Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| disinfection of fabrics and carpets artificially contaminated with calicivirus: relevance in institutional and healthcare centres. | fabrics and carpets are used widely as surface coverings or linens in healthcare settings and are prone to contamination with infectious agents such as noroviruses (novs). laundering, water cleaning and vacuuming are considered to be adequate for routine cleaning of these materials, but no standard procedure for their disinfection is available in case of contamination. testing disinfectants for their efficacy against novs is difficult because these viruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. therefor ... | 2006 | 16600432 |
| tracing the origin and co-phylogeny of the caliciviruses. | caliciviruses infect a wide range of mammalian hosts and include the genus norovirus, the major cause of food-borne viral gastroenteritis in humans. using publicly available sequence data and phylogenetic analysis tools, the origins and virus-host co-phylogeny of these viruses were investigated. here, evidence is presented in support of host switching by caliciviruses, but showing that zoonotic transfer does not appear to have occurred in the history of these viruses. the age or demography of th ... | 2006 | 16603525 |
| detection of norovirus genogroup i and ii by multiplex real-time rt- pcr using a 3'-minor groove binder-dna probe. | due to an increasing number of norovirus infections in the last years rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tools are needed. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) have become the methods of choice. to minimize the working time and the risk of carryover contamination during the multi-step procedure of pcr the multiplex real-time rt-pcr for the simultaneous detection of genogroup i (gi) and ii (gii) offers advantages for the handling of large amounts of clinical specimens. | 2006 | 16606447 |
| comparative evaluation of rt-pcr, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and real-time rt-pcr for detection of noroviruses in faecal material. | using different primer and probe sets, rt-pcr, nasba and taqman rt-pcr molecular methods were compared to detect nov gii in 13 clinical stool samples. the rt-pcr results observed by gel electrophoresis (ando, kageyama and anderson amplification and probe systems), dot blot hybridization (ando and kageyama) and real-time taqman assay (ando and kageyama) were shown to be consistent and reproducible for the detection of nov gii. whereas, the nasba assay using ando primers showed some reproducibilit ... | 2006 | 16616378 |
| multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant--kent county, michigan, may 2005. | the majority of cases of foodborne gastroenteritis in the united states are caused by noroviruses. this report summarizes an investigation by the kent county health department (kchd) in michigan into three norovirus outbreaks and a cluster of community cases that were associated with a national submarine sandwich franchise restaurant during may 3-9, 2005. the investigation identified a potential source, a food handler who had returned to work within a few hours of having symptoms of gastrointest ... | 2006 | 16617287 |
| fecal cytokines and markers of intestinal inflammation in international travelers with diarrhea due to noroviruses. | the intestinal immune and inflammatory responses of norovirus (nov) are poorly defined. the objective of this study was to investigate fecal cytokine and lactoferrin profiles in response to nov gastroenteritis in travelers. both fecal cytokines and fecal lactoferrin were measured for nov-associated diarrhea (n = 7), mixed infection of nov and enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec)-associated diarrhea (n = 10) and in pathogen-negative diarrhea cases (n = 19). both il-2 and ifn-gamma were significantly in ... | 2006 | 16628572 |
| outbreak of sapovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in osaka city, japan during 2004-2005. | one hundred and twenty five fecal specimens were collected from sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric clinic in osaka city, japan from july 2004 to june 2005 and tested for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus by rt-multiplex pcr. among diarrheal viruses detected, norovirus was the most prevalent (19.2%, 24 of 125), followed by group a rotavirus (18.4%, 23 of 125), astrovirus (1.6%, 2 of 125), and adenovirus (0.8%, 1 of 125), respectively. ... | 2006 | 16628578 |
| characteristics of norovirus outbreaks during a non-epidemic season. | 2006 | 16632921 | |
| x-ray crystallographic structure of the norwalk virus protease at 1.5-a resolution. | norwalk virus (nv), a member of the caliciviridae family, is the major cause of acute, epidemic, viral gastroenteritis. the nv genome is a positive sense, single-stranded rna that encodes three open reading frames (orfs). the first orf produces a polyprotein that is processed by the viral cysteine protease into six nonstructural proteins. we have determined the structure of the nv protease to 1.5 and 2.2 a from crystals grown in the absence or presence, respectively, of the protease inhibitor ae ... | 2006 | 16641296 |
| multivalent norovirus vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies against multiple strains. | noroviruses are important agents of human gastroenteritis characterized by extensive sequence variation in the major capsid structural protein that likely encodes critical antigenic determinants of protective immunity. the lack of an infection model has limited detailed characterizations of viral antigenic relationships and identification of the essential components for protective immunity. this information would contribute to efficacious vaccine design against a broad array of norovirus strains ... | 2006 | 16650512 |
| a gastroenteritis outbreak due to norovirus infection in xanthi, northern greece: management and public health consequences. | a gastroenteritis outbreak was observed in the town of xanthi on jan 28, 2005. a total of 709 patients (350 males and 359 females, mean age 23.8 +/- 19.95 years) visited the local hospital over a period of two weeks with symptoms of fever (22.3%), abdominal pain (78.6%), nausea (85.5%), vomiting (67.1%) and diarrhea (72.5%). pcr for norovirus in randomly selected stool specimens examined was positive in all cases (8/8). no other pathogen was revealed. as 85.1% of the primary affected individuals ... | 2006 | 16680229 |
| outbreak investigations: community participation and role of community and public health nurses. | community and public health nurses (c/phns) may play a vital role in the investigation of disease outbreaks. c/phns possess skills in conducting interviews on sensitive subjects and in collaborating with communities. c/phns maintain key links to community providers, symptomatic clients, their families and associates, as well as community institutions where outbreaks occur. this combination of skills makes c/phns ideally suited to perform outbreak investigations. there are, however, pressing ques ... | 2006 | 16684204 |
| murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis. | 2006 | 16698991 | |
| infectious disease. failures of antibiotic prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea: norovirus may be the culprit. | 2006 | 16699481 | |
| a large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, france, 2000. | a large waterborne outbreak of infection that occurred during august 2000 in a local community in france was investigated initially via a rapid survey of visits to local physicians. a retrospective cohort study was then conducted on a random cluster sample of residents. of 709 residents interviewed, 202 (28.5%) were definite cases (at least three liquid stools/day or vomiting) and 62 (8.7%) were probable cases (less than three liquid stools/day or abdominal pain). those who had drunk tap water h ... | 2006 | 16700706 |
| molecular detection of porcine enteric caliciviruses in venezuelan farms. | caliciviruses are a well-established cause of respiratory, vesicular and hemorrhagic diseases in animals. in addition, these viruses are an important cause of enteric diseases in humans. recently, molecular analysis of several porcine enteric caliciviruses indicated that they are closely related to human enteric caliciviruses. the objective of this work was to determine the frequency, age distribution, and association with diarrhea of enteric calicivirus infections in piglets and to partially ch ... | 2006 | 16701967 |
| x-ray structure of a native calicivirus: structural insights into antigenic diversity and host specificity. | caliciviruses, grouped into four genera, are important human and veterinary pathogens with a potential for zoonosis. in these viruses, capsid-related functions such as assembly, antigenicity, and receptor interactions are predominantly encoded in a single protein that forms an icosahedral capsid. understanding of the immunologic functions and pathogenesis of human caliciviruses in the norovirus and sapovirus genera is hampered by the lack of a cell culture system or animal models. much of our un ... | 2006 | 16702551 |
| novel recombinant norovirus in china. | 2006 | 16710954 | |
| norovirus outbreak in a pediatric oncology unit. | norovirus (nv) is an etiologic agent of outstanding importance that can cause severe epidemic gastroenteritis in day-care centers, schools, nursing homes, and hospitals. therefore nv requires foremost attention as a pathogen responsible for epidemics of gastroenteritis in immunocompromised inpatients. in this study, a nv outbreak in a pediatric oncology unit is described and the consequences for this high-risk population are discussed. | 2006 | 16716968 |
| vpg of murine norovirus binds translation initiation factors in infected cells. | norovirus genomic and subgenomic rnas are covalently linked at the 5' nucleotide to a 15 kd protein called vpg. vpg of two human norovirus strains binds translation initiation factor eif3 and other eifs in vitro, suggesting vpg functions in initiation of protein synthesis on viral rna. human norovirus strains are not cultivable, and thus experimental evidence of interactions between vpg and eifs in infected cells has been lacking. we used the cultivable murine norovirus mnv-1 as a model to study ... | 2006 | 16719923 |
| changing distribution of norovirus genotypes and genetic analysis of recombinant giib among infants and children with diarrhea in japan. | a total of 402 fecal specimens collected during july 2003-june 2004 from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis, encompassing five localities (maizuru, tokyo, sapporo, saga, and osaka) of japan, were tested for the presence of norovirus by rt-pcr. it was found that 58 (14.4%) fecal specimens were positive for norovirus. norovirus infection was detected throughout the year with the highest prevalence in december. norovirus gii was the most predominant genogroup (98.3%; 57 of 58). the gen ... | 2006 | 16721850 |
| mucosal but not peripheral foxp3+ regulatory t cells are highly increased in untreated hiv infection and normalize after suppressive haart. | recent evidence indicates that regulatory t cells (t(regs)) play an important role in hiv infection. however, although the gastrointestinal mucosa is a key compartment in hiv disease, no data on mucosal t(regs) in hiv infection are available. in this study, we compared the frequency of t(regs) in duodenal mucosa and peripheral blood (pb) of 13 treatment-naive and 13 suppressively treated hiv-infected patients with that of 6 patients with norovirus infection and 12 healthy controls. t(regs) were ... | 2006 | 16728694 |
| prevalence of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine of various ages determined by reverse transcription-pcr and microwell hybridization assays. | noroviruses (novs) and sapoviruses (savs) are emerging enteric pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. porcine genogroup ii (gii) novs replicate in pigs, but their pathogenesis is undefined. the porcine sav/giii/cowden/80/us strain causes diarrhea and intestinal lesions in pigs. recently, genetically diverse porcine novs (genotypes 11, 18, and 19 within gii) and savs comprising at least two genogroups (giii and gvi?/jj681-like) and two unclassified strains (g?/qw19 and g?/ll26) were ... | 2006 | 16757598 |
| novel recombinant norovirus causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis in santiago, chile. | capsid and polymerase (rdrp) genes of 13 norovirus outbreak strains from chile were compared. the genes sequences were discordant for five strains, and recombination was confirmed for two of them by amplification of a 1,360-bp gene segment containing a fragment of both genes. these strains belonged to a novel genogroup by rdrp sequence and to genogroup gii/3 by capsid sequence. determining the clinical and epidemiological impact of human calicivirus recombination will require future studies. | 2006 | 16757638 |
| virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus. | norovirus, formerly known as norwalk virus, is an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in hospitals, food services, schools, and cruise ships. infection control practices by using disinfectants to eliminate noroviruses from surfaces and environmental samples reduce the morbidity and spread of virus outbreaks. there are not many commercial disinfectants effective against norovirus. noroviruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. however, feline calicivirus can be used as a surrogate to determi ... | 2006 | 16765204 |
| high throughput sequence analysis reveals hitherto unreported recombination in the genus norovirus. | viruses of the norovirus genus (caliciviridae family) are a major cause of human gastroenteritis. in some viruses, recombination is an important evolutionary process and therefore we should try to discover the quantity and characteristics of such events in noroviruses. in order to identify recombination events, multiple sequence alignments were assembled from publicly available strains, and were tested using rat, a recently developed software tool. strains identified by rat as putative recombina ... | 2006 | 16263150 |
| development of a new microwell hybridization assay and an internal control rna for the detection of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-pcr. | recently, genetically diverse porcine noroviruses (nov) and sapoviruses (sav) were identified from field pig fecal samples. reverse transcription (rt)-pcr is the primary method used for detection of human novs and savs. however, rt-pcr inhibitors frequently cause false-negative results. in this study, a competitive internal control (ic) rna, specific for use in the sav rt-pcr assay, was developed to monitor inhibition of rt-pcr; primers for detection of genetically diverse porcine novs and savs ... | 2006 | 16274751 |
| identification of viral agents associated with diarrhea in young children during a winter season in beijing, china. | viral diarrhea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. although rotavirus was extensively studied in china, few comprehensive studies of all viral agents related to diarrhea in children have been conducted. | 2006 | 15998600 |
| molecular and epidemiologic trends of caliciviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the united states, 2000-2004. | between july 2000 and june 2004, fecal specimens from 270 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were sent to the centers for disease control and prevention by local or state health departments for calicivirus testing. of the 226 outbreaks that met the criteria for inclusion in the present study, caliciviruses were detected in 184 (81%) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. nursing homes, retirement centers, and hospitals were the most frequently reported sett ... | 2006 | 16388489 |
| virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup ii norovirus in an infant home. | norovirus (nv) is an important cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. recently, several sporadic cases due to naturally occurring recombinant nvs have been reported. in january 2000, there was an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an infant home in sapporo, japan. of 34 residents of the home that were less than 2 years old, 23 developed gastrointestinal symptoms and nv infection was confirmed by conventional reverse transcription-pcr to detect the rna polymerase region of genogroup i ... | 2006 | 16390967 |
| diarrhea in american infants and young children in the community setting: incidence, clinical presentation and microbiology. | the characteristics and microbiology of the full spectrum of pediatric diarrhea occurring in the u.s. community setting are not well-understood. | 2006 | 16395094 |
| confirmation of electron microscopy results by direct testing of viruses adhered to grids using nucleic acid amplification techniques. | it is possible to visualize rapidly viral particles by electron microscopy (em) in patient samples and in cell cultures, and characterize the particles on the basis of their size and morphology. in many instances, em has contributed to the diagnosis of specific infectious agents. four different types of viruses with different characteristics of particle size, capsid structure, the presence or absence of an envelope, genomic content and stability outside the host were screened and diagnosed by em ... | 2006 | 16417929 |
| development of an extraction and concentration procedure and comparison of rt-pcr primer systems for the detection of hepatitis a virus and norovirus gii in green onions. | vegetables can be considered as a vector of transmission for human hepatic and enteric viruses such as hepatitis a virus (hav) and noroviruses when contaminated by spoiled irrigation water or when prepared by infected food handlers. recently, outbreaks of hav have been reported in the usa involving fresh green onions. a viral elution-concentration method was developed for the detection of hav and norovirus contaminated green onions by rt-pcr. repeated pipetting/washings of the surface with a ph ... | 2006 | 16423413 |
| sapovirus detection by quantitative real-time rt-pcr in clinical stool specimens. | sapovirus (sv) is one of the major causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups worldwide. a new method for the quantitative detection of sv from clinical stool specimens by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based on taqman mgb technology was described. primers and probe were designed to target the rna-dependent rna polymerase/capsid genes junction. performance of the newly developed assay was validated against a panel of 244 clinical stool ... | 2006 | 16427707 |
| experience from the development of a diagnostic single tube real-time pcr for human caliciviruses, norovirus genogroups i and ii. | detection of caliciviruses requires high mutation tolerance and throughput. the development of a rational simple, single tube reverse transcription-real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) technique for human noroviruses (nv) is reported here. a dual-probe, triple-primer system (nm system) was used for simultaneous detection and preliminary differentiation of nv genogroups in fecal samples. the design was based on a comprehensive analysis of all 1140 nv sequences available in genbank. a touch-down ampl ... | 2006 | 16289337 |
| infections associated with cantaloupe consumption: a public health concern. | fresh produce is an important part of a healthy diet and is consumed in greater quantity in the united states than ever before. consumption of cantaloupe has recently been associated with several large outbreaks of infections in north america, highlighting the need for a better understanding of practices and processes that may contribute to contamination. we reviewed all cantaloupe-associated outbreaks that were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) and published in th ... | 2006 | 16318654 |
| degradation of the poliovirus 1 genome by chlorine dioxide. | this study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the factors that influence viral rna degradation in the presence of chlorine dioxide (clo(2)), which will be very useful in helping to define the significance of the presence of the viral genome in disinfected water. | 2006 | 16553743 |
| [investigation of an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in a geriatric hospital]. | in aged-care facilities, gastroenteritis outbreaks are responsible for big trouble in the management of cares to the elderly. in november 2002, a gastroenteritis outbreak was observed in 5 of the 6 wards of the geriatric hospital la charité, university hospital of saint-etienne, france, with an attack rate of 38.5% in the elderly (70 infected from 182 patients) and of 26.0% in the nursing staff (40 infected from 154 agents). the outbreak lasted 30 days with a peak corresponding to 79.8% of the c ... | 2006 | 16556524 |
| molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains circulating in ireland from 2003 to 2004. | since 2002, the burden of norovirus (nov) infection in ireland has increased. outbreaks in institutional settings are the most common causing widespread disruption to health service delivery. this is the first national study of nov in the republic of ireland and its aim was to identify the major nov strains circulating in ireland over a 13-month period between november 2003 and november 2004, inclusive. a prospective study screened faecal samples (n = 478) for nov rna. positive samples (n = 116) ... | 2006 | 16569270 |
| genomic characterization of the unclassified bovine enteric virus newbury agent-1 (newbury1) endorses a new genus in the family caliciviridae. | the pathogenic bovine enteric virus, newbury agent-1 (bo//newbury1/1976/uk), first identified in 1976, was characterized as a possible calicivirus by morphology, buoyant density in cscl and the presence of a single capsid protein but genomic sequence could not be obtained. in the present study, the complete genome sequence of newbury1 was determined and classified newbury1 in a new genus of the caliciviridae. the newbury1 genome, of 7454 nucleotides, had two predicted open reading frames (orfs). ... | 2006 | 16574184 |
| evaluation of the dako ideia norovirus eia assay for detection of norovirus using faecal specimens from australian gastroenteritis outbreaks. | new techniques for detection of norovirus, a major cause of gastroenteritis, require ongoing evaluation. the aim of this study was to use material from gastroenteritis outbreaks in victoria, australia, to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the dako ideia norovirus eia assay, using both photometric and visual analysis. | 2006 | 16581657 |
| molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in southwest germany from 2001 to 2004. | the identification and molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were studied during a 3-year period in germany. specimens (n = 316) from 159 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks from march 2001 to june 2004 were analyzed for the presence of noroviruses by reverse transcriptase pcr. outbreaks were most frequent in elderly people's homes and care centers (43%), followed by hospitals (24%). molecular analyses of strains from 148 outbreaks showed that there were up to 12 ... | 2006 | 16597849 |
| rapid detection of norovirus from fecal specimens by real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | in this study, we developed a one-step, single-tube genogroup-specific reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of norovirus (nov) genomes targeting from the c terminus of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene to the capsid n-terminal/shell domain region. this is the first report on the development of an rt-lamp assay for the detection of nov genomes. because of the diversity of nov genotypes, we used 9 and 13 specially designed primers conta ... | 2006 | 16597865 |
| use of taqman real-time reverse transcription-pcr for rapid detection, quantification, and typing of norovirus. | noroviruses (novs) are the most commonly identified cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. we evaluated and optimized nov-specific taqman real-time reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays for the rapid detection and typing of nov strains belonging to genogroups gi and gii and adapted them to the lightcycler platform. we expanded the detection ability of the assays by developing an assay that detects the giv nov strain. the assays were validated with 92 clinical samples and ... | 2006 | 16597869 |
| detection of norovirus capsid protein in authentic standards and in stool extracts by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and nanospray mass spectrometry. | mass spectrometry (ms) represents a rapid technique for the identification of microbial monocultures, and its adaptation to the detection of pathogens in real-world samples is a public health and homeland security priority. norovirus, a leading cause of gastroenteritis in the world, is difficult to monitor because it cannot be cultured outside the human body. the detection of norovirus capsid protein was explored using three common ms-based methods: scanning of intact proteins, peptide mass fing ... | 2006 | 16597979 |
| emerging issues in water and health research. | in the less developed nations, hygiene and sanitation remain overriding factors in population health and the burden of waterborne disease. both morbidity and mortality from diseases, such as cholera, remain high, but the overwhelming burden of diarrhoeal diseases inevitably goes undiagnosed. enterotoxic e. coli, shigellosis and campylobacteriosis are prevalent amongst bacterial diseases and giardiasis is often diagnosed among protozoan diseases. in terms of viral diseases, hepatitis a is frequen ... | 2006 | 16493900 |
| detection of noroviruses in shellfish in the netherlands. | shellfish from oyster farms in the netherlands and imported from other european countries were examined for viral contamination. a method that allows sequence matching between noroviruses from human cases and shellfish was used. the samples of shellfish (n = 42) were analyzed using a semi-nested rt-pcr that had been optimized for detection of norovirus in shellfish (sr primer sets). in addition, a different genome region was targeted using a second primer set which is routinely used for diagnosi ... | 2006 | 16499983 |
| investigation of norovirus replication in a human cell line. | noroviruses (novs) belong to the genus norovirus and are members of the family caliciviridae. novs are the dominant cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis, but progress in understanding the molecular characteristics of nov and its replication strategies have been hampered by the lack of a cell culture system or a practical animal model, except for murine novs. to elucidate the transcription and replication of the nov genome, a complete genome of a human nov genogroup ii strain was cloned downstre ... | 2006 | 16502284 |
| reevaluation of epidemiological criteria for identifying outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus: united states, 1998-2000. | noroviruses are believed to be the most common etiologic agent of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis, yet diagnostic tests for these agents are not readily available in the united states. in the absence of assays to detect norovirus, several clinical and epidemiologic profiles--the criteria of kaplan et al. (vomiting in >50% of patients, mean incubation period of 24-48 h, mean duration of illness of 12-60 h, and no bacterial pathogen) and the ratios of fever to vomiting and diarrhea to vomit ... | 2006 | 16511760 |
| noroviruses: simple detection for complex epidemiology. | 2006 | 16511761 | |
| human and animal enteric caliciviruses in oysters from different coastal regions of the united states. | food-borne diseases are a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization worldwide. enteric caliciviruses are capable of persisting in the environment and in the tissues of shellfish. human noroviruses (hunovs) have been implicated in outbreaks linked to shellfish consumption. the genetic and antigenic relatedness between human and animal enteric caliciviruses suggests that interspecies transmission may occur. to determine the occurrence of human and animal enteric caliciviruses in united states m ... | 2006 | 16517625 |
| multiple viral infections and genomic divergence among noroviruses during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. | an epidemic outbreak of both norovirus (nv) and astrovirus (asv) occurred on a research ship surveying tokyo bay, causing acute gastroenteritis in 26 of its 37 crew members. the presence of viral pathogens in fecal specimens was analyzed, and noroviruses were identified by reverse transcription-pcr in 18 (48.6%) of these specimens. in addition, astroviruses were identified in 14 (37.8%) of the fecal samples from the affected crew members, and multiple viral infections of both nv and asv were obs ... | 2006 | 16517856 |
| genotype 1 and genotype 2 bovine noroviruses are antigenically distinct but share a cross-reactive epitope with human noroviruses. | the bovine enteric caliciviruses bo/jena/1980/de and bo/newbury2/1976/uk represent two distinct genotypes within a new genogroup, genogroup iii, in the genus norovirus of the family caliciviridae. in the present study, the antigenic relatedness of these two genotypes was determined for the first time to enable the development of tests to detect and differentiate between both genotypes. two approaches were used. first, cross-reactivity was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) usi ... | 2006 | 16517888 |
| genetic analysis of noroviruses associated with fatalities in healthcare facilities. | norovirus outbreaks occurred in 236 healthcare facilities for the elderly in japan during the winter of 2004-2005. three norovirus strains associated with three fatal clinical courses were isolated from geographically separate facilities and genetically analyzed along with three strains from non-fatal cases in the same season. all six isolates were classified as the gii-4 genotype. no new variant strains like those observed in europe in 2002 and 2004 were found in fatal cases, and the three outb ... | 2006 | 16521046 |
| genetic and antigenic diversity among noroviruses. | human norovirus (nov) strains cause a considerable number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. based on their capsid gene (vp1) sequence, human nov strains can be grouped into two genogroups (gi and gii) and at least 14 gi and 17 gii genotypes (gi/1-14 and gii/1-17). human nov strains cannot be propagated in cell-culture systems, but expression of recombinant vp1 in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (vlps). in order to understand nov antigenic relationships bett ... | 2006 | 16528040 |
| removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant. | the aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, giardia cysts, cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a swedish wastewater pilot plant. paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (mbr) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (uasb). (oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using rt-pcr. g ... | 2006 | 16533517 |
| virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. | norovirus-associated foodborne outbreaks have become a major public health concern all over the world. food service establishments are always looking for disinfectants and sanitizers that are effective against various microbes but are non-corrosive and non-toxic to food and food contact surfaces. the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate against certain bacteria and fungi has been documented but its role as a disinfectant against viruses is not known. in this study, anti-calicivirus efficacy of sodium ... | 2006 | 16540196 |
| application of dna microarray technology for detection, identification, and characterization of food-borne pathogens. | dna microarrays represent the latest advance in molecular technology. in combination with bioinformatics, they provide unparalleled opportunities for simultaneous detection of thousands of genes or target dna sequences and offer tremendous potential for studying food-borne microorganisms. this review provides an up-to-date look at the application of dna microarray technology to detect food-borne pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. in addition, it covers the advantages of using microarra ... | 2006 | 16541153 |
| [epidemic outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus with possible hydric origin]. | to describe the clinical, microbiological and epidemiological investigations performed after an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a wedding. | 2006 | 16545317 |
| comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. | improper disinfection of environmental surfaces contaminated by the feces or vomitus of infected patients is believed to be a major cause of the spread of noroviruses (nov) in close institutional settings. although several disinfectants are available, the search for safe and effective disinfectant continues. because alcohol and alcohol-based products have been used as antiseptics and their efficacy against several enveloped viruses has been documented, we wanted to determine their efficacy again ... | 2006 | 16443090 |
| survival on uncommon fomites of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of noroviruses. | norovirus (nov) transmission occurs mainly through food and fomites. contaminated human fingers can transfer the virus to inanimate objects, which may then spread the virus to susceptible persons. however, no information is available on the survival of novs on fomites, which may be of importance in the transmission of novs in institutional settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. | 2006 | 16443092 |
| emergence of a new norovirus genotype ii.4 variant associated with global outbreaks of gastroenteritis. | norovirus (nov) is highly infectious and is the major cause of outbreak gastroenteritis in adults, with pandemic spread of the virus being reported in 1995 and 2002. the nov genome is genetically diverse, which has hampered development of sensitive molecular biology-based methods. in this study we report on a nested reverse transcriptase pcr (nrt-pcr) that was designed to amplify the highly conserved 3' end of the polymerase region and the 5' end of the capsid gene of nov genogroup ii (gii). the ... | 2006 | 16455879 |
| environmental monitoring for gastroenteric viruses in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit. | the aim of this study was to determine if gastroenteric viruses were present on surfaces and equipment in a pediatric primary immunodeficiency unit (ppiu) by environmental sampling using swabs and subsequent nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcriptase pcr assays. a ppiu was chosen, and 11 swabs were taken at the same sites every 2 weeks for 6 months. nested/heminested pcr assays were used to screen for astroviruses (asv), noroviruses (nov), and rotaviruses (rv). asv, nov, and rv were detec ... | 2006 | 16455890 |
| risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation. | norovirus infections have been described as self-limiting diseases of short duration. an investigation of a norovirus outbreak in a university hospital provided evidence for severe clinical features in patients with several underlying diseases. clinical outcomes of norovirus infection were defined. risk-factor analysis targeting underlying diseases and medication was performed using multivariate analyses. in five outbreak wards, 84 patients and 60 nurses were infected (an overall attack rate of ... | 2006 | 16460549 |
| [norovirus infections in germany]. | noroviruses are responsible for the majority of acute viral gastroenteritis infections worldwide. transmission may be faecal-oral or through contaminated food and water or airborne by virus-containing aerosols. characteristics of noroviruses that facilitate their spread are their high concentration in stool and vomitus, their extreme environmental stability, their low infectious dose as well as the lack of long-lasting immunity. the majority of norovirus infections occur in large outbreaks among ... | 2006 | 16463050 |
| genetic diversity of noroviruses in taiwan between november 2004 and march 2005. | noroviruses are a major health burden and are responsible for the majority of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world. human noroviruses can be genetically divided into two main genogroups (gi and gii) and subdivided into many genotypes. in this study, stool specimens collected from 12 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in taiwan were screened for viral agents between the 23rd of november 2004 and 9th of march 2005. noroviruses were detected in all outbreaks. we detected six different norovirus geno ... | 2006 | 16463123 |
| [infectious disease]. | several articles published in 2005 offer new knowledge in infectious diseases treated by practitioners. this paper discusses viral (influenza) and bacterial (pneumococci and legionella) respiratory infections. resistant staphylococci, different from healthcare-associated mrsa, are now found in community. the article assesses that epidemics of norovirus infections are common during winter time. the screening for treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is not recommended. the possible development of ... | 2006 | 16465942 |
| persistence of caliciviruses on environmental surfaces and their transfer to food. | the noroviruses (nov) are a common cause of human gastroenteritis whose transmission by foodborne routes is well documented. fecally contaminated surfaces are likely to contribute to this foodborne transmission and to the propagation of viral disease outbreaks. the purpose of this study was to (i) investigate the stability of nov on various food preparation surfaces; and (ii) evaluate the degree of virus transfer from these surfaces to a model-ready-to-eat (rte) food. for the virus persistence e ... | 2006 | 16473426 |
| detection of norovirus capsid proteins in faecal and food samples by a real time immuno-pcr method. | to develop a sensitive real time immuno-polymerase chain reaction (rti-pcr) method for detecting norovirus (nv) capsid protein in food samples. | 2006 | 16478496 |
| norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. | without a virus culture system, genetic analysis becomes the principal method to classify norovirus (nov) strains. currently, classification of nov strains beneath the species level has been based on sequences from different regions of the viral genome. as a result, the phylogenetic insights of some virus were not appropriately interpreted, and no consensus has been reached to establish a uniform classification scheme. to provide a consistent and reliable scientific basis for classifying novs, w ... | 2006 | 16343580 |
| cryptosporidium and giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (crassostrea gigas) and water from the oosterschelde, the netherlands. | the intestinal parasites cryptosporidium and giardia cause gastro-enteritis in humans and can be transmitted via contaminated water. oysters are filter feeders that have been demonstrated to accumulate pathogens such as salmonella, vibrio, norovirus and cryptosporidium from contaminated water and cause foodborne infections. oysters are economically important shellfish that are generally consumed raw. commercial and non-commercial oysters (crassostrea gigas) and oyster culture water from the oost ... | 2007 | 16973232 |
| binding of recombinant norovirus like particle to histo-blood group antigen on cells in the lumen of pig duodenum. | histo-blood group antigens (hbga) expressed on cells in the human gi tract have been shown to function as receptors for noroviruses. in concordance with earlier reports (backer et al., 1997; yamamoto and yamamoto, 2001), this study found that individual pigs are either hbga type a positive or type h1 (type o) positive. recombinant norovirus like particles from a genogroup i (rnvlp) or three genogroup ii (rmoh, rva207, and rva387) strains bound to plates coated with pig gastro-intestinal washings ... | 2007 | 17379264 |
| diversity of viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | a molecular epidemiological study on common diarrheal viruses was conducted in ho chi minh city, vietnam between october 2002 and september 2003. fecal samples were collected from 1,010 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis. those samples were screened for groups a, b, and c rotavirus, adenovirus, genogroups i and ii norovirus (nov), sapovirus (sav), and human astrovirus (hastv) by rt-multiplex pcr, and the positive specimens were characterized further by elisa, nested pcr, or sequenc ... | 2007 | 17385670 |
| human caliciviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in children in vellore, south india. | pediatric gastroenteritis is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. it has been increasingly recognised that human caliciviruses (hucv), comprising noroviruses (nov), and sapoviruses (sav), are important in both outbreak and non-outbreak settings. this study aimed to characterise caliciviruses detected in the faeces of hospitalized children and children in the community in india. this study examined 350 faecal samples from children prese ... | 2007 | 17385696 |
| evaluation of two commercial enzyme immunoassays for the detection of norovirus in faecal samples from hospitalised children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis. | two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (eias), ideia and ridascreen, for norovirus antigen detection were evaluated with 117 faecal samples from hospitalised children with acute gastroenteritis. eighteen of 39 samples positive by rt-pcr were characterised by sequence analysis, and 17 of these were related to norovirus genogroup ii. when compared with rt-pcr, the sensitivity and specificity values were 76.9% and 85.9%, respectively, for the ideia assay, and 59.0% and 73.1%, respectively, ... | 2007 | 17391396 |
| structural basis for the recognition of blood group trisaccharides by norovirus. | noroviruses are one of the major causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemics in humans. recent studies on norovirus receptors show that different noroviruses recognize different human histo-blood group antigens (hbgas), and eight receptor binding patterns of noroviruses have been identified. the p domain of the norovirus capsids is directly involved in this recognition. to determine the precise locations and receptor binding modes of hbga carbohydrates on the viral capsids, a recombinant p ... | 2007 | 17392366 |
| [food borne infectious outbreaks, austria 2005]. | in austria, a total of 606 food borne outbreaks, affecting 1,910 people altogether (including 368 hospitalized patients and 1 fatal outcome) were documented in 2005. salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. accounted for 99% of all reported outbreaks. fortysix (8%) of the 606 outbreaks were acquired abroad. bacteria caused all but one of the 560 domestically acquired food borne outbreaks: 427 (76%) were due to salmonella spp., 128 (23%) due to campylobacter spp. and two outbreaks each due to enter ... | 2007 | 17427017 |
| characterisation of a novel recombination event in the norovirus polymerase gene. | this communication describes a novel recombination event in the norovirus genome. similarity plot analysis of a nucleotide fragment (1003 bp) amplified from a norovirus positive clinical specimen (irln05771) identified a previously undescribed recombination point in the 3' region of the polymerase gene (nucleotide position 4889 bp). nucleotide multiple alignments demonstrated that irl05n771 shared 78.6% and 94% identity with all other irish norovirus sequences before and after the recombination ... | 2007 | 17434556 |
| outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in an austrian boarding school, september 2006. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in september 2006 in a boarding school in eastern austria. of 113 cases, 101 were hospitalised. in order to identify the outbreak source, a retrospective cohort study on the group at risk was performed, including 222 pupils and 30 staff members. food exposure in the canteen of the school was identified as the most relevant common link among the cases in the case series investigation. although the preliminary microbiological investigation made norovir ... | 2007 | 17439809 |
| molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized pediatric patients in northern taiwan. | by reverse transcription-pcr or pcr, among 257 children with nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (age), rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus, and multiple viruses were identified in 78 (30.4%), 21 (8.2%), 7 (2.7%), 51 (19.8%), and 53 (20.6%) patients, respectively. higher disease severity was found for age caused by multiple viruses and by rotavirus alone. the majority of rotaviruses isolated from 2004 to 2006 belonged to genotypes g1 (20.4%), g2 (16.5%), g3 (27.2%), and g9 (21.4% ... | 2007 | 17442805 |
| brief report: gastroenteritis among attendees at a summer camp--wyoming, june-july 2006. | on july 19, 2006, the environmental protection agency (epa) notified the wyoming department of health (wdh) of an escherichia coli-positive well-water sample, indicating fecal contamination, that had been submitted from a wyoming summer youth camp after the camp manager noticed cases of gastroenteritis among campers and staff members. this report describes the subsequent investigation by wdh, the wyoming department of agriculture (wda), and the wyoming department of environmental quality (wdeq), ... | 2007 | 17443123 |
| detection by pcr of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples: re-examination of the english case-control infectious intestinal disease study (1993-1996). | the english case-control infectious intestinal disease study (1993-1996) failed to detect an enteric pathogen or toxin in 49% of cases of gastroenteritis. in the present study, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were applied to dna and cdna generated from 4,627 faecal samples from cases and controls archived during the original study for the detection of norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., enteroaggregative escherichia coli, cryptosporidium spp., and giardia ... | 2007 | 17447091 |
| [preliminary trial of syndromic surveillance to early detection of nosocomial infection outbreak]. | to detect nosocomial outbreaks early we construct syndromic surveillance for inpatients with fever, respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting, or rash and evaluate it statistically. | 2007 | 17447475 |
| first detection of iga against norovirus in breast milk. | breast milk samples (n = 239) collected from 1994-1997 from mothers at chiba city, japan, were tested for antinorovirus antibody by elisa and western blot methods. it was found that 31 breast milk samples contained iga against norovirus and this represented 13%. breast milk could react with a diversity of norovirus genotypes. the highest number of samples containing iga against norovirus was found in genotype gii/6 (11.3%) and the lowest in gi/8, gii/8 and gii/12 (each of 0.8%). of note, twenty- ... | 2007 | 17447646 |
| outbreak of norovirus in västra götaland associated with recreational activities at two lakes during august 2004. | a large community outbreak of norovirus (nv) gastrointestinal infection occurred in västra götaland county, sweden in august 2004, following attendance at recreational lakes. a frequency age-matched case control study was undertaken of persons who had attended these lakes to identify risk factors. 163 cases and 329 controls were included. analysis indicates that having water in the mouth while swimming (or=4.7; 95% ci 1.1-20.2), attendance at the main swimming area at delsjön lake (or=25.5; 95% ... | 2007 | 17454896 |
| molecular epidemiology of bovine noroviruses in south korea. | since the prevalence of bovine norovirus (bnov) and their genetic diversity have only been reported in the usa, england, germany and the netherlands, this study examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of bnovs in diarrheic calves in south korea using 645 diarrheic fecal specimens from calves by rt-pcr and nested pcr assays. overall, 9.3% of the diarrheic fecal samples tested positive for bnovs by either rt-pcr or nested pcr, of which 5.9% samples also tested positive for other enteric path ... | 2007 | 17466472 |
| atypical norovirus epidemic in hong kong during summer of 2006 caused by a new genogroup ii/4 variant. | an atypically high level of norovirus activity was noticed in hong kong beginning in early may 2006. a study was carried out to investigate whether this was caused by a new norovirus variant. epidemiological data including monthly positivity rates and the numbers of outbreaks per month from january to july 2006 were analyzed and compared to those from 2002 to 2005. in a comparison with the epidemiological data from 2001 to 2005, an atypical peak of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreak w ... | 2007 | 17475764 |
| rapid virus detection procedure for molecular tracing of shellfish associated with disease outbreaks. | detection of pathogenic viruses in oysters implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks is often hampered by time-consuming, specialist virus extraction methods. five virus rna extraction methods were evaluated with respect to performance characteristics and sensitivity on artificially contaminated oyster digestive glands. the two most promising procedures were further evaluated on bioaccumulated and naturally contaminated oysters. the most efficient method was used to trace the source in an outbreak ... | 2007 | 17477268 |
| effectiveness of an rt-booster-pcr method for detection of noroviruses in stools collected after an outbreak of gastroenteritis. | noroviruses exhibit a wide genomic and antigenic diversity, making laboratory diagnosis difficult. the abrupt onset of the illness does often not allow timely sample collection. three different methods (a commercially available elisa, a published rt-pcr and an rt-booster-pcr) were compared for detecting noroviruses in stools collected after the end of a gastroenteritis outbreak. both elisa and the rt-pcr detected noroviruses in 6 samples out of the 41 samples collected and tested. the rt-booster ... | 2007 | 17477977 |
| molecular identification and genetic analysis of norovirus genogroups i and ii in water environments: comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-pcr assays. | noroviruses have received increased attention in recent years because their role as etiologic agents in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks is now clearly established. our inability to grow them in cell culture and the lack of an animal model hinder the characterization of these viruses. more recently, molecular approaches have been used to study the genetic relationships that exist among them. in the present study, environmental samples from seawater, estuarine water, and effluents of sewage treatm ... | 2007 | 17483265 |
| evaluation of liquid- and fog-based application of sterilox hypochlorous acid solution for surface inactivation of human norovirus. | noroviruses (nvs) are the most frequent cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in common settings, with surface-mediated transfer via contact with fecally contaminated surfaces implicated in exposure. nvs are environmentally stable and persistent and have a low infectious dose. several disinfectants have been evaluated for efficacy to control viruses on surfaces, but the toxicity and potential damage to treated materials limits their applicability. sterilox hypochlorous acid (hocl) solution (has) ... | 2007 | 17483283 |
| detection of viral agents in fecal specimens of monkeys with diarrhea. | diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, including non human primates. while the diagnostics for gastrointestinal bacterial and parasitic pathogens and their etiological role in disease are well established, little is known about the epidemiology, prevalence and role of viral agents in diarrheal illness among monkeys. | 2007 | 17493140 |
| [infectious gastroenteritis]. | 2007 | 17494159 | |
| evaluation of immunochromatography tests for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis and the emergence of a novel norovirus gii.4 variant. | a prospective study was conducted to evaluate two immunochromatography (icg) tests for detection of group a rotavirus and norovirus gii, the commercial dipstick 'eiken' rota kit (sa scientific, usa) and the nv ic-1 stick (immuno-probe, japan). polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with specific primer pairs (beg9 and vp7-1', for group a rotavirus; cog2f and g2skr, for norovirus gii) was used as the reference method. the results of icg tests were compared with those of reference method. the sensitivity ... | 2007 | 17496324 |
| outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis involving multiple institutions. | 2007 | 17515654 | |
| isolation and molecular characterization of aichi viruses from fecal specimens collected in japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam. | aichi virus is a new member of the family picornaviridae, genus kobuvirus, and is associated with human gastroenteritis. this study detected aichi virus in 28 of 912 fecal specimens which were negative for rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus and were collected in japan, bangladesh, thailand, and vietnam during 2002 to 2005. | 2007 | 17522267 |
| [an outbreak of noroviral gastroenteritis in a hospital]. | 2007 | 17527031 | |
| genetic diversity and recombination of murine noroviruses in immunocompromised mice. | murine noroviruses (mnv) are newly identified pathogens which infect laboratory mice. in this study, we found a high prevalence (64.3%) of mnv in various breeding colonies of immunocompromised, transgenic and wild-type mouse lines. all mice survived infection with no signs of clinical disease. faeces samples were collected from animals housed in two separate laboratory mouse colonies in berlin, germany, and screened using quantitative reverse transcription (rt)-pcr. we have determined the comple ... | 2007 | 17533553 |
| host genetic resistance to symptomatic norovirus (ggii.4) infections in denmark. | a total of 61 individuals involved in five norovirus outbreaks in denmark were genotyped at nucleotides 428 and 571 of the fut2 gene, determining secretor status, i.e., the presence of abh antigens in secretions and on mucosa. a strong correlation (p = 0.003) was found between the secretor phenotype and symptomatic disease, extending previous knowledge and confirming that nonsense mutations in the fut2 gene provide protection against symptomatic norovirus (ggii.4) infections. | 2007 | 17537929 |
| benign infantile convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis: a retrospective study of 39 cases including virological tests and efficacy of anticonvulsants. | benign convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis (cwg) are a commonly observed disorder in asia, especially in infants and seniors. here, we describe a retrospective study about the clinical features of cwg in 62 children hospitalized at st. mary's hospital (kurume city, japan) between january 1, 2000 and march 31, 2006, and further evaluate the efficacies of various anticonvulsant treatments for patients with cwg due to either rotavirus or norovirus. causative diarrheal viruses were dete ... | 2007 | 17544607 |