Publications

risk for emergence of dengue and chikungunya virus in israel.		22305194
viral polymerases.	viral polymerases play a central role in viral genome replication and transcription. based on the genome type and the specific needs of particular virus, rna-dependent rna polymerase, rna-dependent dna polymerase, dna-dependent rna polymerase, and dna-dependent rna polymerases are found in various viruses. viral polymerases are generally active as a single protein capable of carrying out multiple functions related to viral genome synthesis. specifically, viral polymerases use variety of mechanis ...	22297518
genetic dissection of flaviviridae host factors through genome-scale crispr screens.	the flaviviridae are a family of viruses that cause severe human diseases. for example, dengue virus (denv) is a rapidly emerging pathogen causing an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually worldwide. no approved antivirals are available to date and clinical trials with a tetravalent dengue vaccine showed disappointingly low protection rates. hepatitis c virus (hcv) also remains a major medical problem, with 160 million chronically infected patients worldwide and only expensive tre ...	27383987
polio, still lurking in the shadows.		23325224
bagaza virus inhibits japanese encephalitis & west nile virus replication in culex tritaeniorhynchus & cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes.	studies have shown that certain flaviviruses influence susceptibility of mosquitoes by inhibiting/enhancing replication of important flaviviruses. hence, a study was designed to determine whether bagaza virus (bagv), a flavivirus isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in india, alters susceptibility of cx. tritaeniorhynchus and cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to japanese encephalitis (jev) and west nile viruses (wnv).	26905241
immune surveillance of the cns following infection and injury.	the central nervous system (cns) contains a sophisticated neural network that must be constantly surveyed in order to detect and mitigate a diverse array of challenges. the innate and adaptive immune systems actively participate in this surveillance, which is critical for the maintenance of cns homeostasis and can facilitate the resolution of infections, degeneration, and tissue damage. infections and sterile injuries represent two common challenges imposed on the cns that require a prompt immun ...	26431941
neurons versus herpes simplex virus: the innate immune interactions that contribute to a host-pathogen standoff.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a prevalent neurotropic virus, which establishes lifelong latent infections in the neurons of sensory ganglia. despite our long-standing knowledge that hsv predominately infects sensory neurons during its life cycle, little is known about the neuronal antiviral response to hsv infection. recent studies show that while sensory neurons have impaired intrinsic immunity to hsv infection, paracrine ifn signaling can potentiate a potent antiviral response. additionally, a ...	26213562
viral noncoding rnas: more surprises.	eukaryotic cells produce several classes of long and small noncoding rna (ncrna). many dna and rna viruses synthesize their own ncrnas. like their host counterparts, viral ncrnas associate with proteins that are essential for their stability, function, or both. diverse biological roles--including the regulation of viral replication, viral persistence, host immune evasion, and cellular transformation--have been ascribed to viral ncrnas. in this review, we focus on the multitude of functions playe ...	25792595
cytoplasmic rna granules and viral infection.	rna granules are dynamic cellular structures essential for proper gene expression and homeostasis. the two principal types of cytoplasmic rna granules are stress granules, which contain stalled translation initiation complexes, and processing bodies (p bodies), which concentrate factors involved in mrna degradation. rna granules are associated with gene silencing of transcripts; thus, viruses repress rna granule functions to favor replication. this article discusses the breadth of viral interact ...	26958719
ifitm-family proteins: the cell's first line of antiviral defense.	animal cells use a wide variety of mechanisms to slow or prevent replication of viruses. these mechanisms are usually mediated by antiviral proteins whose expression and activities can be constitutive but are frequently amplified by interferon induction. among these interferon-stimulated proteins, members of the ifitm (interferon-induced transmembrane) family are unique because they prevent infection before a virus can traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell. at least three human ifitm proteins-i ...	25599080
new tricks for old dogs: countering antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis with host-directed therapeutics.	despite the availability of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) drugs for over 50 years, tuberculosis (tb) remains at pandemic levels. new drugs are urgently needed for resistant strains, shortening duration of treatment, and targeting different stages of the disease, especially for treatment during human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. one solution to the conundrum that antibiotics kill the bacillus yet select for resistance is to target the host rather than the pathogen. here, we discuss rec ...	25703571
culex torrentium mosquito role as major enzootic vector defined by rate of sindbis virus infection, sweden, 2009.	we isolated sindbis virus (sinv) from the enzootic mosquito vectors culex torrentium, cx. pipiens, and culiseta morsitans collected in an area of sweden where sinv disease is endemic. the infection rate in cx. torrentium mosquitoes was exceptionally high (36 infections/1,000 mosquitoes), defining cx. torrentium as the main enzootic vector of sinv in scandinavia.	25898013
generation of infectious virus particles from inducible transgenic genomes.	arboviruses like dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and west nile virus are enveloped particles spread by mosquitoes, infecting millions of humans per year, with neither effective vaccines, nor specific antiviral therapies [1,2]. previous studies of infection and virus replication utilize either purified virus particles or deficient genomes that do not complete the viral life cycle [1,2]. here we describe transgenic drosophila strains expressing trans-complementing genomes (referred to as 'replic ...	24502780
hepatitis c virus and antiviral innate immunity: who wins at tug-of-war?	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major human pathogen of chronic hepatitis and related liver diseases. innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogens, and its activation is dependent on the recognition of these pathogens by several key sensors. the interferon (ifn) system plays an essential role in the restriction of hcv infection via the induction of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) that inhibit viral replication and spread. however, numerous factors that tri ...	25852264
childhood encephalitis in canada in 2015.		26015788
ilheus virus infection in human, bolivia.		22377378
relationships between infection, dissemination, and transmission of west nile virus rna in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).	culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say fed blood containing 6.8 +/- 0.3 logs (mean +/- se) plaque-forming units of west nile virus (wnv)/ml were maintained at 28 degrees c for incubation periods (ip) of 7, 14, or 21 d. several attributes of vector competence were determined at each ip using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to estimate plaque forming unit equivalents including: infection rate (wnv-positive abdomens), dissemination rate (wnv-positive legs or thora ...	22308781
urban mosquito fauna in mérida city, méxico: immatures collected from containers and storm-water drains/catch basins.	we examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from november 2011 to june 2013 in mérida city, méxico. a wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. in total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. the most commonly collected species were aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (n = 60,961) a ...	25429168
can horton hear the whos? the importance of scale in mosquito-borne disease.	the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens is determined by mechanisms and interactions at different scales of biological organization, from individual-level cellular processes to community interactions between species and with the environment. most research, however, focuses on one scale or level with little integration between scales or levels within scales. understanding the interactions between levels and how they influence our perception of vector-borne pathogens is critical. here two examp ...	24724278
adaptive immune response to viral infections in the central nervous system.		25015488
development of replication-competent viral vectors for hiv vaccine delivery.	to briefly describe some of the replication-competent vectors being investigated for development of candidate hiv vaccines focusing primarily on technologies that have advanced to testing in macaques or have entered clinical trials.	23925000
nonreplicating vectors in hiv vaccines.	we review the broad spectrum of nonreplicating viral vectors which have been studied extensively, from preclinical studies through clinical efficacy trials, and include some of our most promising hiv vaccine candidates.	23925001
underreporting of viral encephalitis and viral meningitis, ireland, 2005-2008.	viral encephalitis (ve) and viral meningitis (vm) have been notifiable infectious diseases under surveillance in the republic of ireland since 1981. laboratories have reported confirmed cases by detection of viral nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid since 2004. to determine the prevalence of these diseases in ireland during 2005-2008, we analyzed 3 data sources: hospital in-patient enquiry data (from hospitalized following patients discharge) accessed through health intelligence ireland, laborat ...	23965781
eastern equine encephalitis in latin america.	the eastern equine encephalitis (eee) and venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) viruses are pathogens that infect humans and horses in the americas. outbreaks of neurologic disease in humans and horses were reported in panama from may through early august 2010.	23964935
dengue vaccines: recent developments, ongoing challenges and current candidates.	dengue is among the most prevalent and important arbovirus diseases of humans. to effectively control this rapidly spreading disease, control of the vector mosquito and a safe and efficacious vaccine are critical. despite considerable efforts, the development of a successful vaccine has remained elusive. multiple factors have complicated the creation of a successful vaccine, not the least of which are the complex, immune-mediated responses against four antigenically distinct serotypes necessitat ...	23984962
aedes taeniorhynchus vectorial capacity informs a pre-emptive assessment of west nile virus establishment in galápagos.	increased connectivity with the mainland has led to the arrival of many invasive species to the galápagos islands, including novel pathogens, threatening the archipelago's unique fauna. here we consider the potential role of the mosquito aedes taeniorhynchus in maintaining the flavivirus west nile virus [wnv] should it reach the islands. we report on three components of vectorial capacity - vector competency, distributional abundance and host-feeding. in contrast to usa strains, galápagos a. tae ...	23519190
coi barcode versus morphological identification of culex (culex) (diptera: culicidae) species: a case study using samples from argentina and brazil.	sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) mitochondrial gene from adults of 22 culex (culex) species from argentina and brazil were employed to assess species identification and to test the usefulness of coi for barcoding using the best close match (bcm) algorithm. a pairwise kimura two-parameter distance matrix including the mean intra and interspecific distances for 71 coi barcode sequences was constructed. of the 12 coi lineages recovered in the neighbour-joining topology, five co ...	24473810
discovery of dengue virus ns4b inhibitors.	the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv-1 to -4) represent the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogens in humans. no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral is currently available for denv. here we report a spiropyrazolopyridone compound that potently inhibits denv both in vitro and in vivo. the inhibitor was identified through screening of a 1.8-million-compound library by using a denv-2 replicon assay. the compound selectively inhibits denv-2 and -3 (50% effective concentration [ec50], ...	26018165
comparison of enzootic risk measures for predicting west nile disease, los angeles, california, usa, 2004-2010.	in los angeles, california, usa, 2 epidemics of west nile virus (wnv) disease have occurred since wnv was recognized in 2003. to assess which measure of risk was most predictive of human cases, we compared 3 measures: the california mosquito-borne virus surveillance and response plan assessment, the vector index, and the dynamic continuous-area space-time system. a case-crossover study was performed by using symptom onset dates from 384 persons with wnv infection to determine their relative envi ...	22840314
molecular detection and typing of dengue viruses from archived tissues of fatal cases by rt-pcr and sequencing: diagnostic and epidemiologic implications.	diagnosis of dengue virus (denv) infection in fatal cases is challenging because of the frequent unavailability of blood or fresh tissues. for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues immunohistochemistry (ihc) can be used; however, it may not be as sensitive and serotyping is not possible. the application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of denv in ffpe tissues has been very limited. we evaluated ffpe autopsy tissues of 122 patients with susp ...	22302871
sources of error in the estimation of mosquito infection rates used to assess risk of arbovirus transmission.	infection rate is an estimate of the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. it is assumed that when infection rate increases, the risk of arbovirus transmission to humans and animals also increases. we examined some of the factors that can invalidate this assumption. first, we used a model to illustrate how the proportion of mosquitoes capable of virus transmission, or infectious, is not a constant fraction of the number of infected mosquitoes. thus, infection rate is not al ...	20519620
new approaches for the standardization and validation of a real-time qpcr assay using taqman probes for quantification of yellow fever virus on clinical samples with high quality parameters.	the development and production of viral vaccines, in general, involve several steps that need the monitoring of viral load throughout the entire process. applying a 2-step quantitative reverse transcription real time pcr assay (rt-qpcr), viral load can be measured and monitored in a few hours. in this context, the development, standardization and validation of a rt-qpcr test to quickly and efficiently quantify yellow fever virus (yfv) in all stages of vaccine production are extremely important. ...	26011746
rna methyltransferases involved in 5' cap biosynthesis.	in eukaryotes and viruses that infect them, the 5' end of mrna molecules, and also many other functionally important rnas, are modified to form a so-called cap structure that is important for interactions of these rnas with many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. the rna cap has multiple roles in gene expression, including enhancement of rna stability, splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and translation initiation. apart from guanosine addition to the 5' end in the most typical cap structure c ...	25626080
encephalitis caused by pathogens transmitted through organ transplants, united states, 2002-2013.	the cause of encephalitis among solid organ transplant recipients may be multifactorial; the disease can result from infectious or noninfectious etiologies. during 2002-2013, the us centers for disease control and prevention investigated several encephalitis clusters among transplant recipients. cases were caused by infections from transplant-transmitted pathogens: west nile virus, rabies virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and balamuthia mandrillaris amebae. in many of the clusters, iden ...	25148201
monitoring of west nile virus in mosquitoes between 2011-2012 in hungary.	west nile virus (wnv) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. wnv strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 wnv was first detected outside of africa in hungary in 2004. since then, wnv-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in hungary. after the first detection of wnv from a pool of culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, s ...	25229703
phylogenetic analysis of west nile virus genome, iran.		25061976
human infection with west nile virus, xinjiang, china, 2011.		25062043
enteroviral encephalitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment advances.	enteroviruses (evs) have emerged as one of the important etiological agents as a causative organism for encephalitis, especially in children and adults. after the first report of ev encephalitis cases in 1950s, there have been increasing reports of regular outbreaks of ev encephalitis worldwide. enteroviruses are rna viruses of the family picornaviridae that consists of more than 100 serotypes, which are characterized by a single positive-strand genomic rna. the clinical features are pleomorphic ...	25175874
zika virus: indian perspectives.	the emergence of zika virus (ziv), a mosquito borne flavivirus like dengue (den) and chikungunya (chik), in brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. aedes aegypti is the major vector for ziv. fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas posses a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ziv and there is abundance of aedes mosquitoes. in this review, we focus on current global scenar ...	27487998
from biocompatibility to immune engineering.		27188512
spectrum of viral pathogens in blood of malaria-free ill travelers returning to canada.	malaria is the most common specific cause of fever in returning travelers, but many other vectorborne infections and viral infections are emerging and increasingly encountered by travelers. we documented common and emerging viral pathogens in malaria-negative specimens from ill travelers returning to canada. anonymized, malaria-negative specimens were examined for various viral pathogens by real-time pcr. samples were positive for herpes simplex viruses 1 or 2 (n = 21, 1.6%), cytomegalovirus (n ...	27089008
evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic test for direct detection of rabies virus in the brain of humans and animals.	rabies diagnosis uses a direct fluorescent antibody test (fat) that is difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and requires trained personnel. we developed a rapid immunochromatographic test (rict) for the diagnosis of rabies. the efficacy of the rict was compared with that of the fat. brain samples were collected from humans, dogs, cats, and other animals in sri lanka (n = 248), bhutan (n = 27), and thailand (n = 228). the sensitivity (0.74-0.95), specificity (0.98-1.0), positive predictive valu ...	22492163
regulation of immunogen processing: signal sequences and their application for the new generation of dna-vaccines.	immunization with naked genes (dna-immunization) is a perspective modern approach to prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccination against pathogens, as well as cancer and allergy. a panel of dna immunogens has been developed, some are already in the clinical trials. however, the immunogenicity of dna vaccines, specifically of those applied to humans, needs a considerable improvement. there are several approaches to increase dna vaccine immunogenicity. one approach implies the modifications of ...	22649628
pearls & oy-sters: bilateral thalamic involvement in west nile virus encephalitis.		25002571
saint louis encephalitis virus in mato grosso, central-western brazil.	the dengue virus (denv), which is frequently involved in large epidemics, and the yellow fever virus (yfv), which is responsible for sporadic sylvatic outbreaks, are considered the most important flaviviruses circulating in brazil. because of that, laboratorial diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illness during epidemic periods is frequently directed towards these viruses, which may eventually hinder the detection of other circulating flaviviruses, including the saint louis encephalitis ...	26200961
isolated substantia nigra involvement in brainstem demyelination.		25883502
investigation into an outbreak of dengue-like illness in pernambuco, brazil, revealed a cocirculation of zika, chikungunya, and dengue virus type 1.	in april 2015, an outbreak of dengue-like illness occurred in tuparetama, a small city in the northeast region of brazil; this outbreak was characterized by its fast expansion. an investigation was initiated to identify the viral etiologies and advise the health authorities on implementing control measures to contain the outbreak. this is the first report of this outbreak in the northeast, even though a few cases were documented earlier in a neighboring city.plasma samples were obtained from 77 ...	27015222
complexity of neutralizing antibodies against multiple dengue virus serotypes after heterotypic immunization and secondary infection revealed by in-depth analysis of cross-reactive antibodies.	the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv) cause the most important and rapidly emerging arboviral diseases in humans. the recent phase 2b and 3 studies of a tetravalent dengue vaccine reported a moderate efficacy despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, highlighting the need for a better understanding of neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal human sera. certain type-specific (ts) antibodies were recently discovered to account for the monotypic neutralizing activity and protection after p ...	25972550
evidence that implicit assumptions of 'no evolution' of disease vectors in changing environments can be violated on a rapid timescale.	projected impacts of climate change on vector-borne disease dynamics must consider many variables relevant to hosts, vectors and pathogens, including how altered environmental characteristics might affect the spatial distributions of vector species. however, many predictive models for vector distributions consider their habitat requirements to be fixed over relevant time-scales, when they may actually be capable of rapid evolutionary change and even adaptation. we examine the genetic signature o ...	25688024
climate change impacts on west nile virus transmission in a global context.	west nile virus (wnv), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance. the transmission cycle exists in rural and urban areas where the virus infects birds, humans, horses and other mammals. multiple factors impact the transmission and distribution of wnv, related to the dynamics and interactions between pathogen, vector, vertebrate hosts and environment. hence, among other drivers, weather conditions have direct and indirect i ...	25688020
emerging causes of viral-associated uveitis.		25730623
reconciling west nile virus with the autophagic pathway.	west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for recurrent outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis. several studies analyzing the interactions of this pathogen with the autophagic pathway have reported opposite results with evidence for and against the upregulation of autophagy in infected cells. in this regard, we have recently reported that minimal genetic changes (single amino acid substitutions) in nonstructural proteins of wnv can modify the ability of the v ...	25946067
potential sexual transmission of zika virus.	in december 2013, during a zika virus (zikv) outbreak in french polynesia, a patient in tahiti sought treatment for hematospermia, and zikv was isolated from his semen. zikv transmission by sexual intercourse has been previously suspected. this observation supports the possibility that zikv could be transmitted sexually.	25625872
close relationship between west nile virus from turkey and lineage 1 strain from central african republic.	we sequenced west nile viruses (wnvs) from turkey and found close relationships to wnv lineage 1 strain arb310/67 from the central african republic, distinct from other wnvs circulating in the mediterranean basin, eastern europe, and the middle east. these findings suggest independent introductions of wnv strains from africa to the middle east.	25625703
of mice and men: protective and pathogenic immune responses to west nile virus infection.	west nile virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first emerged in the western hemisphere in 1999. although the majority of infections are asymptomatic, wnv causes significant morbidity and mortality in a minority of individuals who develop neuroinvasive disease, in particular the elderly and immunocompromised. research in animal models has demonstrated interactions between wnv and the innate and adaptive immune system, some of which protect the host and others which are deleterious. studies of dise ...	26120511
benzothiazole and pyrrolone flavivirus inhibitors targeting the viral helicase.	the flavivirus nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is a protease and helicase, and on the basis of its similarity to its homologue encoded by the hepatitis c virus (hcv), the flavivirus ns3 might be a promising drug target. few flavivirus helicase inhibitors have been reported, in part, because few specific inhibitors have been identified when nucleic acid unwinding assays have been used to screen for helicase inhibitors. to explore the possibility that compounds inhibiting ns3-catalyzed atp hydrolysi ...	26029739
travel medicine for the extreme traveler.		17101310
the roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of west nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats.	this study investigated the impacts of urban wetlands and their adjacent residential environments on the transmission dynamics of west nile virus (wnv) within the state of new jersey (usa). a working hypothesis was that urban wetlands decrease the local prevalence of wnv through the dilution effect from increased bird diversity, and through relative reductions in the numbers of competent avian host and mosquito species commonly associated with wnv. surveys of mosquito and bird communities were u ...	25484570
state health department perceived utility of and satisfaction with arbonet, the u.s. national arboviral surveillance system.	we assessed the perceived utility of data collected through arbonet, the national arboviral surveillance system, and evaluated state health department user satisfaction with system function.	22753981
isolation and genetic characterization of japanese encephalitis virus from equines in india.	japanese encephalitis (je) is an important vector-borne viral disease of humans and horses in asia. je outbreaks occur regularly amongst humans in certain parts of india and sporadic cases occur among horses. in this study, je seroprevalence and evidence of je virus (jev) infection among horses in haryana (india) is described. antibodies against jev were detected in 67 out of 637 (10.5%) horses screened between 2006 and 2010. two foals exhibiting neurological signs were positive for jev rna by r ...	22705732
development of a new hydrogen peroxide–based vaccine platform.	safe and effective vaccines are crucial for maintaining public health and reducing the global burden of infectious disease. here we introduce a new vaccine platform that uses hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) to inactivate viruses for vaccine production. h(2)o(2) rapidly inactivates both rna and dna viruses with minimal damage to antigenic structure or immunogenicity and is a highly effective method when compared with conventional vaccine inactivation approaches such as formaldehyde or β-propiolacton ...	22635006
vector competence of culex neavei (diptera: culicidae) for usutu virus.	usutu virus (usuv), a flavivirus belonging to the japanese encephalitis serocomplex, was isolated for the first time from a culex neavei mosquito in 1959 in south africa. despite multiple isolations of usuv from cx. neavei in africa, its vector competence remains unproven. therefore, we infected cx. neavei orally with the usuv reference strain and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect virus in bodies, legs, wings, and saliva of mo ...	22665607
evaluation of commercially available serologic diagnostic tests for chikungunya virus.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is present or emerging in dengue virus-endemic areas. infections caused by these viruses share some common signs/symptoms, but prognosis, patient care, and persistent symptoms differ. thus, accurate diagnostic methods are essential for differentiating the infections. we evaluated 4 chikv serologic diagnostic tests, 2 of which showed poor sensitivity and specificity.	25418184
usutu virus in migratory song thrushes, spain.		23764143
adaptor protein complexes-1 and 3 are involved at distinct stages of flavivirus life-cycle.	intracellular protein trafficking pathways are hijacked by viruses at various stages of viral life-cycle. heterotetrameric adaptor protein complexes (aps) mediate vesicular trafficking at distinct intracellular sites and are essential for maintaining the organellar homeostasis. in the present study, we studied the effect of ap-1 and ap-3 deficiency on flavivirus infection in cells functionally lacking these proteins. we show that ap-1 and ap-3 participate in flavivirus life-cycle at distinct sta ...	23657274
west nile virus infection in belgian traveler returning from greece.		23762912
the case for immunomodulatory approaches in treating hsv encephalitis.	hsv encephalitis (hse) is the most prevalent sporadic viral encephalitis. although safe and effective antiviral therapies and greatly improved noninvasive diagnostic procedures have significantly improved outcomes, mortality (~20%) and debilitating neurological sequelae in survivors remain unacceptably high. an encouraging new development is that the focus is now shifting away from the virus exclusively, to include consideration of the host immune response to infection in the pathology underlyin ...	23956785
seasonal abundance and potential of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes at the nesting colony of ardeid birds, thailand.	to investigate the abundance and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes, and to detect japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in these mosquitoes at the nesting colony of ardeid birds.	23620839
usutu virus in bats, germany, 2013.		25271769
serologic evidence of flavivirus infection in bats in the yucatan peninsula of mexico.	we captured 140 bats of seven species in merida city in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2010. serum was collected from each bat and assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) using six flaviviruses: west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, and dengue viruses 1-4. flavivirus-specific antibodies were detected in 26 bats (19%). the antibody-positive bats belonged to three species: the pallas's long-tongued bat (glossophaga soricina), jamaican fruit bat (artibeus jamaicensis), a ...	23778622
was it a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis? a rare association following dengue fever.	dengue infection, caused by a flavivirus is endemic in more than hundred countries, mostly in the developing world. recent observations indicate that the clinical profile of dengue is changing, and that atypical manifestations are being reported more frequently. the exact incidence of various neurological complications is variable. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) is a neurological manifestation rarely described in association with dengue. we present a patient, 32-year-old female who ...	24250170
rapid evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder as a potential driving force for biological divergence in flaviviruses.	protein structure is commonly regarded to be conserved and to dictate function. most proteins rely on conformational flexibility to some degree. are regions that convey conformational flexibility conserved over evolutionary time? can changes in conformational flexibility alter protein function? here, the evolutionary dynamics of structurally ordered and disordered (flexible) regions are investigated genome-wide in flaviviruses, revealing that the amount and location of structural disorder fluctu ...	23418179
recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type i interferon.	the type i interferon (ifn) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent ifn responses. evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the toll-like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene i (rig-i) -like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptor ...	23173987
the search for animal models for lassa fever vaccine development.	lassa virus (lasv) is the most prevalent arenavirus in west africa and is responsible for several hundred thousand infections and thousands of deaths annually. the sizeable disease burden, numerous imported cases of lassa fever (lf) and the possibility that lasv can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. currently there is no licensed lf vaccine and research and devlopment is hampered by the high cost of nonhuman primate animal models and by biocont ...	23256740
potential biomarkers for the clinical prognosis of severe dengue.	currently, several assays can confirm acute dengue infection at the point-of-care. however, none of these assays can predict the severity of the disease symptoms. a prognosis test that predicts the likelihood of a dengue patient to develop a severe form of the disease could permit more efficient patient triage and treatment. we hypothesise that mrna expression of apoptosis and innate immune response-related genes will be differentially regulated during the early stages of dengue and might predic ...	24037198
the expanding role of nlrs in antiviral immunity.	nucleotide oligomerization and binding domain (nod)-like receptors (nlrs) are a major constituent of the cytosolic innate immune-sensing machinery and participate in a wide array of pathways including nuclear factor κb (nf-κb), mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), inflammasome, and type i interferon (ifn) signaling. nlrs have known roles in autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious diseases. with respect to virus infection, nlrp3 is the most extensively studied nlr, including mechanisms o ...	23947344
larvicidal and histopathological effects of cassia siamea leaf extract against culex quinquefasciatus.	a traditional thai medicinal extract from cassia siamea was evaluated with respect to its larvicidal properties by determining the median lethal concentration (lc50) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h against the fourth instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, which is a carrier of mosquito-borne diseases, by studying the histopathological alterations. the 24, 48, 72 and 96 h lc50 values were 394.29, 350.24, 319.17 and 272.42 ppm, respectively. the histopathological lesions after exposure to 25% of the 24-h ...	26868707
culicidae (diptera) selection of humans, chickens and rabbits in three different environments in the province of chaco, argentina.	studies were conducted to determine the selection of humans, chickens and rabbits by culicidae in three different environments in the province of chaco, argentina. mosquitoes were collected fortnightly using cylindrical metal traps containing animal bait (chickens and rabbits). the mosquitoes were collected between june 2001-may 2002. during the same period and with the same frequency, mosquitoes biting the human operators of the traps were collected during the first 15 min of exposure within di ...	23903970
establishment of cell line from embryonic tissue of pipistrellus ceylonicus bat species from india & its susceptibility to different viruses.	pipistrellus ceylonicus bat species is widely distributed in south asia, with additional populations recorded in china and southeast asia. bats are the natural reservoir hosts for a number of emerging zoonotic diseases. attempts to isolate bat-borne viruses in various terrestrial mammalian cell lines have sometimes been unsuccessful. the bat cell lines are useful in isolation and propagation of many of the viruses harboured by bats. new stable bat cell lines are needed to help such investigation ...	24056599
west nile virus: review of the literature.	since its introduction in north america in 1999, west nile virus has produced the 3 largest arboviral neuroinvasive disease outbreaks ever recorded in the united states.	23860989
neurology and international organizations.	a growing number of international stakeholders are engaged with neurologic diseases. this article provides a brief overview of important international stakeholders in the practice of neurology, including global disease-specific programs, united nations agencies, governmental agencies with international influence, nongovernmental organizations, international professional organizations, large private donors, private-public partnerships, commercial interests, armed forces, and universities and coll ...	23877795
does autocthonous primary production influence oviposition by aedes japonicus japonicus (diptera: culicidae) in container habitats?	aedes (finlaya) japonicus japonicus (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) is recently invasive in north america and has expanded its range rapidly since 1998. throughout its native and expanded range, ae. j. japonicus larvae are commonly observed in many types of natural and artificial water-filled containers that vary in organic matter content and exposure to sunlight. larvae are most often found in containers with decaying leaf material or algae, and we postulated that the added autocthonous primary ...	23427654
interspecific larval competition between aedes albopictus and aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae) in northern virginia.	aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes japonicus (theobald) are two of the most recent and widespread invasive mosquito species to have become established in the united states. the two species co-occur in water-filled artificial containers, where crowding and limiting resources are likely to promote inter- or intraspecific larval competition. the performance of northern virginia populations of ae. japonicus and ae. albopictus competing as larvae under field conditions was evaluated. per capita rates ...	18714861
antiviral macrophage responses in flavivirus encephalitis.	mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a major current and emerging threat, affecting millions of people worldwide. global climate change, combined with increasing proximity of humans to animals and mosquito vectors by expansion into natural habitats, coupled with the increase in international travel, have resulted in significant spread and concomitant increase in the incidence of infection and severe disease. although neuroinvasive disease has been well described for some viral infections such as japa ...	24434318
transmission of tropical and geographically restricted infections during solid-organ transplantation.	in recent years, the increasing number of donors from different regions of the world is providing a new challenge for the management and selection of suitable donors. this is a worldwide problem in most countries with transplantation programs, especially due to the increase in immigration and international travel. this paper elaborates recommendations regarding the selection criteria for donors from foreign countries who could potentially transmit tropical or geographically restricted infections ...	18202437
japanese encephalitis outbreak, yuncheng, china, 2006.		18214202
rapid genome sequencing of rna viruses.	we developed a system for rapid determination of viral rna sequences whereby genomic sequence is obtained from cultured virus isolates without subcloning into plasmid vectors. this method affords new opportunities to address the challenges of unknown or untypeable emerging viruses.	17479903
neurological infections in the returning international traveler.	clinicians may encounter international travelers returning with exotic infections, emerging infectious diseases, or resurgent old-world infections. many of these infectious diseases can affect the nervous system directly or indirectly. the contemporary neurologist should therefore be cognizant of the clinical manifestations, potential complications, and appropriate management of common travel-related infections. this chapter focuses on five important infections that affect the central nervous sy ...	25147444
japanese encephalitis, singapore.		16710983
poliomyelitis and the postpolio syndrome.		15933355
dengue antibody prevalence in german travelers.	we studied 2,259 german citizens after they returned from dengue-endemic countries from 1996 to 2004. serotype-specific dengue antibodies indicated acute infections in 51 (4.7%) travelers with recent fever and 13 (1.1%) travelers with no recent fever, depending largely on destination and epidemic activity in the countries visited.	15890135
altered mental status in a 66-year-old woman during the late summer months.		16200119
novel antigen delivery systems.	vaccines represent the most relevant contribution of immunology to human health. however, despite the remarkable success achieved in the past years, many vaccines are still missing in order to fight important human pathologies and to prevent emerging and re-emerging diseases. for these pathogens the known strategies for making vaccines have been unsuccessful and thus, new avenues should be investigated to overcome the failure of clinical trials and other important issues including safety concern ...	26279977
assessment of arbovirus surveillance 13 years after introduction of west nile virus, united states.	before 1999, the united states had no appropriated funding for arboviral surveillance, and many states conducted no such surveillance. after emergence of west nile virus (wnv), federal funding was distributed to state and selected local health departments to build wnv surveillance systems. the council of state and territorial epidemiologists conducted assessments of surveillance capacity of resulting systems in 2004 and in 2012; the assessment in 2012 was conducted after a 61% decrease in federa ...	26079471
construction and characterisation of a complete reverse genetics system of dengue virus type 3.	dengue virulence and fitness are important factors that determine disease outcome. however, dengue virus (denv) molecular biology and pathogenesis are not completely elucidated. new insights on those mechanisms have been facilitated by the development of reverse genetic systems in the past decades. unfortunately, instability of flavivirus genomes cloned in escherichia coli has been a major problem in these systems. here, we describe the development of a complete reverse genetics system, based on ...	24402142
complement alternative pathway genetic variation and dengue infection in the thai population.	dengue disease is a mosquito-borne infection caused by dengue virus. infection may be asymptomatic or variably manifest as mild dengue fever (df) to the most severe form, dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf). mechanisms that influence disease severity are not understood. complement, an integral component of the immune system, is activated during dengue infection and the degree of activation increases with disease severity. activation of the complement alternative pathway is influenced by polymorphism ...	23919682
rainfall influences survival of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in a residential neighborhood in the mid-atlantic united states.	measurement of the survival and dispersal rates of mosquito vectors is an important step in designing and implementing control strategies. vector survival plays a key role in determining the intensity of pathogen transmission, and vector movement determines the spatial scale on which control efforts must operate to be effective. we provide the first estimates of field survival and dispersal rates for culex pipiens l. in north america, an important enzootic and bridge vector for west nile virus ( ...	22679852
characterization of virulent west nile virus kunjin strain, australia, 2011.	to determine the cause of an unprecedented outbreak of encephalitis among horses in new south wales, australia, in 2011, we performed genomic sequencing of viruses isolated from affected horses and mosquitoes. results showed that most of the cases were caused by a variant west nile virus (wnv) strain, wnv(nsw2011), that is most closely related to wnv kunjin (wnv(kun)), the indigenous wnv strain in australia. studies in mouse models for wnv pathogenesis showed that wnv(nsw2011) is substantially m ...	22516173
recurrent aseptic encephalitis in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenopathy (pfapa) syndrome.	an 11-year-old boy with episodes of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (pfapa) is reported. two pfapa episodes were associated with aseptic encephalitis and seizures. recurrent acute aseptic encephalitis or seizures have never been reported during the febrile episodes of pfapa. this possible association is discussed within the context of the etiology of pfapa.	16645518
the tortoise or the hare? impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. arboviruses possess rna genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. arboviruses generally establish l ...	26150665