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experimental replacement of an obligate insect symbiont.symbiosis, the close association of unrelated organisms, has been pivotal in biological diversification. in the obligate symbioses found in many insect hosts, organisms that were once independent are permanently and intimately associated, resulting in expanded ecological capabilities. the primary model for this kind of symbiosis is the association between the bacterium buchnera and the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum). a longstanding obstacle to efforts to illuminate genetic changes underlying ob ...201525561531
a ruthenium(ii) complex as turn-on cu(ii) luminescent sensor based on oxidative cyclization mechanism and its application in vivo.copper ions play a vital role in a variety of fundamental physiological processes not only in human beings and plants, but also for extensive insects and microorganisms. in this paper, a novel water-soluble ruthenium(ii) complex as a turn-on copper(ii) ions luminescent sensor based on o-(phenylazo)aniline was designed and synthesized. the azo group would undergo a specific oxidative cyclization reaction with copper(ii) ions and turn into high luminescent benzotriazole, triggering significant lum ...201525640000
carbon dioxide receptor genes in cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera.carbon dioxide (co2) is important in insect ecology, eliciting a range of behaviours across different species. interestingly, the numbers of co2 gustatory receptors (grs) vary among insect species. in the model organism drosophila melanogaster, two grs (dmelgr21a and dmelgr63a) have been shown to detect co2. in the butterfly, moth, beetle and mosquito species studied so far, three co2 gr genes have been identified, while in tsetse flies, four co2 gr genes have been identified. in other species i ...201525724420
egg predation by the introduced lady beetle, coccinella septempunctata (coleoptera: coccinellidae), lowers mortality but raises relative risk for the native lady beetle, coccinella novemnotata.populations of the native ninespotted lady beetle, coccinella novemnotata herbst, have undergone precipitous declines in north america following the establishment of the exotic sevenspotted lady beetle, coccinella septempunctata l. recent volunteer efforts have made it possible to establish colonies of the now-rare c. novemnotata and test mechanisms contributing to its decline. we evaluated the relative frequencies of intraguild predation and cannibalism of eggs between these two species. a sing ...201526090935
modulation of legume defense signaling pathways by native and non-native pea aphid clones.the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal host plant vicia faba. despite much research, it is still unclear why pea aphid host races (biotypes) are able to colonize their native hosts while other host races are not. all aphids penetrate the plant and salivate into plant cells when they test plant suitability. thus plants might react differently to the various pea ...201628018405
heat stress affects facultative symbiont-mediated protection from a parasitoid wasp.many insects carry facultative bacterial symbionts, which provide benefits including resistance to natural enemies and abiotic stresses. little is known about how these beneficial phenotypes are affected when biotic or abiotic threats occur simultaneously. the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) can host several well-characterized symbiont species. the symbiont known as x-type can protect against both parasitoid wasps and heat stress. here, we used three pea aphid genotypes that were naturally infec ...201627875577
amino acid transporters implicated in endocytosis of buchnera during symbiont transmission in the pea aphid.many insects host their obligate, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria in specialized cells called bacteriocytes. one of the best-studied insect nutritional endosymbioses is that of the aphid and its endosymbiont, buchnera aphidicola. aphids and buchnera are metabolically and developmentally integrated, but the molecular mechanisms underlying buchnera transmission and coordination with aphid development remain largely unknown. previous work using electron microscopy to study aphid asexual e ...201627895889
disruption of phenylalanine hydroxylase reduces adult lifespan and fecundity, and impairs embryonic development in parthenogenetic pea aphids.phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah) is a key tyrosine-biosynthetic enzyme involved in neurological and melanin-associated physiological processes. despite extensive investigations in holometabolous insects, a pah contribution to insect embryonic development has never been demonstrated. here, we have characterized, for the first time, the pah gene in a hemimetabolous insect, the aphid acyrthosiphon pisum. phylogenetic and sequence analyses confirmed that appah is closely related to metazoan pah, exhi ...201627694983
symbionts modify interactions between insects and natural enemies in the field.eukaryotes commonly host communities of heritable symbiotic bacteria, many of which are not essential for their hosts' survival and reproduction. there is laboratory evidence that these facultative symbionts can provide useful adaptations, such as increased resistance to natural enemies. however, we do not know how symbionts affect host fitness when the latter are subject to attack by a natural suite of parasites and pathogens. here, we test whether two protective symbionts, regiella insecticola ...201627561159
seasonal changes in the endosymbiotic consortia of aphids from the genus cinara.buchnera aphidicola is the primary endosymbiont of aphids with which it maintains an obligate mutualistic symbiotic relationship. insects also maintain facultative symbiotic relationships with secondary symbionts, and serratia symbiotica is the most common in aphids. the presence of both symbionts in aphids of the subfamily lachninae has been widely studied by our group. we examined two closely related aphids, cinara tujafilina and c. cedri in the present study. even though both b. aphidicola st ...201627297891
de novo transcriptome assembly of the grapevine phylloxera allows identification of genes differentially expressed between leaf- and root-feeding forms.grapevine phylloxera, an insect related to true aphids, is a major historic pest of viticulture only controlled through the selection of resistant rootstocks or through quarantine regulations where grapevine is cultivated own-rooted. transcriptomic data could help understand the bases of its original life-traits, including a striking case of polyphenism, with forms feeding on roots and forms feeding in leaf-galls. comparisons with true aphids (for which complete genomes have been sequenced) shou ...201626968158
direct flow cytometry measurements reveal a fine-tuning of symbiotic cell dynamics according to the host developmental needs in aphid symbiosis.endosymbiotic associations constitute a driving force in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of metazoan organisms. little is known about whether and how symbiotic cells are coordinated according to host physiology. here, we use the nutritional symbiosis between the insect pest, acyrthosiphon pisum, and its obligate symbiont, buchnera aphidicola, as a model system. we have developed a novel approach for unculturable bacteria, based on flow cytometry, and used this method to estimate ...201626822159
ontogenetic differences in localization of glutamine transporter apglnt1 in the pea aphid demonstrate that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are not similar in the maternal versus embryonic bacteriome.obligate intracellular symbionts of insects are metabolically and developmentally integrated with their hosts. typically, reproduction fails in many insect nutritional endosymbioses when host insects are cured of their bacterial symbionts, and yet remarkably little is known about the processes that developmentally integrate host and symbiont. here in the best studied insect obligate intracellular symbiosis, that of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, with the gammaproteobacterium buchnera aphidi ...201626759710
molecular cloning, expression pattern and polymorphisms of nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase in the bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi (l.).nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase (cpr) plays an important role in the cytochrome p450 (cyp)-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates. cpr has been found to be associated with insecticide metabolism and resistance in many insects. however, information regarding cpr in the bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi, is unavailable. in the current study, a full-length cdna (2,476 bp) of cpr (rpcpr) encoding 681 amino acids was cloned from r. padi. nucleotide sequence and deduced ami ...201627124302
modification of cry4aa toward improved toxin processing in the gut of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.aphids are sap-sucking insects (order: hemiptera) that cause extensive damage to a wide range of agricultural crops. our goal was to optimize a naturally occurring insecticidal crystalline (cry) toxins produced by the soil-dwelling bacterium bacillus thuringiensis for use against the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum. on the basis that activation of the cry4aa toxin is a rate-limiting factor contributing to the relatively low aphicidal activity of this toxin, we introduced cathepsin l and cathepsin ...201627171411
deep rna-seq profile reveals biodiversity, plant-microbe interactions and a large family of nbs-lrr resistance genes in walnut (juglans regia) tissues.deep rna-seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the rna-seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in california. since the residua ...201626883051
insulin-related peptide 5 is involved in regulating embryo development and biochemical composition in pea aphid with wing polyphenism.in aphids there is a fecundity-dispersal trade-off between wingless and winged morphs. recent research on the molecular mechanism of wing morphs associated with dispersal reveals that insulin receptors in the insulin signaling (is) pathway regulate alternation of wing morphs in planthoppers. however, little is known about whether genes in the is pathway are involved in developmental regulation in aphid nymphs with different wing morphs. in this study, we show that expression of the insulin-relat ...201626903881
the differential effect of low-dose mixtures of four pesticides on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum.the modes of action of most insecticides are known, but little information exists regarding the toxicological interactions involving insecticide mixtures at low doses. the effects of mixtures of four insecticides were investigated using lc10 values (concentration leading to 10% mortality), acetamiprid (ace, 0.235 µg/ml), chlorpyriphos (chl, 107.0 µg/ml), deltamethrin (del, 5.831 µg/ml), and fipronil (fip, 3.775 µg/ml) on the larvae of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum. after 24 h exposure, 6 of ...201627754329
a highly infective plant-associated bacterium influences reproductive rates in pea aphids.pea aphids, acyrthosiphon pisum, have the potential to increase reproduction as a defence against pathogens, though how frequently this occurs or how infection with live pathogens influences this response is not well understood. here we determine the minimum infective dose of an environmentally common bacterium and possible aphid pathogen, pseudomonas syringae, to determine the likelihood of pathogenic effects to pea aphids. additionally, we used p. syringae infection to investigate how live pat ...201626998321
transcriptome analysis of green peach aphid (myzus persicae): insight into developmental regulation and inter-species divergence.green peach aphid (myzus persicae) and pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) are two phylogenetically closely related agricultural pests. while pea aphid is restricted to fabaceae, green peach aphid feeds on hundreds of plant species from more than 40 families. transcriptome comparison could shed light on the genetic factors underlying the difference in host range between the two species. furthermore, a large scale study contrasting gene expression between immature nymphs and fully developed adult aph ...201627812361
comparative profiling of micrornas in the winged and wingless english grain aphid, sitobion avenae (f.) (homoptera: aphididae).micrornas (mirnas) are short single-stranded non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression, particularly during development. in this study, 345 mirnas were identified from the english green aphid, sitobion avenae (f.), of which 168 were conserved and 177 were s. avenae-specific. quantitative comparison of mirna expression levels indicated that 16 and 12 mirnas were significantly up-regulated in winged and wingless s. avenae small rna libraries, respectively. differential expression of these mirn ...201627762301
a genome-wide identification and analysis of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors in insects play essential roles in multiple developmental processes including neurogenesis, sterol metabolism, circadian rhythms, organogenesis and formation of olfactory sensory neurons. the identification and function analysis of bhlh family members of the most destructive insect pest of rice, nilaparvata lugens, may provide novel tools for pest management. here, a genome-wide survey for bhlh sequences identified 60 bhlh sequences (nlbhlh ...201627869716
aphids transform and detoxify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol via a type ii biotransformation mechanism yet unknown in animals.biotransformation of mycotoxins in animals comprises phase i and phase ii metabolisation reactions. for the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (don), several phase ii biotransformation reactions have been described resulting in don-glutathiones, don-glucuronides and don-sulfates made by glutathione-s-transferases, uridine-diphosphoglucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases, respectively. these metabolites can be easily excreted and are less toxic than their free compounds. here, we demonstrate for ...201627929076
pea aphid infestation induces changes in flavonoids, antioxidative defence, soluble sugars and sugar transporter expression in leaves of pea seedlings.the perception of aphid infestation induces highly coordinated and sequential defensive reactions in plants at the cellular and molecular levels. the aim of the study was to explore kinetics of induced antioxidative defence responses in leaf cells of pisum sativum l.cv. cysterski upon infestation of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum at varying population sizes, including accumulation of flavonoids, changes of carbon metabolism, and expression of nuclear genes involved in sugar transport. within ...201626239447
transcription factors, chromatin proteins and the diversification of hemiptera.availability of complete genomes provides a means to explore the evolution of enormous developmental, morphological, and behavioral diversity among insects. hemipterans in particular show great diversity of both morphology and life history within a single order. to better understand the role of transcription regulators in the diversification of hemipterans, using sequence profile searches and hidden markov models we computationally analyzed transcription factors (tfs) and chromatin proteins (cps ...201626226651
post-reproductive parthenogenetic pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) are visually identifiable and disproportionately positioned distally to clonal colonies.the role of kin-selection in the evolution of post-reproductive life is controversial. while anthropological and demographic studies strongly suggest that humans and a few other species experience kin selection for significant post-reproductive survival, these results are necessarily correlational. understanding could therefore be advanced by the development of a globally available, field and laboratory tractable experimental model of kin-selected post-reproductive survival. in only one inverteb ...201627812427
genomic and cytogenetic localization of the carotenoid genes in the aphid genome.data published in the scientific literature suggests a possible link between chromosomal rearrangements involving autosomes 1 and 3 and the presence of red morphs in the peach-potato aphid myzus persicae (sulzer). in order to begin a study of this relationship, we analysed the genomic and chromosomal location of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in m. persicae and the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum (harris), since carotenoids are the basis of the colour in many aphid species. genomic ana ...201627585067
protection of pea aphids associated with coinfecting bacterial symbionts persists during superparasitism by a braconid wasp.bacterial endosymbionts that associate facultatively with insect herbivores can influence insect fitness and trophic interactions. the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, can be protected from parasitism by the braconid wasp aphidius ervi when harbouring particular symbiotic bacteria, with specific endosymbiont coinfections providing almost complete protection. however, studies often quantify aphid mummification with no control over parasitoid oviposition per aphid; thus, if mummy production fails o ...201626520831
enemy-free space promotes maintenance of host races in an aphid species.the enormous biodiversity of herbivorous insects may arise from ecological speciation via continuous host-plant switches. whether such switches are successful depends on the trade-off between different selection pressures that act on herbivores. decreased herbivore performance due to suboptimal nutrition might be compensated for by a reduced natural enemy pressure. as a consequence, an "enemy-free space" on a certain plant might facilitate host-plant switches and maintain biotypes. to test this ...201626520659
dropping behavior in the pea aphid (hemiptera: aphididae): how does environmental context affect antipredator responses?the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum : harris (hemiptera: aphididae) is a phloem-feeding insect whose antipredator defenses include kicking, walking away, and dropping from the plant. aphid dropping, a risky and energetically costly antipredator behavior, can be increased by the release of aphid alarm pheromone; there is also evidence that insect density and plant health can affect the likelihood of aphids engaging in this behavior. we investigated whether interactions between alarm cues, insect de ...201627638950
strategies used by two apterous strains of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum for passive dispersal.wingless forms of aphids are relatively sedentary, and have a limited ability to migrate or disperse. however, they can drop off hosts or walk away if disturbed, or their food quality or quantity become deteriorated. earlier, we found that the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum (harris, 1776), could use differed strategies to escape danger and locate new host plants. to determine the mechanisms behind the different strategies, we undertook a series of studies including the aphids' host location, ene ...201627628035
systemic stereoselectivity study of flufiprole: stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate.in this study, the stereoselectivity of flufiprole enantiomers in regards to their bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate is reported for the first time. four types of representative insects (plutella xylostella, nilaparvata lugens, mythimna separata and acyrthosiphon pisum) were used to investigate enantioselective bioactivity. acute toxicities of flufiprole enantiomers toward two non-target organisms were also evaluated. moreover, stereoselective degradation in four vegetables unde ...201627585281
optimization of agroinfiltration in pisum sativum provides a new tool for studying the salivary protein functions in the pea aphid complex.aphids are piercing-sucking insect pests and feed on phloem sap. during feeding, aphids inject a battery of salivary proteins into host plant. some of these proteins function like effectors of microbial pathogens and influence the outcome of plant-aphid interactions. the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) is the model aphid and encompasses multiple biotypes each specialized to one or a few legume species, providing an opportunity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the compatibility between ...201627555856
corrigendum: optimization of agroinfiltration in pisum sativum provides a new tool for studying the salivary protein functions in the pea aphid complex.[this corrects the article on p. 1171 in vol. 7, pmid: 27555856.].201628077941
deciphering the function of octopaminergic signaling on wing polyphenism of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum.aphids exhibit wing polyphenism (winged or wingless) for adaption to predictable or temporally heterogeneous environmental changes; however, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. this morphological change could be stimulated by high aphid density, which in turn could affect octopaminergic signaling in aphids. octopamine is a neurotransmitter synthesized in insects that can modify their physiological metabolism, locomotion, and other behaviors. we designed experiments to determine whether oc ...201628018234
the microrna toolkit of insects.is there a correlation between mirna diversity and levels of organismic complexity? exhibiting extraordinary levels of morphological and developmental complexity, insects are the most diverse animal class on earth. their evolutionary success was in particular shaped by the innovation of holometabolan metamorphosis in endopterygotes. previously, mirna evolution had been linked to morphological complexity, but astonishing variation in the currently available mirna complements of insects made this ...201627883064
dropping behaviour of pea aphid nymphs increases their development time and reduces their reproductive capacity as adults.background. many aphid species, including the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, exhibit a behaviour where they drop or fall from their host plant, a commonly used strategy to avoid predation, parasitism or physical disturbance. we hypothesised that there was a physiological non-consumptive cost due to such dropping behaviour because aphids would expend energy re-establishing themselves on a host plant and also lose feeding time. methods. we evaluated this non-consumptive cost by determining the dev ...201627547545
winged pea aphids can modify phototaxis in different development stages to assist their host distribution.the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum (harris) (hemiptera: aphididae), shows wing polyphenism (winged and wingless morphs) in its life cycle. the winged morph is adapted for dispersal; its two developmental adult stages (for dispersal and reproduction) are based on its breeding periods. the two morphs show different phototactic behavior and the winged can change its preference to light according to the developmental stages. to determine the mechanism and ecological functions of phototaxis for a. pi ...201627531980
consequences of coinfection with protective symbionts on the host phenotype and symbiont titres in the pea aphid system.symbiotic associations between microbes and insects are widespread, and it is frequent that several symbionts share the same host individual. hence, interactions can occur between these symbionts, influencing their respective abundance within the host with consequences on its phenotype. here, we investigate the effects of multiple infections in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, which is the host of an obligatory and several facultative symbionts. in particular, we study the influence of a coin ...201627514019
genetic mapping of a major resistance gene to pea aphid (acyrthosipon pisum) in the model legume medicago truncatula.resistance to the australian pea aphid (pa; acyrthosiphon pisum) biotype in cultivar jester of the model legume medicago truncatula is mediated by a single dominant gene and is phloem-mediated. the genetic map position for this resistance gene, apr (acyrthosiphon pisum resistance), is provided and shows that apr maps 39 centimorgans (cm) distal of the a. kondoi resistance (akr) locus, which mediates resistance to a closely related species of the same genus bluegreen aphid (a. kondoi). the apr re ...201627483247
glucosinolates from host plants influence growth of the parasitic plant cuscuta gronovii and its susceptibility to aphid feeding.parasitic plants acquire diverse secondary metabolites from their hosts, including defense compounds that target insect herbivores. however, the ecological implications of this phenomenon, including the potential enhancement of parasite defenses, remain largely unexplored. we studied the translocation of glucosinolates from the brassicaceous host plant arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) into parasitic dodder vines (convolvulaceae; cuscuta gronovii) and its effects on the parasite itself and on d ...201627482077
differential gene expression according to race and host plant in the pea aphid.host-race formation in phytophagous insects is thought to provide the opportunity for local adaptation and subsequent ecological speciation. studying gene expression differences amongst host races may help to identify phenotypes under (or resulting from) divergent selection and their genetic, molecular and physiological bases. the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on numerous plants in the fabaceae and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of div ...201627474484
foxl2 and its relatives are evolutionary conserved players in gonadal sex differentiation.foxl2 is a member of the large family of forkhead box (fox) domain transcription factors. it emerged during the last 15 years as a key player in ovarian differentiation and oogenesis in vertebrates and especially mammals. this review focuses on foxl2 genes in light of recent findings on their evolution, expression, and implication in sex differentiation in animals in general. homologs of foxl2 and its paralog foxl3 are found in all metazoans, but their gene evolution is complex, with multiple ga ...201627441599
cytochrome p450 gene, cyp4g51, modulates hydrocarbon production in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.terrestrial insects deposit a layer of hydrocarbons (hcs) as waterproofing agents on their epicuticle. the insect-specific cyp4g genes, subfamily members of p450, have been found in all insects with sequenced genomes to date. they are critical for hc biosynthesis in drosophila; however, their functional roles in other insects including the piercing-sucking hemipterous aphids remain unknown. in this study, we presented the molecular characterization and a functional study of the cyp4g51 gene in t ...201627425674
the genomewide transcriptional response underlying the pea aphid wing polyphenism.phenotypic plasticity is a key life history strategy used by many plants and animals living in heterogeneous environments. a multitude of studies have investigated the costs and limits of plasticity, as well as the conditions under which it evolves. much less well understood are the molecular genetic mechanisms that enable an organism to sense its environment and respond in a plastic manner. the pea aphid wing polyphenism is a compelling laboratory model to study these mechanisms. in this polyph ...201627393739
hoverfly preference for high honeydew amounts creates enemy-free space for aphids colonizing novel host plants.the existence of an enemy-free space can play an important role in aphid host race formation processes, but little is known about the mechanisms that create an area of low predation pressure on particular host plants. in this paper, we identify a mechanism generating lower predation pressure that promotes the maintenance of the different host races of the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) complex, a well-studied model for ecological speciation. the pea aphid consists of at least 15 genetically dis ...201627328648
defensive insect symbiont leads to cascading extinctions and community collapse.animals often engage in mutualistic associations with microorganisms that protect them from predation, parasitism or pathogen infection. studies of these interactions in insects have mostly focussed on the direct effects of symbiont infection on natural enemies without studying community-wide effects. here, we explore the effect of a defensive symbiont on population dynamics and species extinctions in an experimental community composed of three aphid species and their associated specialist paras ...201627282315
specificity of multi-modal aphid defenses against two rival parasitoids.insects are often attacked by multiple natural enemies, imposing dynamic selective pressures for the development and maintenance of enemy-specific resistance. pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) have emerged as models for the study of variation in resistance against natural enemies, including parasitoid wasps. internal defenses against their most common parasitoid wasp, aphidius ervi, are sourced through two known mechanisms- 1) endogenously encoded resistance or 2) infection with the heritable bac ...201627135743
molecular cloning, expression pattern of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (mrp1, abcc1) gene, and the synergistic effects of verapamil on toxicity of two insecticides in the bird cherry-oat aphid.the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are important transmembrane proteins encoded by a supergene family. the majority of abc proteins are primary active transporters that bind and hydrolyze atp to mediate the efflux of a diverse range of substrates across lipid membranes. in this study, we cloned and characterized a putative multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (mrp1) from rhopalosiphum padi encoded by abcc1. structural analysis showed that this protein has structural features typica ...201627110952
above-belowground herbivore interactions in mixed plant communities are influenced by altered precipitation patterns.root- and shoot-feeding herbivores have the capacity to influence one another by modifying the chemistry of the shared host plant. this can alter rates of nutrient mineralization and uptake by neighboring plants and influence plant-plant competition, particularly in mixtures combining grasses and legumes. root herbivory-induced exudation of nitrogen (n) from legume roots, for example, may increase n acquisition by co-occurring grasses, with knock-on effects on grassland community composition. li ...201627047522
pea aphids (hemiptera: aphididae) have diurnal rhythms when raised independently of a host plant.seasonal timing is assumed to involve the circadian clock, an endogenous mechanism to track time and measure day length. some debate persists, however, and aphids were among the first organisms for which circadian clock involvement was questioned. inferences about links to phenology are problematic, as the clock itself is little investigated in aphids. for instance, it is unknown whether aphids possess diurnal rhythms at all. possibly, the close interaction with host plants prevents independent ...201627012868
pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum sequesters plant-derived secondary metabolite l-dopa for wound healing and uva resistance.herbivores can ingest and store plant-synthesized toxic compounds in their bodies, and sequester those compounds for their own benefits. the broad bean, vicia faba l., contains a high quantity of l-dopa (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is toxic to many insects. however, the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, can feed on v. faba normally, whereas many other aphid species could not. in this study, we investigated how a. pisum utilizes plant-derived l-dopa for their own benefit. l-dopa concentrat ...201627006098
evolutionary conservation of candidate osmoregulation genes in plant phloem sap-feeding insects.the high osmotic pressure generated by sugars in plant phloem sap is reduced in phloem-feeding aphids by sugar transformations and facilitated water flux in the gut. the genes mediating these osmoregulatory functions have been identified and validated empirically in the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum: sucrase 1 (suc1), a sucrase in glycoside hydrolase family 13 (gh13), and aquaporin 1 (aqp1), a member of the drosophila integral protein (drip) family of aquaporins. here, we describe molecular anal ...201626896054
identification of critical conditions for immunostaining in the pea aphid embryos: increasing tissue permeability and decreasing background staining.the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental studies. like other aphids, a. pisum propagate rapidly via parthenogenetic viviparous reproduction, where the embryos develop within egg chambers in an assembly-line fashion in the ovariole. previously we have established a robust platform of whole-mount in situ hybridization allowing detection of mrna expression in the aphid embryos. for analy ...201626862939
synthesis of new dicinnamoyl 4-deoxy quinic acid and methyl ester derivatives and evaluation of the toxicity against the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum.new dicinnamoyl (caffeoyl, feruloyl, ortho and para-coumaroyl) 4-deoxyquinic acid and esters were synthesized by using a new 4-deoxy quinic acid triol intermediate. the optimisation of both coupling and deprotection steps allowed the preparation in good yields of the target products either as the carboxylic acid or the methyl ester form. eight new compounds were evaluated for their ability to influence the feeding behaviour of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum. artificial diet bioassays showed t ...201626815337
determination of melatonin in acyrthosiphon pisum aphids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.melatonin is a hormone mainly involved in the regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms in both invertebrates and vertebrates. despite the identification of melatonin in many insects, its involvement in the insect seasonal response remains unclear. a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) method has been developed for melatonin analysis in aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) for the first time. after comparing two different procedures and five extraction solvents, a sample prepara ...201626778054
performances of survival, feeding behavior, and gene expression in aphids reveal their different fitness to host alteration.insect populations feeding on different plant species are under selection pressure to adapt to these differences. a study integrating elements of the ecology, behavior, and gene expression of aphids on different host plants has not yet been well-explored. the present study explores the relationship between host fitness and survival, feeding behavior, and salivary gland gene expression of a pea (pisum sativum) host race of acyrthosiphon pisum feeding on a common host vicia faba and on three genet ...201626758247
condition-dependent alteration of cellular immunity by secondary symbionts in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.endosymbionts can fundamentally alter host physiology. whether such changes are beneficial or detrimental to one or both partners may depend on the dynamics of the symbiotic relationship. here we investigate the relationship between facultative symbionts and host immune responses. the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, maintains an obligate primary symbiont, but may also harbour one or more facultative, secondary symbionts. given their more transient nature and relatively recent adoption of a symbi ...201626699661
role of pea enation mosaic virus coat protein in the host plant and aphid vector.understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in plant virus-vector interactions is essential for the development of effective control measures for aphid-vectored epidemic plant diseases. the coat proteins (cp) are the main component of the viral capsids, and they are implicated in practically every stage of the viral infection cycle. pea enation mosaic virus 1 (pemv1, enamovirus, luteoviridae) and pea enation mosaic virus 2 (pemv2, umbravirus, tombusviridae) are two rna viruses in an obligate ...201627869713
rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance.chagas disease or american trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, trypanosoma cruzi. once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in latin american countries, it has now spread worldwide. the parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera, reduviidae, triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. this species occurs mainly in central and south american countries where the dise ...201626079630
diversity, frequency and geographic distribution of facultative bacterial endosymbionts in introduced aphid pests.facultative bacterial endosymbionts in insects have been under intense study during the last years. endosymbionts can modify the insect's phenotype, conferring adaptive advantages under environmental stress. this seems particularly relevant for a group of worldwide agricultural aphid pests, because endosymbionts modify key fitness related traits, including host plant use, protection against natural enemies and heat tolerance. aimed to understand the role of facultative endosymbionts on the succe ...201626773849
intraspecific genetic variation in hosts affects regulation of obligate heritable symbionts.symbiotic relationships promote biological diversification by unlocking new ecological niches. over evolutionary time, hosts and symbionts often enter intimate and permanent relationships, which must be maintained and regulated for both lineages to persist. many insect species harbor obligate, heritable symbiotic bacteria that provision essential nutrients and enable hosts to exploit niches that would otherwise be unavailable. hosts must regulate symbiont population sizes, but optimal regulation ...201627799532
a case for a joint strategy of diversified bet hedging and plasticity in the pea aphid wing polyphenism.phenotypic plasticity and diversified bet hedging are strategies for coping with variable environments. plasticity is favoured when an organism can predict future conditions using environmental cues, while bet hedging is favoured when predictive cues are not available. theoretical analyses suggest that many organisms should use a mixture of both strategies, because environments often present both scenarios. here, we examine if the pea aphid wing polyphenism, a well-known case of plasticity, is p ...201628120801
whole genome sequence of the soybean aphid, aphis glycines.aphids are emerging as model organisms for both basic and applied research. of the 5,000 estimated species, only three aphids have published whole genome sequences: the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia, and the green peach aphid, myzus persicae. we present the whole genome sequence of a fourth aphid, the soybean aphid (aphis glycines), which is an extreme specialist and an important invasive pest of soybean (glycine max). the availability of genomic resourc ...201728119199
ecdysone signaling underlies the pea aphid transgenerational wing polyphenism.the wing polyphenism of pea aphids is a compelling laboratory model with which to study the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity. in this polyphenism, environmental stressors such as high aphid density cause asexual, viviparous adult female aphids to alter the developmental fate of their embryos from wingless to winged morphs. this polyphenism is transgenerational, in that the pea aphid mother experiences the environmental signals, but it is her offspring that are affected. prev ...201728115695
elevated carbon dioxide concentration reduces alarm signaling in aphids.insects often rely on olfaction to communicate with conspecifics. while the chemical language of insects has been deciphered in recent decades, few studies have assessed how changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations might impact pheromonal communication in insects. here, we hypothesize that changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide affect the whole dynamics of alarm signaling in aphids, including: (1) the production of the active compound (e)-β-farnesene (eβf), (2) em ...201728097605
multi-modal defenses in aphids offer redundant protection and increased costs likely impeding a protective mutualism.1.the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, maintains extreme variation in resistance to its most common parasitoid wasp enemy, aphidius ervi, which is sourced from two known mechanisms: protective bacterial symbionts, most commonly hamiltonella defensa, or endogenously encoded defenses. we have recently found that individual aphids may employ each defense individually, occasionally both defenses together, or neither. 2.in field populations, hamiltonella-infected aphids are found at low to moderate fr ...201728378393
afidopyropen: new and potent modulator of insect transient receptor potential channels.the commercial insecticides pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazon control plant-sucking pests by disturbing their coordination and ability to feed. we have previously shown that these compounds act by overstimulating and eventually silencing vanilloid-type transient receptor potential (trpv) channels, which consist of two proteins, nanchung and inactive, that are co-expressed exclusively in insect chordotonal stretch receptor neurons. here we show that a new insecticidal compound, afidopyropen, modula ...201728347703
efficacy of rna interference knockdown using aerosolized short interfering rnas bound to nanoparticles in three diverse aphid species.rna interference (rnai) has emerged as a promising method for validating gene function; however, its utility in nonmodel insects has proven problematic, with delivery methods being one of the main obstacles. this study investigates a novel method of rnai delivery in aphids, the aerosolization of short interfering rna (sirna)-nanoparticle complexes. by using nanoparticles as a sirna carrier, the likelihood of cellular uptake is increased, when compared to methods previously used in insects. to de ...201728314050
secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus talaromyces pinophilus.endophytic fungi have a great influence on plant health and growth, and are an important source of bioactive natural compounds. organic extracts obtained from the culture filtrate of an endophytic strain of talaromyces pinophilus isolated from strawberry tree (arbutus unedo) were studied. metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of three bioactive metabolites, the siderophore ferrirubin, the platelet-aggregation inhibitor herquline b and the antibiotic 3-o-methylfunicone. the latter was the ma ...201728278635
turning in mid-air allows aphids that flee the plant to avoid reaching the risky ground.when forced to drop from the plant, flightless arboreal insects can avoid reaching the risky ground by maneuvering their body through the air. when wingless pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) are threatened by natural enemies, they often drop off their host plant while assuming a stereotypic posture that rotates them in mid-air, aligning them with their feet pointing downwards. this position may increase their chances to re-cling onto lower plant parts and avoid facing the dangers on the ground, t ...201728261994
genotype specificity among hosts, pathogens, and beneficial microbes influences the strength of symbiont-mediated protection.the microbial symbionts of eukaryotes influence disease resistance in many host-parasite systems. symbionts show substantial variation in both genotype and phenotype, but it is unclear how natural selection maintains this variation. it is also unknown whether variable symbiont genotypes show specificity with the genotypes of hosts or parasites in natural populations. genotype by genotype interactions are a necessary condition for coevolution between interacting species. uncovering the patterns o ...201728252804
characterisation, analysis of expression and localisation of circadian clock genes from the perspective of photoperiodism in the aphid acyrthosiphon pisum.aphids are typical photoperiodic insects that switch from viviparous parthenogenetic reproduction typical of long day seasons to oviparous sexual reproduction triggered by the shortening of photoperiod in autumn yielding an overwintering egg in which an embryonic diapause takes place. while the involvement of the circadian clock genes in photoperiodism in mammals is well established, there is still some controversy on their participation in insects. the availability of the genome of the pea aphi ...201728235563
life-history strategy determines constraints on immune function.determining the factors governing investment in immunity is critical to understanding host-pathogen ecological and evolutionary dynamics. studies often consider disease resistance in the context of life-history theory, with the expectation that investment in immunity will be optimized in anticipation of disease risk. immunity, however, is constrained by context-dependent fitness costs. how the costs of immunity vary across life-history strategies has yet to be considered. pea aphids are typicall ...201728211052
the dynamics of the defense strategy of pea induced by exogenous nitric oxide in response to aphid infestation.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (no), i.e., s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) and sodium nitroprusside (snp), on the metabolic status of pisum sativum l. cv. cysterski leaves infested by acyrthosiphon pisum harris, population demographic parameters and a. pisum feeding activity. a reduction in the level of semiquinone radicals in pea seedling leaves pretreated with exogenous no occurred 24 h after a. pisum infestation, which was earlier than in non-pretrea ...201728165429
aphid heritable symbiont exploits defensive mutualism.insects and other animals commonly form symbioses with heritable bacteria, which can exert large influences on host biology and ecology. the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, is a model for studying effects of infection with heritable facultative symbionts (hfs), and each of its seven common hfs species has been reported to provide resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. however, one common hfs, called x-type, rarely occurs as a single infection in field populations and instead typically superin ...201728159793
chemical composition and behavioral effects of five plant essential oils on the green pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum (harris) (homoptera: aphididae).essential oils (eos) from schinus molle, helichrysum gymnocephalum, cedrelopsis grevei and melaleuca viridiflora, four aromatic and medicinal plants, are commonly used in folk medicine. eos were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (gc-fid); then evaluated for their behavioral effects on adults of the green pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum (harris) using a perspex four-armed olfactometer in order to test the co ...201728122144
bacteria may contribute to distant species recognition in ant-aphid mutualistic relationships.mutualistic interactions between ant and aphid species have been the subject of considerable historical and contemporary investigations, the primary benefits being cleaning and protection for the aphids and carbohydrate-rich honeydew for the ants. questions remained, however, as to the volatile semiochemical factor influencing this relationship. a recent study highlighted the role of bacterial honeydew volatile compounds in ant attraction. here, ant's ability to distantly discriminate 2 aphid sp ...201726639575
insect and plant-derived mirnas in greenbug (schizaphis graminum) and yellow sugarcane aphid (sipha flava) revealed by deep sequencing.schizaphis graminum (green bug; gb) and sipha flava (yellow sugarcane aphid; ysa) are two cereal aphid species with broad host ranges capable of establishing on sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and several switchgrass (panicum virgatum) cultivars. switchgrass and sorghum are staple renewable bioenergy crops that are vulnerable to damage by aphids, therefore, identifying novel targets to control aphids has the potential to drastically improve yields and reduce losses in these bioenergy crops. despite th ...201727838454
characterization of an insect heterodimeric voltage-gated sodium channel with unique alternative splicing mode.recent discovery of the heterodimeric voltage-gated sodium channels (nav) in two aphid species, acyrthosiphon pisum and myzus persicae, aroused interest in exploring whether this kind of channel is conserved for aphids. herewith, we aim to provide evidence for the conservation of heterodimeric navs in aphids and investigate whether they have unique splicing patterns. we found that the only identifiable nav from toxoptera citricida consisted of two subunits, forming a heterodimeric nav, which car ...201727816572
molecular basis of alarm pheromone detection in aphids.the sesquiterpene (e)-β-farnesene (ebf) is the alarm pheromone for many species of aphids [1]. when released from aphids attacked by parasitoids or predators, it alerts nearby conspecifics to escape by walking away and dropping off the host plant [2, 3]. the reception of alarm pheromone in aphids is accomplished through a highly sensitive chemosensory system. although olfaction-related gene families including odorant receptors (ors) and odorant-binding proteins (obps) have recently been identifi ...201727916525
aphid specialization on different summer hosts is associated with strong genetic differentiation and unequal symbiont communities despite a common mating habitat.specialization on different host plants can promote evolutionary diversification of herbivorous insects. work on pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum) has contributed significantly to the understanding of this process, demonstrating that populations associated with different host plants exhibit performance trade-offs across hosts, show adaptive host choice and genetic differentiation and possess different communities of bacterial endosymbionts. populations specialized on different secondary host plan ...201728055138
interactions of the asian lady beetle, harmonia axyridis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), and the north american native lady beetle, coccinella novemnotata (coleoptera: coccinellidae): prospects for recovery post-decline.the decline of the north american native lady beetle, coccinella novemnotata herbst, is strongly correlated with the introduction of coccinella septempunctata l., and c. novemnotata are locally extirpated across much of the united states. since c. novemnotata's decline, the invasive harmonia axyridis pallas has become dominant in north america. this study investigated whether h. axyridis has the potential to impede the recovery of c. novemnotata populations. to determine how h. axyridis interact ...201728049630
mechanisms underlying the nonconsumptive effects of parasitoid wasps on aphids.natural enemies need not consume herbivores to suppress herbivore populations. behavioral interactions can adversely impact herbivore fitness from reduced time feeding, investment in defense, or injury from failed attacks. the importance of such "nonconsumptive effects" for herbivore suppression may vary across species based on the specificity and intensity of the herbivore defensive response. in a series of manipulative studies, we quantified the nature and consequences of nonconsumptive intera ...201728025222
targeted re-sequencing confirms the importance of chemosensory genes in aphid host race differentiation.host-associated races of phytophagous insects provide a model for understanding how adaptation to a new environment can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation, ultimately enabling us to connect barriers to gene flow to adaptive causes of divergence. the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on legume species and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of diversification along a gradient of genetic and associated adaptive divergence. as host choi ...201727552184
heat shock protein 83 plays pleiotropic roles in embryogenesis, longevity, and fecundity of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum.heat shock protein 83 (hsp83) is homologous to the chaperone hsp90. it has pleiotropic functions in drosophila melanogaster, including the control of longevity and fecundity, and facilitates morphological evolution by buffering cryptic deleterious mutations in wild populations. in the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, hsp83 expression is moderately induced by bacterial infection but upregulated more strongly in response to heat stress and fungal infection. stress-inducible heat shock proteins are o ...201727743033
genomics of environmentally induced phenotypes in 2 extremely plastic arthropods.understanding how genes and the environment interact to shape phenotypes is of fundamental importance for resolving important issues in adaptive evolution. yet, for most model species with mature genetics and accessible genomic resources, we know little about the natural environmental factors that shape their evolution. by contrast, animal species with deeply understood ecologies and well characterized responses to environmental cues are rarely subjects of genomic investigations. here, we previe ...201721525179
the effects of bean leafroll virus on life history traits and host selection behavior of specialized pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum, hemiptera: aphididae) genotypes.intraspecific specialization by insect herbivores on different host plant species contributes to the formation of genetically distinct "host races," but the effects of plant virus infection on interactions between specialized herbivores and their host plants have barely been investigated. using three genetically and phenotypically divergent pea aphid clones (acyrthosiphon pisum l.) adapted to either pea (pisum sativum l.) or alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), we tested how infection of these hosts by ...201728062535
tetranychus urticae mites do not mount an induced immune response against bacteria.the genome of the spider mite tetranychus urticae, a herbivore, is missing important elements of the canonical drosophila immune pathways necessary to fight bacterial infections. however, it is not known whether spider mites can mount an immune response and survive bacterial infection. in other chelicerates, bacterial infection elicits a response mediated by immune effectors leading to the survival of infected organisms. in t. urticae, infection by either escherichia coli or bacillus megaterium ...201728592670
seed treatments with thiamine reduce the performance of generalist and specialist aphids on crop plants.thiamine is a vitamin that has been shown to act as a trigger to activate plant defence and reduce pathogen and nematode infection as well as aphid settling and reproduction. we have here investigated whether thiamine treatments of seeds (i.e. seed dressing) would increase plant resistance against aphids and whether this would have different effects on a generalist than on specialist aphids. seeds of wheat, barley, oat and pea were treated with thiamine alone or in combination with the biocontro ...201728578733
aphid symbionts and endogenous resistance traits mediate competition between rival parasitoids.insects use endogenous mechanisms and infection with protective symbionts to thwart attacks from natural enemies. defenses that target specific enemies, however, potentially mediate competition between rivals and thereby impact community composition. following its introduction to north america to control pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum), the parasitoid aphidius ervi competitively displaced other parasitoids, except for the native praon pequodorum. the pea aphid exhibits tremendous clonal variati ...201728700614
toxicity, membrane binding and uptake of the sclerotinia sclerotiorum agglutinin (ssa) in different insect cell lines.the fungal lectin purified from sclerotinia sclerotiorum, further referred to as sclerotinia sclerotiorum agglutinin or ssa, possesses insecticidal activity against important pest insects such as pea aphids (acyrthosiphon pisum). this paper aims at a better understanding of its activity at cellular level. therefore, different insect cell lines were treated with ssa. these cell lines were derived from different tissues and represent the three major orders of insects important in agriculture: cf-2 ...201728699138
the influence of lead on generation of signalling molecules and accumulation of flavonoids in pea seedlings in response to pea aphid infestation.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an abiotic factor, i.e., lead at various concentrations (low causing a hormesis effect and causing high toxicity effects), on the generation of signalling molecules in pea (pisum sativum l. cv. cysterski) seedlings and then during infestation by the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum harris). the second objective was to verify whether the presence of lead in pea seedling organs and induction of signalling pathways dependent on the concentration ...201728837107
silencing of a lipase maturation factor 2-like gene by wheat-mediated rnai reduces the survivability and reproductive capacity of the grain aphid, sitobion avenae.lipase maturation factor (lmf) family proteins are required for the maturation and transport of active lipoprotein lipases. however, the specific roles of lmf2 remain unknown. in this study, a grain aphid lmf2-like gene fragment was cloned and was highly similar in sequence to a homologous gene in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum. an rnai vector was constructed with this fragment and used for wheat transformation. the expression of the lmf2-like gene in aphid, as well as the growth and reprodu ...201728618004
entomopathogenicity to two hemipteran insects is common but variable across epiphytic pseudomonas syringae strains.strains of the well-studied plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae show large differences in their ability to colonize plants epiphytically and to inflict damage to hosts. additionally, p. syringae can infect some sap-sucking insects and at least one p. syringae strain is highly virulent to insects, causing death to most individuals within as few as 4 days and growing to high population densities within insect hosts. the likelihood of agricultural pest insects coming into contact with transient pop ...201729312398
genome of russian wheat aphid an economically important cereal aphid.although the hemipterans (aphididae) are comprised of roughly 50,000 extant insect species, only four have sequenced genomes that are publically available, namely acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid), rhodnius prolixus (kissing bug), myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and diuraphis noxia (russian wheat aphid). as a significant proportion of agricultural pests are phloem feeding aphids, it is crucial for sustained global food security that a greater understanding of the genomic and molecular functioni ...201729299110
microrna regulation in an ancient obligate endosymbiosis.although many insects are associated with obligate bacterial endosymbionts, the mechanisms by which these host/endosymbiont associations are regulated remain mysterious. while micrornas (mirnas) have been recently identified as regulators of host/microbe interactions, including host/pathogen and host/facultative endosymbiont interactions, the role mirnas may play in mediating host/obligate endosymbiont interactions is virtually unknown. here, we identified conserved mirnas that potentially media ...201729271121
context-dependent vertical transmission shapes strong endosymbiont community structure in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.animal-associated microbiomes are often comprised of structured, multispecies communities, with particular microbes showing trends of co-occurrence or exclusion. such structure suggests variable community stability, or variable costs and benefits-possibilities with implications for symbiont-driven host adaptation. in this study, we performed systematic screening for maternally transmitted, facultative endosymbionts of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum. sampling across six locales, with up to 5  ...201729215202
the identification and expression analysis of candidate chemosensory genes in the bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi (l.).the bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi (l.) is one of the most important wheat pests with polyphagia and autumn migrants. and, chemosensory genes were thought to play a key role in insect searching their hosts, food and mate. however, a systematic identification of the chemosensory genes in this pest has not been reported. thus, in this study, we identified 14 odorant-binding proteins, nine chemosensory proteins, one sensory neuron membrane protein, 15 odorant receptors, 19 gustatory recep ...201729198196
symbionts protect aphids from parasitic wasps by attenuating herbivore-induced plant volatiles.plants respond to insect attack by releasing blends of volatile chemicals that attract their herbivores' specific natural enemies, while insect herbivores may carry endosymbiotic microorganisms that directly improve herbivore survival after natural enemy attack. here we demonstrate that the two phenomena can be linked. plants fed upon by pea aphids release volatiles that attract parasitic wasps, and the pea aphid can carry facultative endosymbiotic bacteria that prevent the development of the pa ...201729192219
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