Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| [immunopathogenesis of virus diseases of cats and dogs]. | immunopathological reactions may determine the pathogenesis of some viral infections of cats and dogs. three pathomechanisms may aggravate the viral disease or may ultimately cause death. some viruses cause transient or persistent immunosuppression (feline immunodeficiency, feline leukemia, feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus-2, canine distemper virus). in other viral infections cells and tissues are destroyed as a sequela of cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions (demyelinating encephal ... | 1994 | 8165663 |
| nucleic acid hybridization analyses confirm the presence of a hitherto unknown morbillivirus in mediterranean dolphins. | in 1990 an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus was noticed among mediterranean dolphins. rna was extracted from the tissues of dolphins and from cell cultures infected with a corresponding dolphin morbillivirus isolate. by nucleic acid hybridization this rna was compared to rna extracted from animal tissue or cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus (cdv), phocine distemper virus (pdv) or measles virus (mv). the presence of morbillivirus rna in the dolphin tissue was demonstrated. morbi ... | 1994 | 7801536 |
| relative immunocompetence of the newborn harbour seal, phoca vitulina. | the immune system of many mammalian species is not fully developed at birth, with newborns obtaining temporary immunological protection from maternal antibodies. little is known of the immune system of the harbour seal, and developmental aspects of its immune system have not been systematically studied. we collected blood and milk samples from nine free-ranging mother-pup pairs throughout the lactation period on sable island, canada, in an effort to characterise developmental aspects of the immu ... | 1994 | 7810064 |
| a comparison of canine distemper vaccine and measles vaccine for the prevention of canine distemper in young puppies. | two groups of six-week-old beagle puppies were vaccinated with either high titre canine distemper virus or human measles virus, a third group remaining unvaccinated. all the puppies were subsequently challenged by the nasopharyngeal route at 10 weeks old with the virulent snyder-hill strain of canine distemper. severe clinical signs were observed in 90 per cent of the unvaccinated dogs but both groups of vaccinated dogs survived the challenge. high temperatures were recorded in 20 per cent of th ... | 1994 | 7846822 |
| comparative analysis of the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein of dolphin morbillivirus reveals its distant evolutionary relationship to measles virus and ruminant morbilliviruses. | a morbillivirus of uncertain origin recently killed hundreds of mediterranean dolphins. this is the first report of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) gene. the sequence of the nucleocapsid (n) gene including boundaries was determined. when the dmv n gene coding region was compared with the corresponding sequences of other morbilliviruses a distant evolutionary relationship between these viruses and dmv was apparent. phylogenetic analysis of the seque ... | 1994 | 7931174 |
| measles virus fusion: role of the cysteine-rich region of the fusion glycoprotein. | measles virus (mv) fusion requires the participation of both the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (h) glycoproteins. the canine distemper virus fusion protein (cdvf) cannot substitute for the measles virus fusion protein (mvf) in this process. introduction of restriction enzyme sites into the cdnas of cdvf and mvf by site-directed mutagenesis facilitated the production of chimeric f proteins which were tested for their capacity to give fusion when coexpressed with mvh. fusion resulted when the amino ... | 1994 | 7933140 |
| distemper skin lesions in a dog. | skin lesions were studied in a 3-year-old male maltese dog with distemper. hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with vesicles and pustule formation were the outstanding features of the skin lesions around the eye, nose, and mouth. multinucleated syncytial giant cells together with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing viral particles and viral antigen were scattered in the epidermis, and epidermal appendages. these findings suggest a direct viral attack on the skin. | 1994 | 7941841 |
| canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in north america. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infection occurred in captive leopards (panthera pardus), tigers (panthera tigris), lions (panthera leo), and a jaguar (panthera onca) in 1991 and 1992. an epizootic affected all 4 types of cats at the wildlife waystation, san fernando, california, with 17 mortalities. cdv-infected raccoons were thought to be the source of infection in these cats. two black leopards died at the naibi zoo, coal valley, illinois, and 2 tigers died at the shambala preserve, acton, calif ... | 1994 | 7948195 |
| detection of novel rna viruses: morbilliviruses as a model system. | recent advances in molecular detection of viral-specific nucleic acid sequences have facilitated the search for pathogenic viruses in clinical samples. primers for the polymerase chain reaction can be targeted to unique or conserved regions of the viral genome. while the design of primers must be based on known sequences, it has been demonstrated in bacteria that amplification with primers which hybridize to highly-conserved regions of the genome can be exploited to detect new agents. by taking ... | 1994 | 7969194 |
| sensitive detection of morbillivirus cell-free transcription in a direct rnase protection assay. | cell-free measurement of viral transcription is necessary to determine if alterations of in situ levels of viral mrna represent altered mrna production or stability. conditions for cell-free genomic transcription have been developed for the morbilliviruses canine distemper virus (cdv) and measles virus (mv), although the means for detecting nascent transcripts in these assays are insensitive in some cell systems. this work describes a technique in which cdv cell-free transcription reactions are ... | 1994 | 7989437 |
| hla polymorphisms in paget's disease of bone. | 1994 | 8009233 | |
| paramyxoviruses in paget's disease. | 1994 | 8009235 | |
| impact of culturally sensitive aids video education on the aids risk knowledge of african-american adolescents. | aids video education is a major mode of providing information about the spread and prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). very little has been written about the need for culturally salient messages in increasing the acquisition and retention of hiv/aids prevention information, even though there is considerable agreement that limited culturally sensitive information is reaching african-american youth. this investigation sought to ascertain the impact of a culturally similar aids vi ... | 1994 | 8024942 |
| serologic investigations of canine parvovirus and canine distemper in relation to wolf (canis lupus) pup mortalities. | twenty-one serum samples from 18 wolves (canis lupus) were collected from 1985 to 1990 from northwestern montana (usa) and southeastern british columbia, canada, and evaluated for antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper (cd), infectious canine hepatitis, and lyme disease; we found prevalences of 13 (65%) of 19, five (29%) of 17, seven (36%) of 19, and 0 of 20 wolves for these diseases, respectively. pups died or disappeared in three of the eight packs studied. in these three pack ... | 1994 | 8028116 |
| serological investigation of virus infections in harp seals (phoca groenlandica) and hooded seals (cystophora cristata). | 1994 | 8073595 | |
| the biological characterization of field isolates of canine distemper virus from japan. | eight isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) were obtained from seven dogs suffering from distemper by co-cultivation of their mononuclear cells with a marmoset b lymphoblastoid cell line, b95a. six of the seven dogs had received one or more vaccinations. all of the isolates readily proliferated in b95a cells, but were not completely neutralized by anti-cdv canine plasma, which had high neutralizing activity against the onderstepoort laboratory strain of cdv. furthermore, different reactivitie ... | 1994 | 8077940 |
| aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. | canine distemper (cd) is a frequently fatal, systemic morbillivirus infection in the dog and other carnivores: encephalomyelitis is the common cause of death. susceptibility to canine distemper virus (cdv) is now recognized in a wide range of non-domestic animals, most recently in captive lions, tigers and leopards. furthermore, closely related viruses have produced cd-like diseases in marine mammals. cdv induces an inclusion-body encephalomyelitis in the dog and demyelination is often a conspic ... | 1994 | 7898614 |
| [use of an immunoenzyme method for diagnosing canine distemper]. | analysis of the clinical data and laboratory studies brought the authors to a conclusion on the possibility of using dot solid-phase elisa on nitrocellulose for rapid (1 h), simple, and specific detection of canine distemper virus. the method is sufficiently specific, helps specify the clinical diagnosis, and may be used in future for the creation of a commercial test system. | 1994 | 7716924 |
| african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) endangered by a canine distemper epizootic among domestic dogs near the masai mara national reserve, kenya. | a longitudinal study of canine distemper (cd) among domestic dogs on malsai communal land to the north of the masai mara national reserve in kenya was conducted from 1989 to 1991. prevalence of antibodies to cd was very low among domestic dogs in 1989 and 1990 (4%, n = 49; and 1%, n = 119, respectively) and no african wild dogs (lycaon pictus; n = 16) collected simultaneously from the same area had detectable antibodies. among 51 domestic dogs sampled in 1991, however, prevalence of cd antibodie ... | 1994 | 7760475 |
| serologic survey of selected canine pathogens among free-ranging jackals in kenya. | serum samples from 76 free-ranging adult jackals of three species from four localities in kenya were examined for circulating antibodies against four canine pathogens: rabies virus, canine parvovirus (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), and ehrlichia canis. samples were collected between april 1987 and january 1988. among black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), the most sampled species, the mean prevalence of antibodies to cpv-2, cdv, rabies virus, and e. canis was 34% (14 positive/55 sampled) ... | 1994 | 7760476 |
| effects of a modified-live virus canine distemper vaccine on captive badgers (taxidea taxus). | we vaccinated six captive badgers housed with five controls, and monitored blood antibody titers and white cell counts of both groups for 63 days postvaccination between 29 august and 3 december 1992. five vaccinated badgers responded with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:1024 by 63 days postvaccination, whereas the sixth badger did not respond. treatment badgers also had significant (p < 0.05) decreases in lymphocytes on days 16, 29, and 63. no badgers developed clinical signs of distempe ... | 1994 | 7760477 |
| canine distemper virus and myelin mrnas in oligodendrocytes. | 1994 | 7533928 | |
| serotype-specific and canine distemper virus cross-reactive h-2kk-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes in the measles virus nucleoprotein. | immunization of c3h mice with a vaccinia virus (vv) recombinant expressing the measles virus (mv) nucleoprotein (np) induces an h-2kk-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response. with reference to the predicted peptide epitope motifs binding to this mhc class i molecule, we have used synthetic peptides derived from the primary sequence of the mv np to establish the identity of the kk-restricted ctl epitopes. two octameric peptides, ldrlvrli (aa 52-59) and vespgqli (aa 81-88) sensitized p815 ... | 1994 | 7518168 |
| protection against morbillivirus-induced encephalitis by immunization with a rationally designed synthetic peptide vaccine containing b- and t-cell epitopes from the fusion protein of measles virus. | synthetic peptides representing t- and b-cell epitopes from the fusion (f) protein of measles virus (mv) were tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response against intracerebral challenge with neuroadapted strains of mv and canine distemper virus (cdv) in mice. of the panel of peptides tested, only a chimeric peptide consisting of two copies of a promiscuous t-cell epitope (representing residues 288 to 302 of mv f protein) synthesized at the amino terminus of a b-cell epitope ( ... | 1995 | 7531779 |
| canine distemper virus-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis. | current postulates support the idea that ms is triggered by an infectious agent or agents through an autoimmune reaction directed against brain antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. evidence for an infectious etiology of ms is indirect. we have proposed that ms may, in some instances, be due to a zoonotic infection and that canine distemper virus, a measles-like virus in dogs, is a likely candidate in the causation of this disorder. the high homology between canine distemper and measl ... | 1995 | 7543986 |
| detection of canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by rt-pcr. | for a rapid diagnosis of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection, the reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) was carried out to detect cdv nucleoprotein (np) gene from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). two sets of primers were targeted to two regions of np gene of cdv onderstepoort strain. the np gene fragments were well amplified by the rt-pcr in each of the rna extracts from vero cells infected with 6 laboratory strains of cdv including onderstepoort strain, and from pbmcs of a dog ... | 1995 | 7548395 |
| suppression of canine parvovirus growth in crfk cells by canine distemper virus. | the growth of canine parvovirus (cpv) in crandell feline kidney cells was suppressed when canine distemper virus (cdv) was simultaneously inoculated. the both virus antigens were found in the same cells. the synthesis of capsid protein antigen of cpv decreased in the co-inoculated cells. the growth of cdv was not affected by co-inoculation with cpv. these results suggest that the cdv showed suppressive effects on the cpv growth in cells when they are inoculated simultaneously. | 1995 | 7548414 |
| comments about frequency of vaccination. | 1995 | 7559036 | |
| generation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells from canine bone marrow: effects of canine distemper virus. | recent evidence has implicated canine distemper virus (cdv) as a possible aetiologic agent in paget's disease of bone and the canine bone disorder, metaphyseal osteopathy. we have therefore examined the effects of cdv on the formation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells in cultures of canine bone marrow mononuclear cells. marrow cells from a distemper-infected dog and from five uninfected dogs were cultured in the presence of 1 alpha, 25-(oh)2 vitamin d3 and the number of tartrate resistant ... | 1995 | 7577157 |
| downregulation of endothelin receptor mrna synthesis in c6 rat astrocytoma cells by persistent measles virus and canine distemper virus infections. | persistent infections of c6 rat astrocytoma cells with measles (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [sspe]) virus (c6/sspe cells) or canine distemper virus (c6/cdv cells) cause a loss of endothelin-1 (et-1) binding to its specific receptors (etra type) and subsequent et-1-induced ca2+ signaling. it was the aim of this study to investigate the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon in more detail. by using an rnase protection assay, it was found that etra mrna disappears, whereas other cellular ... | 1995 | 7609093 |
| studies on canine distemper virus persistence in the central nervous system. | chronic progressive demyelination in canine distemper virus (cdv) infection is associated with persistence of the virus in the nervous system. we studied persistence by examining expression of cdv mrna corresponding to all genes of the virus as well as genomic cdv rna in brain sections of dogs with acute and chronic demyelinating disease. all virus mrnas were expressed in acute demyelinating lesions in a way similar to that seen in lymphoid tissues, the primary replication site of cdv. their dis ... | 1995 | 7618441 |
| post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of italy between 1990 and 1993. | detailed pathological and virological examinations were carried out on 25 cetaceans found stranded between 1990 and 1993 on the coasts of six italian regions (latium, tuscany, apulia, abruzzo, veneto and sicily). there were 16 striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba), three bottlenosed dolphins (tursiops truncatus), three risso's dolphins (grampus griseus), one rough-toothed dolphin (steno bredanensis), one fin whale pup (balaenoptera physalus), and one minke whale (balaenoptera acutorostrata). ... | 1995 | 7631479 |
| antibodies to heat shock proteins in dogs with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. | antibodies to heat shock proteins of the 65 kda group were demonstrated in canine sera and synovial fluid. this paper reports these antibody measurements in three groups of dogs with joint disease and compares them with those of a control population. dogs with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) showed higher anti-heat shock proteins (hsp) antibody levels, in both their sera and synovial fluids, compared to the control dogs and these antibodies were predominantly of the igg and igm class; there was a sign ... | 1995 | 7640956 |
| evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infectious disease. | evidence for a viral cause of multiple sclerosis (ms) is indirect since no infectious agent has been reproducibly isolated from ms tissues nor has viral genome or antigen been consistently identified. the occurrence of spontaneous human and animal models of demyelination, serologic studies, and epidemiologic data provide persuasive circumstantial evidence for an infectious trigger in this disease. potential mechanisms for viral induced demyelination include persistent infection of host tissues o ... | 1995 | 7653243 |
| ultrastructural study of unidentified inclusions in the cornea and iridocorneal angle of dogs with pannus. | the corneas and/or the iridocorneal angles of 13 dogs were examined morphologically by use of transmission electron microscopy. virologic identification techniques also were used for tissue from 2 dogs. four dogs had clinical signs of chronic superficial keratitis or pannus, 9 dogs had normal eyes. in the tissue from 7 dogs (4 german shepherd dogs with chronic superficial keratitis; 2 german shepherd dogs and 1 mixed-breed dog with normal eyes) we found unusual cytoplasmic inclusions. inclusions ... | 1995 | 7653888 |
| [detection of distemper virus n protein rna in the brain of dogs with spontaneous distemper encephalitis using a digoxigenin-labeled, double-stranded dna probe for in situ hybridization]. | a digoxigenin-labelled dsdna-probe of 287 basepairs length complementary to the nucleoprotein-gene of canine distemper virus (cdv) was generated by the polymerase-chain-reaction. the dsdna-probe hybridized specifically with base sequences of 8 different cdv strains, whereas no hybridization was observed with a porpoise and a canine parainfluenza virus and only a weak signal was obtained with measles virus. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 35 immunohistologically cdv antigen ... | 1995 | 7786277 |
| functional and structural interactions between measles virus hemagglutinin and cd46. | we analyzed the roles of the individual measles virus (mv) surface glycoproteins in mediating functional and structural interactions with human cd46, the primary mv receptor. on one cell population, recombinant vaccinia virus vectors were used to produce the mv hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. as fusion partner cells, various cell types were examined, without or with human cd46 (endogenous or recombinant vaccinia virus encoded). fusion between the two cell populations was monitore ... | 1995 | 7745681 |
| immunological responses after vaccination pre- and post-surgery in dogs. | the effects of several commercially available vaccinations pre- and post-surgery on immune responses by monitoring the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes and humoral antibody responses in dogs were examined. twenty clinical patients presented for surgery were studied. canine parvovirus (cpv) serum antibody titers increased by twofold or more in 17 of 20 dogs and many dogs had an increase by day 7. in 3 of 4 dogs moderate hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titers (128 to 256) at the time of vacci ... | 1995 | 7756420 |
| serological survey of canine distemper virus infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | for detection of antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed using a crude extract from cells infected with the onderstepoort strain of cdv as antigen. twenty-six sera from dogs experimentally vaccinated with the snyder-hill strain of cdv were compared by elisa and a standard virus neutralization (nv) test. since a good correlation between the titers obtained by both tests was observed, elisa was considered to be a rapid and reliabl ... | 1995 | 8519915 |
| restricted infection with canine distemper virus leads to down-regulation of myelin gene transcription in cultured oligodendrocytes. | canine distemper virus (cdv) induces oligodendroglial degeneration and multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system. the mechanism of oligodendrocyte degeneration is not understood but it has been shown that there is a restricted infection of these cells without viral protein production. using a combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization we were able to demonstrate the transcription of the entire virus genome throughout the whole observation period (7-35 days after in ... | 1995 | 8525806 |
| biochemical basis for increased susceptibility to cidofovir of herpes simplex viruses with altered or deficient thymidine kinase activity. | it has been observed that herpes simplex virus mutants with deficient or altered thymidine kinase activity are more susceptible to cidofovir (cdv; 1-[(s)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine dihydrate) in tissue culture than are the parental strains. during infection of cells, the elevation of the dctp pool by thymidine kinase mutant viruses is less than that induced by the wild-type virus. the competition between cdv diphosphate and dctp at the viral polymerase is therefore changed in ... | 1995 | 8540727 |
| immunohistochemical analysis of the lymphoid organs of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus. | the pathogenesis of acute canine distemper in three naturally infected dogs was investigated. the lymphoid organs showed atrophy without secondary follicles. the distribution of canine distemper virus (cdv) antigens was examined immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies specific for canine thy-1, immunoglobulin (ig) m, cd4, cd8, cd21 and cd45rb, and anti-measles virus nucleocapsid protein serum. the viral antigens were located in the t-cell-dependent areas and in the follicles of lymphoid ... | 1995 | 8543675 |
| morbilliviruses and morbillivirus diseases of marine mammals. | in recent years, serious disease outbreaks among seals and dolphins were attributed to infection with established or newly recognized morbilliviruses. the first identification of a morbillivirus as causative agent of mass mortality among marine mammals was in 1988, when the previously unrecognized phocine distemper virus (pdv) caused the death of 20,000 harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in northwestern europe. a similar epizootic among baikal seals (phoca sibirica) in siberia in 1987 was later attri ... | 1995 | 8548190 |
| phylogenetic evidence of canine distemper virus in serengeti's lions. | recently an epizootic, reported to be due to a morbillivirus infection, affected the lion population of the tanzanian serengeti national park. a morbillivirus phosphoprotein (p) gene fragment was amplified by pcr from tissue samples of several affected lions. sequencing of the amplificates and subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that a wild-type strain of canine distemper morbillivirus (cdv) was involved. vaccination of the local domestic dog population with proven safe cdv vaccines is pro ... | 1995 | 7483771 |
| a mimotope from a solid-phase peptide library induces a measles virus-neutralizing and protective antibody response. | a solid-phase 8-mer random combinatorial peptide library was used to generate a panel of mimotopes of an epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody to the f protein of measles virus (mv). an inhibition immunoassay was used to show that these peptides were bound by the monoclonal antibody with different affinities. balb/c mice were coimmunized with the individual mimotopes and a t-helper epitope peptide (from mv fusion protein), and the reactivity of the induced anti-mimotope antibodies with the ... | 1995 | 7494275 |
| the hemagglutinin envelope protein of canine distemper virus (cdv) confers cell tropism as illustrated by cdv and measles virus complementation analysis. | measles virus (mv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) are morbilliviruses that cause acute illnesses and several persistent central nervous system infections in humans and in dogs, respectively. characteristically, the cytopathic effect of these viruses is the formation of syncytia in permissive cells. in this study, a vaccinia virus expression system was used to express mv and cdv hemagglutinin (ha) and fusion (f) envelope proteins. we found that cotransfecting f and ha genes of mv or f and ha ge ... | 1995 | 7853502 |
| canine distemper virus persistence in the nervous system is associated with noncytolytic selective virus spread. | canine distemper virus (cdv), a negative-strand rna morbillivirus, causes a progressive demyelinating disease in which virus persistence plays an essential role. the antiviral immune response leads to virus clearance in the inflammatory lesions. however, cdv can replicate and persist outside these inflammatory lesions within the brain. how cdv is capable of persisting in the presence of an effective antiviral immune response is poorly understood. in the present investigation, we studied several ... | 1995 | 7853504 |
| canine distemper virus-like infection in a captive african lioness. | 1995 | 7859211 | |
| sequencing and analysis of the nucleocapsid (n) and polymerase (l) genes and the terminal extragenic domains of the vaccine strain of rinderpest virus. | the nucleocapsid (n) and polymerase (l) genes of the vaccine strain of rinderpest, and the 5' and 3' terminal domains of the genome have been sequenced. together with previously published data, this completes the sequence of the entire genome of rinderpest virus. the viral genome is 15,881 bases in length, similar to that of measles virus and slightly longer than that of canine distemper virus. the l gene is identical in length to that of measles virus, encoding a 2183 amino acid protein with a ... | 1995 | 7897350 |
| induction of systemic immune responses to measles virus synthetic peptides administered intranasally. | a systemic antibody response was induced when a chimeric peptide containing two copies of a promiscuous t-cell epitope and one copy of a b-cell epitope (ttb) from the fusion protein of measles virus (mv) was administered to mice intranasally without adjuvant. a higher antibody titre was produced when the peptide was administered intranasally with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) as an adjuvant and these antibodies crossreacted with the mv. furthermore, splenocytes from intranasally immunized mice p ... | 1995 | 8578832 |
| canine bone marrow cell cultures infected with canine distemper virus: an in vitro model of paget's disease. | we have previously shown that the canine paramyxovirus, canine distemper virus (cdv), is a possible aetiologic agent in paget's disease of bone and in the canine bone disorder, metaphyseal osteopathy. more recently, we have examined the effects of cdv on the formation of multinucleated, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive, calcitonin receptor positive, osteoclast-like cells in cultures of canine bone marrow mononuclear cells, and shown that both in vitro and in vivo infection with cdv p ... | 1995 | 8579953 |
| the sequence of the n and l genes of rinderpest virus, and the 5' and 3' extra-genic sequences: the completion of the genome sequence of the virus. | we have sequenced the nucleocapsid (n) and polymerase (l) genes of the vaccine strain of rinderpest, and the 5' and 3' terminal domains of the genome. together with previously published data, this completes the sequence of the entire genome of rinderpest virus. the l gene is identical in length to that of measles virus, encoding a 2183 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 248,100. the l protein sequence of three morbilliviruses is highly conserved, greater than 76% of residue ... | 1995 | 8588311 |
| pathogenicity of morbilliviruses for terrestrial carnivores. | many different species of the order carnivora are susceptible to canine distemper and the mortality rate varies greatly between species. ailuridae, canidae, hyaenidae, mustelidae, procyonidae, ursidae, viverridae and now felidae have been reported to be susceptible to canine distemper virus infection. although distemper outbreaks in dogs, fur farms and in zoo carnivores have been greatly reduced in recent years due to vaccination, there are still regular outbreaks in free-living carnivores. unex ... | 1995 | 8588312 |
| distemper in wild carnivores: an epidemiological, histological and immunocytochemical study. | brain tissue from 236 wild carnivores, 146 mustelids and 90 foxes, originating from the same geographical area in southwest germany was collected over a 2 year period between may 1989 and may 1991 and studied for the presence of canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen by immunohistochemistry. cdv antigen was found in the brains of 54 (37%) mustelids, predominantly in the cerebellar grey matter. interestingly, no cdv infection was observed in foxes. an increasing number of cdv infections among muste ... | 1995 | 8588313 |
| metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs with systemic canine distemper virus infection. | bone lesions, restricted to the metaphyses of long bones, were observed in young dogs with systemic distemper following experimental and spontaneous infection. canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen was found immunocytochemically in hematopoietic marrow cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and rarely in osteocytes. in experimentally infected dogs, viral antigen was demonstrated in the metaphysis between 5 and 36 days after infection. associated lesions, characterized by necrosis of osteoclasts, persist ... | 1995 | 8588314 |
| nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid protein of the virulent a75/17-cdv strain of canine distemper virus. | virus persistence is essential in the chronic inflammatory canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced demyelinating disease. in the case of cdv there is a close association between persistence and virulence. virulent cdv isolated from dogs with distemper shows immediate persistence in primary dog brain cell cultures (dbcc) and in different cell lines. we have evidence that the nucleocapsid (np) protein plays an important role in the development of persistence. the np-protein, the most abundant structu ... | 1995 | 8588315 |
| morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals: newly identified members of the genus. | several disease outbreaks, which have caused the deaths of many thousands of seals and dolphins during the last decade, have now been attributed to infections with newly identified morbilliviruses. outbreaks in the late eighties amongst harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and grey seals (halichoerus grypus) in northwestern europe and amongst baikal seals (phoca sibirica) in siberia were caused by the newly discovered phocine distemper virus and by a strain of canine distemper virus, respectively. alt ... | 1995 | 8588316 |
| morbillivirus infection in cetaceans of the western atlantic. | we report serologic evidence of morbillivirus infection in eleven of fifteen species of odontocete cetaceans from the western atlantic since 1986. blood samples were obtained both from free-ranging and stranded animals. virus neutralizing titers were higher against porpoise and dolphin morbilliviruses than against peste des petits ruminants virus, phocine distemper virus or canine distemper virus (cdv). serum from five species, tested in a heterologous immunoprecipitation assay using radiolabell ... | 1995 | 8588318 |
| characterisation of morbilliviruses isolated from lake baikal seals (phoca sibirica). | sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin protein (h) gene of the morbillivirus (pdv-2) isolated from a siberian seal (phoca sibirica) during the 1987/1988 epizootic in lake baikal revealed that it was most closely related to two recent isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) from germany and different from cdv vaccines currently in use in that region. the virus continued to circulate in seals in lake baikal after the 1987/1988 epizootic since sera collected from culled seals in the spring of 199 ... | 1995 | 8588319 |
| the neurobiology of canine distemper virus infection. | canine distemper virus (cdv) invades the nervous system and replicates in neurons and glial cell of the white matter during a period of severe viral induced immunosuppression. demyelination occurs in infected white matter areas in the absence of inflammation. the mechanism of demyelination is not apparent because there is no ultrastructural evidence of viral replication in the oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells. however, brain tissue culture studies have shown that oligodendrocytes sup ... | 1995 | 8588322 |
| selective spread and reduced virus release leads to canine distemper virus persistence in the nervous system. | in primary dog brain cell cultures (dbcc) the attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) is cytolytic, whereas virulent cdv is not. thus, the question why cytolysis does or does not occur appears to be intimately associated with the mechanism of persistence. persistence is most likely related to the way these viruses replicate. in the present study we used morphological and immunocytochemical approaches to compare several aspects of virus replication between a cytolytic and a virulent cdv strain us ... | 1995 | 8588323 |
| spot synthesis of overlapping peptides on paper membrane supports enables the identification of linear monoclonal antibody binding determinants on morbillivirus phosphoproteins. | in order to map antigenic domains on the p-protein of morbillivirus, a series of overlapping peptides, representing the p-protein sequences of phocid distemper virus strain 2558/han88 and canine distemper virus strain onderstepoort, were synthesized on a paper support by the spot-technique. the reactivity of six monoclonal antibodies with the peptides was tested in an enzyme immunoassay and compared to their reactivity in western blots and in an elisa using detergent extracts from virus-infected ... | 1995 | 8588324 |
| editing of morbillivirus p gene transcripts in infected animals. | rna editing in the morbillivirus genus in vivo was investigated by applying a polymerase chain reaction-based primer extension technique to measure the edited and non-edited mrna transcripts. in this genus of the paramyxoviridae the p gene transcript is altered by the co-transcriptional addition of one extra g residue to produce the mrna for the v non-structural protein. using tissues of phocine distemper virus (pdv) infected seals, canine distemper virus (cdv) infected dogs and rinderpest virus ... | 1995 | 8588325 |
| control of canine distemper. | control of canine distemper can realistically only be achieved by the use of vaccination. the types of vaccine in current use are described, together with some of the problems encountered such as interference by maternal antibodies, and usage in species other than dogs. modified live viral vaccines, as used for more than thirty years, have proved very effective. nevertheless there is scope for some improvement in vaccine efficacy and recent developments in genetic recombinant methods are describ ... | 1995 | 8588329 |
| vaccination of racing greyhounds: effects on humoral and cellular immunity. | greyhound kennel owners frequently employ multiple vaccination schedules in an attempt to reduce financial losses incurred as a result of infectious diseases. in order to determine the effects of multiple vaccination schedules on the immune system of racing greyhounds, three litters of greyhound pups raised in laboratory conditions were divided into two groups and subjected to either a maximum or a minimum vaccination schedule. blood samples were collected biweekly for 6 months beginning at 2 we ... | 1995 | 8588333 |
| histologic and immunocytochemical characterization of canine distemper-associated metaphyseal bone lesions in young dogs following experimental infection. | the proximal metaphyses of the humerus of weanling gnotobiotic dogs experimentally infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) were investigated histologically and immunocytochemically between 4 and 41 days after infection. viral antigen was demonstrated in hematopoietic marrow and bone cells at postinfection day (pid) 5 and pid 7, respectively. between pid 8 and 27, cdv antigen was abundantly present in marrow cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts and less frequently in osteocytes. immunopositive ... | 1995 | 8592806 |
| canine distemper virus from diseased large felids: biological properties and phylogenetic relationships. | specific pathogen free (spf) domestic cats were inoculated with tissue homogenate obtained from a chinese leopard (panthera pardus japonensis) that had died in a north american zoo from a natural infection with canine distemper virus (cdv). the cats developed a transient cell-associated cdv viraemia along with pronounced lymphopenia but did not show any clinical symptoms. plasma neutralizing-antibody titres against the homologous cdv (a92-27/4, isolated from the chinese leopard) were consistentl ... | 1996 | 8601773 |
| analysis of the contribution of ctl epitopes in the immunobiology of morbillivirus infection. | in balb/c (h-2d) mice, the nucleoprotein (np) of measles virus (mv) induces a mhc class i restricted-ctl response to a single 9-amino-acid epitope (aa 281--289). this l(d)-restricted epitope is also present in the np of the closely related canine distemper virus (cdv). to investigate whether this epitope is immunologically effective when it is present within the primary sequence of a nonviral protein, we have incorporated the 281--289 motif into the human cd36 protein. when cells are infected wi ... | 1996 | 8623522 |
| selective induction of cytokines in mouse brain infected with canine distemper virus: structural, cellular and temporal expression. | we have previously shown that, in experimentally inoculated mice, canine distemper virus (cdv), a neurotropic virus, selectively infects certain brain structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, monoaminergic nuclei, etc). here we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1 beta and il-6 transcripts are selectively expressed in these cdv-targeted structures, except in the dentate gyrus, where cytokines are induced without prior cdv replication. the time-course of tnf-alpha ... | 1996 | 8642058 |
| [ultrastructural analysis of pathological changes in ferrets with experimental canine distemper]. | morphologic study of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys of ferrets infected with canine distemper virus has been carried out. electron microscopy revealed virus reproduction in bronchial epithelial cells, types i and ii alveolocytes, bile duct epitheliocytes, and hepatocytes. mononuclear phagocyte system cells infected with the virus were found in all the examined organs. the most expressed pathological changes were observed in the lungs. | 1996 | 8669139 |
| [rt-pcr: a tool for the generation of clones for research on canine distemper]. | in the present work an adapted method of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is described. this procedure was an important tool for cloning a variety of gene sequences derived from oligodendrocytes and canine distemper virus (cdv). among other applications, the obtained clones were used to produce probes for in situ hybridization and to sequence the inserted dnas. due to these molecularbiological techniques new insights were gained into the pathogenesis of cdv-induced de ... | 1996 | 8720735 |
| isolation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes serotype 4 from a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with canine distemper. | in february 1993, clinical, pathological, and microbiological investigations were performed on an adult female gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from northern mississippi (usa). the fox had clinical signs consistent with canine distemper virus encephalitis. eosinophilic inclusions characteristic of canine distemper virus were in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cerebral neurons and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of urinary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary epithelial cells. the liver contained mul ... | 1996 | 8722280 |
| canine distemper virus in lake baikal seals (phoca sibirica). | the virus epizootic which resulted in significant mortality in siberian seals (phoca sibirica) in lake baikal during 1987/88 was caused by canine distemper virus. sequence analysis of the virus glycoprotein genes revealed that it was most closely related to recent european field isolates of canine distemper virus. this paper presents evidence that the same virus continued to circulate in seals in lake baikal after the initial epizootic. three out of 45 brain tissue samples collected from seals c ... | 1996 | 8735261 |
| the highly inducible member of the 70 kda family of heat shock proteins increases canine distemper virus polymerase activity. | the cellular stress response is characterized by the production of heat shock proteins (hsp) which serve important cytoprotective functions. paradoxically, in vitro induction of the stress response promotes cytopathic effect mediated by infection with canine distemper virus (cdv). the stress-mediated increase in cytopathic effect is correlated to the formation of complexes between the viral nucleocapsid (nc) and the major inducible member of the approximately 70 kda family of hsp (hsp72). the ob ... | 1996 | 8811012 |
| epidemiological observations on recent outbreaks of canine distemper in tokyo area. | recent outbreaks of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in tokyo area were investigated on the basis of clinical features and serological test. the affected dogs were clinically classified into two groups; dog with respiratory and gastrointestinal signs associated with central nervous system (cns) signs, and those with cns signs alone. of 62 dogs examined, 34 belonged to the former and 28 to the latter. in immunoperoxidase assay, anti-onderstepoort strain of cdv serum reacted at a low level a ... | 1996 | 8811624 |
| vaccination of black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) x siberian polecat (m. eversmanni) hybrids and domestic ferrets (m. putorius furo)against canine distemper. | an inactivated canine distemper vaccine with adjuvant and a modified-live virus (mlv) vaccine were evaluated using black-footed ferret (mustegla nigripes) x siberian polecat (mustela eversmanni) hybrids us surrogates for endangered black-footed ferrets. for comparative purposes, we also vaccinated domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo) with the mlv vaccine. response to vaccination was measured by clinical observation, hematology, dynamics of serum virus neutralizing antibodies, and challenge w ... | 1996 | 8827666 |
| paget's disease of bone and unvaccinated dogs. | the etiology of paget's disease is unknown, but several observations suggest a viral cause. since canine distemper virus is among those proposed to be a causal agent, we investigated the hypothesis that dog ownership may increase the risk of paget's disease of bone by means of a case control study. one hundred and fifty patients with paget's disease and 185 controls were interviewed using a structured questionnaire administered by the same interviewer. participants were asked about their socioec ... | 1996 | 8830987 |
| canine distemper virus infection in serengeti spotted hyenas. | clinical signs suggestive of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection were observed among a group of spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in the serengeti, tanzania. virus antigen was detected immunohistologically in a brain sample from a diseased cub. the presence of virus rna could be demonstrated in this brain as well as in intestine and lymph node of the animal by rt-pcr. sequence comparison of brain-derived amplicons showed that the virus was related to recent cdv field isolates. the closest homo ... | 1996 | 8861651 |
| the effect on chick osteoclasts of infection with paramyxoviruses. | the detection of virus in osteoclasts from pagetic patients is now well known, but it has yet to be shown convincingly that the presence of virus in pagetic osteoclasts influences their behaviour. in this study, osteoclasts from embryonic chick tibiae were infected with canine distemper virus or measles virus and compared with mock-infected controls. infection was confirmed using virus-specific fluorescent antibodies. it was found that virus infection did not alter osteoclast morphology or tartr ... | 1996 | 8869296 |
| up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class ii antigen expression in the central nervous system of dogs with spontaneous canine distemper virus encephalitis. | major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc ii) and canine distemper virus (cdv) antigen expression were compared by immunohistochemistry in the cerebellar white matter of ten dogs with naturally occurring canine distemper encephalitis. in addition, infiltrating mononuclear cells were characterized by employing poly- and monoclonal antibodies directed against human cd3, canine mhc ii, cd5, b cell antigen and cdv-specific nucleoprotein. positive antigen-antibody reaction was visualized by the ... | 1996 | 8870829 |
| applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: an update. | recombinant pox viruses have been generated for vaccination against heterologous pathogens. amongst these, the following are notable examples. (i) the engineering of the copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. when applied in baits, this recombinant has been shown to vaccinate the red fox in europe and raccoons in the united states, stemming the spread of rabies virus infection in the wild. (ii) a fowlpox-based recombinant expressing the newcastle disease vi ... | 1996 | 8876138 |
| serological analysis of canine distemper virus using an immunocapture elisa. | as a rapid and sensitive method to detect canine distemper virus (cdv), an immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was performed. the sensitivity and specificity of the immunocapture elisa were considered to be high enough. virus neutralizing (vn) test was also established using the immunocapture elisa. by using this test, the different cross vn titers between sera of dogs experimentally infected with the onderstepoort strain and those with a field isolate of cdv were observed. | 1996 | 8877982 |
| rinderpest and other animal morbillivirus infections: comparative aspects and recent developments. | the genus morbillivirus presently comprises measles virus of man, rinderpest virus (rpv), peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), and canine distemper virus (cdv). 'emerging' morbilliviruses, such as phocid distemper virus (pdv) of seals, dolphin (dmv) and porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) have probably been present for a long period of time and outbreaks are possibly related to introduction into a highly susceptible population and/or be the result of interspecies transmission. in this review some c ... | 1996 | 8885706 |
| detection of measles virus nucleocapsid transcripts in circulating blood cells from patients with paget disease. | paget disease of bone is characterized by abnormalities in all phases of bone remodeling, but the fundamental cellular abnormality resides in the osteoclast (ocl). osteoclasts in bone involved by paget disease contain viral-like nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions that react with antibodies directed against paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins, such as measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or canine distemper virus. however, the identity of the virus or the mechanisms responsible for its per ... | 1996 | 8915767 |
| impaired immunity in harbour seals [phoca vitulina] fed environmentally contaminated herring. | in recent years, mass mortalities among seals and dolphins have been attributed to infections with different morbilliviruses. in all cases, these marine top predators were exposed to high levels of persistent lipophilic environmental contaminants accumulated through the food chain. this observation led to the hypothesis that a contaminant-related suppression of the immune system might have contributed to the severity of the virus outbreaks. we conducted a semi-field feeding experiment, in which ... | 1996 | 8933691 |
| gastric attaching and effacing escherichia coli lesions in a puppy with naturally occurring enteric colibacillosis and concurrent canine distemper virus infection. | a puppy suffering from chronic diarrhea was humanely killed at 90 days of age. numerous gram-negative bacilli were found adhering to the surface of as well as within epithelial cells from the stomach to the colon. canine distemper virus inclusions were in the epithelial cytoplasm of the esophageal, gastric, and intestinal mucosa. typical attaching and effacing ultrastructural lesions were in the stomach, and some bacilli were in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. escherichia coli, isolated f ... | 1996 | 8952035 |
| conservation biology. dangerous liaisons and disease. | 1996 | 8559243 | |
| a canine distemper virus epidemic in serengeti lions (panthera leo). | canine distemper virus (cdv) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the serengeti-mara ecosystem of east africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). the large, closely monitored serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. however, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to cdv emerged abruptly in the lion p ... | 1996 | 8559247 |
| new virus variant killed serengeti cats. | 1996 | 8571120 | |
| cd9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, renders cells susceptible to canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv), a lymphotropic and neurotropic negative-stranded rna virus of the morbillivirus genus, causes a life-threatening disease in several carnivores, including domestic dogs. to identify the cellular receptor(s) involved in the uptake of cdv by susceptible cells, we isolated a monoclonal antibody (mab k41) which binds to the cell surface and inhibits the cdv infection of several cell lines from various species. pretreatment of cells with mab k41 reduces the number of infe ... | 1997 | 8985321 |
| canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets as a model for testing morbillivirus vaccine strategies: nyvac- and alvac-based cdv recombinants protect against symptomatic infection. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (cns). we have tested candidate cdv vaccines incorporating the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (ha) proteins in the highly attenuated nyvac strain of vaccinia virus and in the alvac strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice wit ... | 1997 | 8995676 |
| inhibition of measles virus infection and fusion with peptides corresponding to the leucine zipper region of the fusion protein. | measles virus (mv) infections are characterized by the induction of syncytia, i.e. the fusion of infected cells. two mv proteins, the haemagglutinin (ha) and fusion (f) proteins, are involved in this process. synthetic peptides representing two alpha-helical regions of the mv f protein were studied for their ability to inhibit mv fusion. a peptide corresponding to the leucine zipper region (amino acids 455-490) inhibited mv fusion, whereas a peptide to amino acids 148-177, corresponding to the a ... | 1997 | 9010292 |
| genetic diversity of the attachment (h) protein gene of current field isolates of canine distemper virus. | to characterize the variability of recent field isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) from different hosts and geographical areas, we conducted nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene encoding the haemagglutinin (h), the attachment protein of this virus. pronounced differences between field isolates were revealed in comparison to the convac and onderstepoort vaccine strains. the diversity of cdv appeared to exceed that determined for measles virus. phylogenetic analysis also separated the fi ... | 1997 | 9018059 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the haemagglutinin (h) proteins of field isolates of canine distemper virus from naturally infected dogs. | we isolated three strains of canine distemper virus (cdv)--the ueno, hamamatsu, and yanaka strains--from dogs in japan and analysed the molecular properties of their haemagglutinin (h) proteins. immunoprecipitation of all three strains with a monoclonal antibody revealed h proteins with molecular masses of 84 kda, which differs from the molecular mass (78 kda) of the h protein of the onderstepoort vaccine strain. however, after tunicamycin treatment immunoprecipitation identified h proteins of i ... | 1997 | 9018060 |
| topical corticosteroids reverse the antiviral effect of topical cidofovir in the ad5-inoculated new zealand rabbit ocular model. | to determine how the addition of topical corticosteroids would affect the anti-adenoviral inhibitory effect of topical cidofovir (s-hpmpc) in the ad5 new zealand (ad5/nz) rabbit ocular model. | 1997 | 9019458 |
| massive filaroides hirthi infestation associated with canine distemper in a puppy. | 1997 | 9023910 | |
| serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in yellowstone national park, wyoming. | from october 1989 to june 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (canis latrans) for various diseases in yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa). prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) was 100% for adults (> 24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (< 3 months old) had antibodies against cpv. presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) was associated with the age of the coyote, ... | 1997 | 9027690 |
| expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of the canine distemper virus. | we constructed a cdna clone of canine distemper virus (cdv) encoding an entire nucleoprotein (np) gene, by means of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the cloned np gene was inserted into the eucaryotic expression vector, prvsv. after transfection of the plasmid into vero cells, we examined the expression of cdv-specific np antigen by means of indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and western blotting, using various antibodies against np of cdv and an antiserum again ... | 1997 | 9035079 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genes of phocine distemper virus and canine distemper virus (corrected sequence). | this paper corrects the previously published sequence of the l gene of canine distemper virus (cdv). errors in the published sequence (m. s. sidhu et al., 1993, virology 193, 50-65) led to frame shifts between residues 1021-1032, 1190-1219 and 1645-1650; a deletion of 21 amino acids between residues 1684-1705, and a single residue deletion at residue 1478. residue 237 is now found to be glycine rather than tryptophan and residue 1626 proline instead of threonine. the sequence of the l gene of ph ... | 1997 | 9049407 |
| distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers. | in light of recent canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemics, we set out to determine the historical significance of cdv infection in captive lions and tigers in switzerland. the retrospective case material consisted of 42 lion and tiger necropsy cases from 1972 to 1992. necropsy reports for all lions and tigers were reviewed. all existing paraffin tissues were immunohistochemically examined with a polyclonal antibody raised against cdv. the results for 19 of the 42 lions and tigers were classified ... | 1997 | 9067652 |