Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| salmonella abortusequi strains of equine origin harbor a 95kb plasmid responsible for virulence in mice. | most salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar abortusequi strains of equine origin harbor a 95kb plasmid, psa95. results of pcr and southern blot analysis suggest that psa95 contains spv genes. a psa95-cured strain of s. abortusequi was 48 times less virulent to mice than its parental strain. virulence was restored by reintroduction of psa95. these results provide clear evidence that psa95 confers virulence on s. abortusequi in mice. this is the first report describing a virulence pla ... | 1999 | 10510045 |
| interaction of salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella dublin and salmonella typhimurium with porcine and bovine terminal ileum in vivo. | quantitative experiments on the interaction of salmonella choleraesuis and salmonella dublin with porcine and bovine intestinal epithelia yielded no evidence to suggest that host restriction of s. choleraesuis and s. dublin for pigs and calves respectively could be explained in terms of the patterns of intestinal invasion observed in ligated ileal loops in vivo, at 3 h after challenge. no evidence was found to support the idea that peyer's patches, or specifically m cells, are the major route of ... | 1999 | 10517596 |
| identification of o-antigen polymerase transcription and translation start signals and visualization of the protein in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | the wzy/rfc gene, encoding the o-antigen polymerase, of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been previously cloned and sequenced. in the present work, the wzy transcriptional startpoint was initially identified by primer extension. next, wzy promoter strength in escherichia coli k-12 was measured, and was found to be greater than that of the induced lac promoter. to define the wzy translational startpoint, dna including the wzy promoter and the putative first five residues of the wzy pro ... | 1999 | 10517597 |
| multidrug-resistant salmonella associated with ampc hyperproduction. | 1999 | 10525002 | |
| analysis of virulence of clinical isolates of salmonella enteritidis in vivo and in vitro. | salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major food-borne pathogen, and its incidence among all salmonella serotypes has increased dramatically in the last two decades. to study the virulence characteristics of clinical isolates of s. enteritidis, we determined the 50% lethal doses (ld(50)) in mice of isolates of two major phage types (4 and 8). isolates of both phage types showed a wide range of ld(50) after oral inoculation, varying from under 10(2) organisms to over 10(8 ... | 1999 | 10531212 |
| analysis of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium by phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | three typing methods commonly used for bacteria--phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge)- were used to characterise 64 salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from individual adult patients from nairobi, kenya. the isolates encompassed 11 definitive phage types (dts), which fell into eight pfge clusters; 31.3% of isolates were either untypable or reacted nonspecifically with the phages used for typing and 26.6% were of dt 56. plasmids of c ... | 1999 | 10535649 |
| colonisation of the chicken caecum by afimbriate and aflagellate derivatives of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis. | a semi-quantitative cloacal-swab method was used as an indirect measure of caecal colonisation of one-day old and five-day old chicks after oral dosing with wild-type salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pt4 and genetically defined isogenic derivatives lacking the ability to elaborate flagella or fimbriae. birds of both ages were readily and persistently colonised by all strains although there was a decline in shedding by the older birds after about 21 days. there were no significant differen ... | 1999 | 10535772 |
| activation of the cryptic aac(6')-iy aminoglycoside resistance gene of salmonella by a chromosomal deletion generating a transcriptional fusion. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis bm4361 and bm4362 were isolated from the same patient. bm4361 was susceptible to aminoglycosides, whereas bm4362 was resistant to tobramycin owing to synthesis of a 6'-n-acetyltransferase type i [aac(6')-i]. comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and southern hybridizations indicated that the chromosomal aac(6')-iy genes for the enzyme in both strains were identical and that bm4362 derived ... | 1999 | 10542165 |
| potential of three-way randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis as a typing method for twelve salmonella serotypes. | the potential of a three-way randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) procedure (rapd typing) for typing salmonella enterica strains assigned to 12 serotypes was analyzed. the series of organisms used included 235 strains (326 isolates) collected mainly from clinical samples in the principality of asturias and 9 reference strains. rapd typing was performed directly with broth cultures of bacteria by using three selected primers and optimized pcr conditions. the profiles obtained with the three ... | 1999 | 10543793 |
| an outbreak of multidrug-resistant, quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104. | food-borne salmonella infections have become a major problem in industrialized countries. the strain of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium known as definitive phage type 104 (dt104) is usually resistant to five drugs: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. an increasing proportion of dt104 isolates also have reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. | 1999 | 10547404 |
| hyporesponsiveness of the systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in chickens infected with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis at one day of age. | newly hatched chicks lack immunological maturity, which could compromise their ability to respond to infection by pathogens such as salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis; se). a study was conducted in which chicks were infected with a sublethal dose of se at 1 d posthatch, and the systemic and intestinal immune responses to the challenge were followed over time. birds infected at this age experienced difficulty in clearing the infection, and 50% of the individual birds remained ... | 1999 | 10560822 |
| genetic rearrangements in the tyrb-uvra region of the enterobacterial chromosome: a potential cause for different class b acid phosphatase regulation in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli. | unlike in escherichia coli, in salmonella enterica production of class b acid phosphatase (apha) was detectable also in cells growing in the presence of glucose. characterization of the apha locus from a s. enterica ser. typhi strain showed that the apha determinant is very similar to the e. coli homolog, and that its chromosomal location between the highly conserved tyrb and uvra genes is retained. however, the apha flanking regions were found to be markedly different in the two species, either ... | 1999 | 10564784 |
| harmonization of antibiotic susceptibility testing for salmonella: results of a study by 18 national reference laboratories within the european union-funded enter-net group. | for the effective surveillance of antimicrobial drug resistance within salmonella organisms from humans, harmonization of methods used for sensitivity testing by laboratories responsible for the typing of such organisms is essential. a study of resistance or sensitivity to a panel of 11 antimicrobials by the enter-net international surveillance network was therefore undertaken. there are 18 national salmonella reference laboratories within this european union-funded network. forty-eight strains ... | 1999 | 10566869 |
| identification of a putative salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium host range factor with homology to ipah and yopm by signature-tagged mutagenesis. | the genetic basis for the host adaptation of salmonella serotypes is currently unknown. we have explored a new strategy to identify salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) genes involved in host adaptation, by comparing the virulence of 260 randomly generated signature-tagged mutants during the oral infection of mice and calves. this screen identified four mutants, which were defective for colonization of only one of the two host species tested. one mutant, which only displayed ... | 1999 | 10569754 |
| chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. | chlamydiae are obligatory intracellular parasites which are responsible for various acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans. the outer membrane of the chlamydial cell wall contains a truncated lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigen, which harbors a group-specific epitope being composed of a trisaccharide of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic (kdo) residues of the sequence alpha-kdo-(2-->8)-alpha-kdo-(2-->4)-alpha-kdo. the chemical structure was established using lps of recombinant escherichia col ... | 1999 | 10571027 |
| prevalence of enterotoxin gene (stn) among different serovars of salmonella. | the prevalence of salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene among different salmonella serovars by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and its status of expression on the chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells were investigated. all the 26 strains of salmonella enterica such as serovars typhimurium, enteritidis, dublin, typhi, newport, weltevreden, gallinarum, etc. investigated in this study were found to carry stn gene as examined by the pcr and gene probe. however, only a limited number of stn positive s ... | 1999 | 10573653 |
| dot-elisa for detection of salmonella enterotoxin. | nineteen strains of salmonella enterica belonging to seven serovars and two strains of s. bongori were investigated for enterotoxin production by the chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell assay and dot-elisa. all the 19 strains were found to carry stn gene when tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using specific primers for stn sequence. thirteen strains (68.42%) were found to produce salmonella enterotoxin (stn) when tested by the cho cell assay. dot-elisa could detect stn in 16 strains (84.21% ... | 1999 | 10573654 |
| the activity of a putative polyisoprenol-linked sugar translocase (wzx) involved in escherichia coli o antigen assembly is independent of the chemical structure of the o repeat. | during o antigen lipopolysaccharide (lps) synthesis in bacteria, transmembrane migration of undecaprenylpyrophosphate (und-p-p)-bound o antigen subunits occurs before their polymerization and ligation to the rest of the lps molecule. despite the general nature of the translocation process, putative o-antigen translocases display a low level of amino acid sequence similarity. in this work, we investigated whether complete o antigen subunits are required for translocation. we demonstrate that a si ... | 1999 | 10574995 |
| epidemiology of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in southern italy in the period january 1995-june 1998. | 1999 | 10596426 | |
| [the epidemiology of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in southern italy in 1980-98: the contribution of molecular typing]. | 1999 | 10596439 | |
| [increase of bacterial resistance in human medicine by resistance genes of bacteria from meat supplying animals]. | two different groups of bacteria carrying genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics may be transmitted from animals to humans via food products: a.) obligate infectious agents (enteric pathogens, e.g. salmonella enterica spp., campylobacter spp., ehec) and b) facultative pathogenic species (e.g. e. coli, enterococci). thus far, it is unknown whether genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics from these bacteria may be transferred to bacteria in normal flora of the host. the transfers of gen ... | 1999 | 10598355 |
| clonal relationship of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phage type dt104 in germany and austria. | a new epidemic clone of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium designated definitive phage type (dt) 104 has been emerging since 1990 to become most common type among s. typhimurium isolates in germany and austria. molecular fingerprinting (pfge-pattern, plasmid profiles, is200 pattern, ribotype, eric-type, omp and mle patterns) revealed the majority of the dt104 isolates to have clonal identity; they were designated as type 1 (about 95%). moreover, clonal type 1 of dt104 was found to occur in ... | 1999 | 10603659 |
| mucosal competitive exclusion to reduce salmonella in swine. | a mucosal competitive exclusion culture has been shown to reduce or eliminate salmonella spp. in poultry. using similar techniques, a mucosal competitive exclusion culture from swine (mces) was produced from the cecum of a 6-week-old pig. suckling pigs were inoculated with 5 ml of mces by oral gavage within 6 h postfarrowing (pf) and again at 24 h pe all pigs were challenged with 10(3) cfu of salmonella choleraesuis at 48 h pf by intranasal instillation, including pigs from two sows that had not ... | 1999 | 10606140 |
| comparative pathology of bacterial enteric diseases of swine. | enteric bacterial infections are among the most common and economically significant diseases affecting swine production worldwide. clinical signs of these infections include diarrhea, reduced growth rate, weight loss, and death of preweaned, weanling, grower-finisher, young and adult age breeding animals. the most common etiological agents include escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, lawsonia intracellularis, salmonella enterica, and brachyspira (serpulina) spp. with the exception of brach ... | 1999 | 10659346 |
| norepinephrine stimulates in vitro growth but does not increase pathogenicity of salmonella choleraesuis in an in vivo model. | norepinephrine stimulates growth of escherichia coli, yersinia enterocolitica, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum-supplemented media, and in vivo increases in norepinephrine may be important in the pathogenesis of sepsis by gram-negative bacteria. because salmonellosis often is associated with stress, the effects of norepinephrine on in vitro growth, and in vivo pathogenicity of the swine pathogen salmonella choleraesuis were investigated. when rpmi 1640 with and without pig serum was inoculate ... | 1999 | 10659366 |
| prophylactic administration of immune lymphokine derived from t cells of salmonella enteritidis-immune pigs. protection against salmonella choleraesuis organ invasion and cecal colonization in weaned pigs. | experiments involving 132 weaned piglets were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokine (pilk) derived from the t cells of salmonella enteritidis (se)-immunized pigs to protect weaned piglets from salmonella choleraesuis (sc) infection. fourteen-to-seventeen day-old piglets were weaned and randomly placed into 1 of 5 groups: (1) noninfected controls, (2) pilk 3x noninfected, (3) sc infected controls, (4) pilk 1x sc infected, and (5) pilk 3x sc infected. pil ... | 1999 | 10659371 |
| predictors for extraintestinal infection of non-typhoidal salmonella in patients without aids. | to identify the risks and predictors for extraintestinal infection (eii) in patients with non-typhoidal salmonellosis, we undertook a study of 398 patients with cultures positive for non-typhoidal salmonella seen at chang gung memorial hospital and chang gung children's hospital between november 1993 and october 1994. salmonella choleraesuis was the most invasive serotype observed. s. panama, s. typhimurium and s. schwarzengrund were the commonest causes of eii among those serotypes usually caus ... | 1999 | 10665125 |
| overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary structural study of dtdp-6-deoxy-l-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase (rmld), the fourth enzyme of the dtdp-l-rhamnose synthesis pathway, from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | l-rhamnose is an essential component of the cell wall of many pathogenic bacteria. its precursor, dtdp-l-rhamnose, is synthesized from alpha-d-glucose-1-phosphate and dttp via a pathway requiring four distinct enzymes: rmla, rmlb, rmlc and rmld. rmld catalyses the terminal step of this pathway by converting dtdp-6-deoxy-l-lyxo-4-hexulose to dtdp-l-rhamnose. rmld from -salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been overexpressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein was purified by a two ... | 1999 | 10666586 |
| levels of virulence are not determined by genomic lineage of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis strains. | mouse virulence and the ability to adhere to, and invade cultured mdck cells were investigated in 38 phage type reference strains of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis and correlated with genomic lineage. the genomic lineage of 11 of the strains was determined in the present study; one is200 and one ribotype pattern that had not been reported previously were observed. log c.f.u. in the spleen 10 days post intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with 3x10(3) bacteria (logvc10) varied between 2.9 a ... | 1999 | 10694152 |
| effects of the antimicrobial growth promoter tylosin on subclinical infection of pigs with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. | to determine whether feeding tylosin, an antimicrobial growth promoter, to pigs was associated with increased risk of infection with and excretion of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. | 1999 | 10791930 |
| [evolution of resistance to quinolones in salmonella enterica in our setting]. | salmonella enterica is mainly associated with acute gastroenteritis; however, it is also associated with other more severe disease processes, for which quinolones are the treatment of choice. we retrospectively studied the evolution of resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of all the clinical isolates of s. enterica from 1992 to 1998 in our hospital environment. a total of 848 strains from feces, blood and other locations were studied. we detected an increase in the resistance to nalidi ... | 1999 | 10855017 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of a selection of salmonella enterica strains of various origins isolated in spain]. | the widespread use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary practice is increasingly causing the emergence of different multidrug-resistant human pathogens. this situation makes treating infections caused by these microorganisms difficult. salmonella enterica is an ubiquitous organism and may be a good indicator of the influence of the use and abuse of antimicrobials on the appearance of multiresistant strains. one hundred and ninety s. enterica strains of different origins isolated in spain in ... | 1999 | 10878517 |
| [evolution of resistance to quinolonesin salmonella enterica in our environment] | salmonella enterica is mainly associated with acute gastroenteritis; however, it is also associated with other more severe disease processes, for which quinolones are the treatment of choice. we retrospectively studied the evolution of resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of all the clinical isolates of s. enterica from 1992 to 1998 in our hospital environment. a total of 848 strains from feces, blood and other locations were studied. we detected an increase in the resistance to nalidi ... | 1999 | 10878530 |
| the virulence plasmids of salmonella. | certain salmonella serovars belonging to subspecies i carry a large, low-copy-number plasmid that contains virulence genes. virulence plasmids are required to trigger systemic disease; their involvement in the enteric stage of the infection is unclear. salmonella virulence plasmids are heterogeneous in size (50-90 kb), but all share a 7.8 kb region, spv, required for bacterial multiplication in the reticuloendothelial system. other loci of the plasmid, such as the fimbrial operon pef, the conjug ... | 1999 | 10943411 |
| [necrotizing pneumonia due to salmonella sp. complicated by pneumothorax in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. | 1999 | 10650658 | |
| induction of salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene expression by epithelial cells (iec-6). | prevalence of salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene among salmonella enterica and s. bongori was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and gene probe and its status of phenotypic expression was examined on chinese hamster ovary cells by cultivating the strains with conventional method for enterotoxin production and by cultivating the organisms in contact with intestinal epithelial cells of rats (iec-6). all the 19 strains and serovars of s. enterica such as typhimurium, enteritidis, newpor ... | 1999 | 10783743 |
| incidence of new salmonella serovar (s. ratchaburi) in thailand. | eighteen strains of salmonella group e from stool samples were confirmed as salmonella new serovar. 3, 10 : z35 : 1, 6 by centre international des salmonella, institut pasteur, paris, who collaborating center for salmonella, atlanta, usa and salmonella-zentrale hygienischen institut, hamburg, germany. the name of this new serovar was proposed as s. ratchaburi according to the place of its first isolation in ratchaburi province. the new serovar of salmonella was sensitive to many antimicrobial ag ... | 1999 | 10928375 |
| changes in antimicrobial resistance among salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from humans and cattle in the northwestern united states, 1982-1997. | we compared antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) of isolates from humans (n = 715) and cattle (n = 378) in the pacific northwest from 1982 through 1997. the major changes in antimicrobial resistance can be attributed to the widespread clonal dissemination of multidrug-resistant definitive phage type 104 st. | 1999 | 10603215 |
| cell envelope mutants of pseudomonas putida: physiological characterization and analysis of their ability to survive in soil. | to generate mutants with altered lipopolysaccharides (lps) of the wild-type pseudomonas putida kt2442, we used the mini-tn5luxab-km transposon. a mutant was found among luminescent colonies and selected as a negative clone in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with monoclonal antibody (mab) 7.3b, which recognizes the o-antigen of p. putida lps. the dna region of the lps mutant interrupted by the minitransposon insertion was cloned and sequenced. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequen ... | 1999 | 11207769 |
| resistance to ciprofloxacin in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales-the current situation. | objective: to report on the prevalence of isolates with ciprofloxacin resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales in 1997. methods: all non-typhoidal salmonellas referred to the laboratory of enteric pathogens in 1997 were screened for resistance to ciprofloxacin at 0.125 and 1.0 mg/l and nalidixic acid at 16 mg/l, and results were compared to those for 1994. full minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of these antimicrobials were also determined for a selection of ... | 1999 | 11856236 |
| resistance mechanism for a number of non-typhoidic salmonella strains isolated in iaşi, romania. | the aim of this study was to find a possible explanation for the resistance pattern of the selected strains and to evaluate the impact in case of isolating such strains. during the period february-march 1998, in the pediatric hospital "sf. maria" from iasi, romania, 12 non-typhoidic salmonella strains, non-duplicates were isolated from stools of newborns and, in one case, from mother as well. identification was done by standard methods, and sensitivity testing by disk diffusion method, against t ... | 2000 | 12089972 |
| molecular mechanisms of salmonella pathogenesis. | the success of a pathogen depends on its capacity to enter a host, circumvent host defense barriers and establish infection. the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica has evolved different strategies to subvert normal host cellular functions, which allow it to enter into and proliferate within host cells. | 2000 | 11964823 |
| endemic presence of salmonella enterica serotype cerro in southern italy. | molecular typing of salmonella strains isolated between 1997 and 1999 in southern italy and carried out by the southern italy centre for enteric pathogens, has shown a high frequency of salmonella enterica serotype cerro. this serotype is extremely rare i | 2000 | 12631854 |
| surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in denmark. | recent data of the danish integrated antimicrobial resistance monitoring and research programme (danmap) show that, in denmark, resistance levels among salmonella enterica are modest and that resistance in escherichia coli isolates causing disease in anim | 2000 | 12631958 |
| salmonella enterica serotype oranienburg infections associated with consumption of locally produced tyrolean cheese. | sixteen culture confirmed cases of enteric infection with salmonella enterica serotype oranienburg were detected between august 10 and september 29 1999 in tyrol (austria). ten of them suffered bloody diarrhoea and six were asymptomatic carriers. intervie | 2000 | 12631963 |
| the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in food-borne bacteria. | since the early 1990s there has been a dramatic increase in resistance to antimicrobial drugs in salmonella enterica and campylobacter spp., and to a lesser extent in vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 from cases of human infection in developed countries. for s. typhimurium a particularly important aspect of this increase has been the widespread dissemination of a multiply drug-resistant (mr) strain of definitive phage type (dt) 104 in food animals since the early 1990s. the use of a ... | 2000 | 11139009 |
| isolation and characterization of salmonella gallinarum cytotoxic factors. | two distinct cytotoxic factors isolated from a salmonella gallinarum strain recovered from a bird died during an outbreak of fowl typhoid were purified to homogeneity through ciprofloxacin extraction, salt precipitation, dialysis, gelfiltration, ionexchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. these were designated as salmonella gallinarum cytotoxin i (gct-i) and ii (gct-ii). gct-i was a glycoprotein having mol.wt and pi of ca 70 kda and 8.8, respectively. it was lethal to birds (ld50, 150 micro ... | 2000 | 11395962 |
| studies of the phenomenon of host adaptation in salmonella. | to study the phenomenon of host adaptation in salmonella, a mathematical model has been developed which permits a definition and experimental investigation of the specific interaction between the adapted serovar and the adequate host. after experimental infection using a mixture of equal parts of two salmonella strains, a and b, the bacterial concentrations ca and cb were determined in the organs of the animals infected. if an animal of species a and an animal of species b are infected with the ... | 2000 | 11244872 |
| igh-6(-/-) (b-cell-deficient) mice fail to mount solid acquired resistance to oral challenge with virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and show impaired th1 t-cell responses to salmonella antigens. | in the present study we evaluated the role of b cells in acquired immunity to salmonella infection by using gene-targeted b-cell-deficient innately susceptible mice on a c57bl/6 background (igh-6(-/-)). igh-6(-/-) mice immunized with a live, attenuated aroa salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain showed impaired long-term acquired resistance against the virulent serovar typhimurium strain c5. igh-6(-/-) mice were able to control a primary infection and to clear the inoculum from t ... | 2000 | 10603367 |
| in vivo characterization of the murine intranasal model for assessing the immunogenicity of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains as live mucosal vaccines and as live vectors. | attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi live vector vaccine strains are highly immunogenic in mice following intranasal but not orogastric inoculation. to elucidate the relationship between organs within which vaccine organisms are found and the induction of specific serum immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies, we examined the in vivo distribution of serovar typhi vaccine strain cvd 908-htra following intranasal administration. vaccine organisms were cultured from the nasal lymphoid tissue (nal ... | 2000 | 10603389 |
| comparison of the escherichia coli k-12 genome with sampled genomes of a klebsiella pneumoniae and three salmonella enterica serovars, typhimurium, typhi and paratyphi. | the escherichia coli k-12 genome (eco) was compared with the sampled genomes of the sibling species salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, typhi and paratyphi a (collectively referred to as sal) and the genome of the close outgroup klebsiella pneumoniae (kpn). there are at least 160 locations where sequences of >400 bp are absent from eco but present in the genomes of all three sal and 394 locations where sequences are present in eco but close homologs are absent in all sal genomes. the 394 s ... | 2000 | 11121489 |
| first human case of salmonella enterica serotype landwasser recovered from breast fluid. | 2000 | 11185066 | |
| [antibiotics for uncomplicated salmonella enteritis: are they useful? a critical consideration of the literature]. | this article, a version of an earlier publication (6), reviews the human and veterinary literature on the effect of anti-microbials on uncomplicated salmonella enteritis. the main conclusion is that there is no evidence for the widely held belief that anti-microbials prolong the time that salmonellae are shed. | 2000 | 11189906 |
| prevalence and polymorphism of genes encoding translocated effector proteins among clinical isolates of salmonella enterica. | pathogenic salmonella enterica strains are capable of causing local and/or systemic infections. they employ two type iii secretion systems to translocate an array of virulence-associated proteins (effector proteins) directly into the cytosol of target cells of the host. earlier data had shown that changes in the repertoire of translocated effector proteins may contribute to the adaptation of salmonella strains to new hosts and to the emergence of epidemic strains. using pcr and southern blot tec ... | 2000 | 11200542 |
| sequence analysis and distribution in salmonella enterica serovars of is3-like elements. | the genome of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was shown to possess three is3-like insertion elements, designated is1230a, b and c, and each was cloned and their respective deoxynucleotide sequences determined. mutations in elements is1230a and b resulted in frameshifts in the open reading frames that encoded a putative transposase to be inactive. is1230c was truncated at nucleotide 774 relative to is1230b and therefore did not possess the 3' terminal inverted repeat. the three is1230 der ... | 2000 | 11200543 |
| high rate of resistance to nalidixic acid in salmonella enterica: its role as a marker of resistance to fluoroquinolones. | 2000 | 11168127 | |
| a cdna encoding 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonate-8-phosphate synthase of pisum sativum l. (pea) functionally complements a kdsa mutant of the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica. | recombinant plasmids encoding 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonate-8-phosphate (kdo-8-p) synthase (kdsa; ec 4.1.2.16) were identified from a cdna library of pisum sativum l. (pea) by complementing a temperature-sensitive kdsa(ts) mutant of the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica. sequence analysis of several inserts revealed a central open reading frame encoding a protein of 290 amino acids with a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity to bacterial kdsa. the cdna was confirmed by ampli ... | 2000 | 11219578 |
| multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella enterica serotype typhi are genetically homogenous and coexist with antibiotic-sensitive strains as distinct, independent clones. | the goal of this study was to report the molecular analysis of antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant (mdr) strains of salmonella typhi, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), with a particular emphasis on the coexistence of these strains in a typhoid-endemic region of karachi, pakistan. | 2000 | 11231181 |
| antimicrobial drug resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales in 1999: decrease in multiple resistance in salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium, virchow, and hadar. | in 1999 the incidence of multiple drug resistance (to four or more antimicrobials) in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales fell in isolations of salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium, virchow, and hadar. this fall has been most noticeable in s. typhimurium, where 59% of isolates were multiresistant compared to 81% in 1996. the main reason for this has been a 75% decline in isolations of multiply-resistant s. typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104 (mr dt104) since 19 ... | 2000 | 11272261 |
| epidemiology and characterization of animal salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 in hungary. | reports on the internationally emerging significance of multiresistant zoonotic salmonella in animals and man prompted studies to estimate the significance of multiresistant salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) phage type dt104 of animal origin in hungary. a collection of 231 strains (primarily of goose, turkey, poultry and porcine origin from the years 1997-1998) was tested for resistance against 7 selected antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, enrof ... | 2000 | 11402658 |
| partial characterization of a genomic island associated with the multidrug resistance region of salmonella enterica typhymurium dt104. | this study describes the identification of the insertion site and partial characterization of a 43-kb region harboring the genes associated with the penta-resistant phenotype of a canadian isolate of salmonella enterica typhymurium dt104 labelled 96-5227. the 43-kb fragment, here referred to as salmonella genomic island i (sgii), was found in the genome of s. enterica typhymurium between the thdf and a prophage cp-4-like integrase (int2) gene and is flanked by an imperfect 18-bp direct repeat. a ... | 2000 | 10930753 |
| the cis requirements for transcriptional activation by hila, a virulence determinant encoded on spi-1. | in several models of pathogenesis, salmonella requires genes encoded on salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1) for virulence. in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), most spi-1 genes are arranged in operons and are co-ordinately regulated in response to environmental signals via the spi-1-encoded protein hila. in order to understand how hila controls the transcription of spi-1 genes, we have analysed the invf and prgh promoters. we have reconstituted hila-dependent activa ... | 2000 | 10931326 |
| mechanisms of action of rabbit cap18 on monolayers and liposomes made from endotoxins or phospholipids. | we have investigated the mechanism of action of the cationic antimicrobial protein (18 kda) cap18 on liposomes and monolayers made from phospholipids and enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps). cap18 intercalates into lipid matrices composed of lps from sensitive strains, weaker into those made of lps from a resistant strain (proteus mirabilis strain r45) or negatively charged phospholipids, but not into those composed of neutral phosphatidylcholine. from the combination of data obtained with ... | 2000 | 10931974 |
| adhesion of salmonella enterica var enteritidis strains lacking fimbriae and flagella to rat ileal explants cultured at the air interface or submerged in tissue culture medium. | rat ileal air interface and submerged explant models were developed and used to compare the adhesion of salmonella enterica var enteritidis wild-type strains with that of their isogenic single and multiple deletion mutants. the modified strains studied were defective for fimbriae, flagella, motility or chemotaxis and binding was assessed on tissues with and without an intact mucus layer. a multiple afimbriate/aflagellate (fim-/fla-) strain, a fimbriate but aflagellate (fla-) strain and a fimbria ... | 2000 | 10933252 |
| the paratyphoid salmonellae. | the paratyphoid salmonella bacteria, comprising more than 2,000 serovars or serotypes, are a major problem to the poultry industry. this is largely the result of entry of the bacteria into the human food chain. human infection takes the form of a gastroenteritis, which in highly susceptible individuals can result in death. some strains of certain serotypes have the capacity to produce morbidity and mortality in very young chickens. in adult birds, some serovars become localised in the reproducti ... | 2000 | 10935268 |
| regulation of sigma s degradation in salmonella enterica var typhimurium: in vivo interactions between sigma s, the response regulator mvia(rssb) and clpx. | the alternate sigma factor sigmas plays an important role in the survival of salmonella typhimurium following sudden encounters with a variety of stress conditions. the level of sigmas is very low in rapidly growing cells but dramatically increases as those cells encounter environmental stress or enter into stationary phase. this increase is due in large measure to the stabilization of sigmas protein against degradation by the clpxp protease. the mvia protein, also known as rssb or spre in esche ... | 2000 | 10939250 |
| arguments against the replacement of type species of the genus salmonella from salmonella choleraesuis to 'salmonella enterica' and the creation of the term 'neotype species', and for conservation of salmonella choleraesuis. | the proposals of le minor and popoff in 1987 and again of euzéby in 1999 on the type species of the genus salmonella are in violation of rule 20a of the bacteriological code (1990 revision) and should be rejected. the introduction of the term 'neotype species' should be rejected. the specific epithet choleraesuis in the binary combination salmonella choleraesuis should be conserved. the serovar name choleraesuis should be changed to hogcholera. | 2000 | 10939679 |
| [salmonella enterica infections]. | 2000 | 10941252 | |
| constitutively expressed phop inhibits mouse-virulence of salmonella typhimurium in an spv-dependent manner. | in salmonella typhimurium, the transcription of several virulence genes including spvb is regulated by the phop/phoq regulatory system. to further examine the relationship between the phop/phoq and spv systems for virulence in mice, we examined a non-polar phop mutation combined with different virulence plasmid genotypes for effects on virulence of s. typhimurium in the mouse model. phop-/spv+ and phop-/spv- mutants were not detectably recovered from the spleens of subcutaneously or orally inocu ... | 2000 | 10941927 |
| salmonella infantis osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease. | 2000 | 10942649 | |
| immobilization with metal hydroxides as a means to concentrate food-borne bacteria for detection by cultural and molecular methods. | the application of nucleic acid amplification methods to the detection of food-borne pathogens could be facilitated by concentrating the organisms from the food matrix before detection. this study evaluated the utility of metal hydroxide immobilization for the concentration of bacterial cells from dairy foods prior to detection by cultural and molecular methods. using reconstituted nonfat dry milk (nfdm) as a model, two food-borne pathogens (listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar ... | 2000 | 10788338 |
| lactic acid permeabilizes gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane. | the effect of lactic acid on the outer membrane permeability of escherichia coli o157:h7, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was studied utilizing a fluorescent-probe uptake assay and sensitization to bacteriolysis. for control purposes, similar assays were performed with edta (a permeabilizer acting by chelation) and with hydrochloric acid, the latter at ph values corresponding to those yielded by lactic acid, and also in the presence of kcn. already 5 mm (ph 4. ... | 2000 | 10788373 |
| genetic relatedness of salmonella isolates from nondomestic birds in southeastern united states. | salmonella infections have been implicated in large-scale die-offs of wild birds in the united states. although we know quite a bit about the epidemiology of salmonella infection among domestic fowl, we know little about the incidence, epidemiology, and genetic relatedness of salmonellae in nondomestic birds. to gain further insight into salmonellae in these hosts, 22 salmonella isolates from diseased nondomestic birds were screened for the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance-associa ... | 2000 | 10790113 |
| genetically modified vibrio harveyi strains as potential bioindicators of mutagenic pollution of marine environments. | for biodetection of mutagenic pollution of marine environments, an organism naturally occurring in these habitats should be used. we found that marine bacterium vibrio harveyi may be an appropriate bioindicator of mutagenic pollution. for positive selection of mutants, we developed a simple method for isolation of v. harveyi mutants resistant to neomycin. we constructed genetically modified v. harveyi strains that produce significantly more neomycin-resistant mutants upon treatment with low conc ... | 2000 | 10653723 |
| molecular characterization of irish salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium: detection of class i integrons and assessment of genetic relationships by dna amplification fingerprinting. | salmonella enterica is among the principal etiological agents of food-borne illness in humans. increasing antimicrobial resistance in s. enterica is a cause for worldwide concern. there is concern at present in relation to the increasing incidence of human infection with antimicrobial agent-resistant strains of s. enterica serotype typhimurium, in particular of phage type dt104. integrons appear to play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in many enterobacter ... | 2000 | 10653725 |
| epidemic typhoid in vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks. | multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi isolates from four outbreaks of typhoid fever in southern vietnam between 1993 and 1997 were compared. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, bacteriophage and plasmid typing, and antibiotic susceptibilities showed that independent outbreaks of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in southern vietnam are caused by single bacterial strains. however, different outbreaks do not derive from the clonal expansion of a single multidrug-resistant serotype t ... | 2000 | 10655411 |
| a role for salmonella fimbriae in intraperitoneal infections. | enteric bacteria possess multiple fimbriae, many of which play critical roles in attachment to epithelial cell surfaces. sef14 fimbriae are only found in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) and closely related serovars, suggesting that sef14 fimbriae may affect serovar-specific virulence traits. despite evidence that sef14 fimbriae are expressed by s. enteritidis in vivo, previous studies showed that sef14 fimbriae do not mediate adhesion to the intestinal epithelium. theref ... | 2000 | 10655518 |
| antimicrobial activity of home disinfectants and natural products against potential human pathogens. | to assess the efficacy of both natural products (vinegar, baking soda) and common commercial disinfectants (vesphene iise, tbq, clorox, lysol disinfectant spray, lysol antibacterial kitchen cleaner, mr. clean ultra, ethanol) designed for home or institutional use against potential human pathogens, including selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | 2000 | 10656352 |
| invb is a type iii secretion chaperone specific for sspa. | a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria utilize a specialized apparatus called the type iii secretion system (ttss) to translocate virulence factors directly into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. these translocated effectors contribute to the pathogen's ability to infect and replicate within plant and animal hosts. the amino terminus of effector proteins contains sequences that are necessary and sufficient for both secretion and translocation by ttss. portions of these sequences contain bindi ... | 2000 | 11073906 |
| genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi, kenya. | we report the emergence in kenya during 1997-1999 of typhoid fever due to salmonella enterica serovar typhi resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole. genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of xbai-digested chromosomal dna yielded a single cluster. the multidrug-resistant s. typhi were related to earlier drug- susceptible isolates but were unrelated to multidrug-resistant isolates from asia. | 2000 | 11076726 |
| an outbreak of salmonella hadar associated with roast rabbit in a restaurant. | in august 1997, an outbreak of gastroenteritis from salmonella hadar phage type 2 occurred among customers of a restaurant in rimini (emilia-romagna region, italy). twenty-nine people who had eaten food prepared in the restaurant on 2 or 3 august had symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. the infection was culture-confirmed in 24 cases and the stool specimens of four healthy people were positive for salmonella hadar. twelve people had to be hospitalized and a 3-year old girl died. the case-control s ... | 2000 | 11078117 |
| salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion is repressed in the presence of bile. | as enteric pathogens, the salmonellae have developed systems by which they can sense and adapt appropriately to deleterious intestinal components that include bile. previously, growth in the presence of bile was shown to repress the transcription of prgh, a locus encoding components of the salmonella pathogenicity island i (spi-1) type iii secretion system (ttss) necessary for eukaryotic cell invasion. this result suggested an existing interaction between salmonellae, bile, and eukaryotic cell i ... | 2000 | 11083793 |
| regulation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes by csra. | penetration of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires the expression of invasion genes, found in salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1), that encode components of a type iii secretion apparatus. these genes are controlled in a complex manner by regulators within spi1, including hila and invf, and those outside spi1, such as the two-component regulators phop/phoq and bara/sira. we report here that epithelial cell invasion requires the serovar typhimurium ... | 2000 | 11083797 |
| development of an in vivo model for study of intestinal invasion by salmonella enterica in chickens. | an in vivo loop test model for the investigation of the invasiveness of salmonella enterica in chickens was developed. ten jejunal loops were made in 10- to 12-week-old lohman brown chickens under isofluoran anaesthesia. salmonella at 5.0 x 10(7) cfu was inoculated into each loop and left for 2 h, followed by a 1-h incubation with gentamicin in order to kill noninvading bacteria. after euthanasia, salmonella invasiveness was measured as tissue-associated counts relative to a reference strain. th ... | 2000 | 11083838 |
| mig-14 is a horizontally acquired, host-induced gene required for salmonella enterica lethal infection in the murine model of typhoid fever. | we have characterized a host-induced virulence gene, mig-14, that is required for fatal infection in the mouse model of enteric fever. mig-14 is present in all salmonella enterica subspecies i serovars and maps to a region of the chromosome that appears to have been acquired by horizontal transmission. a mig-14 mutant replicated in host tissues early after infection but was later cleared from the spleens and livers of infected animals. bacterial clearance by the host occurred concomitantly with ... | 2000 | 11083839 |
| localization of dysfunctional tight junctions in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-infected epithelial layers. | infection of polarized mdck epithelial layers by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is accompanied by increased tight junction permeability and by contraction of perijunctional actinomyosin. we localized dysfunctional tight junctions in serovar typhimurium-infected mdck layers by imaging apical-basolateral intramembrane diffusion of fluorescent lipid and found that loss of the apical-basolateral diffusion barrier (tight junction fence function) was most marked in areas of prominent perijunc ... | 2000 | 11083857 |
| role of molecular typing in an outbreak of salmonella paratyphi a. | during the post monsoon season of 1996 an outbreak of human salmonellosis caused by salmonella serovar-paratyphi a occurred in new delhi and had continued for over 2 months. a total of 36 clinically diagnosed enteric-fever cases were reported during this outbreak. the isolates were compared following their characterisation by biotyping, antibiogram-analysis, plasmid-profiling and is200 probing, to study the relatedness in order to delineate a common source. the study included representative stra ... | 2000 | 11084832 |
| natural antibiotic susceptibility of salmonella enterica strains. | the susceptibility of 100 salmonella enterica strains belonging to s. enterica subsp. enterica (n=90) and s. enterica subsp. arizonae (n=10) was examined to 71 antibiotics. within s. enterica subsp. enterica, strains of different serovars (typhimurium (n=17), enteritidis (n=17), dublin (n=10), typhi (n=16), paratyphi a (n=6), others (n=24)) were studied. mics were determined using a microdilution procedure and apart from fosfomycin there were no significant differences in susceptibility between ... | 2000 | 11091038 |
| pcr detection of salmonella enterica serotype montevideo in and on raw tomatoes using primers derived from hila. | salmonellae have been some of the most frequently reported etiological agents in fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of human infections in recent years. pcr assays using four innovative pairs of primers derived from hila and sira, positive regulators of salmonella invasive genes, were developed to identify salmonella enterica serotype montevideo on and in tomatoes. based on examination of 83 salmonella strains and 22 non-salmonella strains, we concluded that a pair of hila primers detects salmon ... | 2000 | 11097898 |
| application of a propionyl coenzyme a synthetase for poly(3-hydroxypropionate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) accumulation in recombinant escherichia coli. | the genetic operon for propionic acid degradation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium contains an open reading frame designated prpe which encodes a propionyl coenzyme a (propionyl-coa) synthetase (a. r. horswill and j. c. escalante-semerena, microbiology 145:1381-1388, 1999). in this paper we report the cloning of prpe by pcr, its overexpression in escherichia coli, and the substrate specificity of the enzyme. when propionate was utilized as the substrate for prpe, a k(m) of 50 microm an ... | 2000 | 11097899 |
| suitability of pcr fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site pcr, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, combined with computerized gel analysis, in library typing of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. | strains of salmonella enterica (n = 212) of different serovars and phage types were used to establish a library typing computerized system for serovar enteritidis on the basis of pcr fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site pcr (irs-pcr), or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the rate of pcr fingerprinting interassay and intercenter reproducibility was low and was only increased when dna samples were extracted at the same time and amplified with the same reaction mixtures. reproducibili ... | 2000 | 11097902 |
| long-term shifts in patterns of antibiotic resistance in enteric bacteria. | several mechanisms are responsible for the ability of microorganisms to tolerate antibiotics, and the incidence of resistance to these compounds within bacterial species has increased since the commercial use of antibiotics became widespread. to establish the extent of and changes in the diversity of antibiotic resistance patterns in natural populations, we determined the mics of five antibiotics for collections of enteric bacteria isolated from diverse hosts and geographic locations and during ... | 2000 | 11097921 |
| simultaneous detection of salmonella strains and escherichia coli o157:h7 with fluorogenic pcr and single-enrichment-broth culture. | a multiplex fluorogenic pcr assay for simultaneous detection of pathogenic salmonella strains and escherichia coli o157:h7 was developed and evaluated for use in detecting very low levels of these pathogens in meat and feces. two sets of primers were used to amplify a junctional segment of virulence genes sipb and sipc of salmonella and an intragenic segment of gene eae of e. coli o157:h7. fluorogenic reporter probes were included in the pcr assay for automated and specific detection of amplifie ... | 2000 | 11097930 |
| [systems of epidemiological typing of microorganisms responsible for hospital infections: use and evaluation]. | 2000 | 11100554 | |
| evaluation of three newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and two agglutination tests for detecting salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin infections in dairy cattle. | in this study test characteristics of three newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin were evaluated and compared with two agglutination tests. the elisas involved were an indirect elisa with serovar dublin lipopolysaccharide (lps elisa), an indirect elisa with serovar dublin flagellar antigen (gp elisa), and a double-antibody sandwich blocking elisa that uses monoclonal antibodies against s. enterica subsp. enterica serova ... | 2000 | 11101571 |
| prevalence of diarrheagenic escherichia coli in finns with or without diarrhea during a round-the-world trip. | the incidence of diarrhea and the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, viruses, and parasites in feces of subjects with and without diarrhea were evaluated in 204 finns traveling round the world (from finland to china, malaysia, australia, fiji, chile, and brazil and back to finland). special emphasis was placed on the finding of diarrheagenic escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, shiga toxin-producing, and enteroaggregative strains) by pcr from growth on primary culture plate ... | 2000 | 11101575 |
| characterization of chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistance in escherichia coli associated with bovine diarrhea. | florfenicol, a veterinary fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol, is approved for treatment of bovine respiratory pathogens in the united states. however, florfenicol resistance has recently emerged among veterinary escherichia coli isolates incriminated in bovine diarrhea. the flo gene, which confers resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol, has previously been identified in photobacterium piscicida and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104. the flo gene product is closely related to ... | 2000 | 11101601 |
| antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolates from swine. | we examined the antimicrobial resistance of 1,257 isolates of 30 serovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from swine. serovars typhimurium and typhimurium var. copenhagen were widespread and were frequently multidrug resistant, with distinct resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline and to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline, respectively. | 2000 | 11101609 |
| salmonella enterica serovar virchow with ctx-m-like beta-lactamase in spain. | four salmonella enterica serovar virchow strains resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins were isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in 1997 and 1998 in murcia and barcelona, spain. the isolates expressed a beta-lactamase with a pi of about 8 and a positive pcr when specific primers for ctx-m-9 were used. these results suggest the presence of a ctx-m-9 beta-lactamase in these strains. | 2000 | 11101623 |
| differential cytokine expression in avian cells in response to invasion by salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum. | salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is capable of causing disease in a range of hosts. although human salmonellosis is frequently associated with consumption of contaminated poultry and eggs, and the serotypes salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum are important world-wide pathogens of poultry, little is understood of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of salmonella in the chicken. type iii secretion systems play a key role in host cell invasiveness and trigger th ... | 2000 | 11101679 |