Publications

chlamydia psittaci. an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia.	chlamydia psittaci is an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia. fewer than 200 cases of psittacosis are reported annually to the centers for disease control and prevention; however, many cases are believed to be unreported. unrecognized cases not properly treated may result in significant morbidity and possibly have a fatal outcome. we describe a 42-year-old man with multilobar pneumonia and respiratory compromise secondary to infection with c psittaci. the patient also exhibited hepati ...	1993	8111531
etiology of acute encephalitis in childhood in slovenia.	the etiology of acute encephalitis was evaluated in a retrospective study of 170 children (98 boys and 72 girls) ages 1 month to 15 years, who were hospitalized during a 13-year period from 1979 to 1991. the etiology was confirmed or considered very probable in 68% of cases. the identified etiologic agents included central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (28.8%), varicella-zoster virus (17.0%), herpes simplex (10.0%), rubella (2.9%), mumps (2.3%), measles virus, chlamydia psittaci (1.1%) ...	1993	8265278
chlamydia psittaci as a cause of lethal bacterial endocarditis.		1993	8268378
comparison of serological tests for the diagnosis of chlamydia psittaci infection of sheep.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed and compared with the complement fixation test (cft) and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (iifat) for the detection of antibodies to c. psittaci in sheep. field sera and experimental sera from aborting ewes, subclinically infected sheep and vaccinated sheep were used. the elisa and iifat were much more sensitive than the cft. agreement between the cft and elisa varied between 50% and 98%, while agreement between the iifat an ...	1993	8273271
studies on experimental chlamydial mastitis in goat histoenzymology.	two strains of chlamydia psittaci (one isolated from aborted goat foetus and the other from brain of a buffalo calf that had died of meningoencephalitis) were injected intracisternally into six goats to produce experimental mastitis. cryostat sections of 7-8 microns thickness, obtained from udder, teat, liver and kidney of infected and control animals were incubated for histoenzymic demonstration of alkaline-(akpase), acid-(acpase) and adenosine-tri-(atpase) phosphatases; lactate-(ldh) and succi ...	1993	8281744
endometritis in cattle experimentally induced by chlamydia psittaci.	on the day of estrus, eight virgin heifers received intrauterine inoculations of yolk sac propagated chlamydia psittaci strain bovend 11/88 isolated from the uterus of a slaughter cow. all heifers developed purulent vaginal discharge which persisted for 3 to 7 weeks. chlamydiae or chlamydial antigen were detected in vaginal and uterine discharges of infected animals by culture or capture elisa, while other bacterial pathogens were not found. in sera of the chlamydia-infected heifers marked incre ...	1993	8284957
isolation of chlamydia psittaci from a chicken egg: evidence of egg transmission.		1993	8284958
comparison of type i and type ii chlamydia psittaci strains infecting koalas (phascolarctos cinereus).	the native australian marsupial phascolarctos cinereus, otherwise known as the koala, is prone to infection by the obligate intracellular parasite chlamydia psittaci, which causes ocular 'pink eye' and urogenital 'dirty tail' diseases. several chlamydial dna probes to both chromosomal and plasmid sequences were used to type by southern blot analysis 51 samples taken from wild and captive koalas from habitats on the eastern seaboard of australia as far apart as queensland and victoria. two types ...	1993	8296453
typing chlamydia psittaci--a review of methods and recent findings.	when the present chlamydial classification was established it was recognized that a wide variety of types were contained within the arbitrary designation chlamydia psittaci. early workers relied mostly on observations of growth characteristics to differentiate the types of c. psittaci isolated from a wide range of different hosts. the differences between isolates were confirmed serologically using a variety of tests of which the most sensitive was the micro-immunofluorescence (mif) test which wa ...	1993	8298958
reaction rate in cats vaccinated with a new controlled-titer feline panleukopenia-rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-chlamydia psittaci vaccine.	the safety profile of a new controlled-titer feline panleukopenia-rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-chlamydia psittaci vaccine was compared to that of a currently-marketed vaccine. of particular interest were delayed reactions (previously unreported in the literature in felines) occurring 7 to 21 days after vaccination, and the effect of concurrent vaccinations and cat age on the delayed reaction rate. nineteen hundred twenty-four doses of the new vaccine and 364 doses of the comparison vaccine were a ...	1993	8306654
evaluation of serological methods in the diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia during an epidemic in finland.	a complement fixation (cf) test, a micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test and an enzyme immunoassay (eia) using re-lipopolysaccharide as antigen were compared in the diagnosis of chlamydial infection in 136 mainly elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in finland in 1986-1987. chlamydial pneumonia was diagnosed in 58 (42.6%) of the 136 pneumonia patients; 44 (75.9%) of them could be shown by micro-if to be caused by chlamydia pneu ...	1993	8307044
[detection of chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction].	we aimed at developing a method for early detection of chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) from clinical specimens. for this purpose, we amplified c. pneumoniae-specific dna fragments by polymerase chain reaction. a pair of 24 mer of oligonucleotides which were complementary to the sequences within the region encoding the major outer membrane were synthesized and used as primers. as the results, all three standard strains of c. pneumoniae (ar-39, tw-183 and ar-388) were identified by the detect ...	1993	8315297
[chlamydia pneumoniae].	chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria with a biphasic life cycle. in 1986 a new species of chlamydiae, chlamydia psittaci twar was discovered, later named chlamydia pneumoniae. c. pneumoniae is probably an important pathogen causing respiratory tract infections in man, ranging from subclinical infection to life threatening pneumonia. infections can occur in epidemics. furthermore, associations between c. pneumoniae infection and coronary artery disease, lethal myocarditis and sarcoidosis ...	1993	8317039
antigenic analysis of chlamydia pecorum and mammalian chlamydia psittaci by use of monoclonal antibodies to the major outer membrane protein and a 56- to 64-kd protein.	monoclonal antibodies were prepared against 40- and 56- to 64-kd antigens of chlamydia pecorum strain maeda, which was isolated from a cow with pneumonia. using the monoclonal antibodies, 5 strains of c pecorum, 25 strains of mammalian and 19 strains of avian c psittaci, 1 strain of c pneumoniae, and 3 strains of c trachomatis were analyzed for immunologic reactivity by use of the indirect immunofluorescent test. monoclonal antibody analysis revealed immunologic relatedness between c pecorum and ...	1993	8317762
identification by western blots of virulence specific antigens of chlamydia psittaci isolated from ewes.	specific antigens of virulent strains of chlamydia psittaci isolated from ruminants were characterized by western blotting. the immunoblot analyses were performed with chlamydial elementary bodies from abortive (ab7 strain) or intestinal (ib1 strain) chlamydiae using mouse and rabbit immune sera raised against viable chlamydiae or proteic extracts. eleven antigens were found to be ab7-specific, but only 4 (96, 90, 88 and 49-50 kda) were recognized by both mouse and rabbit sera against viable ab7 ...	1993	8319009
[intestinal chlamydia psittaci infection of cattle: frequency and technical aspects of the cultural detection of the agent].	with the purpose to evaluate the prevalence of latent chlamydial infections in cattle, 190 animals were examined for fecal shedding of chlamydiae. from the feces of 42 animals (22.1%) chlamydia (c.) psittaci was grown either in the yolk sac of chicken embryos and/or in coverslip cultures of bgm-cells. the cell culture proved to be of lower susceptibility to chlamydial infections. in comparison with the chicken egg technique a sixfold quantity of chlamydial particles was required to initiate dete ...	1993	8319548
[study of cell populations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pneumonia due to chlamydia psittaci and mycoplasma pneumoniae].	we have performed bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) examination in 27 cases; 5 with chlamydial pneumonia, 7 with mycoplasmal pneumonia and 15 in the control group (5 non-smokers, 10 smokers), and the following results were obtained. 1. in chlamydial pneumonia and mycoplasmal pneumonia, the cell population of alveolar macrophages in balf decreased (p < 0.01) and that of lymphocytes increased compared with control group (p < 0.01). 2. in all cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia without peripheral eosinophili ...	1993	8331841
[pets as permanent excretors of zoonoses pathogens].	when scrutinizing zoonoses with regard to risks for human beings, the spectrum of pathogens with dogs, cats and birds leading to persistent infections and consequently to the fact that the animals become carriers and permanent excretors is relatively small. most of the zoonoses cause clinical symptoms and will be taken care of correspondingly. with regard to dogs there is a multitude of persistent infections that are transferred from the pet to the human being and vice versa. in reality, however ...	1993	8333899
pyrimidine metabolism by intracellular chlamydia psittaci.	pyrimidine metabolism was studied in the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia psittaci aa mp in the wild type and a variety of mutant host cell lines with well-defined mutations affecting pyrimidine metabolism. c. psittaci aa mp cannot synthesize pyrimidines de novo, as assessed by its inability to incorporate aspartic acid into nucleic acid pyrimidines. in addition, the parasite cannot take utp, ctp, or dctp from the host cell, nor can it salvage exogenously supplied uridine, cytidine, or ...	1993	8335624
purine metabolism by intracellular chlamydia psittaci.	purine metabolism was studied in the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia psittaci aa mp in the wild type and a variety of mutant host cell lines with well-defined deficiencies in purine metabolism. c. psittaci aa mp cannot synthesize purines de novo, as assessed by its inability to incorporate exogenous glycine into nucleic acid purines. c. psittaci aa mp can take atp and gtp, but not datp or dgtp, directly from the host cell. exogenous hypoxanthine and inosine were not utilized by the pa ...	1993	8335625
chlamydiosis in workers at a duck farm and processing plant.	an outbreak of chlamydiosis was investigated in workers at a duck farm and processing plant during winter 1989. chlamydia psittaci was isolated from ducks, but there was little evidence of clinical chlamydiosis in the ducks. serological tests showed that 76% of workers had been exposed to infection, 12% recently, 16% had not been exposed and 8% had inconclusive test results. there was a strong association (p < 0.05) between years of employment and exposure to infection. infection appeared to be ...	1993	8343087
[the occurrence of chlamydia psittaci infections in raptors from wildlife preserves].	152 free-living raptors found in the area around munich, germany, were investigated for possible chlamydia psittaci infections. chlamydia psittaci was detected in 13.2% of these birds of prey (strigiformes, falconiformes and accipitriformes) by examination of cloacal swabs with an antigen elisa (ideia chlamydia test kit). chlamydia psittaci antibodies could be demonstrated in 85.1% of 121 birds by a chlamydia antibody elisa (chlamydia-psittaci-ak-eia). 29.7% of the samples investigated were posi ...	1993	8346524
phylogenetic relationship of chlamydia pneumoniae to chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16s ribosomal dna sequences.	the 16s ribosomal dna sequence of chlamydia pneumoniae was determined and compared with the corresponding gene sequences of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis. c. pneumoniae has been reported to exhibit little chromosomal dna homology with the other chlamydial species, and its phylogenetic relationships within the genus chlamydia have not been described. a polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine the 16s rrna gene sequence of c. pneumoniae. ten primers from the c. psittaci s ...	1993	8347519
increased prevalence of antibodies to adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in polymyalgia rheumatica.	serum antibodies to a panel of 13 viruses and to mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci were tested in 17 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (pmr) and in 17 age- and sex-matched controls with osteoarthritis seen in the same rheumatological clinic. antibodies to adenovirus (adv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were significantly more prevalent in pmr. these antibodies were titred in 26 patients with pmr, including those evaluated in the pilot study (17 women, 9 men, mean age 72.5 ye ...	1993	8353986
chlamydia psittaci infection and associated infertility in sheep.	nineteen ewes were injected subcutaneously with the agent of enzootic ovine abortion, chlamydia psittaci serovar 1, at 50 days gestation. placental and fetal tissues were examined at 15 days postinfection and thereafter at ten day intervals. placental infection was detected at 15 days postinfection. only postinoculation sera collected from postinfected ewes contained antibodies reactive to c. psittaci. five (26%) chlamydial infected ewes experienced inapparent fetal loss before day 105 of gestat ...	1993	8358679
comparison of ovine abortion and non-abortion isolates of chlamydia psittaci using inclusion morphology, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies.	twelve reference and four northern ireland ovine chlamydia psittaci isolates including ovine abortion, faecal, conjunctivitis and arthritis isolates were compared. inclusion morphology was shown to provide a useful means of differentiating the abortion and the non-abortion isolates studied. identical sds-page polypeptide profiles were produced by the ovine abortion isolates. the polypeptide profiles of the non-abortion isolates were similar to one another and clearly distinct from the abortion i ...	1993	8362494
antibody prevalence and isolation of chlamydia psittaci from pigeons (columba livia).	the isolation of chlamydia psittaci and serological detection of chlamydia-specific antibodies in racing pigeons and pigeons from public parks is described. several serological methods (complement fixation test, indirect microimmunofluorescence test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were compared with bacteriological techniques (isolation both in embryonated eggs and mccoy cell monolayers). tests confirmed that 28.6%, 33.5%, and 35.9% of the pigeons, respectively, were seropositive by the ...	1993	8363515
diagnoses in 1,784 ovine abortions and stillbirths.	of 1,799 accessions of ovine abortions and stillbirths by the south dakota animal disease research and diagnostic laboratory during a 10-year period, 1,784 were suitable for examination. etiologic diagnoses were made in 786 (44%). infectious agents were found responsible in 702 accessions (39%), and noninfectious causes were involved in 84 (5%). no diagnosis was made in 998 accessions (56%), 61 of which were mummified fetuses. lesions, most of which indicated the presence of an infectious agent, ...	1993	8373854
improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested rt-pcr.	a seminested rt-pcr (nrt-pcr) was used to detect picornavirus (pv) rna in cell cultures inoculated with rhinoviruses (hrvs) and enteroviruses (evs). pcr tests in which a primary "touchdown" pcr was followed by secondary reactions using pv or hrv specific primers were able to differentiate hrvs of 48 serotypes from evs. pvnrt-pcr and hrvnrt-pcr were then used to test nasal and throat swabs from adult subjects with naturally acquired respiratory virus infections. the swabs were also analysed for r ...	1993	8395557
serotyping of european isolates of chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds.	a panel of five serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies which distinguish the five known avian serovars of chlamydia psittaci was used to serotype 45 european avian chlamydia psittaci isolates. chlamydial antigen was grown in buffalo green monkey (bgm) cells or in embryonated chicken eggs and was then inoculated into bgm cells. serotyping was performed in an indirect immunofluorescence test. the 45 european isolates included 22 isolates from the order psittaciformes, 9 isolates from the order col ...	1993	8417017
structures of and allelic diversity and relationships among the major outer membrane protein (ompa) genes of the four chlamydial species.	dna sequences coding for 81% of the ompa gene from 24 chlamydial strains, representing all chlamydial species, were determined from dna amplified by polymerase chain reactions. chlamydial strains of serovars and strains with similar chromosomal restriction fragment length polymorphism had identical ompa dna sequences. the ompa sequences were segregated into 23 different ompa alleles and aligned with each other, and phylogenetic relationships among them were inferred by neighbor-joining and maxim ...	1993	8419295
differentiation of abortion-inducing and intestinal strains of chlamydia psittaci isolated from ruminants by the microimmunofluorescence test.	forty-two isolates of chlamydia psittaci from ruminants, principally from cases of abortion (21 strains) and from subclinical intestinal infections (13 strains), were serotyped by an indirect microimmunofluorescence test. the strains could be divided into the previously described serotypes 1 and 2. strains causing abortion and intestinal strains belonged to two different serotypes: the abortion-inducing strains were mostly in serotype 1 whereas the intestinal strains were mostly in serotype 2. a ...	1993	8451814
immunoblots of outer-membrane proteins of chlamydiae with sera from turkeys experimentally exposed to avian and mammalian chlamydia psittaci.	outer-membrane protein (omp)-enriched preparations from avian (turkey/tt3 and parrot/vs1) and mammalian (sheep abortion/b577) strains of chlamydia psittaci were compared by immunoblotting using sera from turkeys exposed to these strains. turkeys inoculated with avian chlamydiae became infected and developed strong serological responses, but turkeys inoculated with b577 failed to develop detectable serological responses. sera from turkeys exposed to either of the two avian strains could be differ ...	1993	8452492
pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after parenteral administration in the houbara bustard (chlamydotis undulata).	fourteen adult houbara bustards (chlamydotis undulata) infected with chlamydia psittaci were administered doxycycline at 100 mg/kg body weight in seven intramuscular or subcutaneous injections at intervals of 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, and 5 days. blood levels of doxycycline were measured after the first and seventh injections at the following intervals: 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, and 180 hours. during these two periods, most of the birds showed plasma doxycycline levels in excess of 1 microg ...	1993	8452507
amplification of chlamydia trachomatis dna by ligase chain reaction.	amplification of chlamydia trachomatis dna by polymerase chain reaction was compared with amplification by ligase chain reaction (lcr). both amplification procedures were able to consistently amplify amounts of dna equivalent to three c. trachomatis elementary bodies. all 15 c. trachomatis serovars were amplified to detectable levels by lcr, and no dna from 16 organisms potentially found in clinical specimens or from chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae was amplified by lcr.	1993	8458974
[psittacosis of avian origin as etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with severe onset].	we present two cases of community acquired pneumonia (extra-hospital) of severe onset, secondary to chlamydia psittaci of avian origin. each patient have bought a parakeet in the same pet-shop, and took care of them personally. both developed a respiratory insufficiency, one of them needing mechanical ventilation. out of nine relatives to whom serological determinations were performed, there was evidence of infection in two of them, but only one referred an auto-limited febrile syndrome during t ...	1993	8465027
[cat flu vaccine with chlamydia psittaci].		1993	8475486
in vitro transcription in chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis.	extracts of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis were used to transcribe molecularly cloned chlamydial genes in vitro. the extracts were prepared by lysing reticulate bodies, obtaining the 10,000 x g centrifugation pellet, and eluting rna polymerase from the pellet by treatment with 2m kcl to yield a fraction designated ss2. some in vitro transcription was initiated from non-chlamydial promoters and a small amount of transcription was from endogenous dna template in ss2. however, optimal ...	1993	8483421
chlamydia psittaci infection in sheep in northern ireland.		1993	8488651
identification of an early-stage gene of chlamydia psittaci 6bc.	chlamydiae are parasitic bacteria characterized by a temporally regulated developmental cycle. in the early stage of the cycle, metabolically inert elementary bodies reorganize to dividing reticulate bodies, a process about which little is known. the purpose of this investigation was to identify and clone chlamydial genes that are expressed preferentially during the early stage of the developmental cycle of chlamydia psittaci 6bc. several potential early genes were cloned with highly radioactive ...	1993	8491714
in vitro and in vivo antichlamydial activities of newly developed quinolone antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of three newly developed quinolone antimicrobial agents (sparfloxacin, tosufloxacin, and opc-17116) were investigated. all three agents showed potent in vitro activities against chlamydia psittaci, c. trachomatis, and c. pneumoniae with mics that ranged from 0.031 to 0.125 micrograms/ml. these values were higher than those of minocycline (0.0075 to 0.015 micrograms/ml) but lower than those of erythromycin (0.25 to 0.5 micrograms/ml) and ofloxacin and ciproflox ...	1993	8494377
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples by pcr.	to use the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples.	1993	8496387
[transthoracic aspiration punction with ultrafine needle in high risk community acquired pneumonia].	the identification of etiologic agents of pneumonias acquired in the community (pac) with risk factors is difficult. the classical diagnostic methods are not profitable and thus invasive techniques are used. in this study the diagnostic use of an invasive technique such as aspirative transthoracic puncture (atp) was evaluated in this type of pneumonias.	1993	8497144
the morphology of chlamydia pneumoniae.	the morphology of a recently isolated strain of chlamydia pneumoniae, yk-41, was compared by electronmicroscopy with c. pneumoniae twar, chlamydia trachomatis l2/434/bu and chlamydia psittaci cal 10. the results showed that "pear-shaped" morphology was not typical of c. pneumoniae. basic morphological features, such as surface projections and hexagonally arrayed, regular structures in the inside layer of the outer membrane of elementary bodies, were very similar in these strains. the structure o ...	1993	8510134
diversity in nucleotide acquisition by antigenically similar chlamydia psittaci of avian origin.	two different nucleic acid precursor utilization patterns were obtained for five avian isolates of chlamydia psittaci. three of the isolates behaved in a manner similar to that previously described, showing total dependency on the host cell for ribonucleoside triphosphates and being unable to utilize medium-supplied thymidine. in contrast, the other two isolates were incapable of taking pyrimidine ribonucleotides from the host cell and they could efficiently utilize medium-supplied thymidine. th ...	1993	8514120
lack of allelic polymorphism for the major outer membrane protein gene of the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydia psittaci).	the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) was sequenced for each of six chlamydia psittaci (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis [gpic]) strains isolated from guinea pigs. five of the isolates were obtained in the united states during the 1960s and 1970s, including the prototype strain isolated by murray in 1962. the other isolate was obtained from a guinea pig in england. the nucleotide sequence of the omp1 gene for each strain was identical. the lack of omp1 allelic polymorphism among gpic i ...	1993	8514416
transmission of antibodies to chlamydia psittaci and coxiella burnetii through eggs and "crop milk" in pigeons.	young semi-domesticated pigeons captured or hatched from eggs gathered in bratislava during 1989-1991 were examined for complement fixing antibodies to chlamydia psittaci and agglutinating antibodies to coxiella burnetii. antibodies to ch. psittaci were present in 76% of birds younger than 24 h, in 47.7% between 1 and 10 days of age and in 12% of nestlings over 10 days old. antibodies to ch. psittaci were also detected in "crop milk" of 4.1% of 1 to 10 day old birds and in 4.5% of specimens olde ...	1993	8519359
remarkable sequence relatedness in the dna encoding the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia psittaci (koala type i) and chlamydia pneumoniae.	dna encoding the major outer membrane protein (momp) of the koala type-i strain of chlamydia psittaci (pathogen responsible for blindness and infertility in koalas) was cloned and sequenced. comparison with momp gene sequences from other chlamydial species revealed a remarkable degree of homology (> 97%) with that of the human pathogen, chlamydia pneumoniae. in comparison, the sequence only shared 75% dna sequence homology with other c. psittaci members and 69% homology with c. trachomatis. the ...	1994	8125292
protein antigens of chlamydia psittaci present in infected cells but not detected in the infectious elementary body.	ocular infection of guinea pigs with the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (gpic) strain of chlamydia psittaci produces a clinical condition representative of acute chlamydial conjunctivitis in humans. guinea pigs which had recovered from two challenges with gpic were used as a source of sera for the identification of antigens present in gpic-infected tissue culture cells but absent in the infectious elementary body (eb). immunoblots of lysates of infected hela cells probed with the convalesce ...	1994	8262615
cytokine-mediated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase induction in response to chlamydia infection in human macrophage cultures.	the purpose of this study was to characterize further the events leading to the metabolic degradation of tryptophan in chlamydia-infected cultures in the absence of added interferon (ifn). macrophages on coverslips were infected with chlamydia psittaci, and tryptophan decyclization was determined 24 h later by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. tryptophan metabolites cochromatographed with kynurenine and n-formylkynurenine, the end products of tryptophan decyclization by the i ...	1994	8132317
chlamydial serologic studies and recurrent spontaneous abortion.	our purpose was to investigate the putative association between immunoglobulin g antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and recurrent spontaneous abortions.	1994	8141201
homogeneity of the major outer membrane protein gene of feline chlamydia psittaci.	thirteen feline chlamydia psittaci strains isolated in various countries over a 50-year period were examined by restriction mapping of the major outer membrane protein (momp) gene obtained after dna amplification by the polymerase chain reaction and compared with avian, ovine and guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (gpic) c psittaci strains. all the feline isolates produced a unique alui pattern distinct from the other c psittaci strains and were characterised by a typical fragment doublet of 18 ...	1994	8146443
[chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia and chlamydia psittaci pneumonia].		1994	8151956
lipopolysaccharide smooth-rough phase variation in bacteria of the genus chlamydia.	in two strains of chlamydia psittaci and in chlamydia trachomatis serotype l1, we have detected a so-far-unknown antigen which (i) is resistant to heat and proteolytic digestion, (ii) can be extracted with phenol-water into the water phase, (iii) gives a ladder-like banding pattern in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (iv) is immunogenic in rabbits and mice, and (v) contains immunoreactivity of lipid a, a common and characteristic component of gram-negative lipopolysacch ...	1994	8188348
antiparasitic and antiproliferative effects of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme expression in human fibroblasts.	studies were carried out to evaluate the proposed role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (indo) induction in the antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) in human fibroblasts. the indo cdna coding region was cloned in the pmep4 expression vector, containing the metallothionein (mtii) promoter in the sense (+ve) or the antisense (-ve) orientation. human fibroblasts (gm637) stably transfected with the sense construct expressed indo activity after treatment with cdcl ...	1994	8188349
enhancement of in vitro transcription by addition of cloned, overexpressed major sigma factor of chlamydia psittaci 6bc.	obligate parasitic bacteria of the genus chlamydia possess a developmental cycle that takes place entirely within eucaryotic host cells. because standard methods of genetic analysis are not available for chlamydiae, an in vitro transcription system has been developed to elucidate the mechanisms by which chlamydiae regulate gene expression. the in vitro system is specific for chlamydial promoters but is inefficient, presumably because the rna polymerase is not saturated with sigma factor. therefo ...	1994	8188604
chlamydial etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in the sudan.	the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in 110 sudanese children with signs of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) was investigated. four (3.6%) had evidence of c. pneumoniae infection, of whom 3 were culture-positive, while 1 had an antibody response suggesting a recent infection. igg antibodies at a titer of > or = 1:32 to c. pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia trachomatis were detected in 27 (24.5%), 27 (24.5%) and 7 (6.4%) of the 110 alri cases, respectively. c. pneumoniae, c. ...	1994	8193496
[pilot study of the occurrence of chlamydia psittaci infections in commercial turkey flocks in niedersachsen].	turkeys from 8 commercial flocks, of which were 6 clinically healthy, were examined by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems for genus-specific chlamydia antigens and also for antibodies against chlamydia psittaci in 4 flocks. results of the tests indicate the presence of chlamydia psittaci infections in all 8 flocks. the percentage of combined cloacal and conjunctival swabs positive for chlamydia antigen ranged from 20-91% [20-70%] whereas the percentage of antibody-positive serum sa ...	1994	8205970
evaluation of five immunoassays for detection of chlamydia psittaci in cloacal and conjunctival specimens from turkeys.	five commercially available immunoassays were evaluated for the detection of chlamydia psittaci in cloacal and conjunctival swabs from industrially raised turkeys: imagen (dako diagnostics, ely, cambridgeshire, united kingdom), chlamydia cel-vet if (cellabs, brookvale, australia), ideia (dako diagnostics), celisa (cellabs), and clearview (unipath, bedford, united kingdom). results were compared with isolation in buffalo green monkey cells as a reference method. for the conjunctival samples, the ...	1994	8077391
role of h-2 and non-h-2-related genes in mouse susceptibility to chlamydia psittaci.	the genetic control of mouse susceptibility to chlamydia psittaci was investigated after intravenous inoculation of 2 x 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu). splenic counts 6 days after inoculation gave the level of susceptibility. results from inoculation of mice from h-2 congenic strains with three different genetic backgrounds (b10, balb and c3h) suggested that both the non-h-2 genes and the genes of h-2 complex or those closely associated with it, were responsible for the observed differences in ...	1994	8090080
utility of complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence assays for detecting serologic responses in patients with clinically diagnosed psittacosis.	the serodiagnosis of human psittacosis was considerably improved by a microimmunofluorescence (mif) assay that uses selected strains of chlamydia psittaci, c. pneumoniae, and c. trachomatis as antigens. the 78 patients examined in the study were clinically diagnosed as having psittacosis on the basis of compatible clinical symptoms following exposure to sick birds. the conventional complement fixation (cf) test identified 36 patients, or 46% (36 of 78) of the total, as positive. antibody respons ...	1994	7814477
[clinical and serological studies in six cases of chlamydial pneumonia].	clinical and serological studies of chlamydial pneumonia were done in six patients (three men and three women). the other three patients had no avian contact and showed almost the same clinical symptom. acute infection with chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae were diagnosed in two patients and in one patient, respectively, by mfa. because in some cases chlamydia psittaci pneumonia and chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia are difficult to differentiate, it is necessary to use a test that allows ...	1994	7815757
pneumonia in moorish tortoises (testudo graeca) associated with avian serovar a chlamydia psittaci.		1994	7817509
analysis of the amino sugar composition of chlamydia psittaci lipopolysaccharide.		1994	7817901
taxonomic studies of rickettsiella, rickettsia, and chlamydia using genomic dna.	invertebrate pathogens of the genus rickettsiella (order rickettsiales) undergo a developmental cycle more characteristic of chlamydial organisms (order chlamydiales) than of typical rickettsiae. moreover, among recognized species of rickettsiella, there is considerable variation in host range and in the ultrastructure and development of the infectious stage, i.e., the elementary body. to begin an analysis of the taxonomic relationships of the invertebrate pathogens belonging to the genus ricket ...	1994	7912708
role for cd8+ t cells in antichlamydial immunity defined by chlamydia-specific t-lymphocyte clones.	the role of cd8+ t cells in antichlamydial immunity was investigated in a murine model of chlamydial genital infection by using t-cell clones generated against the chlamydia trachomatis agent of mouse pneumonitis (mopn). two cd8+ t-cell clones tested (2.1f and 2.14-9) were chlamydia antigen specific and mhc restricted and reacted against mopn as well as the chlamydia psittaci agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and c. trachomatis serovar e, suggesting the recognition of a genus-specific ...	1994	7927806
characterization of lipoprotein enva in chlamydia psittaci 6bc.	the primary sequence of the small cysteine-rich protein (enva) of chlamydia psittaci 6bc has been shown to possess a potential lipid modification/signal peptidase ii-processing site, and the mature protein was labeled by a [3h]palmitic acid precursor. we further characterized the mature enva, showing that it lacks the n-terminal methionine of the primary peptide, is hydrophobic despite a peptide sequence that is predicted to be hydrophilic, and appears to be lipid modified at an n-terminal cyste ...	1994	7928970
survey for selected diseases in nutria (myocastor coypus) from louisiana.	thirty-two trapper-caught nutria (myocastor coypus) from east baton rouge, iberville, tangipahoa, and st. helena parishes in louisiana (usa) were sampled for several disease agents. antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci, francisella tularensis, leptospira spp., and encephalomyocarditis virus were detected in 7%, 14%, 0%, 7%, and 0% of nutria, respectively. both animals seropositive for leptospirae were positive for l. interrogans serovar canicola. no salmonella spp. were isola ...	1994	7933295
an indirect microimmunofluorescence test for detection of chlamydial antibodies in ovine fetal fluids.	the objective of this study was to evaluate an indirect microimmunofluorescence test (imif) for detection of chlamydial antibodies in serum and/or thoracic fluids of aborted ovine fetuses. one hundred eighty-two ovine fetuses, including 64 fetuses from 40 ewes that were experimentally infected with an ovine abortion strain of chlamydia psittaci at gestation days 90-100, 10 fetuses from 6 normal ewes, and 108 fetuses selected from those received at the iowa veterinary diagnostic laboratory, were ...	1994	7948200
serological survey of infections in waterfowl in the guadalquivir marshes (spain).	a serological survey was performed in the guadalquivir marshes (southern spain) in order to determine the presence and diffusion of six infective agents in wild waterfowl. the analysis covered 712 waterfowl from 13 species belonging to five taxa (podicipediformes, ciconiiformes, anseriformes, gruiformes, and charadriiformes). a range of immunological techniques led to detection of antibodies against the six infective agents studied: chlamydia psittaci (13.3%), mycoplasma anatis (3.5%), pasteurel ...	1994	7980291
[the immunogenicity of a vaccine against enzootic abortion in sheep].	immunogenicity of vaccine against enzootic abortion of ewes (epo) was evaluated in sheep and laboratory white mice. the vaccine contained purified and formalin-inactivated corpuscules of chlamydia psittaci. experiment was performed on ten sheep, slovak merino breed, which were negative before vaccination in serological assays and blastic transformation of lymphocytes (btl) tests. the animals were immunized subcutaneously with 2 ml of vaccine which contained 100 micrograms (sheep no. 1-4) and 20 ...	1994	7992468
[activity of neutrophilic granulocytes and hematologic picture in rabbits immunized with chlamydia psittaci].	the study was aimed at investigation of selected elements of nonspecific immunity (spontaneous and stimulated nbt reduction test and myeloperoxidase activity of neutrophilic granulocytes) and specific serological response in rabbits immunized twice with suspension of cells of c. psittaci inactivated by formaldehyde. specific antibodies were detected by complement fixation test and in a titer of 16 or higher were found between 42 and 56 day of the experiment. statistically significant decrease of ...	1994	7996939
clinical aspects of chlamydia psittaci infection in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.	two groups of six cats were established, one a control group and one infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) 18 months previously. the cats in both groups were inoculated with chlamydia psittaci and the clinical progression of the infection was monitored by means of a clinical scoring system for 10 months. haematological, serological and viral and chlamydial isolation studies were also made. the response of the fiv infected group to treatment with oxytetracycline was monitored in the 1 ...	1994	8009798
chlamydia psittaci infections in birds: a review on the pathogenesis and histopathological features.	in this review the literature on the pathogenesis and histopathological features of chlamydia psittaci infections in birds and their significance for psittacosis/ornithosis in humans is summarized. models of experimental infections to elucidate the pathogenicity of avian strains are discussed briefly.	1994	8009817
enhancement of in vitro transcription by addition of cloned, overexpressed major sigma factor of chlamydia psittaci 6bc.		1994	8021204
the role of branhamella ovis, mycoplasma conjunctivae and chlamydia psittaci in conjunctivitis of sheep.	smooth (s) and rough (r) types of branhamella ovis were used alone and in conjunction with mycoplasma conjunctivae and chlamydia psittaci in attempts to produce conjunctivitis in lambs. this was only successful with one s-type previously isolated from a clinical case of conjunctivitis. in experimental mixed infection, b. ovis contributed to the severity of ovine keratoconjunctivitis attributable to infection with mycoplasma conjunctivae. when b. ovis and c. psittaci were inoculated into the conj ...	1994	8025837
serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (felis concolor) in california.	serum samples from 58 mountain lions (felis concolor) in california (usa) were collected between april 1987 and february 1990. nineteen serum samples were used for serum biochemistry determinations; the ranges were similar to reference values in domestic cats, captive exotic felidae and free-ranging mountain lions. a serological survey was conducted to determine whether antibodies were present against selected infectious agents. fifty-four (93%) of 58 sera had antibodies against feline panleukop ...	1994	8028105
the importance of interferon-gamma in an early infection of chlamydia psittaci in mice.	athymic mice (nu/nu) and their hairy littermates (nu/+) were infected experimentally with chlamydia psittaci and the role of endogenous interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) on the resolution of the infection was studied. the pathological changes produced in the spleen, liver and lung were exacerbated by administration of a monoclonal antibody (mab) to ifn-gamma and an increased number of viable chlamydiae were recovered from the tissues of both nu/+ and nu/nu mice treated in this way.	1994	8039814
probable transmission of chlamydia psittaci from a macaw to a cat.	a 5-year-old siamese cat developed unilateral mucopurulent ocular discharge and conjunctivitis 1 month after the introduction of a macaw into the household. despite treatment with antimicrobial ophthalmic ointment, the conjunctivitis became bilateral and other systemic signs developed. intracellular inclusions consistent with a chlamydia psittaci infection were detected in conjunctival epithelial cells stained with a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody. chlamydia psittaci was isolated from s ...	1994	8050975
abortion and subsequent excretion of chlamydiae from the reproductive tract of sheep during estrus.	chlamydia psittaci serovar 1 infection in pregnant sheep typically causes abortion or the birth of weak lambs. eight sheep that experienced chlamydia-induced abortion during their first pregnancy were successfully rebred yearly for the past 2 years. chlamydia-specific lipopolysaccharide was detectable for approximately 3 weeks in vaginal swabs taken from the experimentally infected sheep following abortion. there was no evidence of chlamydiae in vaginal, placental, or neonatal samples obtained i ...	1994	8063395
the development of proliferative responses of ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to chlamydia psittaci during pregnancy.	in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies were detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pregnant sheep infected with c. psittaci. these responses were suppressed in cells collected in the immediate peri-parturient period, but returned to levels significantly above background within 14 days. infection also suppressed the lymphoproliferative response to the t-cell mitogen con a until abortion or lambing, but did not affect the proliferative respons ...	1994	8066993
[treatment of community-acquired pneumonia by pristinamycin (pyostacine 500). results of a non comparative open study].	activity of natural streptogramin (nsg) appears well adapted to pathogens responsible for cap. the goal of this multicenter pilot study was to bring first data about efficacy of nsg in treatment of cap. patients method: ten days of a nsg (1 gr b.i.d. or t.i.d.) regimen was administered to 46 hospitalized adult patients for cap defined with fever > 38 degrees c, respiratory symptoms and x-ray opacity. severely ill patients were excluded. a broncho-pulmonar sample (expectoration or trantracheal as ...	1994	7839051
'atypical' bacteria are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised adults.	to assess the proportion of cases of community-acquired pneumonia caused by 'atypical' bacteria, including the recently discovered chlamydia pneumoniae, and to compare the clinical, radiographic and laboratory features of patients with and without 'atypical' bacteria.	1994	7839256
monoclonal antibody to a major outer membrane protein of feline chlamydia psittaci: antibody specificity and anti-idiotype antibody production.	a murine monoclonal antibody, f1-8, was developed against the purified major outer membrane protein (momp) of chlamydia psittaci feline pneumonitis (fpn). f1-8 showed a serotype-specific activity against intact fpn elementary bodies in a micro-immunofluorescence assay. in immunoblot, f1-8 reacted only with the fpn momp but did not react with the momps from other strains of c. psittaci and c. trachomatis. f1-8 neutralized fpn infectivity in l929 cell culture in a dose-dependent and complement ind ...	1994	7839581
in vitro and in vivo activities of azithromycin, a new azalide antibiotic, against chlamydia.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of azithromycin against chlamydia were investigated. the mic of azithromycin for five standard strains of different species of chlamydia and six wild-type strains of chlamydia pneumoniae was 0.125 microgram/ml, which was superior to that of erythromycin but inferior to those of clarithromycin and minocycline. however, the therapeutic effect of a 7-day course of azithromycin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight administered orally once daily to mice with experi ...	1994	7840560
detection of chlamydia psittaci (ovis) antigen in tissue sections and mccoy cells using streptavidin-biotin and the imagen staining method.	two procedures for identifying chlamydial antigen in infected mccoy cells and tissue sections are described. both the streptavidin-biotin method and the imagen test clearly detected chlamydial antigen in ovine placental tissue sections and in infected mccoy cells before they could be detected by conventional stains. the streptavidin-biotin method is lengthy, but specific and sensitive, and the slides can be kept indefinitely for later examination. by contrast, the imagen test is a single step pr ...	1994	7850445
the lps localization might explain the lack of protection of lps-specific antibodies in abortion-causing chlamydia psittaci infections.	four monoclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (lps) were used to study their localization and distribution in the chlamydia psittaci ab7 abortion-causing strain by immunoelectron microscopy. a non-embedding technique on whole chlamydiae, together with a post-embedding technique on mccoy cells infected with the strain, were performed. immunogold labelling was observed on the surface of reticular bodies (rb), but not on elementary bodies (eb). immunolabelling was observed in ult ...	1994	7871240
[a case report of psittacosis and chlamydial isolation from a patient].	a 48-year-old female was seen at our hospital after having a severe fever of nearly 40 degrees c, for a period of 9 days. she complained of pain in the left side of her chest. an x-ray examination revealed a slight infiltration of the upper and middle lung fields. at this time, it was learned that the women's pet bird had recently died. this case was diagnosed as acute pneumonia due to psittacosis. therefore the administration of roxithromycin was started. after a few day her condition improved. ...	1994	7876678
control of disease by selective iron depletion: a novel therapeutic strategy utilizing iron chelators.	recognition of the central role of iron in the generation of toxic, oxygen-derived species through the haber-weiss reaction, the ability of desferrioxamine (dfx) to prevent the damage associated with free radical generation in reperfusion injury, and its inhibitory effect on cell proliferation by inactivation of the iron dependent enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, resulted in an increasing number of studies exploring the novel therapeutic applications of iron chelating drugs: (a) animal models of ...	1994	7881162
[detection of chlamydia psittaci in vaginal discharge of cows: a necessary enlargement of bacteriologic diagnosis for the etiologic clarification of fertility disorders in the female cow].	vaginal discharge from 119 dairy cows from 59 herds was examined bacteriologically, including application of the ideia chlamydia test, to detect genus-specific chlamydial lps-antigen. a putrid quality of specimens was closely correlated with isolation of actinomyces pyogenes (p < 0.001). the ideia was positive for 39 of 65 (60.0%) non-putrid specimens and for 16 of 54 (29.6%) putrid specimens; a non-putrid quality of specimens was closely correlated with the detection of chlamydial antigen (p < ...	1994	7701862
dissociation of immune determinants of outer membrane proteins of chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.	chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen. research to develop a chlamydia vaccine has focused on the major outer membrane protein (momp). determinants of this protein elicit serovar-specific neutralizing antibodies which are thought to play a critical role in protective immunity. momp-specific antibody responses are highly variable in the polymorphic population. genetic factors which might influence the momp-specific immune response are consequently of particular interest. the c. psi ...	1994	7525489
isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a chlamydia pneumoniae 76-kilodalton protein containing a species-specific epitope.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen. unlike the other two chlamydia species, no species-specific antigen has been defined for c. pneumoniae. an immunoreactive clone containing a 0.8-kb fragment was isolated from a c. pneumoniae (ar-39) genomic library by using anti-c. pneumoniae rabbit immune serum. by southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal digests of the different chlamydia spp., the 0.8-kb fragment was shown to react specifically with c. pneumoniae. subcloning of this ...	1994	7509320
identification of subspecies- and serotype 1-specific epitopes on the 80- to 90-kilodalton protein region of chlamydia psittaci that may be useful for diagnosis of chlamydial induced abortion.	genus-, subspecies-, and serotype 1-specific antigens of chlamydia psittaci were characterized by immunoblot analysis, using monoclonal antibodies that recognize 2 c psittaci strains: ab7 isolated from an ewe that had aborted, and ib1 isolated from feces of a healthy ewe. genus-specific epitopes were detected on lipopolysaccharide, on a 47-kd protein, and on a 27- to 30-kd doublet. subspecies-specific epitopes were located on a 30-kd protein, and a 80- to 90-kd protein region was identified, whi ...	1994	7517111
enzyme immunoassay with enhanced specificity for detection of antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis.	two different methods for preventing the binding of cross-reacting antibodies to the genus-reactive chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (lps) were used to improve the specificity of an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis. coated elementary bodies were treated with either sodium periodate, to oxidize the antigenic sites of the lps, or triton x-100, to extract the lps. by using these new enzyme immunoassays, the standard enzyme immunoassay, and the whole inclu ...	1994	7521355
immunoreactivity of the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae expressed in escherichia coli.	the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins (crps) of chlamydia are developmentally regulated outer envelope proteins synthesized late in the chlamydial growth cycle. these proteins, found only on the extracellular infectious elementary bodies, elicit major antibody responses in chlamydial infection. we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli the complete 60 kda crp genes from chlamydia trachomatis, c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae. the recombinant products were expressed as either 'native' proteins or ...	1994	7522846
comparison of polymerase chain reaction, direct immunofluorescence, cell culture and enzyme immunoassay for the detection of chlamydia psittaci in bull semen.	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), direct immunofluorescence (dif; jmagen chlamydia, dako diagnostics, uk), cell culture (cc) and enzyme immunoassay (eia; syva micro trak) were evaluated for detection of chlamydia psittaci in bull semen. three specimens were collected from each of 47 bulls at 3-6 month intervals (134 samples). judging by the number of samples tested (n = 134), pcr showed a sensitivity of 90.9%, dif of 93.9%, cc of 72.7% and eia of 81.8%. pcr, dif, cc and eia were 100% specific ...	1994	9133052
experimental infections of pregnant sows with ovine chlamydia psittaci strains.	four sows were experimentally inoculated at 42 days pregnancy, with the bs isolate of chlamydia psittaci from aborted ewes. their body temperature and health were monitored until 30 days after farrowing. the sows seroconverted but their reproductive performance was not impaired. chlamydiae were identified in the afterbirths from two sows with normal litters using stained smears, "clearview" and "ideia" elisa antigen detection tests. the presence of inclusion bodies was detected in sections of th ...	1994	9133063
pathogenic staphylococci and staphylococcal infections in canaries.	staphylococcus aureus was isolated from six cases of bacterial infection in canaries, staphylococcus hyicus from three and staphylococcus intermedius from one case. staphylococcus aureus was most often involved in outbreaks of septicaemia, with or without 'megabacterium' proventriculitis. the other coccal species were mainly complicating disease caused by atoxoplasma (lankesterella), chlamydia psittaci and canary pox.	1994	18671080
pathogenicity for turkeys of chlamydia psittaci strains belonging to the avian serovars a, b and d.	four groups of 20 specific pathogen-free turkeys kept in isolators were exposed to aerosols of one of four chlamydia psittaci strains. these were strain 92/1293 (avian serovar d), strain 84/55 (avian serovar a), the texas turkey strain (avian serovar d) and strain 89/1326 (avian serovar b). a further group of four specific pathogen-free turkeys consisted of sham-infected controls. the birds were observed daily for clinical signs. at daily intervals for 10 days and then twice weekly up to 34 days ...	1994	18671090
studies on the safety of chlamydia psittaci vaccination in cats.		1995	8966973