Publications

pathology and immunohistochemistry in three species of salmonids after experimental infection with flavobacterium psychrophilum.	rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), sea trout, salmo trutta l., and atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., were experimentally infected with flavobacterium psychrophilum in order to evaluate any species differences in susceptibility to the bacterium. furthermore, differences in pathological changes and distribution of the bacteria in internal organs were studied. the bacteria were injected intraperitoneally in two doses, high dose (hd) 1 x 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) fish(-1) and low do ...	2003	14575371
gonadotropin-releasing hormones modulate electrical activity of vasotocin and isotocin neurons in the brain of rainbow trout.	gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is widely distributed in the vertebrate brains; however, its significance in the brain function is poorly understood. both gnrh and vasopressin-family hormones are involved in control of reproductive behavior. anatomical evidence indicated the possible action of gnrh on classical neurosecretory neurons. in the present study, we examined whether gnrh modulates electrical activity of vasotocin (vt) and isotocin (it) neurons in the brain of rainbow trout (oncor ...	2003	14583393
mapping multiple genetic loci associated with ceratomyxa shasta resistance in oncorhynchus mykiss.	ceratomyxa shasta is enzootic to some rivers of the pacific northwest and california, and has caused extensive mortalities of salmonids, the only known host of the actinosporean stage of the pathogen. mortalities from c. shasta are induced by severe inflammation and necrosis of the intestinal tract, and no therapeutants have been discovered for the treatment of ceratomyxosis. inheritance studies by previous investigators suggested that c. shasta resistance is genetically controlled, but none hav ...	2003	14598990
antibodies against discocotyle sagittata (monogenea) in farmed trout.	the relationship between discocotyle sagittata intensities and host length, weight and specific anti-parasite antibody titres was studied in 3 year-classes of farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout salmo trutta at the end of the annual transmission cycle. antibody titres were significantly higher in infected farmed fish than in naive controls, indicating that infection elicits immunoglobulin production. no correlation was found between host size and parasite burdens, nor betwee ...	2003	14598994
identification of a unique transcript down-regulated in the retina of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at smoltification.	developmental and physiological changes in the retina of salmonid fishes occur during smoltification, a metamorphic event associated with thyroid hormone that prepares salmon for oceanic migration. these changes include loss of ultraviolet-sensitive (uvs) cone photoreceptors, switching of visual pigments, alterations in thyroid hormone regulation, and associated changes in behavior. this model provides an opportunity to study substantial neuronal development within an established retina. little ...	2003	14662307
haematological analyses in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss affected by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs).	rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss weighing 87 +/- 15 g (mean +/- sd) were infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and the haematological and biochemical profiles of peripheral blood examined. depending on the clinical signs and gross pathology, the fish were divided into 2 groups: group a included fish in the acute stage, group b comprised fish in the chronic stage. red blood cells were subjected to 6 haematological tests and blood plasma to 14 biochemical tests, which provided ...	2003	14667029
effect of intraperitoneally administered il-1beta-derived peptides on resistance to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	the present work provides the first information concerning the immunostimulatory activity of trout interleukin (il)-1beta-derived peptides in vivo. previous studies have demonstrated the ability of 2 such peptides, referred to as p1 and p3, to up-regulate a range of important immune parameters in vitro. p1 corresponds to fragment 146-157 (yvtpvpietear) of the trout sequence and is analogous to a biologically active mammalian il-1beta-derived peptide, whilst p3 was synthesised to complex with the ...	2003	14667030
differential handling of urea and its analogues suggests carrier-mediated urea excretion in freshwater rainbow trout.	the possible presence of urea transport mechanisms in the gill and kidney of the freshwater rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated in vivo by comparing the branchial and renal handling of analogues acetamide and thiourea with the handling of urea. trout were fitted with indwelling dorsal aortic catheters and urinary catheters and injected with an isosmotic dose of [(14)c]-labeled urea analogue (acetamide or thiourea) calculated to bring plasma analogue concentrations close to plasm ...	2003	14988794
myxobolus cerebralis: identification of a cathepsin z-like protease gene (myxcp-1) expressed during parasite development in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.	cysteine proteases are essential to the biological function of parasitic organisms and are gaining interest as the target of chemotherapeutics aimed at their control. we report a cysteine protease gene from the myxozoan myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of whirling disease in salmonid fish. the mature gene (myxcp-1) encodes a 248-amino acid polypeptide that includes catalytic residues similar to the papain family of cysteine proteases. myxcp-1 features a propeptide region and sequence insertions t ...	2003	14990313
cloning, tissue distribution, and functional studies of a new cytochrome p450 3a subfamily member, cyp3a45, from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal ceca.	in trout and mammals, the major extrahepatic expression site for cyp3a forms is in the intestine. a cdna encoding a new cyp3a subfamily member was isolated from rainbow trout intestinal ceca by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), followed by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race)-pcr. in a set of two primers for pcr, a consensus sequence in the highly conserved regions in 17 cyp3a sequences was used for one primer, and the second primer was designed based on adapter sequen ...	2003	12646270
physical and chemical effects on viability of the myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxon.	various chemical and physical methods for destroying the triactinomyxon (tam) stage of the myxozoan parasite myxobolus cerebralis were tested. the fluorescent stains propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate were used as indicators of viability. physical variables tested included freezing, drying, high temperature, sonication, and pressure of 6.2 x 10(7) pa (9000 psi). chemicals evaluated included chlorine bleach, povidone-iodine, and hydrogen peroxide. freezing or drying for 1 h was effective ...	2003	12650246
potencies of estrogenic compounds in in vitro screening assays and in life cycle tests with zebrafish in vivo.	the objective of this study was to compare the estrogenic potency of environmental estrogens at two testing tiers: at the initial level of in vitro screening assays, and at the level of definitive fish reproduction tests in vivo. the in vitro tests included a recombinant yeast estrogen receptor (er) assay, a competitive radioreceptor assay using the hepatic er of carp (cyprinus carpio), and assays on vitellogenin induction in cultured hepatocytes of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and carp. ...	2003	12651187
bacterial kidney disease as a model for studies of cell mediated immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	a cell mediated immune (cmi) response was measured in vitro to heat-killed and to paraformaldehyde fixed renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) experimentally challenged with live rs. the mitogenic response to the t lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin a (con a) was reduced during samplings 4 to 6 weeks after immersion, but no effect of the response to the b lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide (lps) was detected. the subpopulation of lymphocytes, detected by the mono ...	2003	12657537
patterns of fish species richness in rivers of the central region of argentina.	we analyzed the variation of fish species richness and trophic structure along an upstream-downstream gradient and identified the factors associated with the pattern observed. the fish community composition varied along a headwater-downstream gradient. species richness and trophic structure decreased significantly with increasing altitude and increased with stream order and distance from source. headwater communities showed a simple structure. oncorhynchus mykiss was the only fish captured or no ...	2003	12659026
ca2+-recruitment in tachykinin-induced contractions of gut smooth muscle from african clawed frog, xenopus laevis and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.	changes in intracellular ca(2+) concentration control many essential cellular functions like the contraction of smooth muscle cells. the aim of this study was to investigate if the tachykinin substance p (sp) engages external ca(2+)-sources, internal ca(2+)-sources, or both in the contraction of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis). strip preparations made of either longitudinal smooth muscle of proximal intestine ...	2003	12679095
quality assessment of bed sediments of the po river (italy).	comprehensive and contemporary evaluations of physical, chemical and toxicological endpoints have been performed on bed sediments of the po river, the major italian watercourse. two extensive sampling campaigns were conducted in summer and winter low-flow conditions. composite sediment samples were collected from ten reaches of the main river: the first was located in the upper region (ambient control), and the others downstream of the confluences of nine principal tributaries. the two sampling ...	2003	12688684
hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic amp-gated, hcn1-like cation channel: the primary, full-length hcn isoform expressed in a saccular hair-cell layer.	the expression of transcript for hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-sensitive cation channel (hcn) isoforms underlying hyperpolarization-activated, inward current (i(h)) has been determined for a model hair-cell preparation from the saccule of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. based upon identification from homology to known vertebrate hcn cdna sequence, cloning of pcr products amplified with degenerate primers indicated an expression frequency of 7:2:1 (hcn1:hcn2:hcn4) for the ...	2003	12699787
rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) sigm- leucocytes secrete an interleukin-2 like growth factor after mitogenic stimulation in vitro.	two secreted proteins were detected in culture supernatants of pha or pma stimulated, immunomagnetically separated, sigm(-) leucocytes of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with 60kda and with 12-15kda (multiple bands). so called conditioned media (cm), containing these proteins, induced significant activation of blood and head kidney leucocytes. immunomagnetically separated, naive as well as pha activated sigm(-) t lymphocytes and lps prestimulated sigm(+) b lymphocytes could be identified to ...	2003	12711277
haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) in norway: pathology and associated virus-like particles.	atlantic salmon salmo salar pre-smolt, smolt and post-smolt, with clinical signs of haemorrhagic smolt syndrome (hss) have been found in several locations along the norwegian coast (rogaland to troms). affected fish had pale gills and bleeding at the fin bases, but seemed to be in good physical condition with no obvious weight loss. the internal organs and body cavity showed distinct bleedings. petechiae were found on the gastrointestinal tract, swim bladder and peritoneum, visceral adipose tiss ...	2003	12718466
cloning, pharmacology, and distribution of the neuropeptide y-receptor yb in rainbow trout.	this work describes the isolation and pharmacological characterization of a neuropeptide y (npy) receptor from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the receptor exhibits approximately 45% amino acid sequence identity to mammalian y1-subfamily receptors, y1, y4 and y6, a similar degree of identity as these subtypes display to one another. because it displays highest sequence identity to zebrafish yb (75%), we named it the trout yb receptor. the receptor exhibits high binding affinity for zebrafis ...	2003	12732336
fish status survey of nordic lakes: effects of acidification, eutrophication and stocking activity on present fish species composition.	the status of fish populations in 3821 lakes in norway, sweden and finland was assessed in 1995-1997. the survey lakes were chosen by stratified random sampling from all (126 482) fennoscandian lakes > or = 0.04 km2. the water chemistry of the lakes was analyzed and information on fish status was obtained by a postal inquiry. fish population losses were most frequent in the most highly acidified region of southern norway and least common in eastern fennoscandia. according to the inquiry results, ...	2003	12733793
component population study of acanthocephalus tumescens (acanthocephala) in fishes from lake moreno, argentina.	seasonal samples of all fish species from lake moreno were taken in order to determine the presence of paratenia, to evaluate the status of the hosts and to characterise the transmission of acanthocephalus tumescens (von linstow, 1896) at the component population level. prevalence, mean abundance, mean intensity, numbers of gravid females, relative abundance of the different fish species, relative output of eggs and relative flow rates for each host species were computed. acanthocephalus tumesce ...	2003	12735727
recovery of a new biogroup of yersinia ruckeri from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum).	cultures of a new biogroup of yersinia ruckeri, the causal agent of enteric redmouth (erm), were recovered in england from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum), which had been previously vaccinated with a commercial erm vaccine. the bacterial isolates were confirmed as y. ruckeri by the results of sequencing the 16s rrna, but differed from the characteristics of the taxon by positivity for the voges proskauer reaction and a general lack of motility, and could not be equated with ...	2003	12747420
cloning and tissue distribution of a carnitine palmitoyltransferase i gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the carnitine palmitoyltransferase i (ec.2.3.1.21; cpt i) mediates the transport of fatty acids across the outer mitochondrial membrane. in mammals, there are two different proteins cpt i in the skeletal muscle (m) and liver (l) encoded by two genes. the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system of lower vertebrates received little attention. with the aim of improving knowledge on the cpt family in fish, we examined cpt i cdna and cpt activity in different tissues of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus myki ...	2003	12781981
flow cytometric analysis of the neutrophil respiratory burst of ayu, plecoglossus altivelis: comparison with other fresh water fish.	neutrophils of vertebrates undergo respiratory burst activity (rba) as a defense mechanism against bacterial infections. we report here that ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) have unusually high rbas even when they are in a healthy condition. kidney and blood leukocytes were obtained from ayu, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), carp (cyprinus carpio), eel (anguilla japonica), and pond smelt (hypomesus nipponensis). neutrophil rba was measured by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodamine after stimulati ...	2003	12787685
effects of anesthesia (tricaine methanesulfonate, ms222) on liver biotransformation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate (ms222) on rainbow trout liver biotransformation rates was investigated with a microsomal model; an in vitro preparation that can be employed with or without the use of an anaesthetic. two experimental sets of rainbow trout microsomes were tested; one representing in vivo or surgical tricaine exposures and the other representing in vitro tissue/organ collection tricaine exposures. microsomal incubations were performed on these two experimental groups with ...	2003	12799110
combined in situ and in vitro assessment of the estrogenic activity of sewage and surface water samples.	in order to investigate the estrogenic activities of two municipal sewage treatment plant (stp; sites a and b) effluents and of rhine water sampled at worms (site c; rhine-neckar triangle, germany), data from in situ experiments measuring hepatic vitellogenin expression from caged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared with data from in vitro bioassays (yeast estrogen screen [yes], er luciferase assay with hek 293 cells [hek], primary rainbow trout hepatocytes [ph]) and chemical analy ...	2003	12805642
sequestration of phosphorus by acid mine drainage floc.	solubilization and transport of phosphorus (p) to the water environment is a critical environmental issue. flocs resulting from neutralizing acid mine drainage (amd) were tested as a possible low-cost amendment to reduce the loss of soluble p from agricultural fields and animal wastewater. flocs were prepared by neutralizing natural and synthetic solutions of amd with limestone, lime, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. phosphorus sequestration was tested in three distinct environments: wa ...	2003	12809314
the effect of intraperitoneally administered recombinant il-1beta on immune parameters and resistance to aeromonas salmonicida in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the present work provides the first information concerning the immunostimulatory activity of trout recombinant interleukin-1 beta (ril-1beta) in vivo. the predicted rainbow trout mature il-1beta peptide was produced as a recombinant protein in escherichia coli. optimal migration of peritoneal leucocytes and ril-1beta induced phagocytosis occurred following intraperitoneal injection of 1 microg of the recombinant protein. moreover, systemic il-1beta, cox-2 and lysozyme ii gene expression was enha ...	2003	12818637
functional characterisation of the recombinant tumor necrosis factors in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) is a key mediator in regulating the inflammatory response. previously two tnf genes have been cloned and sequenced from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. in this study, the mature peptides of the two tnf molecules were produced in bacteria, purified under native conditions and their bioactivities evaluated in vitro. both trout rtnf1 and rtnf2 induced gene expression of a number of proinflammatory factors including il1beta, tnf1, tnf2, il8 and cox2 in freshly isolate ...	2003	12818638
regeneration of ultraviolet-sensitive cones in the retinal cone mosaic of thyroxin-challenged post-juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	previous studies in our laboratory have examined the loss of ultraviolet-sensitive (uvs) cones and uv sensitivity. this study looks at the question of regeneration of uvs cones and its topographic distribution, along with several other measures of the cone mosaic. topography of the cone mosaic in rainbow trout smolts (post-metamorphic juveniles) was examined under normal growth conditions and during an exogenous thyroid hormone (th) challenge. growth of trout retina was studied over six weeks. r ...	2003	12819272
daily variations of endolymph composition: relationship with the otolith calcification process in trout.	ionic and organic parameters of the otolith calcification process in the trout oncorhynchus mykiss were analysed in plasma and endolymph over the day:night cycle. plasma ph remained constant and total co(2) concentration was significantly lower (by 21%) during the day than at night. calcifying parameters (total co(2), total calcium concentration) were measured in the proximal and distal endolymphs and were unchanged in the latter during the day:night cycle, but fluctuated in the former. non-coll ...	2003	12819274
gyrodactylus derjavini infection elicits il-1beta expression in rainbow trout skin.	specific gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-1beta and the type ii il-1beta receptor (il-1rii, 'decoy receptor') was studied in skin of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) fry during infection with the ectoparasitic monogenean gyrodactylus derjavini mikailov, 1975. cytokine expression was studied in both primary and secondary infections using a semi-quantitative rt-pcr technique. generally, low levels of specific il-1beta1, il-1beta2 and il-1rii gene transcription w ...	2003	12834615
a new putative g-protein coupled receptor gene associated with the immune system of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	a putative g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) gene belonging to the rhodopsin-like family was detected in rainbow trout and designated lpsenhr-1. only moderate homology (<35%) was present with known gpcrs. semi-quantitative rt-pcr indicated that the gene was expressed predominantly in lymphoid tissues, with highest expression associated with cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. expression was strongly up-regulated by injection with lps but not by infection with infectious haematopoietic necr ...	2003	12834616
group ii metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate the vulnerability to hypoxic brain damage.	we examined the expression of metabotropic glutamate (mglu) receptors in species of fish that differ for their vulnerability to anoxic brain damage. although expression of mglu1a and mglu5 receptors was similar in the brain of all species examined, expression of mglu2/3 receptors was substantially higher in the brain of anoxia-tolerant species (i.e., the carp carassius carassius and the goldfish carassius auratus) than in the brain of species that are highly vulnerable to anoxic damage, such as ...	2003	12853420
effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and a substrate, l-arginine, on the cardiac function of juvenile salmonid fish.	control of cardiac function was investigated juvenile brown trout (salmo trutta l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) using inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (nos), (l-name, ng-nitro-l-arginine and l-nmma, ng-monomethyl-l-arginine) and a substrate of nos (l-arginine). salmonid alevins are excellent models for such studies since they are transparent, the beating heart is easily observed, diffusing distances are small, and they respond within a few seconds to exogenously administer ...	2003	12860052
effects of microcystis cells, cell extracts and lipopolysaccharide on drinking and liver function in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum.	liver mass (hepatosomatic index, hsi) increased by approximately 18% and water content in the gut by approximately 13 ml kg(-1) in freshwater rainbow trout exposed for 24 h to intact cells of a microcystin-producing cyanobacterium (microcystis pcc 7813) together with administration of heterotrophic bacterial lps. exposure to broken (ultrasonicated) cyanobacterial cells together with administration of bacterial lps increased hsi by approximately 50% and water content in the gut by almost 30 ml kg ...	2003	12878412
effect of temperature on gene expression of the gh/igf system during embryonic development in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	in fish, the gh/igf system installs very early during development suggesting that this system could promote embryonic growth and development. in contrast to mammals, the embryonic growth rate of poikilotherms depends considerably on the incubation temperature. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if variations of embryo growth in response to temperature could be associated with modifications in the gene expression of the gh/igf system. in this study, using whole mount in situ hybrid ...	2003	12884275
efficacy of selected oral chemotherapeutants against ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ciliophora: ophyroglenidae) infecting rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 6 in-feed compounds against ichthyophthirius multifiliis fouquet, 1876 was assessed using experimental infections of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) fingerlings. trial doses of 104 ppm amprolium hydrochloride or 65 ppm clopidol fed to fish for 10 d prior to infection significantly reduced the number of trophonts establishing in trout fingerlings by 62.0 and 35.2% respectively. in-feed treatments of infected trout with either 63 or 75 ppm amprolium hyd ...	2003	12887250
immunization of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss against discocotyle sagiffata (monogenea).	rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were injected intraperitoneally with 2 different discocotyle sagittata extracts dissolved in pbs and subsequently exposed to controlled infection. immunization resulted in significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) worm intensities in > 50% of vaccinated fish (response arbitrarily defined as parasite burdens < mean control intensity - 1 sd), irrespective of the immunization regime (different parasite extracts, dosing and application schedules) employed. the protective e ...	2003	12887251
susceptibility of two strains of rainbow trout (one with suspected resistance to whirling disease) to myxobolus cerebralis infection.	the susceptibility of 2 strains of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, 1 from north america (tl) and 1 from germany (gr), to myxobolus cerebralis (the cause of salmonid whirling disease) was assessed following exposure to the infectious stages (triactinomyxons). two laboratory experiments were conducted with age-matched rainbow trout of each strain. at the beginning of the study, the 2 trout strains were aged ca. 570 degree-days in expt 1, and ca. 999 degree-days in expt 2. in both experiments, r ...	2003	12887253
sub-lethal plasma ammonia accumulation and the exercise performance of salmonids.	the proposal that plasma ammonia accumulation might impair the swimming performance of fish was first made over a decade ago, and has now proven to be the case for a number of salmonid species. the first experimental evidence was indirect, when a negative linear relationship between plasma ammonia concentrations and maximum sustainable swimming speed (u(crit)) was found following the exposure of brown trout (salmo trutta) to sub-lethal concentrations of copper in soft acidic water. since then, n ...	2003	12890542
host specificity and geographical distribution of eubothrium in european salmonid fish.	the host specificity and distribution of eubothrium crassum (bloch, 1779) and eubothrium salvelini (schrank, 1790), morphologically fairly similar pseudophyllidean tapeworms parasitizing salmonid fish, were critically assessed on the basis of morphological and genetic evaluation of extensive material collected from different definitive hosts and geographical regions in europe. eubothrium crassum occurs in fish of the genera salmo, i.e. salmon (s. salar - both freshwater and marine), sea trout (s ...	2003	12895285
virulence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coinfection in rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the ihnv glycoprotein gene.	the outcomes of a coinfection of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) strain s46 and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) strain s46 was determined after waterborne infection. trout infected with the ihnv/ipnv.s46 sample, (a mixed sample containing equal infectious titers of the viruses) showed 50% less mortality than fish infected with either of the reference viruses alone. forty-five days after the coinfection, ipnv antigens were detec ...	2003	12898328
some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish.	immunostimulant effects of the dietary intake of various medicinal plant extracts on fish, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were investigated. for this purpose fish were fed with diets containing aqueous extracts of mistletoe (viscum album), nettle (urtica dioica), and ginger (zingiber officinale). food containing lyophilized extracts of these plants as 0.1 and 1% was used at a rate of 2% of body weight per day for three weeks. at the end of the experimental period, various parameters of non ...	2003	12902058
nanoinjection as a tool to mimic vertical transmission of flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	newly fertilised eggs of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were nanoinjected with flavobacterium psychrophilum in order to mimic vertical transmission. two bacterial isolates with different elastin-degrading capacity were used. all infected groups (10, 100 and 1000 colony forming units egg(-1)) showed significantly higher cumulative mortalities than the control groups at the end of the experiment, 70 d post-hatching. the total mortalities in the control groups were below 2.5%. in the high-dose g ...	2003	12911056
adhesion of high and low virulence flavobacterium psychrophilum strains to isolated gill arches of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	the ability of flavobacterium psychrophilum to adhere to the gill tissue of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated. a gill perfusion model was adopted, offering a number of advantages compared to other in vitro as well as in vivo models. a comparison between the adhesion capacity of a high and low virulence f. psychrophilum strain was made. experiments were additionally carried out to assess the influence of water quality (organic material, nitrite) and temperature on the adhesion proce ...	2003	12911057
evidence for two distinct functional glucocorticoid receptors in teleost fish.	using rt-pcr with degenerated primers followed by screening of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal cdna library, we have isolated from the rainbow trout a new corticosteroid receptor which shows high sequence homology with other glucocorticoid receptors (grs), but is clearly different from the previous trout gr (named rtgr1). phylogenetic analysis of these two sequences and other grs known in mammals, amphibians and fishes indicate that the gr duplication is probably common to most ...	2003	12914532
passive immunization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), against flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome.	flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (cwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs), causes high mortality in cultured salmonids. the present study was designed to determine the role antibody plays in conferring protection to rainbow trout fry, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), by passive immunization with convalescent serum or serum from adult rainbow trout immunized with f. psychrophilum, and goat anti-f. psychrophilum serum. in each experiment, rainbow tr ...	2003	12946006
variations in plasma melatonin levels of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) under various light and temperature conditions.	daily variations in plasma melatonin levels in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were studied under various light and temperature conditions. plasma melatonin levels were higher at mid-dark than those at mid-light under light-dark (ld) cycles. an acute exposure to darkness (2 hr) during the light phase significantly elevated the plasma melatonin to the level that is comparable with those at mid-dark, while an acute exposure to a light pulse (2 hr) during the dark phase significantly suppress ...	2003	12951408
toxicity and chemistry of aspen wood leachate to aquatic life: field study.	a dark, toxic leachate has been observed around woodpiles of trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) cut in winter for pulp or structural lumber. we measured production of leachate from 18 m3 of harvestable aspen logs stacked in an open field near dawson creek, british columbia, canada. the logpile began producing leachate during the first winter thaw and continued to do so for the duration of the two-year study (mean, 250 l/collection). aspen leachate was characterized by dark color, acidi ...	2003	12959530
use of dead probiotic cells to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).		2003	12962213
the effectiveness of adenoviral vectors to deliver and express genes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).	the efficacy of adenoviral vectors for gene delivery into fish cells, both in vitro and in vivo, was evaluated. vectors utilized were of human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad), which are commonly used in human clinical trials, but have not been assessed for gene delivery to fish. because nothing is known about ad receptors in fish, both an ad (ad5luc1) with natural tropism for the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (car), as well as an infectivity enhanced ad (ad5lucrgd) were included within this study ...	2003	12962217
immune responses against yersinia ruckeri have no effect on colonization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), by gyrodactylus derjavini (mikailov, 1975).		2003	12962227
uptake of waterborne tributyltin in the brain of fish: axonal transport as a proposed mechanism.	in previous studies, it was shown that waterborne hg(ii), cd(ii), and mn(ii) enter nerves innervating water-exposed sensory organs of fish and are transported to the brain by axonal transport. however, it is not known if organometals, such as tributyltin (tbt), can reach the brain of fish via the same route. in this work, we exposed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to waterborne [113sn]-tbt (4.2 kbq/l). three fish were sampled after a 2-week exposure, and three others were sampled after a 2-w ...	2003	12966973
clinical and pathological observations on streptococcus sp. infection on south african trout farms with gas supersaturated water supplies.	infection with a faecal streptococcus species belonging to lancefield group d has been a major cause of mortalities on certain trout farms on the escarpment of the mpumalanga province in the republic of south africa. evidence is given of a connection between subclinical gas bubble disease and infection with this organism in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. the condition causes serious losses during the summer months when water temperatures rise above 18 degrees c. the larger table-size fish a ...	2003	12967170
molecular cloning of the beta subunit of complement component eight of rainbow trout.	complement-mediated killing of pathogens through the lytic pathway is an important effector mechanism of the innate immune response. c8 is one of the components of the lytic pathway and is composed of an alpha, beta, and gamma subunit. in the present study we report the cloning and characterization of the primary structure of the c8beta subunit in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the deduced amino acid sequence of trout c8beta shows 72 and 47% identity with that of japanese flounder and ...	2003	12590968
antigen recognition by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) of whole cell proteins expressed by lactococcus garvieae when obtained directly from fish and under iron limited culture conditions.	infection by lactococcus garvieae has become a widely recognised problem associated with intensively cultured fish. long-term control of fish infections may be possible by vaccination providing a suitable and efficacious epitope is expressed during production of cells used for vaccine preparation. the identification of novel vaccine candidates must, therefore, consider how the host species recognises and responds to bacterial cell components. l. garvieae was cultured in iron deficient, limited a ...	2003	12591207
an in vivo microdialysis method for the qualitative analysis of hepatic phase i metabolites of phenol in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	development of reliable and accurate methodologies for determination of xenobiotic hepatic biotransformation rate and capacity parameters is important to the derivation of precise physiologically-based toxicokinetic (pb-tk) models. biotransformation data incorporated into pb-tk models has, for the most part, depended on in vitro techniques designed to mimic the in vivo environment; however, data from direct in vitro/in vivo comparisons is limited. in this investigation we describe for the first ...	2003	12595173
the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) tumor model: recent applications in low-dose exposures to tumor initiators and promoters.	the rainbow trout has been utilized as a model for human carcinogenesis for a number of years. trout are relatively inexpensive to maintain and exhibit (over the 9-12-month tumor assay period) very low spontaneous tumor backgrounds. one of the most powerful applications of this model is the design and conduct of large-scale tumor studies requiring thousands of animals that address statistically challenging questions of dose-response. two recent examples of such applications include our studies o ...	2003	12597433
comparative genome analysis of the primary sex-determining locus in salmonid fishes.	we compared the y-chromosome linkage maps for four salmonid species (arctic charr, salvelinus alpinus; atlantic salmon, salmo salar; brown trout, salmo trutta; and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss) and a putative y-linked marker from lake trout (salvelinus namaycush). these species represent the three major genera within the subfamily salmoninae of the salmonidae. the data clearly demonstrate that different y-chromosomes have evolved in each of the species. arrangements of markers proximal to ...	2003	12566405
chromosome mapping of mhc class i in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is well-studied in mammals. much research has addressed the genomic organisation of mhc genes and it is well established that human mhc class i genes are located on chromosome 6. however, information on the organisation of the mhc complex in rainbow trout is only beginning to become available. in the present study it was determined that rainbow trout mhc class i sequences are located on chromosome 18. this is the first reported use of fluorescence in si ...	2003	12526880
the promoter of the classical mhc class i locus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	in rainbow trout only a single classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i locus has been identified. in previous studies it was shown that this locus, onmy-uba, is characterised by extensive polymorphism and ubiquitous expression. in the present study the sequence of the promoter region of onmy-uba was analysed. within this region several fragments for transcription regulation could be detected, including interferon-sensitive enhancer elements. the promoter region is very similar t ...	2003	12526881
cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss interferon regulatory factor 1 and 2 (irf-1 and irf-2).	two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) genes for interferon regulatory factors (irf) 1 and 2 have been cloned and sequenced. the irf-1 cdna contains an open reading frame (orf) of 996 nucleotides that translates into a 331 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 145bp and a 3' utr of 481bp. the irf-2 cdna contains a 1035bp orf that translates into a 344 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' utr of 146bp and a 3' utr of 925bp. in vivo, irf-1 and irf-2 are constitutiv ...	2003	12543125
cloning, sequence and variability analysis of expressed immunoglobulin light chain genes from yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata.	the cdna clones encoding immunoglobulin (ig) light (l) chain variable (v) region associated with constant (c) region were isolated from yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata) kidney by expressed sequence tag analysis (accession numbers: ab062619-ab062668, ab064322). the sequences of both vl and cl region contain well-conserved cysteine residues important for intra- and inter-domain interaction in mammals. comparisons of the amino acid sequence of the cl domain with those of other species showed a h ...	2003	12547626
volumetric and ionic responses of goldfish hepatocytes to anisotonic exposure and energetic limitation.	the relationship between cell volume and k(+) transmembrane fluxes of goldfish (carassius auratus) hepatocytes exposed to anisotonic conditions or energetic limitation was studied and compared with the response of hepatocytes from trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat (rattus rattus). cell volume was studied by video- and fluorescence microscopy, while k(+) fluxes were assessed by measuring unidirectional (86)rb(+) fluxes. in trout and rat hepatocytes, hyposmotic (180 mosmoll(-1)) exposure at ph 7 ...	2003	12502772
differential expression of the two gh genes during embryonic development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in relation with the igfs system.	the growth hormone (gh)/insulin-like growth factor (igf) system promotes embryonic growth in higher vertebrates. such a system exists in salmonids, but exhibits an additional level of complexity resulting from a recent whole genome tetraploidisation. thus, two nonallelic gh genes are present in the trout genome. although the two gh genes are similar, the possibility remains that the two genes have evolved separately, acquiring a distinct expression pattern. in this study, using whole mounted in ...	2003	12420297
analysis of ribosomal rna intergenic spacer (igs) sequences in species and populations of gyrodactylus (platyhelminthes: monogenea) from salmonid fish in northern europe.	the intergenic spacer (igs) region of ribosomal rna genes was amplified and sequenced from a variety of gyrodactylus specimens collected from wild and farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, and grayling thymallus thymallus, from various locations in northern europe. phylogenetic analysis of the sequences confirmed the distinction between g. salaris malmberg, 1957 and g. thymalli zitnan, 1960, supporting their validity as separate species. g. salaris adapted to rai ...	2003	14960037
molecular cloning and characterization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) c5a anaphylatoxin receptor.	in the course of suppression subtractive hybridization between the cdna of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and non-stimulated head kidney cells in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a cdna clone was obtained that showed most similarity to mammalian receptor for the anaphylatoxin of the fifth complement component (c5ar). the rainbow trout c5ar cdna contains a 1,679-bp nucleotide sequence that encodes a 350-amino-acid putative protein with 29.0-31.5% identity to mammalian c5ar. rainbow trout c5ar ...	2003	14628104
transmission dynamics of a trematode parasite: exposure, acquired resistance and parasite aggregation.	this paper examines the relative importance of exposure and susceptibility to the infection of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) with the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum under natural conditions. a total of 93 individually marked, similarly aged fish were introduced into three cages at regular time intervals and the intensity of infection in individuals recorded by counting parasites in live fish using ophthalmic techniques. fish introduced into the cages became infected faster than ...	2004	14652746
in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor in rat, mouse, japanese quail and rainbow trout in precision-cut liver slices.	1. the in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor (mxc) has been studied using precision-cut liver slices from the sprague-dawley male rat, cd-1 male mouse, we strain male japanese quail and juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the results demonstrated integrated phase i and ii metabolism of mxc and species differences in the metabolic profiles were observed. 2. in rat liver slice preparations, mxc was rapidly metabolized to bis-oh-mxc by sequential o-demethylation followed by subsequent ...	2004	15690762
effect of recombinant human gh and ghrh on plasma metabolite levels in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	the aim of the present work was to study metabolic changes in rainbow trout treated with preparations of human recombinants of growth hormone (rhgh) and gh-releasing hormone (rhghrh), by analysing time course variations in plasma metabolite levels. trouts were given the hormones by intraperitoneal injection in a single dose (rhgh: 0.5microg/g b.w.; rhghrh: 0.06microg/g b.w.) or as a weekly injection over a period of 4 weeks. the concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids and glycerol w ...	2004	15700768
differential propagation of the metazoan parasite myxobolus cerebralis by limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, ilyodrilus templetoni, and genetically distinct strains of tubifex tubifex.	whirling disease, caused by the parasite myxobolus cerebralis, has infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid fish in the western united states, often with devastating results to native populations but without a discernible spatial pattern. the parasite develops in a complex 2-host system in which the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex is an obligate host. because substantial differences in whirling disease severity in different areas of north america did not seem explainab ...	2004	15715230
cpg oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate immune cell proliferation but not specific antibody production in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	bacterial dna and cpg odn have both been shown to have immunostimulatory effects in mammals, activating apcs and inducing a potent th1 type immune response. they have also been shown to have a strong adjuvant effect and up-regulate mhc class 2 expression in murine cells, augment human and murine nk cell lytic activity, activate human b cells and induce murine b cell proliferation. however, little work has been carried out with regard to their effects on the piscine immune system. here it is show ...	2004	15350751
discovery and characterization of two types of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (leap-2) genes in rainbow trout.	the sequences and gene organisation of two leap-2 molecules (leap-2a and leap-2b) from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss are presented. both genes consist of a 3 exon/2 intron structure, with exon sizes comparable to known mammalian genes. leap-2a notably differs from leap-2b in having larger introns and a larger 3' utr. the predicted proteins contain a signal peptide and prodomain, followed by a mature peptide of 41 aa containing four conserved cysteines. the rxxr cleavage site to release the ...	2004	15350756
impact of pcb on resistance to flavobacterium psychrophilum after experimental infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs by nanoinjection.	the effects of sublethal exposure of a commercial blend of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb), i.e. clophen a50, on disease resistance to the aetiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome, flavobacterium psychrophilum, were investigated. newly fertilised rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs were nanoinjected with 2 doses of clophen a50 (0.4 or 2 microg egg(-1)) and/or 100 colony forming units of f. psychrophilum. the mean cumulative mortality in control groups, and groups exposed to the lower ...	2004	15352522
ultrastructure of spironucleus salmonis n. comb. (formerly octomitus salmonis sensu moore 1922, davis 1926, and hexamita salmonis sensu ferguson 1979), with a guide to spironucleus species.	diplomonad flagellates can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in fishes, particularly in farmed salmonids. diagnosis using only light microscopy is limited, and species cannot be confirmed. we therefore undertook a comprehensive transmission electron microscopy study of 20 trophozoites from the intestine of farmed juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss from northern ireland (reported as hexamita salmonis by ferguson in 1979). re-assignment to the genus spironucleus was de ...	2004	15352524
comparative susceptibility of brown trout and rainbow trout to discocotyle sagittata (monogenea).	the susceptibility of brown trout (salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to the monogenean discocotyle sagittata in the united kingdom was assessed by experimental infection of naive fish. one month postinfection with 100 oncomiracidia/host, brown trout harbored significantly lower burdens (27.7 worms/host +/- 4.13 se) than rainbow trout (47.8 worms/host +/- 3.90; p = 0.002). this indicates that the consistently lower prevalence and intensity of d. sagittata recorded in naturally ...	2004	15357099
extensive release of an antigen associated with the sporogonic stages of myxobolus cerebralis (myxozoa: myxosporea) is detected by a heterologous antibody raised to tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa: malacosporea).	monoclonal antibody b4 (mab b4) was previously developed to the myxozoan parasite tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae canning, curry, feist, longshaw et okamura, 1999, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease of salmonids, here we describe the reaction of mab b4 against myxobolus cerebralis hofer, 1903, the parasite that causes 'whirling disease' in salmonids. tissues examined were collected from experimentally infected rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) and the aquatic oligochaete ...	2004	15357400
homing of gyrodactylus salaris and g. derjavini (monogenea) on different hosts and response post-attachment.	in natural european waters, the congeneric monogeneans gyrodactylus derjavini mikailov, 1975 and g. salaris malmberg, 1957 are primarily found on brown trout salmo trutta l. and atlantic salmon salmo salar l., respectively. interestingly, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), originating from north america, is as susceptible as brown trout to g. derjavini. however, the mechanisms involved in this host specificity are poorly understood but may include behavioural, mechanical and chemical ...	2004	15357405
parasite resistance and avoidance behaviour in preventing eye fluke infections in fish.	this paper examines the efficiency of acquired resistance in protecting the fish host, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), against the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, and the hypothesis that fish recognize areas where infective stages are aggregated and show avoidance behaviour. we found that when fish with a low level of infection were held in restricted cages in natural conditions they became infected and developed cataracts as a result of this infection. this suggests that acquire ...	2004	15376775
homologs of cd83 from elasmobranch and teleost fish.	dendritic cells are one of the most important cell types connecting innate and adaptive immunity, but very little is known about their evolutionary origins. to begin to study dendritic cells from lower vertebrates, we isolated and characterized cd83 from the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum (gici)) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss (onmy)). the open reading frames for gici-cd83 (194 aa) and onmy-cd83 (218 aa) display approximately 28-32% identity to mammalian cd83 with the presence of tw ...	2004	15383588
infectious salmon anemia virus: causative agent, pathogenesis and immunity.	infectious salmon anemia (isa) virus (isav), an economically important new pathogen in marine aquaculture, is classified in the family orthomyxoviridae, genus isavirus. the main structural properties of this genus include enveloped virions 90-140 nm in diameter with surface projections of a combined receptor-binding hemagglutinin and receptor-destroying enzyme activity demonstrated to be an esterase, hence recently designated he, and a genome composed of eight segments of linear, single-stranded ...	2004	15460541
consumption of drugs for sea lice infestations in norwegian fish farms: methods for assessment of treatment patterns and treatment rate.	sea lice are a major problem in norwegian fish farms; however, data on drug treatment patterns or treatment rates of sea lice infestations are not available. such data are important for analysing resistance patterns against drugs used for such infestations. the main objective of the present study was to develop a method to estimate the treatment patterns and treatment rates for drugs used in the treatment against sea lice (lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus) in farm salmonids by means ...	2004	15460856
development and characterization of a competitive polyclonal antibody enzyme-immunoassay for salmon insulin-like growth factor-ii.	this paper describes the development and validation of a competitive, polyclonal antibody enzyme-immunoassay (eia) for the measurement of salmon and trout insulin-like growth factor-ii (igf-ii). a polyclonal antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide epitope, corresponding to amino acid residues 1-9 of the n-terminus of mature atlantic salmon (salmo salar) igf-ii. the antiserum was purified by hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (hcic). the partially purified immunoglobulins were u ...	2004	15465665
characterization and comparison of fatty acyl delta6 desaturase cdnas from freshwater and marine teleost fish species.	fish are the most important dietary source of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufa), eicosapentaenoic (epa) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha), that have particularly important roles in human nutrition reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. the objective of the study described here was to clone, functionally characterize and compare expressed fatty acid desaturase genes involved in the production of epa and dha in freshwater and marine teleost fish species. putative fatt ...	2004	15465674
analysis of genes isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages.	a primary cell culture system was used to obtain differentiated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages that were stimulated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps-10 microg/ml) for 12 h in vitro. messenger rna from the lps-stimulated cells was used to create two cdna libraries from which a total of 1048 sequences were analyzed. a large number of cdnas were obtained that could be related to immune function including structural proteins, proteases and antiproteases, regulators of t ...	2004	15482855
resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in aeromonas hydrophila isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	bacterial infections caused by members of the genus aeromonas, with a relatively high antibiotic resistance, are among the most common and troublesome diseases of fish raised in ponds with recirculation systems. in this study, carried out at an experimental aquaculture station in northern portugal, 51 strains identified as belonging to the genus aeromonas were isolated from 20 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) skin and kidney samples, as well as from raceway water samples. macro- and microscop ...	2004	15492935
characterization of a highly inducible novel cc chemokine from differentiated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages.	a full-length cdna clone encoding a novel trout cc chemokine was identified in expressed sequence tags generated from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated in vitro differentiated macrophages isolated from the head kidney of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the putative 101-amino-acid protein is 38% similar to macaca mulatta ccl4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta) but is also similar to several other related mammalian cc chemokines, including human act-2. real-time pcr and conventiona ...	2004	15503008
efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of argulus coregoni (crustacea: branchiura) on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	efficacy of in-feed treatment with emamectin benzoate (slice) for the control of ectoparasitic argulus coregoni on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was tested under laboratory and field conditions. in both experiments fish were fed with fish feed to deliver a therapeutic dose of 0 (control) or 50 microg emamectin benzoate kg(-1) d(-1) (treatment) for a period of 7 d. after 3 d of challenge with a. coregoni in the laboratory, the infestation level in treated fish was lower than that observed in ...	2004	15521318
real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) to identify myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.	this study describes the development of a taqman real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) technique using the heat-shock protein 70 (hsp 70) and 18s ribosomal dna (18s rdna) sequences to identify myxobolus cerebralis and attempt to quantify infection severity within rainbow trout fry oncorhynchus mykiss. rainbow trout for this study were exposed to m. cerebralis under natural river conditions and examined for infection by histology, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and qpcr analysi ...	2004	15521319
eye fluke-induced cataract formation in fish: quantitative analysis using an ophthalmological microscope.	we examined the parasite-induced cataract formation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using slit-lamp microscopy to determine the relationship between cataract intensity and number of diplostomum spathaceum parasites that were established in the lens. cataract intensity increased significantly with parasite burden, but was also affected by the pattern of exposure to the parasite cercariae. the slit-lamp methodology proved useful in scoring the cataracts since it provides a 3-dimensional vie ...	2004	15521636
immune responses in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential probiotic bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus jcm 1136.	this study was undertaken to examine the effect of supplementing a suggested probiotic bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus jcm 1136 in feed on immune response and gut flora composition of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. the probiotic bacteria were incorporated into a commercial feed to constitute two experimental diets containing either 10(9) or 10(11) colony forming unit of live bacteria/g of feed while a third diet without the bacterial supplement served as the control diet. the diets were off ...	2004	15541791
conserved deployment of genes during odontogenesis across osteichthyans.	odontogenesis has only been closely scrutinized at the molecular level in the mouse, an animal with an extremely restricted dentition of only two types and one set. however, within osteichthyans many species display complex and extensive dentitions, which questions the extent to which information from the mouse is applicable to all osteichthyans. we present novel comparative molecular and morphological data in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that show that three genes, essential for muri ...	2004	15556883
identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, diphyllobothrium latum, in southern chile.	the broad fish tapeworm, diphyllobothrium latum, is an exotic species in both chile and argentina, and until now, its copepod host has remained unknown in south american waters. the objective of this study was to identify calanoid copepod species that may be intermediate hosts for d. latum in lake panguipulli, chile. in this lake, the highest levels of infection by this tapeworm occur in the introduced rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. of the 2 calanoid copepods found in lake panguipulli, diap ...	2004	15562630
lack of evidence of infectious salmon anemia virus in pollock pollachius virens cohabitating with infected farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar.	the infectious salmon anemia (isa) virus causes lethargy, anemia, hemorrhage of the internal organs, and death in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar. it has been a cause of disease in norwegian farmed atlantic salmon since 1984 and has since been identified in canada, scotland, the united states, and the faroe islands. wild fish have been proposed as a viral reservoir because they are capable of close contact with farmed salmon. laboratory studies have shown that brown trout and sea trout salmo ...	2004	15584421
plasmablast and plasma cell production and distribution in trout immune tissues.	these studies describe the in vitro and ex vivo generation of plasmablasts and plasma cells in trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) peripheral blood and splenic and anterior kidney tissues. cells were derived either from naive trout and cultured with the polyclonal activator, escherichia coli lps, or from trout that had been immunized with trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. hydroxyurea was used to resolve populations of replicating (plasmablast) and nonreplicating (plasma cell) ab-secreting cells ...	2004	15585855
effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	in this study, the immune reactions of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined, after exposure to 10, 30 and 70% of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for 27 days. exposures were conducted concurrently with and without an immune challenge using intraperitoneal injections of inactivated aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. due to the time required to prepare and analyse samples, fish sampling was conducted over two consecutive days. there was no trout mortality for any of the expe ...	2004	15588644
molecular cloning and preliminary expression analysis of banded dogfish (triakis scyllia) cc chemokine cdnas by use of suppression subtractive hybridization.	suppression subtractive hybridization was carried out by using cdnas of peripheral white blood cells (pwbcs) of banded dogfish (triakis scyllia) after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) stimulation. the trsc-scya107, mip3alpha1 and mip3alpha2 clones contained an open reading frame encoding 97, 99 and 97 amino acids, respectively. comparison of the deduced amino acids showed that the banded dogfish mip3alpha1 and mip3alpha2 sequences shared 42.3% and 40.0% identity with human scya20, respectiv ...	2004	15592825
magnification and toxicity of pcbs, pcdds, and pcdfs in upriver-migrating pacific salmon.	the depletion of lipids associated with pre-spawning migration of pacific salmon has the potential to magnify concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (hocs), which elevates risk of toxic effects. we present data from a field study of sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) migrating to spawn in great central lake, bc, which demonstrate that pre-spawning migration causes a magnification of pcb, pcdd, and pcdf concentrations in female gonads (1.9-2.5-fold), female soma (3.4-5.6-fold), and m ...	2004	15597874