the very few bacterial species extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, uv light, oxidizing agents, and cycles of prolonged desiccation. the proteome of d. radiodurans reflects the evolutionary pressure exerted by chronic exposure to (nonradioactive) forms of dna and protein damage. a clear example of this adaptation is the overrepresentation of protein families involved in the removal of non-canonical nucleoside triphosphates (ntps) whose incorporation into na ...	2011	21733847
screening for antecedent campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-ganglioside antibodies in idiopathic neuralgic amyotrophy.		2011	21692917
detection of campylobacter concisus and other campylobacter species in colonic biopsies from adults with ulcerative colitis.	the critical role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (uc) is well recognized, but an individual causative microorganism has not been singled out so far. campylobacter concisus and other non-jejuni species of campylobacter have been implicated as putative aetiological agents in inflammatory bowel disease in children, but such studies have not been addressed in adults. this study investigated the prevalence of campylobacter species in colonic biopsy samples from adults with uc a ...	2011	21738679
epidemiology and outcome of shigella, salmonella and campylobacter infections in travellers returning from the tropics with fever and diarrhoea.	during a study on fever after a stay in the tropics, we aimed at investigating the epidemiology and outcome of invasive bacterial enteritis due to shigella, salmonella or campylobacter spp. in patients diagnosed with febrile traveller's diarrhoea.	2011	21837926
distribution of campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkey farms and different stages at slaughter using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaa-short variable region sequencing.	the aim of this study was to assess the diversity of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. isolated from turkey flocks at six rearing farms 1-2ôçâweeks prior to slaughter (360 faecal swab samples) and from 11 different stages at the slaughterhouse (636 caecal, environmental, neck skin and meat samples). a total of 121 campylobacter isolates were identified to species level using a multiplex pcr assay and were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and flaa-short variable region (svr) seque ...	2011	21824338
sirt1 and sirt3 deacetylate homologous substrates: acecs1,2 and hmgcs1,2.	sirt1 and sirt3 are nad+-dependent protein deacetylases that are evolutionarily conserved across mammals. these proteins are located in the cytoplasm/nucleus and mitochondria, respectively. previous reports demonstrated that human sirt1 deacetylates acetyl-coa synthase 1 (acecs1) in the cytoplasm, whereas sirt3 deacetylates the homologous acetyl-coa synthase 2 (acecs2) in the mitochondria. we recently showed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coa synthase 2 (hmgcs2) is deacetylated by sirt3 in mito ...	2011	21701047
structural and kinetic analysis of substrate binding to the sialyltransferase cst-ii from campylobacter jejuni.	sialic acids play important roles in various biological processes and typically terminate the oligosaccharide chains on the cell surfaces of a wide range of organisms including mammals and bacteria. their attachment is catalyzed by a set of sialyltransferases with defined specificities both for their acceptor sugars and the position of attachment. however, little is known of how this specificity is encoded. the structure of the bifunctional sialyltransferase cst-ii of the human pathogen campylob ...	2011	21832050
Genetic comparison of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from different cattle farms.	To compare the genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni, isolates of cattle origin were collected from 9 Polish farms and genotyped by ERIC-PCR. We identified 28 genotypes among the 43 C. jejuni isolates, and demonstrated high genomic diversity. The highest level of diversity was observed in strains isolated from stanchion-barn animals in opposition to those from the loose-housing system.	2011	21721414
regulation and function of versatile aerobic and anaerobic respiratory metabolism in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitously distributed opportunistic pathogen that inhabits soil and water as well as animal-, human-, and plant-host-associated environments. the ubiquity would be attributed to its very versatile energy metabolism. p. aeruginosa has a highly branched respiratory chain terminated by multiple terminal oxidases and denitrification enzymes. five terminal oxidases for aerobic respiration have been identified in the p. aeruginosa cells. three of them, the cbb(3)-1 oxida ...	2011	21833336
structure and mechanism of rnd-type multidrug efflux pumps.		2011	21692366
cryptosporidium and giardia associated with reduced lamb carcase productivity.	on two extensive sheep farms in southern western australia, 111 (farm a) and 124 (farm b) female crossbred lambs (2-6 weeks old) were randomly selected and individually identified using ear tags (a numbered tag and radio-frequency tag) at marking. on five separate occasions, faecal samples were collected and live weight, body condition score (bcs), faecal consistency score (fcs), breech fleece faecal soiling score and faecal dry matter percentage (dm%) were recorded. lamb hot carcase weight (hcw ...	2011	21719199
Occurrence of virulence genes among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from domestic animals and children.	The presence of the flaA, cadF, cdtB and iam genes of Campylobacter spp. was determined with the PCR method. The materials to investigate were 56 C. jejuni and 23 C. coli strains isolated from clinical samples (children and domestic animals). It was found that all of the Campylobacter spp. isolates from children with diarrhoea and domestic animals had cadF gene, responsible for adherence. The flaA gene was present in all Campylobacter spp. isolates derived from children and cats. Occurrence of f ...	2011	21721403
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin: A Model for Protein N-Glycosylation in Recombinant Escherichia coli.	Background: The hemagglutinin molecule of influenza virus is considered as an ideal model to study biological processes as well as the effect of glycosylation on the function of glycoproteins. Objectives: The large subunit of the influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) hemagglutinin (HA1) was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli containing the glycosylation system of Campylobacter jejuni. This viral glycoprotein contains glycosylation motifs recognized by prokaryotic and eukaryotic oli ...	2011	21734350
Transcriptional Profiling of the Iron Starvation Response in Bordetella pertussis Provides New Insights into Siderophore Utilization and Virulence Gene Expression.	Serological studies of patients with pertussis and the identification of antigenic Bordetella pertussis proteins support the hypothesis that B. pertussis perceives an iron starvation cue and expresses multiple iron source utilization systems in its natural human host environment. Furthermore, previous studies using a murine respiratory tract infection model showed that several of these B. pertussis iron systems are required for colonization and persistence and are differentially expressed over t ...	2011	21742863
The utility of high-resolution melting analysis of SNP nucleated PCR amplicons--an MLST based Staphylococcus aureus typing scheme.	High resolution melting (HRM) analysis is gaining prominence as a method for discriminating DNA sequence variants. Its advantage is that it is performed in a real-time PCR device, and the PCR amplification and HRM analysis are closed tube, and effectively single step. We have developed an HRM-based method for Staphylococcus aureus genotyping. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were derived from the S. aureus multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) database on the basis of maximized Simpson' ...	2011	21731606
specific detection of campylobacter jejuni using the bacteriophage nctc 12673 receptor binding protein as a probe.	campylobacter jejuni is found in the intestines of poultry, cattle, swine, wild birds and pet animals and is the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in developed countries. we report the use of the receptor binding protein (rbp) of campylobacter bacteriophage nctc 12673 for the specific capture of campylobacter jejuni bacteria using rbp-derivatized capturing surfaces. the gp48 rbp was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase-gp48 (gst-gp48) fusion protein and immobilized onto surface plasmo ...	2011	21955997
test of direct and indirect effects of agrochemicals on the survival of fecal indicator bacteria.	water bodies often receive agrochemicals and animal waste carrying fecal indicator bacteria (fib) and zoonotic pathogens, but we know little about the effects of agrochemicals on these microbes. we assessed the direct effects of the pesticides atrazine, malathion, and chlorothalonil and inorganic fertilizer on escherichia coli and enterococcal survival in simplified microcosms held in the dark. e. coli strain composition in sediments and water column were positively correlated, but none of the a ...	2011	22003017
evaluating 3 gas-delivery systems for culturing campylobacter jejuni in a microaerophilic environment.	campylobacter spp. require a microaerophilic environment (80% n(2), 10% co(2), 5% h(2), and 5% o(2)) for growth. since the late 1800s, several systems for creating and maintaining specific microbial atmospheres have been developed and applied. the objective of this study was to evaluate campylobacter jejuni growth by means of 3 commonly used gas-delivery systems for generating a microaerophilic environment: automated, gas-generating sachet, and plastic storage bag. pure culture c. jejuni cells w ...	2011	21934023
immunoreactivity of glycoproteins isolated from human peripheral nerve and campylobacter jejuni (o:19).	antibodies to ganglioside gm1 are associated with guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in patients with serologic evidence of a preceding infection with campylobacter jejuni. molecular mimicry between c. jejuni lipopolysaccharide (lps) and ganglioside gm1 has been proven to be the immunopathogenic mechanism of the disease in the axonal variant of gbs. gm1-positive sera cross-react with several gal-galnac-bearing glycoproteins from the human peripheral nerve and c. jejuni (o:19). this study aimed to exa ...	2011	21897673
biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce campylobacter spp. on poultry farms.	the prevention and control of campylobacter colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. a critical review of the literature on interventions to control campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the united kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. multiple electronic databases were em ...	2011	21984249
dynamic proteome changes in campylobacter jejuni 81-176 after high pressure shock and subsequent recovery.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the most intriguing human foodborne bacterial pathogen. its survival throughout the food processing chain and its pathogenesis mechanisms in humans remain enigmatic. living in the animal guts and particularly in avian intestine as a commensal bacterium, this microorganism is frequently isolated from meat products. ultra high pressure (hp) is a promising alternative to thermal technology for microbial safety of foodstuffs with less organoleptic and nutritional alter ...	2011	22079248
Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken on retail sale in the republic of Ireland.	To assess the current risks to consumers from Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken products sold in the Republic of Ireland, a retail survey was undertaken to define their prevalence. Samples (n = 510) were analyzed using protocols based on ISO 10272-1:2006 and ISO 6579:2002. Processor codes on pack labels showed that 67% of samples were produced in the Republic of Ireland and 25% in the United Kingdom. Salmonella was present in 5.1% of samples, but the eight serovars found caused less t ...	2011	22054193
survival of campylobacter jejuni in co-culture with acanthamoeba castellanii: role of amoeba-mediated depletion of dissolved oxygen.	campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of infectious diarrhoea worldwide but relatively little is known about its ecology. in this study, we examined its interactions with acanthamoeba castellanii, a protozoan suspected to serve as a reservoir for bacterial pathogens. we observed rapid degradation of intracellular c. jejuni in a. castellanii 5 h post gentamicin treatment at 25°c. conversely, we found that a. castellanii promoted the extracellular growth of c. jejuni in co-cultures at 37°c in aero ...	2011	22176643
investigating antibacterial mechanisms of garlic (allium sativum) concentrate and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on campylobacter jejuni using ft-ir spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy and electron microscope.	fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy and raman spectroscopy were used to study the cell injury and inactivation of campylobacter jejuni from exposure to antioxidants from garlic. c. jejuni was treated with various concentration of garlic concentrate and garlic derived organosulfur compounds in growth media and saline at 4, 22 and 35°c. antimicrobial activity of the diallyl sulfides increased with the number of sulfur atoms (diallyl sulfide < diallyl disulfide < diallyl trisulfide). ft ...	2011	21642409
the campylobacter jejuni transcriptional regulator cj1556 plays a role in the oxidative and aerobic (o2) stress response and is important for bacterial survival in vivo.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. despite stringent microaerobic growth requirements, c. jejuni is ubiquitous in the aerobic environment, so must possess regulatory systems to sense and adapt to external stimuli such as oxidative and aerobic (o(2)) stress. re-annotation of the c. jejuni nctc11168 genome sequence identified cj1556 (originally annotated as a hypothetical protein) as a marr family transcriptional regulator and further analysis i ...	2011	21642451
tubal factor infertility is associated with antibodies against chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) but not human hsp60.	background serum antibodies against major outer membrane protein (momp) and heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) from chlamydia trachomatis are correlated with sequelae following infection. since bacterial and human hsp60 share considerable sequence homology, cross-reactivity to human hsp60 is suggested as being involved in tubal factor infertility (tfi). the aim was to investigate whether antibodies to human hsp60 are associated with tfi, and to evaluate antibody testing in tfi diagnosis. methods seru ...	2011	21642639
the salmonella enterica pan-genome.	salmonella enterica is divided into four subspecies containing a large number of different serovars, several of which are important zoonotic pathogens and some show a high degree of host specificity or host preference. we compare 45 sequenced s. enterica genomes that are publicly available (22 complete and 23 draft genome sequences). of these, 35 were found to be of sufficiently good quality to allow a detailed analysis, along with two escherichia coli strains (k-12 substr. dh10b and the avian p ...	2011	21643699
genetic control of biosynthesis and transport of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides and construction of robust biotechnological producers.	summary: riboflavin [7,8-dimethyl-10-(1'-d-ribityl)isoalloxazine, vitamin b(2)] is an obligatory component of human and animal diets, as it serves as the precursor of flavin coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which are involved in oxidative metabolism and other processes. commercially produced riboflavin is used in agriculture, medicine, and the food industry. riboflavin synthesis starts from gtp and ribulose-5-phosphate and proceeds through pyrimidine and pteridi ...	2011	21646432
rotavirus diarrhea among children less than 5 years of age in urban ghana.	we collected clinical and morphologic data from children with diarrhea attending 3 diverse hospitals/clinics in accra. stool samples were tested for rotavirus and cryptosporidium spp. in all, 58% of the children with diarrhea had rotavirus infections, 25% of which were of the g3 sero/genotype. the most common strains were g3p [6] (18.8%) and g2p [6] (12.5%). cryptosporidium spp. infections were uncommon (3/143, 2.0%).	2011	21646938
detection of influenza viral gene in european starlings and experimental infection.	european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) are common, widely distributed birds in north america that frequently come into contact with agricultural operations. however, starlings have been one of the neglected land-based wild bird species for influenza surveillance.	2011	21651737
detection of influenza viral gene in european starlings and experimental infection.	european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) are common, widely distributed birds in north america that frequently come into contact with agricultural operations. however, starlings have been one of the neglected land-based wild bird species for influenza surveillance.	2011	21651737
outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw peas.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and most cases are identified as sporadic events rather than as parts of recognized outbreaks. we report findings from a substantial 2008 campylobacteriosis outbreak with general implications for fresh produce safety.	2011	21653299
the luxs mutation causes loosely-bound biofilms in shewanella oneidensis.	abstract:	2011	21663678
a sulfite respiration pathway from thermus thermophilus and the key role of newly identified cytochrome côéàôéàôéç.	sulfite, produced for instance during amino acid metabolism, is a very reactive and toxic compound. various detoxification mechanisms exist, but sulfite oxidoreductases (sors) are one of the major actors in sulfite remediation in bacteria and animals. here we describe the existence of an operon in the extreme thermophilic bacterium thermus thermophilus hb8 encoding both a sor and a diheme c-type cytochrome. the in vitro analysis clearly showed that the newly identified cytochrome côéàôéàôéç acts ...	2011	21665981
molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates of poultry, swine, and cattle origin collected from slaughterhouses in hungary.	campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in hungary, and the aim of this study was to identify the distribution, genotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter species in the most important food-producing animals at the time of slaughter during 2008 and 2009. of 1,110 samples, 266 were identified as campylobacter coli (23.9%) and 143 as c. jejuni (12.9%) by real-time pcr. resistance to enrofloxacin-ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was significant, especia ...	2011	21669066
exposure assessment and process sensitivity analysis of the contamination of campylobacter in poultry products.	studies were conducted in a thai poultry plant to identify the factors that affected numbers of campylobacter jejuni in chicken carcasses. the concentrations of campylobacter were determined using the simplate most probable number and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate plating methods. results indicated that the mean concentrations of c. jejuni in carcasses after scalding, plucking, and chilling were 2.93 ┬▒ 0.31, 2.98 ┬▒ 0.38, 2.88 ┬▒ 0.31, and 0.85 ┬▒ 0.95 log cfu, whereas the concent ...	2011	21673173
a simplified and cost-effective enrichment protocol for the isolation of campylobacter spp. from retail broiler meat without microaerobic incubation.	abstract: background: to simplify the methodology for the isolation of campylobacter spp. from retail broiler meat, we evaluated 108 samples (breasts and thighs) using an unpaired sample design. the enrichment broths were incubated under aerobic conditions (subsamples a) and for comparison under microaerobic conditions (subsamples m) as recommended by current reference protocols. sensors were used to measure the dissolved oxygen (do) in the broth and the percentage of oxygen (o2) in the head spa ...	2011	21812946
exploiting topological constraints to reveal buried sequence motifs in the membrane-bound n-linked oligosaccharyl transferases.	the central enzyme in n-linked glycosylation is the oligosaccharyl transferase (otase), which catalyzes glycan transfer from a polyprenyldiphosphate-linked carrier to select asparagines within acceptor proteins. pglb from campylobacter jejuni is a single-subunit otase with homology to the stt3 subunit of the complex multimeric yeast otase. sequence identity between pglb and stt3 is low (17.9%); however, both have a similar predicted architecture and contain the conserved wwdxg motif. to investig ...	2011	21812456
dogs leaving the icu carry a very large multi-drug resistant enterococcal population with capacity for biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer.	the enterococcal community from feces of seven dogs treated with antibiotics for 2-9 days in the veterinary intensive care unit (icu) was characterized. both, culture-based approach and culture-independent 16s rdna amplicon 454 pyrosequencing, revealed an abnormally large enterococcal community: 1.4±0.8×10(8) cfu gram(-1) of feces and 48.9±11.5% of the total 16,228 sequences, respectively. the diversity of the overall microbial community was very low which likely reflects a high selective antibi ...	2011	21811613
regulation of oxidative stress response by cosr, an essential response regulator in campylobacter jejuni.	cosr (campylobacteroxidative stress regulator; cj0355c) is an ompr-type response regulator essential for the viability of campylobacter jejuni, a leading foodborne pathogen causing human gastroenteritis worldwide. despite importance, the function of cosr remains completely unknown mainly because of cell death caused by its knockout mutation. to overcome this technical limitation, in this study, antisense technology was used to investigate the regulatory function of cosr by modulating the level o ...	2011	21811584
genome and characterization of phages bcep22 and bcepil02, founders of a novel phage type in burkholderia cenocepacia.	within the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc), b. cenocepacia is the most common species associated with aggressive infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, causing disease that is often refractive to treatment by antibiotics. phage therapy may be a potential alternative form of treatment for these infections. here we describe the genome of the previously described therapeutic b. cenocepacia podophage bcepil02 and its close relative, bcep22. phage bcep22 was found to contain a circul ...	2011	21804006
o-linked glycosylation of the pila pilin protein of francisella tularensis: identification of the endogenous protein-targeting oligosaccharyltransferase and characterization of the native oligosaccharide.	findings from a number of studies suggest that the pila pilin proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by species within the genus francisella. as such, a thorough understanding of pila structure and chemistry is warranted. here, we definitively identified the pgla protein-targeting oligosaccharyltransferase by virtue of its necessity for pila glycosylation in f. tularensis and its sufficiency for pila glycosylation in escherichia coli. in addition, we used mass ...	2011	21804002
glycosylation of dsba in francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis.	in francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis, dsba has been shown to be an essential virulence factor and has been observed to migrate to multiple protein spots in two dimensional electrophoresis gels. in this work, we show that the protein is modified with a 1156 da glycan moiety in o-linkage. mass spectrometry studies suggest the glycan is a hexasaccharide, comprised of n-acetyl hexosamines, hexoses and an unknown monosaccharide. disruption of two genes within the ftt0789-ftt0800 putative p ...	2011	21803994
human siglec-5 and iga have separate binding sites in the streptococcal {beta} protein.	sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) are receptors believed to be important for regulation of cellular activation and inflammation. several pathogenic microbes bind specific siglecs via sialic acid-containing structures at the microbial surface, interactions which may result in modulation of host responses. recently, it was shown that the group b streptococcus (gbs) binds to human siglec-5 (hsiglec-5), an inhibitory receptor expressed on macrophages and neutrophils, via the ...	2011	21795693
chepep controls helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric glands and chemotaxis in the epsilonproteobacteria.	abstract microbes use directed motility to colonize harsh and dynamic environments. we discovered that helicobacter pylori strains establish bacterial colonies deep in the gastric glands and identified a novel protein, chepep, necessary to colonize this niche. chepep is preferentially localized to the flagellar pole. although mutants lacking chepep have normal flagellar ultrastructure and are motile, they have a slight defect in swarming ability. by tracking the movement of single bacteria, we f ...	2011	21791582
the vibrio cholerae vctpdgc system transports catechol siderophores and a siderophore-free iron ligand.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has an absolute requirement for iron. it transports the catechol siderophores vibriobactin, which it synthesizes and secretes, and enterobactin. these siderophores are transported across the inner membrane by one of two periplasmic binding protein-dependent abc transporters, vctpdgc or viupdgc. we show here that one of these inner membrane transport systems, vctpdgc, also promotes iron acquisition in the absence of siderophores. plasmids carrying ...	2011	21790806
mutagenic analysis of the clostridium difficile flagellar proteins, flic and flid, and their contribution to virulence in hamsters.	although toxins a and b are known to be important contributors to the acute phase of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), the role of colonization and adherence to host tissues in the overall pathogenesis of these organisms remains unclear. consequently, we used the recently introduced intron-based clostron gene interruption system to eliminate the expression of two reported c. difficile colonization factors, the major flagellar structural subunit (flic) and the flagellar cap protein (flid), t ...	2011	21788384
campylobacter jejuni dsb gene expression is regulated by iron in a fur-dependent manner and by a translational coupling mechanism.	abstract: background: many bacterial extracytoplasmic proteins are stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bridges that are formed post-translationally between their cysteine residues. this protein modification plays an important role in bacterial pathogenesis, and is facilitated by the dsb (disulfide bond) family of the redox proteins. these proteins function in two parallel pathways in the periplasmic space: an oxidation pathway and an isomerization pathway. the dsb oxidative pathway in campylo ...	2011	21787430
temporal variation and host association in the campylobacter population in a longitudinal ruminant farm study.	campylobacter jejuni and c. coli was quantified and typed using multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) from fecal samples collected from a mixed cattle and sheep farm during summer. cattle had a significantly higher prevalence than sheep (21.9 % (74/338) and 14.0 % (30/214), respectively) but both reduced over time. there were no differences in the average campylobacter concentrations shed between cattle (600 cfu g(-1)) and sheep (820 cfu g(-1)), although sheep did show a significant temporal reduct ...	2011	21784915
[antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin s760 produced by enterococcus faecium strain lwp760].	antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin s760 (enterocin) produced by enterococcusfaecium strain lwp760 was studied. bacteriocin s760 is a cationic, hydrophobic, and heat stable peptide with the molecular weight of 5.5 kda and pl of 9.8. enterocin s760 is shown to inhibit in vitro the growth both of sensitive and resistant to antibacterials gramnegative and grampositive bacteria of 25 species. mics of the bacteriocin s760 vary between 0.05-1.6 mg/l for escherichia coli 0157:h117, salmonella typhimu ...	2011	21780664
genotypic characterisation and cluster analysis of campylobacter jejuni isolates from domestic pets, human clinical cases and retail food.	abstract: the genetic similarity of campylobacter jejuni isolates from pets, compared to human clinical cases and retail food isolates collected in ireland over 2001-2006 was investigated by cluster analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) fingerprinting profiles. comparison of the pfge profiles of 60 pet isolates and 109 human isolates revealed that seven (4.1%) profiles were grouped in clusters including at least one human and one pet c. jejuni isolate. in total six (1.6%) of 60 pet ...	2011	21777493
evaluation and verification of the seeplex(r) diarrhea-v ace assay for the simultaneous detection of adenovirus, rotavirus and norovirus genogroups i and ii in clinical stool specimens.	acute viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that can be caused by several different viruses. here we describe the evaluation and verification of seeplex® diarrhea-v ace (seeplex® dv), a novel commercial multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay that detects 5 diarrheal pathogens including adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus genogroup i (gi) and gii and astrovirus. we describe a retrospective study of 200 clinical specimens of which 177 were stool specimens ...	2011	21775550
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colonizing the lumen of the chicken intestine are growing slowly and up-regulate a unique set of virulence and metabolism genes.	the pattern of global gene expression of s. typhimurium harvested from the chicken intestinal lumen (ceca) was compared with those of a late log lb broth culture using a whole genome microarray. levels of transcription, translation and cell division in vivo were lower than in vitro. s. typhimurium appeared to be using carbon sources such as propionate, 1,2-propanediol and ethanolamine in addition to melibiose and ascorbate, the latter possibly transformed to d-xylulose. amino acid starvation app ...	2011	21768276
rifaximin for the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea.	rifaximin is a nonabsorbable rifamycin derivative with an excellent safety profile and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a variety of enteropathogens causing acute infectious diarrhea. after oral ingestion, its bioavailability is known to be less than 0.4%, and it has a low potential for significant drug interactions. in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea caused by noninvasive diarrheagenic escherichia coli, it has been demonstrated that rifaximin significantly shortens the du ...	2011	21765867
leaching of human pathogens in repacked soil lysimeters and contamination of potato tubers under subsurface drip irrigation in denmark.	the risk for contamination of potatoes and groundwater through subsurface drip irrigation with low quality water was explored in 30 large-scale lysimeters containing repacked coarse sand and sandy loam soils. the human pathogens, salmonella senftenberg, campylobacter jejuni and escherichia coli o157:h7, and the virus indicator salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage 28b, were added weekly through irrigation tubes for one month with low irrigation rates (8 mm per week). in the following six months l ...	2011	21762945
high incidence of guillain-barre syndrome in children, bangladesh.	to the editor: bangladesh has achieved remarkable success in its drive to eliminate poliomyelitis; no case has been reported from that country since 2000. still, the nonpolio incidence rate of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) in bangladesh is 3.25 cases per 100,000 children *lt;15 years of age (1). guillain-barre syndrome (gbs), an acute polyradiculoneuropathy, is the most frequent cause of afp (2). gbs in bangladesh is frequently preceded by an enteric infection caused by campylobacter jejuni (3). ...	2011	21762603
melioidosis in birds and burkholderia pseudomallei dispersal, australia.	to the editor: melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, which inhabits soil and surface water in the disease-endemic regions of southeast asia and northern australia (1). the aim of this study was to assess the potential for birds to spread b. pseudomallei. birds are known carriers of various human pathogens, including influenza viruses, west nile virus, campylobacter jejuni, and antimicrobial drug-resist ...	2011	21762599
niche segregation and genetic structure of campylobacter jejuni populations from wild and agricultural host species.	bacterial populations can display high levels of genetic structuring but the forces that influence this are incompletely understood. here, by combining modelling approaches with multilocus sequence data for the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter, we investigated how ecological factors such as niche (host) separation relate to population structure. we analysed seven housekeeping genes from published c. jejuni and c. coli isolate collections from a range of food and wild animal sources as well as abi ...	2011	21762392
chemotactic behavior of campylobacter spp. in function of different temperatures (37 °c and 42 °c).	the chemotactic behaviour of campylobacter strains was determined in the presence of different amino acids at two temperatures (37 °c and 42 °c). two strains of catalase positive (campylobacter jejuni) and negative (campylobacter sputurum) campylobacter were isolated from river water in tonekabon, iran and identified by phenotyping and 16srrna gene sequencing methods. chemotactic responses of the isolates were assessed toward a variety of amino acids viz., l-cystine, l-asparagine, l-histidine, l ...	2011	21757020
marked campylobacteriosis decline after interventions aimed at poultry, new zealand.	beginning in the 1980s, new zealand experienced rising annual rates of campylobacteriosis that peaked in 2006. we analyzed notification, hospitalization, and other data to explore the 2007-2008 drop in campylobacteriosis incidence. source attribution techniques based on genotyping of campylobacter jejuni isolates from patients and environmental sources were also used to examine the decline. in 2008, the annual campylobacteriosis notification rate was 161.5/100,000 population, representing a 54% ...	2011	21749761
systemic response to campylobacter jejuni infection by profiling gene transcription in the spleens of two genetic lines of chickens.	campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) is a leading cause of human bacterial enteritis worldwide with poultry products being a major source of c. jejuni contamination. the chicken is the natural reservoir of c. jejuni where bacteria colonize the digestive tract of poultry, but rarely cause symptoms of disease. to understand the systemic molecular response mechanisms to c. jejuni infection in chickens, total splenic rna was isolated and applied to a whole genome chicken microarray for comparison betwee ...	2011	21748442
a comparative genomic analysis of energy metabolism in sulfate reducing bacteria and archaea.	the number of sequenced genomes of sulfate reducing organisms (sro) has increased significantly in the recent years, providing an opportunity for a broader perspective into their energy metabolism. in this work we carried out a comparative survey of energy metabolism genes found in 25 available genomes of sro. this analysis revealed a higher diversity of possible energy conserving pathways than classically considered to be present in these organisms, and permitted the identification of new prote ...	2011	21747791
the thermoacidophilic archaeon sulfolobus acidocaldarius contains an unsually short, highly reduced dolichyl phosphate.	polyprenoids, polymers containing varied numbers of isoprene subunits, serve numerous roles in biology. in eukarya, dolichyl phosphate, a phosphorylated polyprenol bearing a saturated a-end isoprene subunit, serves as the glycan carrier during n-glycosylation, namely that post-translational modification whereby glycans are covalently linked to select asparagine residues of a target protein. as in eukarya, n-glycosylation in archaea also relies on phosphorylated dolichol. in this report, lc-esi/m ...	2011	21745590
distribution of flagella secreted protein and integral membrane protein among campylobacter jejuni isolated from thailand.	abstract:	2011	21745410
transmission of multiple resistant salmonella concord from internationally adopted children to their adoptive families and social environment: proposition of guidelines.	since 2004, an increasing number of multidrug-resistant salmonella serovar concord infections have been isolated in belgium among children adopted from ethiopia. the patients or their family were interviewed and the isolates were subtyped. between 2004 and 2009, a total of 39 salmonella concord infections were isolated from patients. thirty-four isolates presented a multidrug resistance including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. thirty-six cases involved children and 30 of these w ...	2011	21744280
transmission of multiple resistant salmonella concord from internationally adopted children to their adoptive families and social environment: proposition of guidelines.	since 2004, an increasing number of multidrug-resistant salmonella serovar concord infections have been isolated in belgium among children adopted from ethiopia. the patients or their family were interviewed and the isolates were subtyped. between 2004 and 2009, a total of 39 salmonella concord infections were isolated from patients. thirty-four isolates presented a multidrug resistance including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. thirty-six cases involved children and 30 of these w ...	2011	21744280
nucleotide pyrophosphatase employs a p-loop-like motif to enhance catalytic power and ndp/ntp discrimination.	we investigated the potential (d)ndp/(d)ntp discrimination mechanisms in nucleotide pyrophosphatases. here, we report that dutpase, an essential nucleotide pyrophosphatase, uses a c-terminal p-loop-like sequence in a unique mechanism for substrate discrimination and efficient hydrolysis. our spectroscopy and transient kinetics results on human dutpase mutants combined with previous structural studies indicate that (i) h-bond interactions between the +¦-phosphate and the p-loop-like motif v promo ...	2011	21831832
cholesterol depletion reduces entry of campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin and attenuates intoxication of host cells.	campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. cytolethal distending toxin, produced by campylobacter jejuni, is a putative virulence factor that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. cellular cholesterol, a major component of lipid rafts, has a pivotal role in regulating signaling transduction and protein trafficking as well as pathogen internalization. in this study, we demonstrated that cell intoxication by campylobacter jejuni cytolethal disten ...	2011	21730089
bacteria as trigger for chronic gastrointestinal disorders.	apart from acute infections, microorganisms may also induce or perpetuate chronic inflammatory diseases and reversible or irreversible proliferation of various cells in the gastrointestinal tract (the extreme being adenocarcinoma and lymphoma). helicobacter pylori is not only involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. the steps and mechanisms of the carcinogenic process involve host predisposition, environmental factors, and strain virulence. the steps of lymphoma genes ...	2011	21734380
efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family: a perspective of their structure, function, and regulation in gram-negative bacteria.		2011	21692368
sequencing and validation of the genome of a campylobacter concisus reveals intra-species diversity.	campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen of the human gastrointestinal tract. its role in different diseases remains a subject of debate; this may be due to strain to strain genetic variation. here, we sequence and analyze the genome of a c. concisus from a biopsy of a child with crohn's disease (unswcd); the second such genome for this species. a 1.8 mb genome was assembled with paired-end reads from a next-generation sequencer. this genome is smaller than the 2.1 mb c. concisus reference ...	2011	21829448
novel murine infection models provide deep insights into the "m+®nage +á trois" of campylobacter jejuni, microbiota and host innate immunity.	although campylobacter jejuni-infections have a high prevalence worldwide and represent a significant socioeconomic burden, it is still not well understood how c. jejuni causes intestinal inflammation. detailed investigation of c. jejuni-mediated intestinal immunopathology is hampered by the lack of appropriate vertebrate models. in particular, mice display colonization resistance against this pathogen.	2011	21698299
comparison of campylobacter jejuni isolates from human, food, veterinary and environmental sources in iceland using pfge, mlst and fla-svr sequencing.	campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources in iceland were genotyped with the aim of assessing the genetic diversity, population structure, source distribution and campylobacter transmission routes to humans.	2011	21740489
transfer, viability and colonisation of campylobacter jejuni in the chicken vitellus and in embryos.	1. the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of campylobacter jejuni to penetrate and colonise eggs from specific-pathogen-free (spf) and heavy breeder hens, and to determine its effects on the viability of spf embryos. 2. we detected c. jejuni in 10% of breeder hens and 20% of spf eggs, which demonstrates the ability of the bacteria to go through the pores of eggs and contaminate the vitellus after 3ôçëh of contact. these results indicate that there is a risk of contamination unde ...	2011	21732872