Publications

are intestinal mucins involved in the pathogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus?		2001	11774472
a strategy for the generation of an infectious transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus from cloned cdna.		2001	11774479
expression of transcriptional units using transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus derived minigenomes and full-length cdna clones.		2001	11774506
a simple strategy to assemble infectious rna and dna clones.		2001	11774510
cloning of a transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus full-length cdna.		2001	11774519
the membrane m protein of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus binds to the internal core through the carboxy-terminus.		2001	11774530
antigenic and genomic relatedness of turkey-origin coronaviruses, bovine coronaviruses, and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens.	in earlier studies in our laboratory, we found that bovine coronavirus (bcv) was pathogenic for 1-day-old turkey poults. this finding prompted us to study the antigenic and genomic relatedness of turkey origin coronaviruses (tocvs) to bcv. a one-step reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting a 730-base pair fragment of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of bcv and a nested pcr targeting a 407-base pair fragment of the n gene were used in an attempt to detect tocv from north car ...	2001	11785902
experimental infection of piglets with transmissible gastroenteritis virus: a comparison of three strains (korean, purdue and miller).	eighty-four colostrum-deprived piglets aged 1 day were inoculated with either a korean strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) or one of two american strains (purdue and miller). the purpose was to compare, by morphometric analysis and in-situ hybridization, the korean strain with the two american strains in respect of pathogenicity and viral distribution over a period of 72 h. the progression of infection in pigs infected with the korean strain was much slower than that in pigs inf ...	2002	11814319
in vitro and in vivo expression of foreign genes by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived minigenomes.	a helper-dependent expression system based on transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) has been developed using a minigenome of 3.9 kb (m39). expression of the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase (gus) (2-8 microg per 10(6) cells) and the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) orf5 (1-2 microg per 10(6) cells) has been shown using a tgev-derived minigenome. gus expression levels increased about eightfold with the m.o.i. and were maintained for more than eight passages i ...	2002	11842252
conservation of substrate specificities among coronavirus main proteases.	the key enzyme in coronavirus replicase polyprotein processing is the coronavirus main protease, 3cl(pro). the substrate specificities of five coronavirus main proteases, including the prototypic enzymes from the coronavirus groups i, ii and iii, were characterized. recombinant main proteases of human coronavirus (hcov), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), feline infectious peritonitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus and mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) were tested in peptide-based t ...	2002	11842254
stabilization of a full-length infectious cdna clone of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by insertion of an intron.	the stable propagation of a full-length transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) cdna in escherichia coli cells as a bacterial artificial chromosome has been considerably improved by the insertion of an intron to disrupt a toxic region identified in the viral genome. the viral rna was expressed in the cell nucleus under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter and the intron was efficiently removed during translocation of this rna to the cytoplasm. the insertion in two different posit ...	2002	11932433
field validation of a commercial blocking elisa to differentiate antibody to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine respiratory coronavirus and to identify tgev-infected swine herds.	a commercially available blocking elisa was analyzed for its ability to identify antibodies to porcine coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus [tgev] or porcine respiratory coronavirus [prcv]), to differentiate antibodies to tgev and prcv, and to identify tgev-infected herds. nine sera from uninfected pigs, 34 sera from 16 pigs experimentally infected with tgev, and sera from 10 pigs experimentally infected with prcv were evaluated using both the tgev/prcv blocking elisa and a virus n ...	2002	11939346
binding of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus to cell surface sialoglycoproteins.	the surface glycoprotein s of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) has two binding activities. (i) binding to porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) is essential for the initiation of infection. (ii) binding to sialic acid residues on glycoproteins is dispensable for the infection of cultured cells but is required for enteropathogenicity. by comparing parental tgev with mutant viruses deficient in the sialic acid binding activity, we determined the contributions of both binding activities to the ...	2002	12021336
antigenic relationship of turkey coronavirus isolates from different geographic locations in the united states.	the purpose of the present study was to examine the antigenicity of turkey coronavirus (tcv) isolates from various geographic areas with antibodies to different viruses. seventeen isolates of tcv were recovered from intestinal samples submitted to animal disease diagnostic laboratory, purdue university, from turkey farms located in different geographic areas. the prototype tcv minnesota isolate (tcv-atcc) was obtained from the american type culture collection. intestinal sections were prepared f ...	2002	12061660
structure of coronavirus main proteinase reveals combination of a chymotrypsin fold with an extra alpha-helical domain.	the key enzyme in coronavirus polyprotein processing is the viral main proteinase, m(pro), a protein with extremely low sequence similarity to other viral and cellular proteinases. here, the crystal structure of the 33.1 kda transmissible gastroenteritis (corona)virus m(pro) is reported. the structure was refined to 1.96 a resolution and revealed three dimers in the asymmetric unit. the mutual arrangement of the protomers in each of the dimers suggests that m(pro) self-processing occurs in trans ...	2002	12093723
a survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in iowa swine including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.	this survey was undertaken to determine the relative frequency of agents that are currently associated with neonatal diarrhea in swine, including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the subjects for this study were the first 100 live 1-7-day-old piglets submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory with a clinical signalment of diarrhea, beginning on january 1, 2000. the evaluation of each pig included bacterial culture ...	2002	12152806
generation of a replication-competent, propagation-deficient virus vector based on the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus genome.	replication-competent propagation-deficient virus vectors based on the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) genome that are deficient in the essential e gene have been developed by complementation within e(+) packaging cell lines. cell lines expressing the tgev e protein were established using the noncytopathic sindbis virus replicon psinrep21. in addition, cell lines stably expressing the e gene under the cmv promoter have been developed. the sindbis replicon vector and the ectopic ...	2002	12388713
case-control study on the association of porcine circovirus type 2 and other swine viral pathogens with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.	a field-based case-control study was conducted to assess the strength of association of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and some major swine viruses with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). cases were defined as individual pigs with a clinical history of progressive weight loss and histopathological lesions characteristic of pmws. controls were pigs without clinical signs and histopathological lesions typical of pmws. a total of 31 cases and 56 controls was identified from diagno ...	2002	12423025
coronaviruses from pheasants (phasianus colchicus) are genetically closely related to coronaviruses of domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus) and turkeys.	reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcrs) were used to examine rna extracted from mouth/nasal swabs from pheasants exhibiting signs of respiratory disease. the oligonucleotides used were based on sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the coronavirus of domestic fowl. a rt-pcr for the highly conserved region ii of the 3' untranslated region of the ibv genome detected a coronavirus in swabs from 18/21 estates. sequence identity with the corresponding region of ibvs and c ...	2002	12425795
identification of the epitope region capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.	in order to identify the neutralizing epitope of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), the spike protein region that is presumed to contain the virus-neutralizing epitope was determined. this was based on the sequence information for the neutralizing epitope of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). a recombinant protein that corresponds to the spike region of tgev was produced, and polyclonal antisera were generated using the recombinant protein. it was discovered that polyclonal ...	2002	12442904
delivery of subunit vaccines in maize seed.	the use of recombinant gene technologies by the vaccine industry has revolutionized the way antigens are generated, and has provided safer, more effective means of protecting animals and humans against bacterial and viral pathogens. viral and bacterial antigens for recombinant subunit vaccines have been produced in a variety of organisms. transgenic plants are now recognized as legitimate sources for these proteins, especially in the developing area of oral vaccines, because antigens have been s ...	2002	12480322
transcription regulatory sequences and mrna expression levels in the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus.	the transcription regulatory sequences (trss) of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been characterized by using a helper virus-dependent expression system based on coronavirus-derived minigenomes to study the synthesis of subgenomic mrnas. the trss are located at the 5' end of tgev genes and include a highly conserved core sequence (cs), 5'-cuaaac-3', that is essential for mediating a 100- to 1,000-fold increase in mrna synthesis when it is located in the appropriate ...	2002	11773405
heterologous gene expression from transmissible gastroenteritis virus replicon particles.	we have recently isolated a transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infectious construct designated tgev 1000 (b. yount, k. m. curtis, and r. s. baric, j. virol. 74:10600-10611, 2000). using this construct, a recombinant tgev was constructed that replaced open reading frame (orf) 3a with a heterologous gene encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp). following transfection of baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells, a recombinant tgev (tgev-gfp2) was isolated that replicated efficiently and expressed g ...	2002	11773416
establishment and characterization of two new pig cell lines for use in virological diagnostic laboratories.	two pig cell lines derived from kidney and trachea tissues and referred to as newborn swine kidney (nsk) and newborn pig trachea (nptr) were established following serial culture of primary cells. they were characterized by an epithelial-like morphology, high capacity to replicate and stability of the cell monolayer for several days after seeding. their modal chromosome number was modified in comparison to that of primary swine cells and they both displayed a transforming potential in vitro and d ...	2003	12505635
differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues by multiplex rt-nested pcr and comparison with in situ hybridization.	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were detected and differentiated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr). the results of this new method were compared with in situ hybridization. a method based on xylene deparaffinization followed by proteinase k digestion yielded rna of a suitable quality for reliable and consist ...	2003	12565152
engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity.	the genome of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) has been engineered as an expression vector with an infectious cdna. the vector led to the efficient (>40 micro g/10(6) cells) and stable (>20 passages) expression of a heterologous gene (green fluorescent protein [gfp]), driven by the transcription-regulating sequences (trs) of open reading frame (orf) 3a inserted in the site previously occupied by the nonessential orfs 3a and 3b. expression levels driven by this trs were ...	2003	12634392
transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus gene 7 is not essential but influences in vivo virus replication and virulence.	transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) contains eight overlapping genes that are expressed from a 3'-coterminal nested set of leader-containing mrnas. to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome, genes were separated by duplication of transcription regulating sequences (trss) and introduction of unique restriction endonuclease sites at the 5' end of each gene using an infectious cdna clone. the recombinant tgev (rtgev) replicated in cell culture with similar efficiency t ...	2003	12706086
coronavirus main proteinase (3clpro) structure: basis for design of anti-sars drugs.	a novel coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the viral main proteinase (mpro, also called 3clpro), which controls the activities of the coronavirus replication complex, is an attractive target for therapy. we determined crystal structures for human coronavirus (strain 229e) mpro and for an inhibitor complex of porcine coronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev)] mpro, and we constructed a homology model for sars coronavir ...	2003	12746549
a 3d model of sars_cov 3cl proteinase and its inhibitors design by virtual screening.	to constructed a three-dimensional (3d) model for the 3c like (3cl) proteinase of sars coronavirus (sars-cov), and to design inhibitors of the 3cl proteinase based on the 3d model.	2003	12791174
partial sequence of the spike glycoprotein gene of transmissible gastroenteritis viruses isolated in korea.	the spike (s) glycoprotein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the predominant inducer of neutralizing antibodies and has been implicated in virulence and host cell tropism. in this study, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the amino terminal half of the s glycoprotein gene of one korean field tgev strain (133) isolated in 1997 and three korean field tgev strains (kt2, kt3 and kt4) isolated in 2000 and hkt2 strain, kt2 passaged 104 times in st cells, were determined. ...	2003	12814887
transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus packaging signal is located at the 5' end of the virus genome.	to locate the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) packaging signal, the incorporation of tgev subgenomic mrnas (sgmrnas) into virions was first addressed. tgev virions were purified by three different techniques, including an immunopurification using an m protein-specific monoclonal antibody. detection of sgmrnas in virions by specific reverse transcription-pcrs (rt-pcrs) was related to the purity of virus preparations. interestingly, virus mrnas were detected in partially purified ...	2003	12829829
construction, characterization, and immunogenicity of an attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pgte vaccine expressing fimbriae with integrated viral epitopes from the spic promoter.	transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine coronavirus that causes diarrhea, leading to near 100% mortality in neonatal piglets with corresponding devastating economic consequences. for the protection of neonatal and older animals, oral live vaccines present the attractive property of inducing desired mucosal immune responses, including colostral antibodies in sows--an effective means to passively protect suckling piglets. newly attenuated salmonella vaccine constructs expressing tg ...	2003	12874347
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in feces of pigs with or without enteric disease by polymerase chain reaction.	to establish the sensitive polymerase chain reaction(pcr) method and detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from intestines and feces of commercial swine herds with or without enteric disease, intestinal samples from 68 pigs and 29 fecal samples from commercial swine farms were collected. a primer set, forward primer 5'-gaagaatggaagaagcgg-3' and reverse primer 5'-ctcacagcagtagacaggt-3', could detect the virus at a concentration as low as 2 infectious virions per milliliter under controlled cond ...	2003	12918820
exogenous porcine viruses.	porcine organs, cells and tissues provide a viable source of transplants in humans, though there is some concern of public health risk from adaptation of swine infectious agents in humans. limited information is available on the public health risk of many exogenous swine viruses, and reliable and rapid diagnostic tests are available for only a few of these. the ability of several porcine viruses to cause transplacental fetal infection (parvoviruses, circoviruses, and arteriviruses), emergence or ...	2003	12934944
increased litter survival rates, reduced clinical illness and better lactogenic immunity against tgev in gilts that were primed as neonates with porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv).	establishing immunological memory in female piglets at a young age with prcv was effective in inducing a secondary immune response to a limiting dose of virulent tgev given orally 13-18 days prior to farrowing. subsequently, because of passive antibody transfer, the offspring of these primed gilts were more efficient in surviving a lethal tgev challenge. an average survival rate of 89% occurred in 6 litters of piglets from primed gilts that were boosted with 2.8 x 10(6) plaque forming units (pfu ...	2003	12935745
relationship of sars-cov to other pathogenic rna viruses explored by tetranucleotide usage profiling.	the exact origin of the cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still an open question. the genomic sequence relationship of sars-cov with 30 different single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses of various families was studied using two non-standard approaches. both approaches began with the vectorial profiling of the tetra-nucleotide usage pattern v for each virus. in approach one, a distance measure of a vector v, based on correlation coefficient was devised to construct a relationsh ...	2003	14499005
binding of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus to brush border membrane sialoglycoproteins.	transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) is a porcine pathogen causing enteric infections that are lethal for suckling piglets. the enterotropism of tgev is connected with the sialic acid binding activity of the viral surface protein s. here we show that, among porcine intestinal brush border membrane proteins, tgev recognizes a mucin-type glycoprotein designated mgp in a sialic acid-dependent fashion. virus binding assays with cryosections of the small intestine from a suckling piglet r ...	2003	14557669
identifying inhibitors of the sars coronavirus proteinase.	the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious respiratory illness that has recently been reported in parts of asia and canada. in this study, we use molecular dynamics (md) simulations and docking techniques to screen 29 approved and experimental drugs against the theoretical model of the sars cov proteinase as well as the experimental structure of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) proteinase. our predictions indicate that existing hiv-1 protease inhibitors, l-700,417 fo ...	2003	14592491
neutralization of enteric coronaviruses with escherichia coli cells expressing single-chain fv-autotransporter fusions.	we report here that fusions of single-chain antibodies (scfvs) to the autotransporter beta domain of the iga protease of neisseria gonorrhoeae are instrumental in locating virus-neutralizing activity on the cell surface of escherichia coli. e. coli cells displaying scfvs against the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus on their surface blocked in vivo the access of the infectious agent to cultured epithelial cells. this result raises prospects for antiviral strategies aimed at hindering the ...	2003	14645594
a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of turkey coronavirus infection.	this study reports on the development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the specific detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov). of the several sets of primers tested, 1 set of primers derived from the p gene and 2 sets derived from the n gene of tcov could amplify the tcov genome in the infected samples. the rt-pcr was sensitive and specific for tcov and did not amplify other avian rna and dna viruses tested except the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). to overcome t ...	2003	14667027
identification of a putative cellular receptor 150 kda polypeptide for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in porcine enterocytes.	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes an acute enteritis in pigs of all ages, often fatality for neonates. pedv occupies an intermediate position between two well characterized members of the coronavirus group i, human coronavirus (hcov-229e)and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) which uses aminopeptidase n (apn), a 150 kda protein, as their receptors. however, the receptor of the pedv has not been identified yet. a virus overlay protein binding assay (vopba) was used to identify ...	2003	14685034
sequence motifs involved in the regulation of discontinuous coronavirus subgenomic rna synthesis.	coronavirus transcription leads to the synthesis of a nested set of mrnas with a leader sequence derived from the 5' end of the genome. the mrnas are produced by a discontinuous transcription in which the leader is linked to the mrna coding sequences. this process is regulated by transcription-regulating sequences (trss) preceding each mrna, including a highly conserved core sequence (cs) with high identity to sequences present in the virus genome and at the 3' end of the leader (trs-l). the rol ...	2004	14694129
effects of infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus on concomitant immune responses to dietary and injected antigens.	normal piglets weaned onto soy- or egg-based diets generated antibody responses to fed protein. concurrent infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) did not affect the responses to dietary antigens at weaning, nor did it affect the subsequent development of tolerance. however, tgev infection did enhance the primary immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg1, but not igg2, antibody responses to injected soy in comparison to those of uninfected animals. paradoxically, tgev-infected animals sh ...	2004	15013985
respiratory and fecal shedding of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) in sentinel weaned pigs and sequence of the partial s-gene of the prcv isolates.	porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), a spike (s) gene deletion mutant of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), causes mild or subclinical respiratory infections in pigs. the shedding of prcv/tgev was studied at different days post-arrival in fecal and nasal swabs from prcv/tgev seronegative sentinel pigs introduced into a prcv seropositive herd with questionable tgev serology and diarrhea. nasal shedding of prcv was detected in 57% and 63% of samples by nested-rt-pcr and cell culture im ...	2004	15098110
reverse genetic analysis of the transcription regulatory sequence of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus.	coronavirus discontinuous transcription uses a highly conserved sequence (cs) in the joining of leader and body rnas. using a full-length infectious construct of transmissable gastroenteritis virus, the present study demonstrates that subgenomic transcription is heavily influenced by upstream flanking sequences and supports a mechanism of transcription attenuation that is regulated in part by a larger domain composed of primarily upstream flanking sequences which select appropriately positioned ...	2004	15141005
effect of temperature on the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in fecal samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	the effect of storage temperature was determined for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in fecal samples from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). to examine the effect of storage temperature on the ability to detect pedv and tgev rna by multiplex rt-pcr, fecal samples were stored for different temperatures (4, 21, 36, and 45 c) before extracting viral ...	2004	15152841
immunopurification applied to the study of virus protein composition and encapsidation.	a protocol for obtaining small amounts of highly pure virus preparations starting from reduced volumes (<5 ml) of infected tissue culture supernatants is described. this procedure was adapted to the study of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) protein composition and rna encapsidation. this protocol relies on virion capture by monoclonal antibodies specific for a virion membrane protein. these antibodies were bound to protein a-coated elisa wells armed with rabbit anti-mouse igg ant ...	2004	15158585
a corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine.	recombinant plant expression systems offer a means to produce large quantities of selected antigens for subunit vaccines. cereals are particularly well-suited expression vehicles since the expressed proteins can be stored at relatively high concentrations for extended periods of time without degradation and dry seed can be formulated into oral vaccines suitable for commercial applications. a subunit vaccine candidate directed against porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and expressed in c ...	2004	15193404
molecular dynamics simulations of various coronavirus main proteinases.	in this study, two homology models (denoted as mprost and mprosh) of main proteinase (mpro) from the novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) were constructed based on the crystal structures of mpro from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) (mprot) and human coronavirus hcov-229e (mproh), respectively. both mprost and mprosh exhibit similar folds as their respective template proteins. these homology models reveal three distinct functional domains ...	2004	15214807
verification of sensitivity and specificity of group a rotavirus detection in piglets faeces with monoclonal blocking elisa methods.	monoclonal antibodies to group a rotavirus vp6 protein were prepared and used for verification of three blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) modifications to detect rotavirus a. selected competitive blocking elisa (cb-elisa) and electron microscopy (em) were used for examination of 194 field faecal samples of piglets affected with diarrhoea. rotavirus was detected in 43 samples (22.2%) by cb-elisa method, whereas in 26 (13.4%) samples by em examination. however, of 26 samples posit ...	2004	15228549
sequence comparison of the orf 7 region of transmissible gastroenteritis viruses isolated in japan.	the 3' end region nucleotide sequence, including orf7, of nine japanese and two u.s.a. isolates of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were determined and compared. nine japanese tgev strains have been isolated over the past 40 years (1956-1997). from the comparison of determined nucleotide sequences, we could divide the tgev japanese isolates into two groups and distinguish them from tgev u.s.a. isolates.	2004	15240950
a novel sorting signal for intracellular localization is present in the s protein of a porcine coronavirus but absent from severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus.	coronaviruses (cov) mature by a budding process at intracellular membranes. here we showed that the major surface protein s of a porcine cov (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) is not transported to the cell surface but is retained intracellularly. site-directed mutagenesis indicated that a tyrosine-dependent signal (yxxi) in the cytoplasmic tail is essential for intracellular localization of the s protein. surface expression of mutant proteins was evident by immunofluorescence analysis and su ...	2004	15304515
evaluation of a safe and sensitive spike protein-based immunofluorescence assay for the detection of antibody responses to sars-cov.	previously, we have identified a truncated antigenic fragment named protein c [441 to 700 amino acids (a.a.)] as the immunodominant fragment of spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov). we have now successfully expressed protein c using the baculovirus system in s. frugiperda (sf-9) cells. this recombinant baculovirus expressing protein c was first characterized using five sars convalescent human sera and five normal human sera. the results showed that ...	2004	15680149
development of a novel real-time rt-pcr assay with lux primer for the detection of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus.	real-time rt-pcr assay, based on light upon extension (lux) fluorogenic primer and lightcycle technology, was developed for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). viral rna from different tgev isolates and clinical specimens was detected. to evaluate the sensitivity of the assay, a gel-based rt-pcr method targeted at the same 101 bp sequence was also developed. serial 10-fold dilutions of tgev rna were detected by the two methods. although the real time method used only 2 ...	2004	15488621
the nucleoprotein is required for efficient coronavirus genome replication.	the construction of a set of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev)-derived replicons as bacterial artificial chromosomes is reported. these replicons were generated by sequential deletion of nonessential genes for virus replication, using a modified tgev full-length cdna clone containing unique restriction sites between each pair of consecutive genes. efficient activity of tgev replicons was associated with the presence of the nucleoprotein provided either in cis or in trans. tgev rep ...	2004	15507657
an elisa optimized for porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus detection in faeces.	monoclonal antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) membrane protein m were prepared and used for the comparative assessment of three blocking elisa variants to detect pedv. the competitive blocking elisa (cb-elisa) format showed the highest sensitivity, allowing detection of 10(2.5) plaque-forming units of pedv/ml in culture medium. its specificity was verified by inclusion of control samples containing transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and rotavirus a in each analysis. ei ...	2004	15607079
commercialization of plant-based vaccines from research and development to manufacturing.	the benefits of using plant-based oral vaccines are discussed. transgenic maize expressing an antigen of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is reported as a model to demonstrate efficacy. young pigs that were fed the tgev corn orally were protected against challenge with virulent tgev. additional parameters important in providing a reliable and consistent supply of plant-based vaccines are discussed. finally, vaccines developed in maize are evaluated for their potential to contaminate ei ...	2004	15984332
animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for sars.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in china and spread globally as a human pandemic. it is caused by a new coronavirus (cov) of suspect animal origin. the emergence of sars stunned medical scientists, but veterinary virologists had previously recognized covs as causing fatal respiratory or enteric disease in animals with interspecies transmission and wildlife reservoirs. because of its public health impact, major efforts are focused on development of sars vaccines. occurrence of co ...	2004	15742624
mixed infections in vitro with different chlamydiaceae strains and a cell culture adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.	assuming a synergistic or additive effect of chlamydiaceae in coexistence with other enteropathogenic agents, the viral/bacterial interaction between a cell culture adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (ca-pedv) and different chlamydiaceae strains was studied in vitro. vero cells were dually infected with ca-pedv and one of the three chlamydial strains chlamydia trachomatis s45, chlamydophila abortus s26/3 or chlamydophila pecorum 1710s. three experimental protocols were designed varying the ...	2005	15778027
molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of orf7 region of chinese isolate th-98 from transmissible gastroenteritis virus.	genomic rna was extracted from a chinese isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) designated th-98. employing rt-pcr technique to amplify orf7 sequence of tgev, which located at the 3' end of tgev genome and is poorly understood functionally so far. a recombinant named pproex htc-hp was constructed via inserting orf7 gene into prokaryotic expression vector pproex htc. the recombinant was sequenced and compared the dna and its deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with that of so ...	2005	15830158
cloning and sequence analysis of the korean strain of spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and expression of its neutralizing epitope in plants.	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes acute diarrhea and dehydration in pigs and leads to death with a high mortality rate, which has been reported notably in korea. the spike (s) gene of the pedv isolated in korea was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide sequence encoding the entire s gene open reading frame of korean strain was 4161 bases long encoding 1387 amino acids. the neutralizing epitope of korean pedv (k-coe) was expressed in tobacco plants using agrobacterium-mediated protein ...	2005	15866725
use of monoclonal antibodies in blocking elisa detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in faeces of piglets.	monoclonal antibodies (mab) to the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) nucleoprotein (n) and membrane protein (m) were prepared and used for the comparative assessment of three blocking elisa variants to detect tgev. the competitive blocking elisa format showed the highest sensitivity, allowing detection of 10(3) tcid50 tgev/ml in culture medium. ninety-nine porcine field faecal samples obtained from 37 herds affected with diarrhoea were examined, and various tgev levels were found in nin ...	2005	15876221
variation analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus putative non-structural protein 2 gene and construction of three-dimensional model.	the rapid transmission and high mortality rate made severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) a global threat for which no efficacious therapy is available now. without sufficient knowledge about the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), it is impossible to define the candidate for the anti-sars targets. the putative non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) (3cl(pro), following the nomenclature by gao et al, also known as nsp5 in snidjer et al) of sars-cov plays an important role in viral transcription and replica ...	2005	15899130
development of a homogeneous screening assay for automated detection of antiviral agents active against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus.	the severity and global spread of the 2003 outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) highlighted the risks to human health posed by emerging viral diseases and emphasized the need for specific therapeutic agents instead of relying on existing broadly active antiviral compounds. the development of rapid screening assays is essential for antiviral drug discovery. thus, a screening system for anti-sars-cov agents was developed, which evaluated compound pote ...	2005	15961169
phosphorylation and subcellular localization of transmissible gastroenteritis virus nucleocapsid protein in infected cells.	the nucleocapsid (n) protein is the only phosphorylated structural protein of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). the phosphorylation state and intracellular distribution of tgev n protein in infected cells were characterized by a combination of techniques including: (i) subcellular fractionation and analysis of tryptic peptides by two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography, coupled to ion-trap mass spectrometry; (ii) tandem mass-spectrometry analysis of n protein resolve ...	2005	16033973
design of wide-spectrum inhibitors targeting coronavirus main proteases.	the genus coronavirus contains about 25 species of coronaviruses (covs), which are important pathogens causing highly prevalent diseases and often severe or fatal in humans and animals. no licensed specific drugs are available to prevent their infection. different host receptors for cellular entry, poorly conserved structural proteins (antigens), and the high mutation and recombination rates of covs pose a significant problem in the development of wide-spectrum anti-cov drugs and vaccines. cov m ...	2005	16128623
feline coronavirus serotypes 1 and 2: seroprevalence and association with disease in switzerland.	to determine the prevalence of antibodies to feline coronavirus (fcov) serotypes 1 and 2 in switzerland and their association with different disease manifestations, a serological study based on immunofluorescence tests was conducted with swiss field cats using transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), fcov type 1 and fcov type 2 as antigens. a total of 639 serum samples collected in the context of different studies from naturally infected cats were tested. the current study revealed that, with ...	2005	16210485
a point mutation within the replicase gene differentially affects coronavirus genome versus minigenome replication.	during the construction of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) full-length cdna clone, a point mutation at position 637 that was present in the defective minigenome di-c was maintained as a genetic marker. sequence analysis of the recovered viruses showed a reversion at this position to the original virus sequence. the effect of point mutations at nucleotide 637 was analyzed by reverse genetics using a tgev full-length cdna clone and cdnas from tgev-derived minigenomes. the replacemen ...	2005	16306572
coronavirus genome structure and replication.	in addition to the sars coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-beaudette strain (ibv-beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ent strain (bcov-ent), human coronavirus-229e strain (hcov-229e), murine hepatitis virus-a59 strain (mhv-a59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-purdue 115 strain (tgev-purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-cv777 strai ...	2005	15609507
coronavirus reverse genetics and development of vectors for gene expression.	knowledge of coronavirus replication, transcription, and virus-host interaction has been recently improved by engineering of coronavirus infectious cdnas. with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) genome the efficient (>40 microg per 106 cells) and stable (>20 passages) expression of the foreign genes has been shown. knowledge of the transcription mechanism in coronaviruses has been significantly increased, making possible the fine regulation of foreign gene expression. a new family of ...	2005	15609512
development of mouse hepatitis virus and sars-cov infectious cdna constructs.	the genomes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) have been generated with a novel construction strategy that allows for the assembly of very large rna and dna genomes from a panel of contiguous cdna subclones. recombinant viruses generated from these methods contained the appropriate marker mutations and replicated as efficiently as wild-type virus. the mhv cloning strategy can also be used to generate recombinant viruses that contain foreign genes or mut ...	2005	15609514
role of nucleotides immediately flanking the transcription-regulating sequence core in coronavirus subgenomic mrna synthesis.	the generation of subgenomic mrnas in coronavirus involves a discontinuous mechanism of transcription by which the common leader sequence, derived from the genome 5' terminus, is fused to the 5' end of the mrna coding sequence (body). transcription-regulating sequences (trss) precede each gene and include a conserved core sequence (cs) surrounded by relatively variable sequences (5' trs and 3' trs). regulation of transcription in coronaviruses has been studied by reverse-genetics analysis of the ...	2005	15681451
rt-pcr-based dot blot hybridization for the detection and differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in fecal samples using a non-radioactive digoxigenin cdna probe.	multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based dot blot hybridization was developed to increase the sensitivity for the detection and differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in fecal samples. fecal samples found positive by rt-pcr-based agarose gel electrophoresis were always found positive by rt-pcr-based dot blot hybridization. in addition, 5 out of 10 fecal samples which were negative for pedv by r ...	2005	15620395
intragastric administration of lactobacillus casei expressing transmissible gastroentritis coronavirus spike glycoprotein induced specific antibody production.	lactobacillus casei strain shirota was selected as a bacterial carrier for the development of live mucosal vaccines against coronavirus. a 75 kda fragment of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) spike glycoprotein s was used as the model coronavirus antigen. the s glycoprotein was cloned into a lactobacillus/e. coli shuttle vector (plp500) where expression and secretion of the glycoprotein s from the recombinant lactobacilli was detected via immunoblotting. oral immunization of balb/ ...	2005	15661381
testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the sars-associated coronavirus.	the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (sars-cov) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the sars outbreak. in this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that sars-cov might have been derived from a recombinant virus. first, we blasted the whole sars-cov genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques wel ...	2005	15480857
a serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar in slovenia.	serum samples collected from 178 shot wild boars (sus scrofa) were tested for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus, aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, porcine parvovirus (ppv), swine vesicular disease virus, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, salmonella spp., brucella spp. and haemophilus para ...	2006	16460352
identification of protease and adp-ribose 1''-monophosphatase activities associated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus non-structural protein 3.	the replicase polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been predicted to be cleaved by viral proteases into 16 non-structural proteins (nsp). here, enzymic activities residing in the amino-proximal region of nsp3, the largest tgev replicase processing product, were characterized. it was shown, by in vitro translation experiments and protein sequencing, that the papain-like protease 1, pl1(pro), but not a mutant derivative containing a substitution ...	2006	16476987
molecular characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ece) in ferrets.	a novel coronavirus, designated as ferret enteric coronavirus (fecv), was identified in feces of domestic ferrets clinically diagnosed with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ece). initially, partial sequences of the polymerase, spike, membrane protein, and nucleocapsid genes were generated using coronavirus consensus pcr assays. subsequently, the complete sequences of the nucleocapsid gene and the last two open reading frames at the 3' terminus of the fecv genome were obtained. phylogenetic analyse ...	2006	16499943
sialic acids as receptor determinants for coronaviruses.	among coronaviruses, several members are able to interact with sialic acids. for bovine coronavirus (bcov) and related viruses, binding to cell surface components containing n-acetyl-9- o-acetylneuraminic acid is essential for initiation of an infection. these viruses resemble influenza c viruses because they share not only the receptor determinant, but also the presence of an acetylesterase that releases the 9- o-acetyl group from sialic acid and thus abolishes the ability of the respective sia ...	2006	16575522
role of natural interferon-producing cells and t lymphocytes in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation.	maturation of dendritic cells (dc) is a key immunological process regulating immune responses to pathogens and vaccines, as well as tolerance and autoimmune processes. consequently, the regulation of dc maturation should reflect these multifaceted immunological processes. in the present study, we have defined the role of particular cytokines, toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands and t lymphocytes in the porcine monocyte-derived dc (modc). interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) alone was a poor inducer of modc ...	2006	16630025
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection: a vanishing specter.	about twenty years ago, a new coronavirus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcov), was detected in swine herds. this virus is related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev); however, it is not enteropathogenic but causes only minor respiratory symptoms. as prcov shares some epitopes for neutralizing antibodies with tgev, it acts like a nature-made vaccine against tgev resulting in a drastic reduction of tge outbreaks in europe. a major difference between the two porcine coronaviruses is ...	2006	16716052
multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for rapid differential detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine group a rotavirus.	a novel multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (multiplex rt-pcr) that can detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine group a rotavirus (gar) was developed. the 3 viruses (pedv, tgev, and porcine gar) are major agents in viral enteric diseases of piglets. as the clinical signs of these diseases are similar, including watery diarrhea, differential detection is required for etiologic diagnosis. a mixture of 3 pairs of p ...	2006	16789718
methods for preparation of low abundance glycoproteins from mammalian cell supernatants.	proteins secreted to mammalian cell supernatants are usually in a low concentration and purity, due to the limitation of the expression systems or the presence of a large amount of contaminant proteins from the cell medium. so, initial protein recovery from cell supernatants requires of a highly specific chromatography step. we compared several purification methods based on affinity chromatography for purification of proteins from cell culture supernatants: metal chelate affinity, strep-tag and ...	2006	16822540
use of virus vectors for the expression in plants of active full-length and single chain anti-coronavirus antibodies.	to extend the potential of antibodies and their derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed both a small immune protein (sip) and a full-length antibody in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the alphasip molecule consisted of a single chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) ...	2006	17004304
differential role of n-terminal polyprotein processing in coronavirus genome replication and minigenome amplification.		2006	17037508
porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to influenza and coronavirus infections.	both innate and adaptative immune responses contribute to the control of infectious diseases, including by limiting the spreading of zoonotic diseases from animal reservoirs to humans. pigs represent an important animal reservoir for influenza virus infection of human populations and are also naturally infected by coronaviruses, an important group of viruses, which includes the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus. studies on both innate and adaptative immune responses ...	2006	17135502
development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) filters.	the aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (ahus) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. an hvac test facility constructed according to ashrae standard 52.2-1999 was used for the controlled loading of hvac filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. nonpathogenic bacillus subtilis var. niger was chosen as a surrogate for bacillus anthracis. three animal viruses; transmissible gastroenteritis virus ( ...	2006	17240906
an antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts.	to investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (sip) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus x (pvx) and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). the epsilonsip molecule consisted of a single-chain antibody (scfv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) linked to the epsilon-ch4 domain from ...	2006	17309733
feline aminopeptidase n is not a functional receptor for avian infectious bronchitis virus.	coronaviruses are an important cause of infectious diseases in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), and have the continued potential for emergence from animal species. a major factor in the host range of a coronavirus is its receptor utilization on host cells. in many cases, coronavirus-receptor interactions are well understood. however, a notable exception is the receptor utilization by group 3 coronaviruses, including avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). feline amino ...	2007	17324273
molecular characterisation of the virulent canine coronavirus cb/05 strain.	this paper characterises a virulent strain (cb/05) of canine coronavirus (ccov) isolated from the internal organs of pups that had died of a systemic disease without evidence of other common canine pathogens. high viral rna titres were detected in the internal organs by a real-time rt-pcr assay specific for ccov type ii. sequence analysis of the 3' end (8.7kb) of the genomic rna of strain cb/05 revealed conserved structural as well as non-structural proteins, with the exception of a truncated fo ...	2007	17275120
effective inhibition of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication in st cells by shrnas targeting rna-dependent rna polymerase gene.	transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is identified as one of the most important pathogenic agents during swine enteric infection, leading to high mortality in neonatal pigs and severe annual economic loss in swine-producing areas. up to date, various vaccines developed against tgev still need to be improved. to exploit the possibility of using rna interference (rnai) as a strategy against tgev infection, two shrna-expressing plasmids (pegfp-u6/p1 and pegfp-u6/p2) targeting the rna-dependen ...	2007	17287033
comparison of a fimbrial versus an autotransporter display system for viral epitopes on an attenuated salmonella vaccine vector.	attenuated salmonella have been used as vectors to deliver foreign antigens as live vaccines. we have previously developed an efficient surface-display system by genetically engineering 987p fimbriae to present transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) c and a epitopes for the induction of anti-tgev antibodies with a salmonella vaccine vector. here, this system was compared with an autotransporter protein surface display system. the tgev c and a epitopes were fused to the passenger domain of th ...	2007	17169467
recombinant dimeric small immunoproteins neutralize transmissible gastroenteritis virus infectivity efficiently in vitro and confer passive immunity in vivo.	small immunoproteins (sips) are single-chain molecules comprising the variable regions of an antibody assembled in a single polypeptide (scfv) and joined to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain dimerizing domain. to investigate the potential of these molecules to provide protection against enteric infections when supplied orally, sips were generated against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a highly pathogenic porcine virus. different variants of tgev-specific sips were created, of epsilon a ...	2007	17170451
exceptional flexibility in the sequence requirements for coronavirus small envelope protein function.	the small envelope protein (e) plays a role of central importance in the assembly of coronaviruses. this was initially established by studies demonstrating that cellular expression of only e protein and the membrane protein (m) was necessary and sufficient for the generation and release of virus-like particles. to investigate the role of e protein in the whole virus, we previously generated e gene mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) that were defective in viral growth and produced aberrantly ...	2007	17182690
silencing of natural interferon producing cell activation by porcine circovirus type 2 dna.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection of natural interferon producing cells (nipcs) impairs the induction of interferon (ifn)-alpha and tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha by cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (cpg) oligodeoxynucleotides (odns), thereby preventing both their autocrine maturation and the paracrine maturation of myeloid dendritic cells (dcs). the present study shows that the pcv2-mediated inhibition of nipcs was mediated by viral dna, although it was independent of virus replic ...	2007	17038051
mutational analysis of aminopeptidase n, a receptor for several group 1 coronaviruses, identifies key determinants of viral host range.	feline coronavirus (fcov), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev), canine coronavirus (ccov), and human coronavirus hcov-229e, which belong to the group 1 coronavirus, use aminopeptidase n (apn) of their natural host and feline apn (fapn) as receptors. using mouse-feline apn chimeras, we identified three small, discontinuous regions, amino acids (aa) 288 to 290, aa 732 to 746 (called r1), and aa 764 to 788 (called r2) in fapn that determined the host ranges of these coronavirus ...	2007	17093189
complete genomic sequences, a key residue in the spike protein and deletions in nonstructural protein 3b of us strains of the virulent and attenuated coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus.	transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) isolates that have been adapted to passage in cell culture maintain their infectivity in vitro but may lose their pathogenicity in vivo. to better understand the genomic mechanisms for viral attenuation, we sequenced the complete genomes of two virulent tgev strains and their attenuated counterparts: virulent tgev miller m6 and attenuated tgev miller m60 and virulent tgev purdue and attenuated tgev purdue p115, together with the isu-1 strain of porcine ...	2007	17023013
sybr green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the generic detection of coronaviruses.	coronaviruses are etiologic agents of respiratory and enteric diseases in humans and in animals. in this study, a one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay based on sybr green chemistry and degenerate primers was developed for the generic detection of coronaviruses. the primers, designed in the open reading frame 1b, enabled the detection of 32 animal coronaviruses including strains of canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis v ...	2007	16941059
coronavirus nucleocapsid protein is an rna chaperone.	rna chaperones are nonspecific nucleic acid binding proteins with long disordered regions that help rna molecules to adopt its functional conformation. coronavirus nucleoproteins (n) are nonspecific rna-binding proteins with long disordered regions. therefore, we investigated whether transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) n protein was an rna chaperone. purified n protein enhanced hammerhead ribozyme self-cleavage and nucleic acids annealing, which are properties that define rna chaper ...	2007	16979208
assembly of pseudorabies virus genome-based transfer vehicle carrying major antigen sites of s gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: potential perspective for developing live vector vaccines.	two severe porcine infectious diseases, pseudorabies (pr) and transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) caused by pseudorabies virus (prv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) respectively often result in serious economic loss in animal husbandry worldwide. vaccination is the important prevention means against both infections. to achieve a prv genome-based virus live vector, aiming at further tgev/prv bivalent vaccine development, a recombinant plasmid pug was constructed via inserting parti ...	2007	16731004