Publications

knockout of the rodent malaria parasite chitinase pbcht1 reduces infectivity to mosquitoes.	during mosquito transmission, malaria ookinetes must cross a chitin-containing structure known as the peritrophic matrix (pm), which surrounds the infected blood meal in the mosquito midgut. in turn, ookinetes produce multiple chitinase activities presumably aimed at disrupting this physical barrier to allow ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium. plasmodium chitinase activities are demonstrated targets for human and avian malaria transmission blockade with the chitinase inhibitor allosamidi ...	2001	11349074
disruption of plasmodium falciparum chitinase markedly impairs parasite invasion of mosquito midgut.	to initiate invasion of the mosquito midgut, plasmodium ookinetes secrete chitinolytic activity to penetrate the peritrophic matrix surrounding the blood meal. while ookinetes of the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum appear to secrete products of two chitinase genes, to date only one chitinase gene, pfcht1, has been identified in the nearly completed plasmodium falciparum strain 3d7 genome database. to test the hypothesis that the single identified chitinase of p. falciparum is neces ...	2001	11349075
the binding of the circumsporozoite protein to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans is required for plasmodium sporozoite attachment to target cells.	the major surface protein of malaria sporozoites, the circumsporozoite protein, binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of hepatocytes. it has been proposed that this binding event is responsible for the rapid and specific localization of sporozoites to the liver after their injection into the skin by an infected anopheline mosquito. previous in vitro studies performed under static conditions have failed to demonstrate a significant role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans during spo ...	2001	11352923
nitric oxide synthase is induced in sporulation of physarum polycephalum.	the myxomycete physarum polycephalum expresses a calcium-independent nitric oxide (no) synthase (nos) resembling the inducible nos isoenzyme in mammals. we have now cloned and sequenced this, the first nonanimal nos to be identified, showing that it shares < 39% amino acid identity with known noss but contains conserved binding motifs for all nos cofactors. it lacks the sequence insert responsible for calcium dependence in the calcium-dependent nos isoenzymes. nos expression was strongly up-regu ...	2001	11358872
nuclear factors bind to a conserved dna element that modulates transcription of anopheles gambiae trypsin genes.	the anopheles gambiae trypsin family consists of seven genes that are transcribed in the gut of female mosquitoes in a temporal coordinated and mutually exclusive manner, suggesting the involvement of a complex transcription regulatory mechanism. we identified a highly conserved 12-nucleotide motif present in all a. gambiae and anopheles stephensi trypsin promoters. we investigated the role of this putative trypsin regulatory element (ptre) in controlling the transcription of the trypsin genes. ...	2001	11016929
cloning and characterization of the crystal protein-encoding gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis.	molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cry gene, cry32aa, of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis was carried out. the cry32aa protein was predicted to have a molecular mass of 139.2 kda and was found to have an unusual 42-amino-acid-long tail at the c terminus. the cry32aa gene was localized on the 103-mda plasmid of the organism. bioassays showed no toxicity against several moths and mosquitoes. however, it exhibited weak toxicity against larvae of the diamondback moth, plutell ...	2002	11772653
a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ...	2002	11779831
what's buzzing? mosquito genomics and transgenic mosquitoes.	genome projects and associated technologies are now being established for mosquito species that are vectors of human disease. the recent announcement of an award by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid) to celera genomics to sequence the anopheles gambiae genome will further accelerate the completion of the sequencing of this genome. completion of the an. gambiae sequence will mean that the genomes of all three organisms involved in the transmission of falciparum mala ...	2002	11835673
characterization of cyt2bc toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin.	we cloned and sequenced a new cytolysin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin. three is240-like insertion sequence elements and the previously cloned cyt1ab and p21 genes were found in the vicinity of the cytolysin gene. the cytolysin gene encodes a protein 29.7 kda in size that is 91.5% identical to cyt2ba from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and has been designated cyt2bc. inclusions containing cyt2bc were purified from the crystal-negative strain spl407 of b. thuringiensi ...	2002	11872472
a rodent malaria, plasmodium berghei, is experimentally transmitted to mice by merely probing of infective mosquito, anopheles stephensi.	we found that infection of a rodent malaria, plasmodium berghei, occurred when the sporozoites were injected into the skin, the muscle, the peritoneal cavity and the tail end. mice, which were injected with sporozoites in the tail end and had the site cut 5 min later, did not develop malaria. we also found that mice developed malaria when malaria infective mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi, were forced not to take blood but only to probe into the skin. moreover, the mice probed by the infective mo ...	2002	11880224
levels of circumsporozoite protein in the plasmodium oocyst determine sporozoite morphology.	the sporozoite stage of the plasmodium parasite is formed by budding from a multinucleate oocyst in the mosquito midgut. during their life, sporozoites must infect the salivary glands of the mosquito vector and the liver of the mammalian host; both events depend on the major sporozoite surface protein, the circumsporozoite protein (cs). we previously reported that plasmodium berghei oocysts in which the cs gene is inactivated do not form sporozoites. here, we analyzed the ultrastructure of p.ber ...	2002	11927543
plasmodium sporozoite invasion into insect and mammalian cells is directed by the same dual binding system.	plasmodium sporozoites, the transmission form of the malaria parasite, successively invade salivary glands in the mosquito vector and the liver in the mammalian host. sporozoite capacity to invade host cells is mechanistically related to their ability to glide on solid substrates, both activities depending on the transmembrane protein trap. here, we show that loss-of- function mutations in two adhesive modules of the trap ectodomain, an integrin-like a-domain and a thrombospondin type i repeat, ...	2002	11927544
induced immunity against the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae): effects of cell fraction antigens on survival, fecundity, and plasmodium berghei (eucoccidiida: plasmodiidae) transmission.	two subeellular fractions from the midgut of the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi (liston) were used to immunize balb/c mice. mice were subsequently infected with the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei (vineke & lips), and the effects of anti-mosquito immunity on mosquito survival and fecundity and on parasite transmission were investigated. mosquitoes were infected directly from mice (in vivo) or by feeding cultured ookinetes through a membrane (in vitro). infections were monitored ...	2002	11931258
expression of d7 and d7-related proteins in the salivary glands of the human malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi.	full-length cdna clones encoding d7 (ansd7) and d7-related (ansd7r1) secreted salivary gland proteins were isolated from anopheles stephensi. corresponding proteins were separated by sds-page and analysed by n-terminal sequencing, which also identified a second d7-related protein (ansd7r2). ansd7 encodes a protein of 37 kda, ansd7r1 of 18 kda, and ansd7r2 of 16 kda. polyclonal antibodies against recombinant ansd7 showed immunological cross-reactivity with the d7-related proteins, and alignment d ...	2002	12000641
a mosquito salivary protein inhibits activation of the plasma contact system by binding to factor xii and high molecular weight kininogen.	the salivary glands of female mosquitoes contain a variety of bioactive substances that assist their blood-feeding behavior. here, we report a salivary protein of the malarial vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi, that inhibits activation of the plasma contact system. this factor, named hamadarin, is a 16-kda protein and a major component of the saliva of this mosquito. assays using human plasma showed that hamadarin dose-dependently inhibits activation of the plasma contact system and subsequen ...	2002	12011093
maebl is essential for malarial sporozoite infection of the mosquito salivary gland.	malarial sporozoites mature in the oocysts formed in the mosquito midgut wall and then selectively invade the salivary glands, where they wait to be transmitted to the vertebrate host via mosquito bite. invasion into the salivary gland has been thought to be mediated by specific ligand-receptor interactions, but the molecules involved in these interactions remain unknown. maebl is a single transmembrane-like protein that is structurally related to merozoite adhesive proteins. we found maebl of t ...	2002	12021311
nitric oxide limits parasite development in vectors and in invertebrate intermediate hosts.	nitric oxide (no) possesses antiparasitic effects on both protozoa and metazoa in vertebrate definitive and intermediate hosts. inducible no limits parasite development also in rhodnius prolixus and anopheles stephensi, the natural vectors of human trypanosomiasis and malaria respectively, and in the snail biomphalaria glabrata, a natural invertebrate intermediate host of human schistosomiasis. therefore, no limits trypanosoma, plasmodium, and schistosoma development at all stages of the parasit ...	2002	12049194
a theoretical approach to predicting the success of genetic manipulation of malaria mosquitoes in malaria control.	mosquitoes that have been genetically modified to better encapsulate the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum are being considered as a possible tool in the control of malaria. hopes for this have been raised with the identification of genes involved in the encapsulation response and with advances in the tools required to transform mosquitoes. however, we have only very little understanding of the conditions that would allow such genes to spread in natural populations.	2002	12057019
genetic and environmental determinants of malaria parasite virulence in mosquitoes.	models of malaria epidemiology and evolution are frequently based on the assumption that vector-parasitic associations are benign. implicit in this assumption is the supposition that all plasmodium parasites have an equal and neutral effect on vector survival, and thus that there is no parasite genetic variation for vector virulence. while some data support the assumption of avirulence, there has been no examination of the impact of parasite genetic diversity. we conducted a laboratory study wit ...	2002	12065037
persistence of protective immunity to malaria induced by dna priming and poxvirus boosting: characterization of effector and memory cd8(+)-t-cell populations.	the persistence of immunity to malaria induced in mice by a heterologous dna priming and poxvirus boosting regimen was characterized. mice were immunized by priming with dna vaccine plasmids encoding the plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (pycsp) and murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and boosting with recombinant vaccinia encoding pycsp. balb/c mice immunized with either high-dose (100 microg of p pycsp plus 30 microg of pgm-csf) or low-dose (1 microg of p pycsp plu ...	2002	12065488
plasmodium vivax blood-stage dynamics.	we examine the dynamics of parasitemia and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 221 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the st. elizabeth strain of plasmodium vivax, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 109 charts for which 15 or more days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed an average 98% of the duration of each infection. our approximations of merogony cycles (via "local peaks" in parasitemia) seldom fit patterns that correspond ...	2002	12099421
comparison of three pyrethroid treatments of top-sheets for malaria control in emergencies: entomological and user acceptance studies in an afghan refugee camp in pakistan.	insecticide-treated bedding materials (sheets and blankets) could be protective against vectors of malaria and leishmaniasis--especially in complex emergencies, epidemics and natural disasters where people are more likely to sleep in exposed situations. comparison of cotton top-sheets impregnated with different pyrethroids (permethrin 500 mg/m2, deltamethrin 25 mg/m2 or alphacypermethrin 25 mg/m2) for effectiveness against mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) was undertaken in a refugee camp in pakis ...	2002	12109715
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi.	we have studied resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (s/p) in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi. a stable s/p-resistant mutant, as(50s/p), was selected by drug treatment of a clone, as(pyr), already resistant to pyrimethamine. the sequences of the p. chabaudi dhfr and dhps genes were obtained and found to be identical in as(50s/p) and as(pyr), showing that resistance to s/p in as(50s/p) was not due to additional mutations in either gene. as(50s/p) was crossed with a drug-sensiti ...	2002	12121922
high diversity and rapid changeover of expressed var genes during the acute phase of plasmodium falciparum infections in human volunteers.	plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (pfemp1) proteins expressed on the surface of p. falciparum-infected erythrocytes undergo antigenic variation by switching the gene expressed within a repertoire of approximately 50 var genes per haploid genome. the switching of pfemp1 plays an important role in the survival and pathogenesis of the parasite. to understand how a parasite switches its var gene expression in human infections, we investigated the composition and change of var gene ...	2002	12142467
post-bloodmeal diuretic shedding of hepatitis b virus by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).	persistence and diuretic shedding of hepatitis b virus (hbv) by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) was studied by using infectious blood feedings, intrathoracic inoculations, and detection of virus by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern hybridization. results showed that both anopheles stephensi liston and ochlerotatus triseriatus (say) shed hbv during diuresis for up to 72 h after feeding on an hbv-positive serum drawn from a human donor. hbv did not persist in the bodies of either an. st ...	2002	12144291
bee venom phospholipase inhibits malaria parasite development in transgenic mosquitoes.	malaria kills millions of people every year, and new control measures are urgently needed. the recent demonstration that (effector) genes can be introduced into the mosquito germ line to diminish their ability to transmit the malaria parasite offers new hope toward the fight of the disease (ito, j., ghosh, a., moreira, l. a., wimmer, e. a. & jacobs-lorena, m. (2002) nature, 417, 452-455). because of the high selection pressure that an effector gene imposes on the parasite population, development ...	2002	12167627
short-term antigen presentation and single clonal burst limit the magnitude of the cd8(+) t cell responses to malaria liver stages.	malaria sporozoites induce swift activation of antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells that inhibit the intracellular development of liver-stage parasites. the length of time of functional in vivo antigen presentation, estimated by monitoring the activation of antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells, is of short duration, with maximum t cell activation occurring within the first 8 h after immunization and lasting approximately 48 h. although the magnitude of the cd8(+) t cell response closely correlates with th ...	2002	12185251
two new triterpenoids from azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activity.	two new triterpenoids, 22,23-dihydronimocinol (1) and desfurano-6alpha-hydroxyazadiradione (2), were isolated from a methanolic extract of the fresh leaves of azadirachta indica (neem) along with a known meliacin, 7alpha-senecioyl-(7-deacetyl)-23-o-methylnimocinolide. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated through spectral and chemical studies. compounds 1 and 2 showed mortality for fourth instar larvae of the mosquito (anopheles stephensi), with lc(50) values of 60 and 43 ppm, respectively.	2002	12193038
effect of anti-mosquito hemolymph antibodies on fecundity and on the infectivity of malarial parasite plasmodium vivax to anopheles stephensi (diptera:insecta).	rabbit antibodies to hemolymph antigens (102.5, 101, 100, 96, 88, 80, 64, 55, 43, 29, and 23 kda) of anopheles stephensi reduced fecundity as well as viability in an. stephensi. however, ingestion of these antibodies was not associated with a marked effect on the engorgement of mosquitoes but egg laying was significantly delayed. antisera raised against hemolymph proteins were also used to identify cross reactive antigens/epitopes present in other tissues by western blotting, as well as by in vi ...	2002	12195047
immuno-electron microscopic observation of plasmodium berghei ctrp localization in the midgut of the vector mosquito anopheles stephensi.	the subcellular localization of plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (pbctrp) in the invasive stage ookinete of p. berghei was studied in the midgut of anopheles stephensi by immuno-electron microscopic observations using polyclonal antibodies and immuno-gold labeling. pbctrp was found to be associated with the micronemes of a mature ookinete throughout the movement from the endoperitrophic space to the basal lamina of the midgut epithelium. pbc ...	2002	12197111
implications of time bomb model of ookinete invasion of midgut cells.	in this review, we describe the experimental observations that led us to propose the time bomb model of ookinete midgut invasion and discuss potential implications of this model when considering malaria transmission-blocking strategies aimed at arresting parasite development within midgut cells. a detailed analysis of the molecular interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut epithelial cells and plasmodium berghei parasites, as they migrate through midgut cells, revealed that ookinetes induc ...	2002	12225921
cdna cloning, functional expression and characterization of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (k3h) is a nadph-dependent flavin monooxygenase involved in the tryptophan pathway. xanthurenic acid (xa) is a metabolite of this pathway and has recently been identified as a gamete activating factor (gaf) of the malarial parasite. we cloned k3h cdna from anopheles stephensi (ask3h), because anopheline mosquitoes are a vector of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum and the catalytic function of ask3h in xa production. recombinant ask3h protein was expressed ...	2002	12230548
cloning and characterization of an insecticidal crystal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kenyae.	a sporulating culture of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae strain hd549 is toxic to larvae of lepidopteran insect species such as spodoptera litura, helicoverpa armigera and phthorimaea operculella, and a dipteran insect, culex fatigans. a 1.9-kb dna fragment, pcr-amplified from hd549 using cryii-gene-specific primers, was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the recombinant protein produced 92% mortality in first-instar larvae of spodoptera litura and 86% inhibition of adult emergence in phthori ...	2002	12357073
prevention of malaria in afghanistan through social marketing of insecticide-treated nets: evaluation of coverage and effectiveness by cross-sectional surveys and passive surveillance.	malaria is often a major health problem in countries undergoing war or conflict owing to breakdown of health systems, displacement of vulnerable populations, and the increased risk of epidemics. after 23 years of conflict, malaria has become prevalent in many rural areas of afghanistan. from 1993 to the present, a network of non-governmental organizations, co-ordinated by healthnet international, has operated a programme of bednet sales and re-treatment in lowland areas. to examine whether a str ...	2002	12358615
merozoite surface protein 1-specific immune response is protective against exoerythrocytic forms of plasmodium yoelii.	one of the difficulties in developing an effective malaria vaccine is the antigenic change of the parasite during the life cycle. it is desirable that vaccine-induced protective immunity be effective at different stages of parasite development. merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) is a candidate vaccine antigen against blood-stage malaria, but it is also expressed in the exoerythrocytic forms. it was not known, however, whether the anti-msp1 immune response is effective against the liver-stage mal ...	2002	12379684
disseminated candidiasis and hepatic malarial infection in mannose-binding-lectin-a-deficient mice.	to examine the physiological functions of mannose-binding lectin a (mbl-a), we generated mice that were deficient in mbl-a and examined their susceptibilities to the microbial pathogens candida albicans and plasmodium yoelii, an accepted experimental malaria model in mouse. we found no differences in the survival rates and fungal burdens of wild-type and mbl-a(-/-) mice with disseminated c. albicans infection. the two mouse strains were also similar in their abilities to resist hepatic accumulat ...	2002	12417723
novel cost-effective method of screening soils for the presence of mosquito-pathogenic bacilli.	the aim was to simplify the cumbersome conventional process of isolating virulent bacilli, which involves isolating all bacilli strains from a source followed by screening for strains that are effective for bio-control of mosquito vectors.	2002	12460424
potential of the panama strain of plasmodium vivax for the testing of malarial vaccines in aotus nancymai monkeys.	aotus monkeys were infected with a strain of plasmodium vivax from panama to determine its potential for the testing of malarial vaccines. after sporozoite inoculation, 3 splenectomized aotus nancymai that had been infected previously with plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax had prepatent periods of 13, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 12,726/microl, 5,310/microl, and 9,180/microl. three other a. nancymai previously infected with p. falciparum only had prepatent periods of 17, 15, ...	2002	12479543
insecticide-treated plastic tarpaulins for control of malaria vectors in refugee camps.	spraying of canvas tents with residual pyrethroid insecticide is an established method of malaria vector control in tented refugee camps. in recent years, plastic sheeting (polythene tarpaulins) has replaced canvas as the utilitarian shelter material for displaced populations in complex emergencies. advances in technology enable polythene sheeting to be impregnated with pyrethroid during manufacture. the efficacy of such material against mosquitoes when erected as shelters under typical refugee ...	2002	12510893
malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya.	the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ...	2002	12537599
ovary specific immune response during plasmodium yoelii yoelii infection in malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera:insecta).	innate immune related polypeptides expression during three gonotrophic cycles in the ovaries of major disease vector mosquito a. stephensi has been analyzed following infection by malaria parasite, p. yoelii yoelii. seventeen polypeptides were induced in the ovaries of various stages due to parasitic infection. most of proteins were induced systemically during early stages of infection suggesting the possibility of immune related signalling process. the reduction in the quantity of protein conte ...	2002	12622212
anopheline vectors and malaria transmission in eastern afghanistan.	anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were studied in 2 river-irrigated, rice-growing districts of eastern afghanistan from may 1995 to december 1996. clinical malaria was monitored in 12 rural villages (population 14,538) by passive case detection at local clinics. adult mosquitoes were collected by space-spraying of living quarters and stables and by cattle bait catches. mosquito head-thoraces (17,255 specimens) were tested for plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax circumsporozoite protein ...	2002	12625136
plasmodium knowlesi provides a rapid in vitro and in vivo transfection system that enables double-crossover gene knockout studies.	transfection technology for malaria parasites provides a valuable tool for analyzing gene function and correlating genotype with phenotype. transfection models are even more valuable when appropriate animal models are available in addition to complete in vitro systems to be able to fully analyze parasite-host interactions. here we describe the development of such a model by using the nonhuman primate malaria plasmodium knowlesi. blood-stage parasites were adapted to long-term in vitro culture. i ...	2002	11796595
piggybac-mediated germline transformation of the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi using the red fluorescent protein dsred as a selectable marker.	it is estimated that every year malaria infects approximately 300 million people and accounts for the death of 2 million individuals. the plasmodium parasites that cause malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by mosquito species belonging to the anopheles genus. the recent development of a gene transfer technology for anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, using the minos transposable element marked with the enhanced green fluorescent protein egfp (catteruccia, f., nolan, t., loukeris, t. g., bl ...	2002	11805082
abstracts of the fourth international symposium on molecular insect science. may 28-june 2, 2002. tucson, arizona, usa.		2002	15455051
role of esterases and monooxygenase in the deltamethrin resistance in anopheles stephensi giles (1908), at mysore.	field collected an. stephensi larvae were colonized in the laboratory for 15 generations and acclimatized. an isofemale line was raised from this colony and the larvae were subjected to continuous deltamethrin selection pressure. lc50 and lc90 values were calculated at every generation. the values indicated that at the end of seventh generation the larvae have developed 87 fold tolerance in terms of lc50 value compared with the first generation. the reason for this kind of resistance was analyze ...	2002	12622206
in situ hybridization to the rdl locus on polytene chromosome 3l of anopheles stephensi.	we are interested in generating a y-autosome translocation of the resistance to dieldrin (rdl) locus in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae), for use in sterile insect release. to ensure stability of the system, a recombination suppressing inversion can also be induced which encompasses the rdl locus. as a first step, here we report the cloning of fragments of the rdl gene from both an. stephensi and an. gambiae giles using degenerate primers in the polymer ...	2002	12510900
ruby-eye, a new autosomal mutant in the malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston.	anopheles stephensi, an important vector of malaria continues to be distributed widely in the indian subcontinent. this vector species has developed resistance for various insecticides. therefore, it is desirable to develop alternate strategy, which does not involve resistance. in order to develop such strategy, it is mandatory that genetic studies of concerned vector species should be established. this paper describes the isolation and genetic studies of an eye colour mutant, ruby-eye (ru), and ...	2002	12362559
effect of adult nutrition on the melanization immune response of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi.	two dietary resources - blood and sugar - were assessed for effects on the melanization immune response of the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) towards inoculated sephadex beads (negatively charged c-25). this melanization is conferred by genetic factors capable of making the mosquito refractory to malaria parasites. if an. stephensi females had obtained a bloodmeal one day before inoculation with a bead, the efficacy of their immune response increased with the concentrat ...	2002	12243233
pyrethroid susceptibility & enzyme activity in two malaria vectors, anopheles stephensi (liston) &. a. culicifacies (giles) from mysore, india.	anopheles stephensi and a. culicifacies are the two major vectors of malaria in karnataka. these mosquito populations are continuously being exposed directly or indirectly to different insecticides including the most effective pyrethroids. therefore, there is a threat of insecticide resistance development. we subjected these vectors to larval bioassay using two popular pyrethroids viz deltamethrin and permethrin. an attempt was also made to correlate the activities of certain detoxifying enzymes ...	2003	12866824
molecular evidence for a kdr-like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi.	the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) is the urban vector of malaria in several countries of the middle east and indian subcontinent. extensive use of residual insecticide spraying for malaria vector control has selected an. stephensi resistance to ddt, dieldrin, malathion and other organophosphates throughout much of its range and to pyrethroids in the middle east. metabolic resistance mechanisms and insensitivity to pyrethroids, so-called knockdown resistance (kdr), have ...	2003	12823830
studies on effects of pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston.	methanol extracts of pelargonium citrosa leaf were tested for their biological, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, antiovipositional activity, repellency and biting deterrency against anopheles stephensi. larval mortality was dose dependent with the highest dose of 4% plant extract evoking 98% mortality. the extracts affected pupicidal and adulticidal activity and significantly decreased fecundity and longevity of a. stephensi. the larval, pupal and adult development were completely inhibited b ...	2003	12699939
tetracyclic triterpenoids from the leaves of azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activities.	a new tetranortriterpenoid, meliatetraolenone [24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha-o-methyl, 7alpha-senecioyl(7-deacetyl)-11alpha,12alpha,21,23-tetrahydroxy-21,23-epoxy-2,14,20(22)-trien-1,16-dione] (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of fresh leaves of azadirachta indica along with the known compound odoratone (3) which was hitherto unreported from this source. their structures have been elucidated by spectral studies including 2d nmr. the insecticidal activities of 1 a ...	2003	12672995
ace inhibitors reduce fecundity in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi.	angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, which cleaves dipeptides and, in some instances, dipeptide or tripeptide amides from the c-terminus of regulatory peptides (e.g. angiotensin i, bradykinin and substance p). the expression of ace is highly regulated in insects, where it is thought to have a role in the metabolism of peptide hormones involved in regulating reproduction. after a blood meal, ace activity in the female mosquito anopheles stephensi, increases four-f ...	2003	12670786
alterations in polypeptides pattern in malaria vector anopheles stephensi, fed upon immunized blood causing fecundity reduction.	changes in polypeptides pattern of haemolymph, midgut, ovary and salivary glands of female mosquito a. stephensi were studied when fed upon anti-mosquito haemolymph antibodies. the expression of almost all polypeptides was reduced in haemolymph and ovary of the immune fed mosquitoes as compared to control. however, there was no significant difference in case of midgut and salivary glands. seven polypeptides 100, 90, 84, 80, 62, 19 and 12.5 kda were absent in haemolymph and five 92, 90, 80, 60 an ...	2003	15267145
[larval development in anopheles stephensi of oswaldofilaria bacillaris, filaria of south american caimans and new description of adults].		2003	4676864
analysis of the wild-type and mutant genes encoding the enzyme kynurenine monooxygenase of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kmo) catalyses the hydroxylation of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine. kmo has a key role in tryptophan catabolism and synthesis of ommochrome pigments in mosquitoes. the gene encoding this enzyme in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, is called kynurenine hydroxylase (kh) and a mutant allele that produces white eyes has been designated khw. a number of cdna clones representative of wild-type and mutant genes were isolated. sequence analyses of the wild-type and ...	2003	12974953
mosquito mortality and the evolution of malaria virulence.	several laboratory studies of malaria parasites (plasmodium sp.) and some field observations suggest that parasite virulence, defined as the harm a parasite causes to its vertebrate host, is positively correlated with transmission. given this advantage, what limits the continual evolution of higher parasite virulence? one possibility is that while more virulent strains are more infectious, they are also more lethal to mosquitoes. in this study, we tested whether the virulence of the rodent malar ...	2003	14761058
spiracular indices in anopheles stephensi: a taxonomic tool to identify ecological variants.	thoracic spiracle length and its index was examined for their ability to discriminate two ecological variants, type form and mysorensis, of anopheles stephensi in the adult stage. the type form is exclusively domestic in all seasons, whereas the mysorensis variant occupies the outdoor niche during monsoon and postmonsoon seasons, with spillover into domestic sites during summer ecological stress periods. a statistically significant co-relation was established between the ridge count of the egg a ...	2003	14765648
mosquito larval consumption of toxic arborescent leaf-litter, and its biocontrol potential.	previously we described the mosquito larvicidal properties of decomposed leaf-litter from deciduous trees, especially the alder alnus glutinosa (l) gaertn., due to toxic polyphenols and other secondary compounds. to further examine the biocontrol potential of toxic leaf-litter for mosquito control, feeding rates of third-instar mosquito larvae were assessed for examples of three genera: anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l) and culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae). when immersed in a su ...	2003	12823832
exploring the salivary gland transcriptome and proteome of the anopheles stephensi mosquito.	anopheles stephensi is the main urban mosquito vector of malaria in the indian subcontinent, and belongs to the same subgenus as anopheles gambiae, the main malaria vector in africa. recently the genome and proteome sets of an. gambiae have been described, as well as several protein sequences expressed in its salivary glands, some of which had their expression confirmed by amino terminal sequencing. in this paper, we randomly sequenced a full-length cdna library of an. stephensi and performed ed ...	2003	12826099
experimental transmission of chikungunya virus by anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	the ades aegypti mosquito has been considered the principal vector of chikungunya (chik) virus. as chik epidemics usually occur in urban regions and anopheles stephensi is another highly endophilic and anthropophilic mosquito, there is a very high probability of this mosquito to feed on chik virus-infected patients, to pick up and transmit the virus. therefore the present study was conducted to test the chik virus transmission capability for the a. stephensi mosquito. the obtained results showed ...	2003	12828344
in vitro activities of 25 quinolones and fluoroquinolones against liver and blood stage plasmodium spp.	the in vitro activities of 25 quinolones and fluoroquinolones against erythrocytic stages of plasmodium falciparum and against liver stages of plasmodium yoelii yoelii and p. falciparum were studied. all compounds were inhibitory for chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant p. falciparum grown in red blood cells. this inhibitory effect increased with prolonged incubation and according to the logarithm of the drug concentration. grepafloxacin, trovafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were the most ...	2003	12878530
the influence of malaria parasite genetic diversity and anaemia on mosquito feeding and fecundity.	studies of invertebrate-parasite interactions frequently report that infection reduces host fecundity. the extent of the reduction is likely to be determined by a wide range of host and parasite factors. we conducted a laboratory experiment to evaluate the role of parasite genetics and infection genetic diversity on the fecundity of mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites. the malaria vector anopheles stephensi was infected with either of 2 different genotypes of the rodent malaria parasite plasmo ...	2003	12885184
stable and heritable gene silencing in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi.	heritable rna interference (rnai), triggered from stably expressed transgenes with an inverted repeat (ir) configuration, is an important tool for reverse genetic studies. here we report on the development of stable rnai in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, the major vector of human malaria in asia. trans genic mosquitoes stably expressing a rnai transgene, designed to produce intron-spliced double-stranded rna (dsrna) targeting the green fluorescent protein egfp gene, were crossed to an egfp-expr ...	2003	12888537
the dynamics of interactions between plasmodium and the mosquito: a study of the infectivity of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium gallinaceum, and their transmission by anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti.	knowledge of parasite-mosquito interactions is essential to develop strategies that will reduce malaria transmission through the mosquito vector. in this study we investigated the development of two model malaria parasites, plasmodium berghei and plasmodium gallinaceum, in three mosquito species anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti. new methods to study gamete production in vivo in combination with gfp-expressing ookinetes were employed to measure the large losses incurred by ...	2003	12906877
the histone-like c-terminal extension in ribosomal protein s6 in aedes and anopheles mosquitoes is encoded within the distal portion of exon 3.	in eukaryotic cells, ribosomal protein s6 (rps6) is the major phosphorylated protein on the small ribosomal subunit. in the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, the cdna encoding rps6 contains 300 additional nucleotides, relative to the drosophila homolog. the additional sequence encodes a 100-amino acid, lysine-rich c-terminal extension of the rps6 protein with 42-49% identity to histone h1 proteins from the chicken and other multicellular organisms. using mass spectrometry we now sho ...	2003	12915181
attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects.	the mosquitoes anopheles stephensi liston and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans linnaeus (diptera: muscidae) and the biting midge culicoides nubeculosus meigen (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were allowed to feed on either lumpy skin disease (lsd) infected animals or through a membrane on a bloodmeal containing lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv). these arthropods were then allowed to refeed on susceptible cattle at various intervals after the infective f ...	2003	12941014
synthesis and repellent efficacy of a new chiral piperidine analog: comparison with deet and bayrepel activity in human-volunteer laboratory assays against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.	optically active (1s,2's)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (ss220) is a new synthetic arthropod repellent. a three-step synthesis based on a chiral diels-alder reaction and diastereomeric resolution of 2-methylpiperidine was developed to prepare the compound. quantitative laboratory assays using human volunteers compared the effectiveness of ss220 with the commonly used repellents deet and bayrepel against aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and anopheles stephensi liston mosquitoes. in two e ...	2003	12943107
the energetic budget of anopheles stephensi infected with plasmodium chabaudi: is energy depletion a mechanism for virulence?	evidence continues to accumulate showing that the malaria parasites (plasmodium spp.) reduce the survival and fecundity of their mosquito vectors (anopheles spp.). our ability to identify the possible epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of these parasite-induced fitness reductions has been hampered by a poor understanding of the physiological basis of these shifts. here, we explore whether the reductions in fecundity and longevity are the result of a parasite-mediated depletion or real ...	2003	12965027
role of wastewater irrigation in mosquito breeding in south punjab, pakistan.	mosquito breeding within the wastewater irrigation system around the town of haroonabad in the southern punjab, pakistan, was studied from july to september 2000 as part of a wider study of the costs and benefits of wastewater use in agriculture. the objective of this study was to assess the vector-borne human disease risks associated with mosquito species utilizing wastewater for breeding. mosquito larvae were collected on a fortnightly basis from components of the wastewater disposal system an ...	2003	12971517
novel fermentation media for production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (debarjac) (bti) as a biopesticide is not cost-effective using existing fermentation technology. in this study, we explored the use of several less expensive alternative culture media (potato, common sugar, and bengal gram) for the growth and production of bti. growth was obtained in all tested media and was comparable to that obtained in conventional medium (luria-bertani). toxicity assays showed that the toxin produced from the novel ...	2003	14503573
induction of protective immunity against malaria by priming-boosting immunization with recombinant cold-adapted influenza and modified vaccinia ankara viruses expressing a cd8+-t-cell epitope derived from the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium yoelii.	we immunized mice with an attenuated (cold-adapted) influenza virus followed by an attenuated vaccinia virus (modified vaccinia virus ankara), both expressing a cd8(+)-t-cell epitope derived from malaria sporozoites. this vaccination regimen elicited high levels of protection against malaria. this is the first time that the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant cold-adapted influenza virus vector expressing a foreign antigen has been evaluated.	2003	14557672
infection of malaria (anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae.	current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes.	2003	14565851
sites of interaction between aldolase and thrombospondin-related anonymous protein in plasmodium.	gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites are empowered by an acto-myosin motor located underneath the parasite plasma membrane. the motor is connected to host cell receptors through trans-membrane invasins belonging to the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap) family. a recent study indicates that aldolase bridges the cytoplasmic tail of mic2, the homologous trap protein in toxoplasma, and actin. here, we confirm these unexpected findings in plasmodium sporozoi ...	2003	14595113
monoclonal antibody mg96 completely blocks plasmodium yoelii development in anopheles stephensi.	in spite of research efforts to develop vaccines against the causative agent of human malaria, plasmodium falciparum, effective control remains elusive. the predominant vaccine strategy focuses on targeting parasite blood stages in the vertebrate host. an alternative approach has been the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs). tbvs target antigens on parasite sexual stages that persist within the insect vector, anopheline mosquitoes, or target mosquito midgut proteins that are pre ...	2003	14638789
cry29a and cry30a: two novel delta-endotoxins isolated from bacillus thuringiensis serovar medellin.	two novel crystal protein genes from a highly mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis serovar medellin strain were cloned and sequenced. the corresponding proteins, cry29a and cry30a, were nontoxic when tested individually against the mosquito species bioassayed (aedes aegypti, culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi). however, cry29a synergized the toxicity of cry11bb against aedes aegypti by a four-fold factor.	2003	14666976
effects of mating on oogenesis induced by amino acid infusion, amino acid feeding, or blood feeding in the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	hemocoel infusion of an amino acid mixture at a concentration of 7.5% and 10% (wt:vol) for 24 h rarely activated ovarian development in either mated or unmated females of anopheles stephensi liston. infusion of either concentration mixture for 48 h into unmated females was also scarcely stimulatory, but the same 48 h infusion into mated females resulted in ovarian maturation in 25% (7.5% mixture) or in 78% (10% mixture) of the infused specimens. similarly, feeding on an amino acid mixture (7.5%) ...	2003	14680108
[assay of haemolymph protein concentration in anopheles stephensi].	to ascertain the changes of haemolymph protein concentration in adult anopheles stephensi mosquitoes under different feeding conditions.	2003	15108524
interrupting malaria transmission by genetic manipulation of anopheline mosquitoes.	malaria ranks among the deadliest infectious diseases that kills more than one million persons every year. the mosquito is an obligatory vector for malaria transmission. in the mosquito, plasmodium undergoes a complex series of developmental events that includes transformation into several distinct morphological forms and the crossing of two different epithelia--midgut and salivary gland. circumstantial evidence suggests that crossing of the epithelia requires specific interactions between plasm ...	2003	15119075
p elements are found in the genomes of nematoceran insects of the genus anopheles.	we report the identification of genomic sequences in various anopheline mosquitoes (family culicidae: suborder nematocera: order diptera) showing homology to the class ii, short inverted-terminal-repeat (itr) transposable element p from drosophila melanogaster (family drosophilidae; suborder brachycera: order diptera). anopheles gambiae appears to have at least six distinct p elements. other anopheline species, including four additional members of the an. gambiae species complex (an. arabiensis, ...	2003	12650686
transformation of sporozoites into early exoerythrocytic malaria parasites does not require host cells.	malaria parasite species that infect mammals, including humans, must first take up residence in hepatic host cells as exoerythrocytic forms (eef) before initiating infection of red blood cells that leads to malaria disease. despite the importance of hepatic stages for immunity against malaria, little is known about their biology and antigenic composition. here, we show that sporozoites, the parasites' transmission stage that resides in the mosquito vector salivary glands, can transform into earl ...	2003	12707302
comparative analysis of dna vectors at mediating rnai in anopheles mosquito cells and larvae.	heritable rna interference (rnai) mediated by transgenes exhibiting dyad symmetry represents an important tool to study the function of genes expressed at late developmental stages. in this study, we determined whether the transcriptional machinery of anopheles mosquitoes is capable of directing suppression of gene expression from dna constructs designed to transcribe double-stranded rna (dsrna) as extended hairpin-loop rnas. a series of dna vectors containing sense and antisense regions of the ...	2003	12728003
plasmodium yoelii: semiquantitative analyses of circumsporozoite protein gene expression during the sporogonic development of p. y. yoelii and p. y. nigeriensis in the mosquito vector anopheles stephensi.	malaria infection in the mosquito vector can be modulated by the vertebrate host, mosquito factors, and interactions between different parasite populations. modulation of parasite development can be assessed through the study of gene expression. the present report describes a specific, sensitive, and nonradioactive method that permits assessment of parasite load and quantification of circumsporozoite protein gene expression during the sporogonic stages of plasmodium yoelii yoelii and p. y. niger ...	2003	12760638
mammalian transforming growth factor beta1 activated after ingestion by anopheles stephensi modulates mosquito immunity.	during the process of bloodfeeding by anopheles stephensi, mammalian latent transforming growth factor beta1 (tgf-beta1) is ingested and activated rapidly in the mosquito midgut. activation may involve heme and nitric oxide (no), agents released in the midgut during blood digestion and catalysis of l-arginine oxidation by a. stephensi no synthase (asnos). active tgf-beta1 persists in the mosquito midgut to extended times postingestion and is recognized by mosquito cells as a cytokine. in a manne ...	2003	12761076
circulating concentrations of soluble granzyme a and b increase during natural and experimental plasmodium falciparum infections.	release of soluble granzymes (sgranzymes) is considered to reflect activation of cytotoxic t lymphocytes and nk cells. sgranzymes and a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma of malaria patients with natural or experimentally induced plasmodium falciparum infections. concentrations of sgranzyme a and b, il-10, il-12p70 and crp were significantly increased in african children presenting with clinical malaria; il-10 and crp concentrations were significantly correlated with di ...	2003	12780694
malaria blood stage suppression of liver stage immunity by dendritic cells.	malaria starts with plasmodium sporozoites infection of the host's liver, where development into blood stage parasites occurs. it is not clear why natural infections do not induce protection against the initial liver stage and generate low cd8+ t cell responses. using a rodent malaria model, we show that plasmodium blood stage infection suppresses cd8+ t cell immune responses that were induced against the initial liver stage. blood stage plasmodium affects dendritic cell (dc) functions, inhibiti ...	2003	12538654
genetics of mefloquine resistance in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi.	the genetic determinants of resistance to mefloquine in malaria parasites are unclear. some studies have implied that amplification of, or mutations in, the multidrug resistance gene pfmdr1 in plasmodium falciparum may be involved. using the rodent malaria model plasmodium chabaudi, we investigated the role of the orthologue of this gene, pcmdr1, in a stable mefloquine-resistant mutant, as(15mf/3), selected from a sensitive clone. pcmdr1 exists as a single copy gene on chromosome 12 of the sensi ...	2003	12543682
isolation of a pseudomonas fluorescens metabolite/exotoxin active against both larvae and pupae of vector mosquitoes.	a formulation was developed from the metabolite(s) of a novel pseudomonas fluorescens migula strain (vcrc b426) and tested against 4th-instar larvae and pupae of three species of vector mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi liston, culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l). the larvae and pupae of an. stephensi were the most susceptible to the formulation, followed by those of c. quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti, in that order, and the dosage requirement for pupal mortality was less than that r ...	2003	12558096
impact of genetic manipulation on the fitness of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	genetic modification of mosquitoes offers exciting possibilities for controlling malaria, but success will depend on how transformation affects the fitness of modified insects. the expression of an exogenous gene, the mutations caused by its insertion, and inbreeding while transformed lines are established can all lead to reductions in fitness. factors influencing fitness were investigated in cage experiments with four lines of transgenic anopheles stephensi, a vector species of human malaria. t ...	2003	12595691
sex-specific and blood meal-induced proteins of anopheles gambiae midguts: analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.	anopheles gambiae is the main vector of plasmodium falciparum in africa. the mosquito midgut constitutes a barrier that the parasite must cross if it is to develop and be transmitted. despite the central role of the mosquito midgut in the host/parasite interaction, little is known about its protein composition. characterisation of an. gambiae midgut proteins may identify the proteins that render an. gambiae receptive to the malaria parasite.	2003	12605724
nitric oxide contributes to induction of innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria in drosophila.	studies in mammals uncovered important signaling roles of nitric oxide (no), and contributions to innate immunity. suggestions of conservation led us to explore the involvement of no in drosophila innate immunity. inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (nos) increased larval sensitivity to gram-negative bacterial infection, and abrogated induction of the antimicrobial peptide diptericin. nos was up-regulated after infection. antimicrobial peptide reporters revealed that no triggered an immune respo ...	2003	12514104
blocking of malaria parasite development in mosquito and fecundity reduction by midgut antibodies in anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	rabbits were immunized three times with extracts of anopheles stephensi midgut. immunized rabbits showed a high titer of antibodies when characterized by elisa. we investigated the effect of anti-mosquito midgut antibodies on mosquito fecundity, longevity, mortality, engorgement, and the development of the malaria parasite in mosquitoes. fecundity was reduced significantly (38%) and similarly hatchability by about 43.5%. there was no statistically significant effect on mortality, longevity, and ...	2003	12529861
the peritrophic matrix limits the rate of digestion in adult anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	the peritrophic matrix (pm) is a chitin-containing acellular sheath that surrounds the blood meal and separates the food bolus from the midgut epithelium. intense molecular traffic through the pm occurs during digestion. digestive enzymes secreted by the midgut epithelium must traverse the pm to reach their substrates in the food bolus, and digestion products must cross the pm in the opposite direction to be absorbed by the epithelial cells. here we report that the pm limits the rate of digestio ...	2003	14511821
laboratory studies on the predatory potential of dragon-fly nymphs on mosquito larvae.	biocontrol potential of dragonfly nymph, brachythemis contaminata fabricius against the larvae of anopheles stephensi, culex. quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. it was found that dragonfly nymph had highest predation efficacy against an. stephensi followed by cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. feeding rate increased with decrease in prey size/stage. analysis of data indicated that dragonfly nymphs have good predatory potential and can be used as a biol ...	2003	15562955
photoelectric sensing device for recording mosquito host-seeking behavior in the laboratory.	a new automatic device for recording the host-seeking behavior of mosquitoes was designed using photoelectric sensors. the host-seeking rhythms of several species of mosquitoes were recorded under laboratory conditions. use of co2, in addition to heating and black color to activate mosquito flight, proved to be important for evaluation of the present recording device. the diel rhythms of nonblood-fed aedes albopictus (skuse), aedes aegypti (l.), culex quinquefasciatus say, culex tritaeniorhynchu ...	2004	15535615
mosquito larvicidal properties of essential oil of an indigenous plant, ipomoea cairica linn.	laboratory bioassay of the essential oil extracted from an indigenous plant, ipomoea cairica, commonly known as 'railway creeper', was carried out against the larvae of four vector species of mosquitoes in order to evaluate its mosquito larvicidal effect. bioassay test revealed that the essential oil of the plant possess remarkable larvicidal properties as it could induce 100% mortality in the larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus (100 ppm), aedes aegypti (120 ppm), anopheles stephensi (120 ppm), an ...	2004	15329451
in vitro repellency of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide analogs against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	seventeen analogs of the repellent compounds n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) were evaluated in vitro for repellency against laboratory-reared aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston mosquitoes by using a modified membrane blood feeding test system. the system was a valuable tool for comparing the effective concentrations of the repellent analogs. additionally, this method used easily controlled test conditions, allowing completion of the many ...	2004	15185946
laboratory evaluation of methanolic extract of atlantia monophylla (family: rutaceae) against immature stages of mosquitoes and non-target organisms.	methanolic extracts of the leaves of atlantia monophylla (rutaceae) were evaluated for mosquitocidal activity against immature stages of three mosquito species, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and aedes aegypti in the laboratory. larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus and pupae of an. stephensi were found more susceptible, with lc50 values of 0.14 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l, respectively. insect growth regulating activity of this extract was more pronounced against ae. aegypti, with ei50 value 0.00 ...	2004	15057359
predatory potential of nepa cinerea against mosquito larvae in laboratory conditions.	biocontrol potential of nepidae bug, nepa cinerea against immature stages of anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. it was found that n. cinerea had the highest predation against an. stephensi followed by an. culicifacies, cmx quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. from the analysis, it was found that n. cinerea has good predation efficacy. it can be used as a biological control agent to control of mosquito breedi ...	2004	16295671