Publications

the effect of host blood in the in vitro transformation of bloodstream trypanosomes by tsetse midgut homogenates.	midgut homogenates prepared from glossina morsitans morsitans, that had previously been fed on different host blood samples, were tested for their abilities to transform bloodstream trypanosoma brucei into procyclic (midgut) forms in vitro. compared to rat and goat blood samples, eland blood had the least capacity to support trypanosome transformation, whereas buffalo blood showed intermediate capacity. fractionation of rat blood showed the importance of the cellular portion since both rat and e ...	1996	8994132
are stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) vectors of trypanosoma vivax in the central african republic?	the epidemiology of trypanosoma vivax infections was studied at a riverside site in the ouro-djafoun livestock area situated in the central african republic during the period between july 1991 and july 1992. this paper examines the possibility that stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) were also vectors of this trypanosome species in a non-cyclic way. previous studies have revealed that the usual cyclic transmission by the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes was probably not the only transmissio ...	1996	8721295
pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and lymph of goats.	to characterize the pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and pseudo-afferent lymph of east africa x galla goats.	1996	8723887
electrical transients in the cell-volume response to cyclic amp of the tsetse fly malpighian tubule	1. using cyclic amp to stimulate perfused tsetse fly malpighian tubules bathed in so42- ringer frequently causes an immediate but transient peak in transtubular potential (vt), before stabilisation of vt at an increased value. 2. these transients were investigated by monitoring the associated changes in cable properties and currentvoltage (i/v) relationships. tubules were perfused and bathed in either cl- ringer or so42- ringer (containing 8 mmol l-1 cl-). 3. tubules bathed in cl- ringer sh ...	1996	9319501
distribution and abundance of trypanosome (subgenus nannomonas) infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in southern africa.	over 10 000 glossina pallidipes tsetse flies were collected during two field studies in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe and one in the luangwa valley, zambia. these were screened for mature trypanosome infections and 234 dot-blot preparations were made of infected midguts, which were screened using dna probes or pcr with primers specific to different species or types of the trypanosome subgenus nannomonas. over 70% of midgut infections were successfully identified as either trypanosoma godfreyi, t. ...	1996	9147687
trypanosome-binding proteins of the tsetse flies glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans.	in this paper we describe a new, selective approach to identify protein ligand-receptor interactions between an arthropod vector and the parasite it transmits. biotinylated vector proteins were incubated with living parasites in physiological conditions. after extensive washing, the parasites were subjected to sds-page electrophoresis and the polypeptides were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membrane. staining with avidin-horseradish peroxidase revealed only biotin-labeled proteins from the v ...	1996	9198586
the parp promoter of trypanosoma brucei is developmentally regulated in a chromosomal context.	african trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted from one mammalian host to the next by tsetse flies. bloodstream forms express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg); the tsetse fly (procyclic) forms express instead the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). parp mrna is abundant in procyclic forms and almost undetectable in blood-stream forms. post-transcriptional mechanisms are mainly responsible for parp mrna regulation but results of nuclear run-on experiment ...	1996	8614620
a promotor directing alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcription of garp, the major surface antigen of insect stage trypanosoma congolense.	the major surface antigen of procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense in the tsetse fly is garp (glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein), which is thought to be the analogue of procyclin/parp in trypanosoma brucei. we have studied two t.congolense garp loci (the 4.3 and 4.4 loci) whose transcription is alpha-amanitin sensitive. whilst a transcriptional gap 5' of the first garp gene in the cloned region of the 4.4 locus could not be detected, such a gap was present in the 5' flank o ...	1996	8628650
isolation and characterization of the tsetse thrombin inhibitor: a potent antithrombotic peptide from the saliva of glossina morsitans morsitans.	a potent and specific inhibitor of the human coagulation protease thrombin was identified in salivary gland extracts of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, an important vector of african trypanosomiasis. this low molecular weight peptide (mw = 3,530 da as determined by laser desorption mass spectrometry) was purified using a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. amino terminal sequencing of the purified pro ...	1996	8644901
remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease.	this paper gives an overview of how certain meteorological data used in studies of the population dynamics of arthropod vectors of disease may be predicted using remotely sensed, satellite data. details are given of the stages of processing necessary to convert digital data arising from satellite sensors into ecologically meaningful information. potential sources of error in these processing steps are also highlighted. relationships between ground-measured meteorological variables (saturation de ...	1996	8729623
predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west africa using temporal fourier processed meteorological satellite data.	an example is given of the application of remotely-sensed, satellite data to the problems of predicting the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies in west africa. the distributions of eight species of tsetse, glossina morsitans, g. longipalpis, g. palpalis, g. tachinoides, g. pallicera, g. fusca, g. nigrofusca and g. medicorum in côte d'ivoire and burkina faso, were analysed using discriminant analysis applied to temporal fourier-processed surrogates for vegetation, temperature and rainfall ...	1996	8758138
anaphylactic reaction after bites by glossina morsitans (tsetse fly) in a laboratory worker.		1996	8828549
is point mutagenesis a mechanism for antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei?	antigenic variation in african trypanosomes proceeds by switching between different variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecules, whose extensive epitope differences enable evasion of antibody responses. each trypanosome has approximately 1000 basic copy vsg genes inside chromosomes and a subset located at telomeres. switching usually involves different individual basic copy genes being duplicated, as an expression linked copy, into a transcriptionally active site. in a few cases expression link ...	1996	8844670
intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria of camponotus species (carpenter ants): systematics, evolution and ultrastructural characterization.	intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria inherent to ants of the genus camponotus were characterized. the bacteria were localized in bacteriocytes, which are specialized cells of both workers and queen ants; these cells are intercalated between epithelial cells of the midgut. the bacteriocytes show a different morphology from the normal epithelial cells and carry a large number of the rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria free in the cytoplasm. the bacteria were never observed in the neighbouring epithe ...	1996	8866472
[human african trypanosomiasis].	human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is caused by infestation with a flagellate protozoan, the trypanosome which is inoculated by the bite of the tsetse fly glossina. the particular ecological conditions of parasites and vectors are such that the disease is only found in the intertropical regions of africa. although there are many species of trypanosomes, only two, belonging to the brucei group are likely to lead to hat. these two species are quite similar morphologically but have different patho ...	1996	8952890
ultrastructural changes in the milk gland of tsetse glossina morsitans centralis (diptera; glissinidae) female infected by a dna virus	milk glands, dissected out and collected from glossina morsitans centralis (machado) females, artificially inoculated at the third-instar larval stage with a virus suspension obtained from hypertrophied salivary glands of wild-caught virus-infected glossina pallidipes (austen), were processed for routine electron microscopy and examined for pathological changes. they were compared to milk glands dissected out from normal female g.m. centralis at the same stage of pregnancy cycle. upon dissection ...	1996	8954813
genetic exchange in trypanosomes.	the process of genetic exchange in trypanosomes was first described 10 years ago, when jenni and colleagues obtained hybrid trypanosomes after cotransmitting 2 trypanosoma brucei ssp. clones through the tsetse fly. the process is a non-obligatory part of the trypanosome life cycle and takes place in the fly, probably during development in the salivary glands. nuclear dna markers are inherited for the most-part in a mendelian fashion, indicating that meiosis is involved. however, there is no evid ...	1996	8989895
prevalence of tsetse fly and ruminant trypanosomosis in katsina-ala local government area, nigeria.	the prevalence of ruminant trypanosomosis and tsetse flies was investigated in katsina-ala local government area--a sleeping sickness endemic area--between the valleys of river benue, katsina-ala and donga in central nigeria. analysis of three hundred and twenty blood samples showed that among semi-nomadic animals, about one cattle (21.3%; 0.213, confidence interval c1 +/- 0.06) and two sheep (38.0%; 0.380, c1 +/- 0.10) out of five carried mature trypanosome infections. significantly lower (p < ...	1996	9558969
[experimental infection of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall) with trypanosoma congolense (zre/g143/90). parasite cycle and vector competence in the tsetse fly].	this report presents an experimental study of the life cycle of trypanosoma congolense (zre/g 143/90) in relation to the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans (mall). the rate of engorgement at the time of an infectious meal and the mortality before day 15 of the life cycle were not significantly different between male and female flies. the mesocyclic forms of trypanosomes were regularly observed in the proventriculus, crop duct, oesophagus, cibarium and proboscis, except in the crop. on da ...	1996	9026227
trypanosomiasis.	african (sleeping sickness) and american (chagas' disease) trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the family trypanosomatidae, are diseases that are endemic in parts of africa and latin america, respectively. physicians in developed countries may occasionally see cases because of extensive travel and immigration from endemic countries. although neurological involvement is common in both, its incidence and clinical presentation differ considerably. african trypanosomiasis, caused by subspecies of ...	1997	9034568
cloning and expression of a bacillus thuringiensis (l1-2) gene encoding a crystal protein active against glossina morsitans morsitans and chilo partellus.	a local isolate of bacillus thuringiensis,designated l1-2, that is toxic to chilo partellus was found to be toxic to the adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. the delta-endotoxin crystals derived from the isolate gave a major protein band with a molecular weight of mr 130,000-140,000 on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the sequence of the cloned gene was found to be similar to that of the b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-73 cryia(c) gene, having one amino acid differen ...	1997	9003589
the control of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in a settled area in petauke district (eastern province, zambia) using odour-baited targets.	a trial to control g. m. morsitans with the use of 980 odour-baited, insecticide-impregnated targets was conducted in a 300 km2 area in the eastern province of zambia between 1989 and 1991. the area is highly cultivated and cattle density is high (about 8 cattle/km2). targets were deployed along roads and tracks. deployment was restricted to suitable tsetse habitat. the effect of the targets on the tsetse population and on the transmission of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis was monitored by me ...	1997	9551476
factors affecting trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations.	wide variations in trypanosome infection rate are observed in different tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations environmental factors and features proper to the vector, mammalian host and infecting-trypanosome species acting in the acquisition and development of infective-trypanosome infection in tsetse are examined.	1997	9419848
genetics of hybridization of glossina swynnertoni with glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina morsitans centralis.	reciprocal crosses were performed with glossina swynnertoni and glossina morsitans morsitans and with g.swynnertoni and glossina morsitans centralis, using strains that carried marker genes in all three linkage groups. glossina swynnertoni males can inseminate, but not fertilize, g.m.morsitans; all other crosses produced some fertile females. hybridization did not cause sex ratio distortion among f1 flies. most f1 and backcross females were fertile, but all f1 males were sterile. sterility among ...	1997	9430118
comparison of the susceptibility of different glossina species to simple and mixed infections with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense savannah and riverine forest types.	teneral glossina morsitans mositans, g.m.submorsitans, g.palpalis gambiensis and g.tachinoides were allowed to feed on rabbits infected with trypanosoma congolense savannah type or on mice infected with t.congolense riverine-forest type. the four tsetse species and subspecies were also infected simultaneously in vitro on the blood of mice infected with the two clones of t.congolense via a silicone membrane. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and from the day 25 after the infective fe ...	1997	9330255
localization of genes controlling resistance to trypanosomiasis in mice.	tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomes (trypanosoma spp.) cause "sleeping sickness' in man and have a serious impact on livestock-based agriculture in large areas of africa. multigene control of variation in susceptibility to trypanosomiasis is known to occur in mice, where the c57bi/6 (b6) strain is relatively resistant and the a/j (a) and balb/c (b) strains are susceptible. such resistance is also well described among several types of west african cattle. we report here the results of genome-wide ...	1997	9171834
survival of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly is enhanced by the expression of specific forms of procyclin.	african trypanosomes are not passively transmitted, but they undergo several rounds of differentiation and proliferation within their intermediate host, the tsetse fly. at each stage, the survival and successful replication of the parasites improve their chances of continuing the life cycle, but little is known about specific molecules that contribute to these processes. procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of the insect forms of trypanosoma brucei. six genes encode proteins with exten ...	1997	9182668
effect of diminazene aceturate on the infectivity and transmissibility of drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans centralis.	to determine the duration after treatment of cattle with diminazene aceturate that the drug influences the tsetse infectivity and transmissibility of a drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense, six boran cattle were infected with t. congolense il 3338 via the bites of glossina morsitans centralis. at the first peak of parasitaemia, different groups of 120 teneral g. m. centralis were fed on one occasion on each animal, 1 h before treatment with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 3.5 mg kg-1 body wei ...	1997	9195705
the importance of cattle as a food source for glossina morsitans morsitans katete district, eastern province, zambia.	the feeding habits of glossina morsitans morsitans in the eastern province of zambia were studied. a total of 687 meals were identified. results show that 75.1% of the meals were taken on cattle. these results are discussed in relation to the published data on feeding patterns of glossina morsitans morsitans and the control of tsetse or tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in the study area.	1997	9164604
effect of the life-span of female glossina palpalis gambiensis on the weight and size of its progeny.	pupae and teneral flies of glossina palpalis gambiensis originating from three successive reproductive cycles were compared for their size and weight. in general, pupal weight and fly weight increased, whereas fly size, measured as wing vein length, decreased with the number of reproductive cycles. the linear regression observed between weight and wing vein length of the fly demonstrated that, particularly for flies originating from the first and second larvipositions, small changes in wing vein ...	1997	9061683
prophylactic effects of isometamidium- and ethidium-sustained release devices against trypanosoma congolense in cattle.	two successive experiments were carried out in which three cows were treated by intramuscular injection of either 0.5 mg/kg isometamidium or 1 mg/kg ethidium and compared with another group of three cows which received a subcutaneously implanted sustained release device (srd) containing the same dose of drug. the prophylactic effect of both drug formulations was evaluated by exposing the animals at monthly intervals to glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma congolense. the averag ...	1997	9140511
univariate analysis of tsetse habitat in the common fly belt of southern africa using climate and remotely sensed vegetation data.	tsetse are vectors of trypanosomes that cause diseases both in humans and livestock. traditional tsetse surveys, using sampling methods such as epsilon traps and black screen fly rounds, are often logistically difficult, costly and time-consuming. the distribution of tsetse, as revealed by such survey methods, is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, such as climate and vegetation cover, which may be readily mapped using satellite data. these data may be used to make predictions of th ...	1997	9330253
genetic variation at structural loci in the glossina morsitans species group.	gene diversity was investigated in four taxa of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) including glossina morsitans, g.m. centralis, g. swynnertoni, and g. pallidipes. histochemical tests were performed for 35-46 isozymes. polymorphic loci were 20% in g. morsitans, 32% in g.m. centralis, 17.6% in g. swynnertoni, and 26% in g. pallidipes. mean heterozygosities among all loci were 6.6% in g. morsitans morsitans, 6.0% in g.m. centralis, 7.1% in g. swynnertoni, and 6.8% pallidipes. allozyme gene divers ...	1997	9238514
kinetoplastid glucose transporters.	protozoa of the order kinetoplastida have colonized many habitats, and several species are important parasites of humans. adaptation to different environments requires an associated adaptation at a cell's interface with its environment, i.e. the plasma membrane. sugar transport by the kinetoplastida as a phylogenetically related group of organisms offers an exceptional model in which to study the ways by which the carrier proteins involved in this process may evolve to meet differing environment ...	1997	9271074
molecular characterization of trypanosome isolates from naturally infected domestic animals in burkina, faso.	a total of 33 trypanosome cryostabilates isolated from domestic animals (bovine and dogs) were analysed using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr was undertaken on diluted and treated buffy coat solutions according to an easy protocol of purification, using primers specific to trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of savannah, riverine-forest, kilifi and tsavo types, t. (n) simiae, t. (trypanozoon) brucei and t. (duttonella) vivax. the results showed a lack of pcr sensitivity when target ...	1997	9299694
phylogeny and potential transmission routes of midgut-associated endosymbionts of tsetse (diptera:glossinidae).	many tsetse species (diptera: glossinidae) harbour two morphologically different intracellular endosymbiotic microorganisms associated with gut tissue: primary (p) and secondary (s) endosymbionts. the p-endosymbionts of tsetse (wigglesworthia glossinidia) are sequestered in specialized epithelial cells, bacteriocytes, which form a structure (bacteriome) in the anterior portion of the gut. phylogenetic characterization of p-endsymbionts from the three subgenera of genus glossina has shown that th ...	1997	9099582
cross-resistance associated with development of resistance to isometamidium in a clone of trypanosoma congolense.	resistance to isometamidium was increased 94-fold in a clone of trypanosoma congolense (clone il 1180) by repeated subcurative treatment of infected mice for 11 months. this was associated with 3.4-, 33-, and 4.2-fold increases in resistance to diminazene, homidium, and quinapyramine, respectively. both t. congolense il 1180 and the resistant derivative were able to undergo cyclical development in glossina morsitans centralis tsetse flies, producing hypopharyngeal infection rates of 40.0 and 39. ...	1997	9210695
trypanosomiasis re-emerges under cover of war.	the incidence of trypanosomiasis has increased in southern sudan along the border of the central african republic; up to 30% of the population is infected in some areas. a study conducted by care and the us centers for disease control (cdc) has shown that the disease has spread to over 30,000 people in tambura county alone; up to 4% of the local population is expected to die this year. according to the local coordinator for care, the pyramidal effect is great; when a tsetse fly bites a human, ...	1997	12321240
mapping tsetse habitat suitability in the common fly belt of southern africa using multivariate analysis of climate and remotely sensed vegetation data.	the distribution of glossina morsitans centralis, glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes are described in part of southern africa, using a range of multivariate techniques applied to climate and remotely sensed vegetation data. linear discriminant analysis is limited in its predictive power by the assumption of common covariances in the classes within multivariate environment space. maximum likelihood classification is one of a variety of alternative methods that do not have this c ...	1997	9330254
control of trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in tsetse, glossina morsitans.	numbers of immature trypanosoma brucei brucei within a tsetse midgut remain remarkably constant after establishment throughout the course of an infection, irrespective of whether the infection eventually matures. these results suggest a system of self regulation of the parasite population in the insect gut based on a form of programmed cell death which would carry advantages for both the parasite and the vector.	1997	9330261
commitment to differentiation and cell cycle re-entry are coincident but separable events in the transformation of african trypanosomes from their bloodstream to their insect form.	african trypanosomes undergo extensive changes in cellular morphology, biochemistry and surface antigen expression as they differentiate from their bloodstream form to those forms that colonise the midgut of their tsetse fly vector. if initiated with stumpy-form cells, a non-dividing sub-type of the bloodstream parasite, differentiation and cell cycle re-entry occur synchronously in the population and provide a means to dissect the respective controls of proliferation and transformation. we have ...	1997	9372450
position-dependent and promoter-specific regulation of gene expression in trypanosoma brucei.	trypanosoma brucei evades the mammalian immune response by a process of antigenic variation. this involves mutually exclusive and alternating expression of telomere-proximal variant surface glycoprotein genes (vsgs), which is controlled at the level of transcription. to examine transcription repression in t.brucei we inserted reporter genes, under the control of either rrna or vsg expression site (es) promoters, into various chromosomal loci. position-dependent repression of both promoters was o ...	1997	9405371
comparison between tsetse fly synthetic diet and bovine blood on reproduction and survivorship in tabanus nigrovittatus (diptera: tabanidae).	a synthetic diet, developed for tsetse flies and fed to tabanus nigrovittatus macquart before the 2nd gonotrophic cycle, supported complete egg maturation. t. nigrovittatus is autogenous only during the 1st cycle. overall, 52% of females fed bovine blood and 46% fed the synthetic diet produced mature, stage 10 follicles. of these, 76% of the blood-fed females and 65% of those fed the synthetic diet laid egg masses, all of which hatched. the median adult survivorship was 9 d for blood-fed and 8 d ...	1997	9439131
degradation of a radiolabeled juvenile hormone analog using two insect species.	a synthetic insect juvenile hormone analog (a juvenoid), ethyl n-[2-[4-[[2,2-(ethylenedioxy)cyclohexyl]methyl]phenox]ethyl]carbam ate, which has displayed high biological activity against different insect species and high stability under field conditions, was selected as a biologically active model compound for a study of a juvenile hormone analog degradation. the biologically active compound itself and its three diversely radiolabeled derivatives were applied to the flesh fly (sarcophaga bullat ...	1997	9783444
a hormone from the uterus of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, stimulates parturition and abortion.	unlike most insects, the tsetse female gives birth to a single, fully grown larva at the culmination of each pregnancy cycle. the expulsion of the larva is regulated by a hormone present in rich abundance within the female's uterus. the hormone elicits parturition when injected into neck-ligated females at late stages of pregnancy and abortion when injected at earlier stages. we refer to this highly active material (0.043 uterus equivalents stimulates parturition in 50% of the females) as partur ...	1997	12769917
a white eye color mutant in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submotsitans newstead (diptera: glossinidae).	a spontaneous mutation in glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead is described. the mutant, designated wht, has white compound eyes but the ocelli and testes have normal coloration. mutants have lower than normal amounts of xanthommatin and pteridines in their heads. the lesion occurs late in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway, in the storage of xanthommatin in the compound eyes, or, most likely, in the transport of precursors into the compound eyes. the locus wht is on the x chromosome.	1997	18464814
glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina palpalis palpalis: dosage compensation raises questions about the milligan model for control of trypanosome development.	evidence that dosage compensation occurs in tsetse flies was obtained by comparing the activities of x chromosome-linked enzymes, arginine phosphokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in glossina m. morsitans and hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase in glossina p. palpalis, with the activity of an autosome-linked enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, in each species. the shortcomings of the x chromosome model for the control of trypanozoon maturation in tsetse are discussed in light of these finding ...	1998	9806869
review of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa.	the history of tsetse flies and nagana (trypanosomosis) in south africa, and especially in zululand, is reviewed. four valid tsetse fly species have been recorded from south africa. glossina morsitans morsitans disappeared from the most northerly parts of south africa during the rinderpest epizootic between 1896-1897. of the three remaining species that occurred in zululand, now part of kwazulunatal province, g. pallidipes was the most common vector of nagana in cattle, but was eradicated from t ...	1998	9809324
tsetse thrombin inhibitor: bloodmeal-induced expression of an anticoagulant in salivary glands and gut tissue of glossina morsitans morsitans.	the tsetse thrombin inhibitor, a potent and specific low molecular mass (3,530 da) anticoagulant peptide, was purified previously from salivary gland extracts of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). a 303-bp coding sequence corresponding to the inhibitor has now been isolated from a tsetse salivary gland cdna library by using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. the full-length cdna contains a 26-bp untranslated segment at its 5' end, followed by a 63-bp sequence corresponding to a ...	1998	9826693
activity of a trypanosome metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene promoter is dependent upon life cycle stage and chromosomal context.	african trypanosomes evade the mammalian host immune response by antigenic variation, the continual switching of their variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) coat. vsg is first expressed at the metacyclic stage in the tsetse fly as a preadaptation to life in the mammalian bloodstream. in the metacyclic stage, a specific subset (<28; 1 to 2%) of vsg genes, located at the telomeres of the largest trypanosome chromosomes, are activated by a system very different from that used for bloodstream vsg genes ...	1998	9488428
on the interpretation of age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of tsetse flies.	epidemiological models are used to analyse 8 published data sets reporting age-prevalence curves for trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. a model assuming a fixed maturation period and a rate of infection which is independent of fly age is adequate for trypanosoma vivax-type infections, explaining 98% of observed variance in prevalence by site and age, allowing that the rate of infection may be site dependent. this model is not adequate for t. congolense-type infections ...	1998	9509024
a trypanosome metacyclic vsg gene promoter with two functionally distinct, life cycle stage-specific activities.	in the mammalian bloodstream, african trypanosomes express the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), continual switching of which allows evasion of the host immune response. bloodstream vsg genes are transcribed from polycistronic bloodstream expression sites with promoters which are located 45-60 kb upstream. these promoters are not exclusively stage-regulated, being active in the insect midgut stage where vsg is not expressed. however, the metacyclic vsg (m-vsg) genes, a small subset activated w ...	1998	9518493
vsg gene control and infectivity strategy of metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei.	as the metacyclic trypanosome stage develops in the tsetse fly salivary glands, it initiates expression of variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs) and does so by each cell activating, at random, one from a small subset of metacyclic vsg (m-vsg) genes. whereas differential activation of individual vsg genes in the bloodstream occurs as a function of time, to evade waves of antibody, it is believed that the aim in the metacyclic stage is simultaneously to generate population diversity. m-vsg genes ar ...	1998	9574928
field evaluation of the prophylactic effect of an isometamidium sustained-release device against trypanosomiasis in cattle.	in order to compare the prophylactic effect provided by a poly(d,l-lactide) sustained-release device (srd) containing isometamidium (ismm) with that provided by the classical intramuscular injection of the drug, a field trial was carried out at the madina diassa ranch in mali. one- to 3-year-old n'dama cattle were randomly divided into three groups. the first group (n = 42) was treated with ismm at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight, the second group (n = 44) received the same dose of the drug via ...	1998	9593118
host preferences of tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) based on bloodmeal identifications.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to identify the origin of vertebrate blood in the guts of 29 245 wild-caught flies of eleven glossina species from various ecological zones of africa. depending on the quality of the bloodmeal samples, 62.8% of the samples were identified and could be assigned to a host-group (e.g. ruminant), family (e.g. bovidae) or species (e.g. bos spp.). a total of 13 145 samples (44.9%) was identifiable up to the species level. with a few exceptions ...	1998	9622371
neuroendocrine dysfunction in african trypanosomiasis. the role of cytokines.	sleeping sickness (ss; african trypanosomiasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by the tsetse fly. infection with trypanosoma brucei in humans is associated with adynamia, lethargy, anorexia, and more specifically amenorrhea/infertility in women and loss of libido/impotence in men. recent evidence suggests that experimental infection in animals with trypanosoma brucei species causes polyglandular endocrine failure by local inflammation of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal glands. i ...	1998	9629307
trypanotolerance, an option for sustainable livestock production in areas at risk from trypanosomosis.	trypanosomosis is one of the major constraints on animal production in areas of africa which have the greatest potential for significant increases in domestic livestock populations and livestock productivity. while the eradication of trypanosomosis from the entire continent is an unrealistic goal, considerable effort has been invested in the control of this disease through the use of trypanocidal drugs, management of the vector and exploitation of the genetic resistance exhibited by indigenous b ...	1998	9638808
olfactory sensitivity in tsetse flies: a daily rhythm.	the diurnal tsetse glossina morsitans morsitans bites especially in early morning and late afternoon; around midday feeding is at a low. in laboratory apparatus that measures the amount of locomotion under constant conditions over the photophase, the flies display a similar patterning of activity levels. the profile of daily rhythms for g. morsitans reported in the literature includes a number of motor and sensory motor systems that fluctuate cophasically. lacking is a study on the patterning of ...	1998	9669048
trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse.	the effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of glossina morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. the differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. a comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those ...	1998	9695107
transformation of monomorphic trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form trypomastigotes into procyclic forms at 37 degrees c by removing glucose from the culture medium.	african trypanosomes have been shown previously to undergo efficient transformation from bloodstream forms to procyclic (insect dwelling) forms in vitro by adding citrate and/or cis-aconitate to the culture medium and lowering incubation temperature to 27 degrees c. in this paper, it is shown that strain 427 monomorphic bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei grown in axenic culture at 37 degrees c can be transformed to procyclic forms by simply replacing the glucose carbon source in the culture ...	1998	9719513
the modified dna base beta-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil is not found in the tsetse fly stages of trypanosoma brucei.		1998	9719516
[vectorial competence of glossina palpalis palpalis, glossina p. gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans flies for a clone of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense il 1180].	the authors report on the results of experimental infections of teneral (age < 32 hours) and non-teneral (age between 80 and 96 hours) glossina palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans with trypanosoma congolense il 1180. flies were infected once on a parasitaemic rat. teneral flies, both sexes indiscriminate, showed a procyclic and metacyclic infection rate respectively of 0.0588 and 0.7272 for g. p. palpalis; 0.0525 and 0.0416 for g. p. gambiensis; 0.6493 and 0.7300 for g ...	1998	9754312
identification of stage-regulated and differentiation-enriched transcripts during transformation of the african trypanosome from its bloodstream to procyclic form.	trypanosoma brucei undergoes dramatic stage-specific changes in surface antigen expression, metabolic development, cellular morphogenesis and cell-cycle control. these events can be studied in detail during the transition between the bloodstream stumpy stage and the tsetse fly midgut procyclic form. this differentiation can be induced in vitro, is synchronous in the population and there are abundant markers for stage-regulated and differentiation events. we have used this differentiation system ...	1998	9763291
selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans centralis for trypanosoma congolense infection and their susceptibility to different pathogenic trypanosoma species.	in a single generation of selection, two lines of glossina morsitans centralis were established that differed significantly in susceptibility to trypanosoma congolense clone il 1180. reciprocal crosses demonstrated that susceptibility was a maternally inherited trait. differences between the lines, to all phases of the trypanosome infection, were maintained for eight generations, whereas differences in susceptibility to midgut infections were maintained for twenty-eight generations. thereafter, ...	1998	9824823
the effects of a dna virus infection on the reproductive potential of female tsetse flies, glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).	reproductive anomalies associated with the tsetse dna virus infection in the female tsetse hosts, glossina morsitans centralis machado and glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, inoculated with the virus during the 3rd instar larval stage were studied and the data compared to those obtained from the control females injected with sterile physiological saline. virus infected flies had significantly longer first and second pregnancy cycles (p < 0.0001) and produced pupae that were of significantly ...	1998	9921317
molecular characterization of the principal symbiotic bacteria of the weevil sitophilus oryzae: a peculiar g + c content of an endocytobiotic dna.	the principal intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the cereal weevil sitophilus oryzae were characterized using the sequence of the 16s rdna gene (rrs gene) and g + c content analysis. polymerase chain reaction amplification with universal eubacterial primers of the rrs gene showed a single expected sequence of 1,501 bp. comparison of this sequence with the available database sequences placed the intracellular bacteria of s. oryzae as members of the enterobacteriaceae family, closely related to t ...	1998	9664696
factors influencing the prevalence of trypanosome infection of glossina pallidipes on the ruvu flood plain of eastern tanzania.	we report the pattern of infection of glossina pallidipes with trypanosoma vivax and t. congolense at a site in the coast region of eastern tanzania, studied between november 1993 and december 1994. of the 2315 flies dissected 114 (4.9%) were t. congolense positive, 77 (3.3%) were t. vivax positive and 2 (0.1%) were t. brucei positive. fly age was determined by the pteridine fluorescence method. prevalence of infection was most strongly affected by month and the linear effect of age with the int ...	1998	9698260
susceptibility to trypanosomosis of three bos indicus cattle breeds in areas of differing tsetse fly challenge.	studies to assess the differences in susceptibility to trypanosomosis among bos indicus cattle breeds (maasai zebu, orma boran and galana boran) were conducted under conditions of varying tsetse fly challenge at the nguruman escarpment in south-western kenya, for a period of 1 year. it was found that under tsetse challenge quantified as high, maasai zebu and orma boran were less susceptible than galana boran to trypanosome infections, as judged by the significantly lower incidence of infection, ...	1998	9777722
factors affecting the landing and feeding responses of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes to a stationary ox.	in zimbabwe, studies were made of the landing and feeding responses of glossina pallidipes on an ox. of the tsetse approaching an ox, approximately 70% fed. increasing densities of tsetse increased the grooming responses of the ox but had no significant effect on the percentage of tsetse that engorged. the landing site of tsetse on the ox varied with density, with approximately 50% landing on the legs at low densities (< 20 flies per ox), compared to approximately 80% at densities > 40 flies per ...	1998	9622375
history of sleeping sickness in east africa.	the history of human sleeping sickness in east africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of east africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability of human-in ...	1999	9880477
invertebrate compounds acting on the hemostatic mechanism.	physiological secretions from some invertebrates have toxic effects on mammalian blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. some of these effects occur because the substances contained in the secretions resemble the components of the hemostatic system. some of the substances have been characterized, and have been found to have similar molecular weights or sequences, which may indicate a common ancestry. the components can be divided into five groups: antithrombic agents (group i); inhibitors an ...	1999	10192653
membrane feeding glossina morsitans centralis on livestock blood and its effect on the tsetse susceptibility to pathogenic trypanosome infections.		1999	10194757
genetic exchange in the trypanosomatidae.	the only trypanosomatid so far proved to undergo genetic exchange is trypanosoma brucei, for which hybrid production after co-transmission of different parental strains through the tsetse fly vector has been demonstrated experimentally. analogous mating experiments have been attempted with other trypanosoma and leishmania species, so far without success. however, natural leishmania hybrids, with a combination of the molecular characters of two sympatric species, have been described amongst both ...	1999	10214689
extension of the prophylactic effect of isometamidium against trypanosome infections in cattle using a biodegradable copolymer.	two trials were carried out in order to compare the prophylactic effect of a subcutaneously implanted sustained release device (srd) containing a mixture of a biodegradable copolymer, poly(caprolactone-co-l-lactide), and isometamidium (ismm) with that obtained after intramuscular injection of the drug. in a first experiment under controlled conditions, two groups of cattle were treated with 0.5 mg/kg isometamidium either as a srd or intramuscularly (i.m.), and exposed at monthly intervals to glo ...	1999	10379816
the effects of a tsetse dna virus infection on the functions of the male accessory reproductive gland in the host fly glossina morsitans centralis (diptera; glossinidae).	freshly deposited third instar glossina morsitans centralis larvae were infected with the tsetse dna virus by microinjection, and at emergence adult males were separated from the females and fed on rabbit blood every second day for 8 days. a control group treated with sterile saline were handled similarly. they were dissected, and comparative observations made on the appearance and size of the accessory reproductive glands (arg) in infected and control males. regularly fed 8-day-old males from i ...	1999	10341076
concordant evolution of a symbiont with its host insect species: molecular phylogeny of genus glossina and its bacteriome-associated endosymbiont, wigglesworthia glossinidia.	many arthropods with restricted diets rely on symbiotic associations for full nutrition and fecundity. tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) harbor three symbiotic organisms in addition to the parasitic african trypanosomes they transmit. two of these microorganisms reside in different gut cells, while the third organism is harbored in reproductive tissues and belongs to the genus wolbachia. the primary symbiont (genus wigglesworthia glossinidia) lives in differentiated epithelial cells (bacterioc ...	1999	9873076
trypanosoma brucei spp. development in the tsetse fly: characterization of the post-mesocyclic stages in the foregut and proboscis.	post-mesocyclic development of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly in its migration from midgut to salivary glands, was revisited by sequential microdissection, morphometry and dna-cytofluorometry. this development started by day 6 after the infective feed, with passage of mesocyclic midgut trypomastigotes through proventriculus and upward migration along foregut and proboscis to the salivary gland ducts. kinetics of salivary gland infection showed that colonization of the salivary glands by ep ...	1999	10363280
[peptides as inhibitors of thrombin coagulation activity and of thrombocyte aggregation].	the analysis of literature and our own data of regulatory peptides influence on the blood coagulation system is presenting. various natural and synthetic peptides inhibit the activity of thrombin and platelet aggregation. direct specific inhibitors of thrombin are peptides developed on the base of d-phe-pro-arg sequence. strong specific inhibitors of the prothrombinase complex factor xa were isolated from tissues and saliva of the blood-sucking organisms. these inhibitors decrease thrombin gener ...	1999	10420478
is sleeping sickness a circadian disorder? the serotonergic hypothesis.	patients with human african trypanosomiasis (hat, sleeping sickness), due to the inoculation of trypanosoma brucei gambiense or rhodesiense by the tsetse fly, are "sleepy by day and restless by night." the first 24 h polysomnographic recording (electroencephalogram [eeg], electromyogram [emg], electrooculogram [eog]), showing a disappearance of the 24 h rhythmicity of sleep and wakefulness, was performed in 1988. thereafter, our team recorded 18 patients and 6 control volunteers at bed rest duri ...	1999	10442241
resurgence of sleeping sickness in tambura county, sudan.	endemic foci of human african trypanosomiasis are present in southern sudan. in 1996 and 1997, trypanosomiasis increased sharply in tambura county. to define the magnitude and geographic distribution of the outbreak, we conducted a prevalence survey using population-based cluster sampling in 16 villages: 1,358 participants answered questions about routine activities and tsetse fly contact and received serologic testing. seroprevalence in the surveyed area was 19.4% (95% confidence interval = 16. ...	1999	10463686
[effect of the number of health meals before an infectious meal on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans morsitans infected by trypanosoma congolense il 1180].	the purpose of this work was to assess the influence of several healthy meals (0, 1 and 2) prior to the infectious one on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall). the teneral flies (< 32 h old) of this line were divided into three groups. the tsetse flies of group a received no meal. the ones of group b received one healthy meal on day 1, whereas those from group c were given two consecutive healthy meals on days 1 and 2. all the flies were experimentally infected with tr ...	1999	10478424
evaluation of insecticide-treated cattle as a barrier to re-invasion of tsetse to cleared areas in northeastern zimbabwe.	a field trial in zimbabwe investigated the efficacy of insecticide-treated cattle as a barrier to prevent the re-invasion of tsetse, glossina morsitans and g. pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae), into cleared areas. the original tsetse barrier consisted of insecticide-treated odour-baited targets, at an operational density of four to five targets per km2, supported by insecticide-treatments of cattle with either deltamethrin dip (decatix, coopers) at two-weekly intervals, or deltamethrin pouron (s ...	1999	10484163
antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei infections: an holistic view.	trypanosoma brucei parasites undergo clonal phenotypic (antigenic) variation to promote their transmission between mammals and tsetse-fly vectors. this process is classically considered to be a mechanism for evading humoral immune responses, but such an explanation cannot account for the high rate of switching between variable antigens or for their hierarchical (i.e. non-random) expression. i suggest that these anomalies can be explained by a new model: that antigenic variation has evolved as a ...	1999	10504324
n-linked glycans containing linear poly-n-acetyllactosamine as sorting signals in endocytosis in trypanosoma brucei.	african trypanosomes, such as trypanosoma brucei, are protozoan parasites that are transmitted by the tsetse fly and cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. trypanosomes evade the immune responses of their hosts by varying their surface coat protein (vsg) and restricting exocytosis and endocytosis to an invagination of the plasma membrane called the flagellar pocket (fp). the fp represents only 0.5% of the cellular surface but membrane turnover here occurs at high rates [1] [2] [ ...	1999	10531030
a structural and transcription pattern for variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites used in metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei.	african trypanosomes first express the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) at the metacyclic stage in the tsetse fly vector, in preparation for transfer into the mammal. metacyclic (m)vsgs comprise a specific vsg repertoire subset and their expression is regulated differently from that of bloodstream vsgs, involving exclusively transcriptional regulation during the life cycle. to identify basic structural and functional features that may be common to mvsg telomeric transcription units, we have ch ...	1999	10551359
the gpi biosynthetic pathway as a therapeutic target for african sleeping sickness.	african sleeping sickness is a debilitating and often fatal disease caused by tsetse fly transmitted african trypanosomes. these extracellular protozoan parasites survive in the human bloodstream by virtue of a dense cell surface coat made of variant surface glycoprotein. the parasites have a repertoire of several hundred immunologically distinct variant surface glycoproteins and they evade the host immune response by antigenic variation. all variant surface glycoproteins are anchored to the pla ...	1999	10571022
polymerase chain reaction characterization of trypanosomes in glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. tachinoides collected on the game ranch of nazinga, burkina faso.	the polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize the trypanosomes infecting glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. tachinoides in the game ranch of nazinga, burkina faso, situated near an agropastoral zone. dissection of 435 tsetse flies, and pcr analysis of 166 infected flies were conducted to assess the epidemiological situation. trypanosomes of the nannomonas subgenus were the most abundant in the two tsetse species (80.4% and 73.7% of identified infections in g. m. submorsitans and g. ...	1999	9924962
a drug incubation glossina infectivity test (digit) to assess the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms to trypanocidal drugs (xenodiagnosis).	blood was collected from two sahelian goats, experimentally infected with either a drug-sensitive cloned population of trypanosoma congolense (il 1180) or a multiple drug-resistant t. congolense stock (samorogouan/89/crta/267) and incubated at 37 degrees c for 30 min and 12 h, respectively, in the presence of different drug concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 microg/ml blood) of diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride. after that, the trypanosome/blood/drug suspensions were offered t ...	1999	9924966
study on the sequential tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax infections to african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle.	susceptibility of african buffalo, eland, waterbuck, n'dama and boran cattle to sequential glossina morsitans centralis-transmitted infections of trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei brucei and t. vivax was compared, and their possible role as reservoirs of these parasites for g. moristans centralis, g. pallidipes, g. austeni, g. brevipalpis and g. longipennis determined. the buffalo, eland, waterbuck and n'dama controlled t. congolense parasitaemias and were able to prevent anaemia. by contrast, o ...	1999	9950344
sodalis gen. nov. and sodalis glossinidius sp. nov., a microaerophilic secondary endosymbiont of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	a secondary intracellular symbiotic bacterium was isolated from the haemolymph of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans and cultured in aedes albopictus cell line c6/36. pure-culture isolation of this bacterium was achieved through the use of solid-phase culture under a microaerobic atmosphere. after isolation of strain m1t, a range of tests was performed to determine the phenotypic properties of this bacterium. considering the results of these tests, along with the phylogenetic position o ...	1999	10028272
tsetse challenge, trypanosome and helminth infection in relation to productivity of village ndama cattle in senegal.	data on tsetse fly, and on village ndama cattle collected over a 4-year period in southern senegal, were analysed. a total of 431 ndama cattle in four herds of three villages in the upper casamance area of southern senegal were monitored monthly. glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis are present in the study area. mean tsetse apparent density was 5.4 flies/trap/day. trypanosome (trypanosoma congonlense and trypanosoma vivax) infection rate in flies was 2.4 (s.e. 0.37)% ...	1999	10190867
[effect of the intensity of host parasitemia on the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans westwood, 1850 (mall) infected by trypanosoma (nannonmonas) congolense il 1180].	two groups of teneral flies (aged less than 32 hours) of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall) were fed separately on two rats that had been infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense il 1180, among which one had a low parasitaemia (antilog 5.4-5.7) and the other a high parasitaemia (antilog 7.8-8.1). following to the two modes of parasitaemia, variations of the procyclic indexes were found between males and females. when both sexes were considered, it was found that the intestinal infectio ...	1999	10229938
breeding structure of glossina pallidipes populations evaluated by mitochondrial variation.	mitochondrial dna diversity was studied at four loci in six natural populations of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes from zimbabwe, mozambique, kenya, and ethiopia. single-locus diversity varied from 0.39 at 12s to 0.65 at coii. a total of 32 haplotypes was found with a mean of 6.4 +/- 2.9 per locus. to study breeding structure, diversity at two loci, coii and 16s2, was evaluated in 18 populations sampled from an area of approximately 1,611,000 km2 and in three laboratory cultures. twenty-six h ...	1999	10589514
african trypanosomiasis in two travelers from the united states.	african trypanosomiasis is a rare but well-documented cause of fever in united states travelers returning from areas where it is endemic. we report two recently diagnosed cases that involved tourists who went on safari in tanzania. review of these and 29 other published cases indicates that disease in returning united states travelers is nearly always of the east african form, a fulminant illness for which prompt diagnosis is necessary. in the united states, timely and appropriate therapy for th ...	1999	10589900
ultrastructural localization of unique neurosecretory granules in the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	ultrastructural analysis of the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, revealed the presence of elementary neurosecretory granules (eng) unique to the intrinsic neurosecretory cells (inc) of these species. in addition to electron-dense spheres, the inc of the corpus species. in addition to electron-dense spheres, the inc of the corpus cardiacum of the stable fly contain electrondense angular granules, either square or rectangular in shape ...	1999	10322625
genetic differentiation of some glossina morsitans morsitans populations.	to study the population structure of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and singlestrand conformational polymorphism (sscp) methods were used to estimate mitochondrial dna diversity at four loci in six natural populations from zambia, zimbabwe and mozambique, and in two laboratory cultures. the zambian and zimbabwean samples were from a single fly belt. four alleles were recorded at 12s and 16s1, and five alleles at 16s2 and coi. nucleot ...	1999	10608226
hybridization asymmetries in tsetse (diptera: glossinidae): role of maternally inherited factors and the tsetse genome.	among the morsitans-group of tsetse there are several pairs of taxa in which there is a marked hybridization asymmetry (ha), i.e., one cross produces significantly more offspring than does the reciprocal cross. to investigate the relative contribution of maternally inherited factors (mif) and chromosomal factors to ha, three hybrid lines were established in which flies have mif from one taxon and chromosome from another. ha was then compared among crosses of the parental taxa and crosses of each ...	2000	11126547
study on the mechanical transmission by tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis of trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei brucei to goats.		2000	10643915
characterisation of the loci encoding the glutamic acid and alanine rich protein of trypanosoma congolense.	we have characterised the organisation of genes encoding the glutamate and alanine rich protein (garp) surface coat of the procyclic and epimastigote stages of trypanosoma congolense in the tsetse fly. the garp genes are arranged at two, possibly physically linked, loci, one of which exhibits allelic variation. one locus contains a single garp gene, whilst both alleles of the other have a large tandem array of polycistronically transcribed garp genes. sequence analysis has revealed that there ar ...	2000	10693750
the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi.	a survey to update the distribution and clarify the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in malawi was conducted between 1995-97. use was made of parasitological and serological (anti-trypanosomal antibody-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) diagnostic methods. trypanosomal infections were detected in cattle sampled adjacent to known tsetse foci. the distribution of cattle with anti-trypanosomal antibodies indicated that the distribution of bovine trypanosomosis was more widespr ...	2000	10714455