Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| in vitro excystation and subsequent axenic growth of giardia lamblia. | six fresh giardia lamblia strains were isolated by in vitro excystation and subsequent culturing of excysted parasites in bile-supplemented bi-s-33 medium. the cysts passed in faeces appeared to differ in structure when observed using differential interference contrast microscopy. sometimes the enclosed organisms were closely applied to the cyst wall; in most stool specimens, however, the parasites were separated from the cyst wall by a space. cysts with parasites closely applied to the wall wer ... | 1988 | 3256989 |
| intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in el salvador. | in a study of parasitological prevalence in el salvador, stool specimens of 210 children with diarrhea were examined for intestinal parasites. in 104 cases (49%), intestinal helminths and protozoa were found. 53.4% of the specimens showed single infestation, 31.7% showed double. 3% triple and 1% quadruple infestation. of the helminths, 31% were trichuris trichiura, 18% ascaris lumbricoides and 5% hymenolepis nana. of the pathogenic protozoa, 7% were identified as giardia intestinalis, 6% entamoe ... | 1988 | 3262555 |
| cloning and sequence of beta tubulin cdna from giardia lamblia. | 1988 | 3267222 | |
| [recurrent aphthous stomatitis and its possible relation to giardia lamblia parasitism. preliminary study]. | 1988 | 3268952 | |
| intestinal parasites in the camiri, gutierrez and boyuibe areas, santa cruz department, bolivia. | a parasitological study was carried out on 381 apparently healthy subjects from camiri, boyuibe, gutierrez. intestinal parasites and non-pathogenic protozoa were present in 78.7% of the population sampled; multiple infections were observed in 67.7% of the parasitized individuals. the protozoon most commonly found was entamoeba coli (in 40.7% of specimens), followed by giardia intestinalis (30.7%), iodamoeba bütschlii (10%), chilomastix mesnili (8.7%). other protozoon parasites also present were ... | 1988 | 3271990 |
| [the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the students of two primary schools in ankara]. | four hundred stool samples obtained from two different primary school students were examined for intestinal parasite. cellophane tape technique was also applied in order to detect the enterobiasis incidence. it has been observed that the parasite incidence were 13.5% in ted college students whereas 30.5% in the incesu primary school. it has been also concluded that the highest infection rate was connected with two parasites, namely giardia intestinalis (11.5%) and enterobius vermicularis (8%). | 1988 | 3273597 |
| giardia lamblia: localization of hydrolase activities in lysosome-like organelles of trophozoites. | homogenates of giardia lamblia trophozoites exhibited the following hydrolase activities: acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2), proteinase (ec 3.1.4) with urea-denatured hemoglobin and n-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-naphthylamide as substrates, deoxyribonuclease (ec 3.1.4.5), and ribonuclease (ec 2.7.7.16). beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase (ec 3.2.1.30), beta-galactosidase (ec 3.2.1.23), beta-glucuronidase (ec 3.2.1.31), alpha-d-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.20), beta-d-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.21), and beta-d-xylosidase (e ... | 1988 | 3276550 |
| giardia lamblia. | giardia is the most frequently identified enteric parasite in the united states, but much is not known about host-parasite interaction. advances using immunodiagnostic techniques, endonuclease restriction analysis, surface-antigen detection methods, and measuring homologous and heterologous antibody responses are beginning to clarify the biology of giardia. | 1988 | 3287315 |
| antigenic variation of a cysteine-rich protein in giardia lamblia. | the wb isolate of giardia lamblia expresses a cysteine-rich 170-kd surface antigen (crp170) that undergoes antigenic variation. an (6e7), cytotoxic for isolates expressing crp170, was used in another study to select antigenic variants from clones of the wb isolate of giardia. crp170 was replaced by surface-labeled bands ranging in size from approximately 50 to 170 kd. in this study, mab 6e7 was used to isolate a 1-kb portion of the crp170 gene (m2-1) from a lambda gt 11 expression library. the m ... | 1988 | 3335828 |
| biology of giardia lamblia. detection of n-acetyl-d-glucosamine as the only surface saccharide moiety and identification of two distinct subsets of trophozoites by lectin binding. | lectins and glycosidases of known sugar specificity were used as probes to analyze the surface carbohydrate moieties of g. lamblia trophozoites and in particular to determine whether chitin or oligomeric d-glcnac is present in the trophozoite form of the parasite as well as on the cyst. of 13 lectins with varying sugar specificity, only d-glcnac-specific lectins bound specifically to the trophozoite surface as determined by light microscopy and em. a striking finding was the identification of tw ... | 1988 | 3335831 |
| isoenzyme electrophoresis of 30 isolates of giardia from humans and felines. | thirty isolates of giardia duodenalis from humans and felines were compared by isoenzyme electrophoresis. using 10 enzyme systems, 13 different zymodemes were distinguished. the majority of zymodemes could be divided into two groups: one group comprising human and feline isolates with worldwide geographic distribution; the other group containing human isolates restricted to western australia. a number of isolates showed multiple-banded patterns and the genetic significance of these findings is d ... | 1988 | 3341523 |
| small-intestinal factors promote encystation of giardia lamblia in vitro. | bile salts and fatty acids stimulated differentiation of cultured giardia lamblia trophozoites into water-resistant cysts at the slightly alkaline ph of the small intestinal lumen. maximum encystation occurred at ph 7.8. thus, specific small-intestinal factors may influence encystation in vivo as well as in vitro. | 1988 | 3343054 |
| antibodies to cysts of giardia lamblia in primary giardiasis and in the absence of giardiasis. | the significance of serum antibodies binding to cysts of giardia lamblia was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. titers of 10 or higher were found in 85.6% of adults, who had probably never had giardiasis. titers in 118 adults (geometric mean, 29.9) were higher than in 35 children (16.4), and titers in women (42.3) were higher than in men (20.0). titers in 150 patients with primary giardiasis (80.4) were higher than in control adults, but overlapping precluded serological diagnosis. titers ... | 1988 | 3343303 |
| giardiasis associated with the use of a water slide. | although giardia lamblia cysts are an important contaminant of surface water supplies, only one swimming pool outbreak, involving an infant and toddler swim class, has been reported. we describe an outbreak of giardiasis associated with a hotel's new water slide pool which was cleansed by both bromination and sand filtration. among the 107 hotel guests and their visitors surveyed, 29 probable and 30 laboratory-confirmed cases of giardia infection were found. cases ranged from 3 to 58 years of ag ... | 1988 | 3344175 |
| acute antibody responses to giardia lamblia are depressed in patients with aids. | we investigated the ability of patients with aids to develop antibody responses to a naturally encountered antigenic stimulus, giardia lamblia. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect igg, igm, and iga to g. lamblia trophozoites, we tested sera from 29 patients with aids (15 without and 14 with g. lamblia infection); 20 healthy homosexual men; and 91 immunocompetent heterosexual subjects, 25 of whom were infected with g. lamblia. heterosexual subjects infected with g. lamblia had si ... | 1988 | 3346571 |
| a food-borne outbreak of giardia lamblia. | 1988 | 3346575 | |
| prevalence of giardiasis in patients with cystic fibrosis. | a group of 107 patients with cystic fibrosis and a control group of 64 normal members of households of patients with cystic fibrosis were surveyed for giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of fecal samples. the patient group had a significantly higher rate of infestation than the control group (28.0% vs 6.3%, p = 0.0006), and the disparity between the two groups increased with age (p = 0.005). aside from cystic fibrosis, all risk factors examined were without inf ... | 1988 | 3351678 |
| a new method for cloning giardia lamblia, with a discussion of the statistical considerations of limiting dilution. | this report describes a method of cloning giardia lamblia by limiting dilution which is simpler than the previously described semisolid agar technique and which may also be applied as an assay of cell viability. a discussion of the basic statistics of limiting dilution, which is applicable to any cell type, and a method of statistically comparing colony-forming efficiencies from different cell populations are included. the colony-forming efficiency (cfe) of this method, when applied to late log- ... | 1988 | 3357116 |
| a microscopic and immunodiagnostic search for giardiasis in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. | direct microscopy and an elisa technique were used to determine the prevalence of giardia lamblia and its antigen in stool samples from patients with crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute-onset diarrhoea, or dyspepsia. cysts of giardia lamblia were observed by microscopy of faeces from two of the patients with acute-onset diarrhoea and one with dyspepsia. giardia antigen was detected in the faeces of five patients, including all three in whom cysts had been identified by microscopy. no evid ... | 1988 | 3363292 |
| identification of giardia lamblia isolates susceptible and resistant to infection by the double-stranded rna virus. | the presence or absence of the giardia lamblia double-stranded rna virus (glv) was surveyed among 38 axenic isolates of g. lamblia derived from both humans and animals. of the 28 isolates lacking the virus, 19 could readily be infected by the virus. the remaining 9 isolates proved to be resistant to glv infection even when the ratio between virus to parasite reached as high as 10(6) to 1. evidence is also presented indicating that there are at least two "portland 1" strains being used by the cur ... | 1988 | 3366209 |
| illness and reservoirs associated with giardia lamblia infection in rural egypt: the case against treatment in developing world environments of high endemicity. | a longitudinal investigation of the health effects and reservoirs of giardia was undertaken during 1984-1985 in 40 households located in the rural nile delta region of egypt. stool specimens obtained once weekly for six months from 2-4-year-old children were cyst- or trophozoite-positive in 42% of the 724 examined. only one child remained giardia-negative during the study. the mean duration of excretion in giardia-positive children was seven and one-half weeks with a range of one to 17 weeks. mu ... | 1988 | 3369424 |
| antigenic variation of giardia lamblia in vivo. | a single giardia lamblia trophozoite can give rise in vitro to g. lamblia with varying surface antigens. to determine whether antigenic variation also occurs in vivo, gerbils were inoculated with defined g. lamblia clones and the surface antigens of the intestinal trophozoites were studied at different times during the infection. the proportion of monoclonal antibody 6e7-reacting trophozoites from wb c1-6e7s-inoculated gerbils had decreased significantly by day 3 postinoculation, indicating the ... | 1988 | 3372015 |
| a survey on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in the area of thessaloniki, greece. | faecal specimens randomly taken from 232 healthy dogs living in the area of thessaloniki were screened for internal parasites. in 39.2% of the examined dogs excretion of sarcocystis bovicanis (1.3%), isospora ohioensis/burrowsi (3.9%), giardia lamblia (0.8%), hammondia heydorni (0.4%), dicrocoelium dendriticum (0.8%) diplopylidium nolleri (0.4%), joyeuxiella pasqualei (0.8%), taeniids (0.4%), toxocara canis (22.4%), toxascaris leonina (1.3%), uncinaria stenocephala (3.0%), trichuris vulpis (2.6% ... | 1988 | 3372979 |
| killing of giardia lamblia trophozoites by human intestinal fluid in vitro. | 1988 | 3373026 | |
| use and limitations of the enterotest in the diagnosis of giardia lamblia. | 1988 | 3373054 | |
| attachment of giardia lamblia to rat intestinal epithelial cells. | the human enteric protozoan, giardia lamblia, has surface membrane lectin activity which mediates parasite adherence to erythrocytes. to determine whether an intestinal binding site exists for this lectin we have studied the interaction in vitro between axenically cultured giardia trophozoites and isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells. scanning electron microscopy showed that giardia attached to the apical microvillus membrane and basolateral membrane of rat enterocytes. any location on the p ... | 1988 | 3384364 |
| variable infectivity of human-derived giardia lamblia cysts for mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus). | to determine whether gerbils can be used as a suitable animal model for giardiasis, we attempted to infect mongolian gerbils with cysts of giardia lamblia isolated from the stools of 10 humans with symptomatic and asymptomatic giardiasis. we obtained 100% infection with one isolate (cdc:0284:1), as evidenced by the presence of numerous trophozoites in the intestines of the gerbil and cysts in the feces. cysts from four patients were not infective, while cysts from the other five patients produce ... | 1988 | 3384909 |
| purification and characterization of the giardia lamblia double-stranded rna virus. | the dsrna virus which infects some strains of giardia lamblia has been purified and characterized with respect to its effect on growth of the parasite. extensive purification of the virus from g. lamblia growth medium was accomplished by millipore filtration and two successive cscl gradient centrifugations. the purified virus possessed a single major protein species of 100,000 molecular weight. effects of the extensively purified virus on growth of the virus-free parasite were studied. a cloned ... | 1988 | 3386680 |
| [etiological study of acute gastroenteritis in children in tunisia]. | this study was aimed at identifying the relative importance of the various agents responsible for gastroenteritis and to contribute to the etiopathogeny of this condition. four hundred and two samples of stools of patients and 209 of control subjects, all under 3 years of age, were submitted to bacteriological, parasitologic and virologic examinations. an enteral etiology of gastroenteritis was found in 50% of the children. it consisted of enteropathogenic bacteria in 11%, rotaviruses in 29% and ... | 1988 | 3395199 |
| the secondary structure of large-subunit rrna divergent domains, a marker for protist evolution. | the secondary structure of the large-subunit ribosomal rna (24-26s rrna) has been studied with emphasis on comparative analysis of the folding patterns of the divergent domains in the available protist sequences, that is prorocentrum micans (dinoflagellate), saccharomyces carlsbergensis (yeast), tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate), physarum polycephalum and dictyostelium discoideum (slime moulds), crithidia fasciculata and giardia lamblia (parasitic flagellates). the folding for the d3, d7a and d1 ... | 1988 | 3395681 |
| lipid analysis of giardia lamblia and its culture medium. | the neutral lipid and phospholipid composition of giardia lamblia and its culture medium were analysed by a thin-layer chromatography flame-ionized detection system. both lipid compositions of the parasite differed from that of the culture medium. sterol was found to be the major neutral lipid, and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyerin were also present. fatty acid composition of g. lamblia and its culture medium were also analysed by gas liquid chromatography. oleic an ... | 1988 | 3401072 |
| nosocomial and community-acquired infections in malnourished children. | a total of 206 community-acquired and 73 nosocomial infections in 50 malnourished jamaican children were studied prospectively. predominant community-acquired infections in the 50 children, included gastroenteritis (68%), otitis media (60%), rhinopharyngitis (60%), oral candidiasis (46%), skin infections (40%), pneumonia (28%), bacteraemia (24%) and bacteriuria (18%). the most frequent nosocomial infections were rhinopharyngitis (34%), lower respiratory tract infections (24%) and septicaemia (18 ... | 1988 | 3404564 |
| etiology of diarrhea among travelers and foreign residents in nepal. | a bacterial pathogen was isolated from 47% of 328 expatriate patients with diarrhea seen at two medical clinics in nepal in 1986. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (24%), shigella (14%), and campylobacter species (9%) were isolated most frequently. enteroinvasive and adherence factor-positive e coli were isolated from 2% and 1% of patients, respectively. giardia lamblia was detected in 12% of patients, rotavirus in 8%, and cryptosporidium and entamoeba histolytica each in 5%. blastocystis hominis ... | 1988 | 3404637 |
| depressed humoral immune responses to surface antigens of giardia lamblia in persistent giardiasis. | the specific anti-plasma membrane- or surface-specific serum antibodies to mr 82,000 antigen of giardia lamblia trophozoites in cases of persistent and nonpersistent giardiasis in a pediatric population indicated significantly low concentrations of these antibodies in patients with persistent giardiasis. there was an insignificant difference in the amount of antibodies to whole trophozoite extract in persistent and nonpersistent giardiasis or asymptomatic carriers. the acute/nonpersistent cases ... | 1988 | 3405651 |
| sequence of a giardin subunit cdna from giardia lamblia. | 1988 | 3405761 | |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: aetiology, clinical appearance and therapeutic aspects. | a prospective study of acute diarrhoea was performed during 15 months 1981/1982 and included 731 patients and 240 controls. 43% had been infected abroad. a cluster of travellers with bacterial pathogens was diagnosed in july-august. the following pathogens were found: campylobacter (18%), enterotoxigenic e. coli (6%), salmonella spp. (5%), rotavirus (4%), yersinia enterocolitica (3%), giardia lamblia (3%), shigella spp. (2%), clostridium difficile (2%), enteroviruses (2%) and entamoeba histolyti ... | 1988 | 3406670 |
| giardia lamblia infection in immunosuppressed animals causes severe alterations to brush border membrane enzymes. | nmri mice immunosuppressed with dexamethasone followed by challenge intraesophageally with axenic giardia lamblia (portland i) trophozoites had severe infection in terms of the trophozoite counts in the jejunum. although the immunosuppressive treatment with cortisone itself resulted in a deleterious effect on brush border membrane enzymes, the decline in disaccharidases (sucrase, maltase, and lactase) and alkaline phosphatase was highly significant (p less than 0.001) following g. lamblia infect ... | 1988 | 3409801 |
| giardia lamblia in patients undergoing endoscopy: lack of evidence for a role in nonulcer dyspepsia. | previous studies have suggested that giardia lamblia may cause nonulcer dyspepsia as the sole manifestation of infection. to explore this premise, duodenal aspirates from patients undergoing upper endoscopy were examined for giardia and results were correlated with endoscopic findings and symptoms. of 155 patients, 15.5% had giardia. patients with dyspepsia, with or without obvious lesions at endoscopy, had a similar prevalence. patients with vomiting and diarrhea had an increased prevalence (38 ... | 1988 | 3410237 |
| triton-labile antigens in flagella isolated from giardia lamblia. | sheared flagella from giardia lamblia were freed from cytoskeleton fragments and other cell contaminants by centrifuging in a density gradient. the purified organelles contain many polypeptides, including a set of low-molecular-weight antigens [apparent molecular weights (mws) = 31, 32, 34, 35 and 37 kd] in the same size range as the approximately 30 kd structural giardins of the cytoskeleton. however, on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels, the mobilities of individual flagellar polypep ... | 1988 | 3413040 |
| [protozoological stool examinations from 1980 to 1985 in the east german district of rostock]. | between 1980 and 1985 a total of 17,290 faecal specimens were examined for intestinal protozoa at the institute of hygiene, district of rostock, gdr. the samples were taken from gdr citizens travelling to tropical or semitropical regions, from foreigners from these regions visiting rostock district, and from the local population. intestinal protozoa were found in 5.78%, 20.80% and 6.43%, respectively. 9 different species were diagnosed: entamoeba coli, e. hartmanni, e. histolytica, endolimax nan ... | 1988 | 3415039 |
| [the role of specific defense mechanisms of small intestine mucosa in giardia intestinalis infection in children]. | 1988 | 3420019 | |
| heat shock and stress response in giardia lamblia. | the heat shock response was studied as a model for control of gene expression and protein synthesis in giardia lamblia. cultured trophozoites were metabolically labelled with [35s]methionine, and proteins were analysed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. a temperature shift from 37 degrees c to 43 degrees c resulted in the depression of normal protein synthesis, and the enhanced synthesis of four major heat shock proteins of 100, 83, 70 and 30 kda. this response resembles ... | 1988 | 2452980 |
| evaluation of faecal preservation and staining methods in the diagnosis of acute amoebiasis and giardiasis. | the use of a faecal preservative and several staining methods, together with formalin ether concentration, were evaluated for the improved diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in 1285 patients with diarrhoea or dysentery and from asymptomatic controls. all samples were screened by three wet mount techniques. thirty eight specimens of diarrhoeal or dysenteric stool were preserved in polyvinyl alcohol (pva) and stained by trichrome and spencer and monroe short iron haematoxylin stain. ... | 1988 | 2454958 |
| antigenic variation in giardia lamblia. | clones of the wb isolate of giardia lamblia were exposed to cytotoxic mab 6e7 which reacts with a 170-kda surface ag. surviving progeny occurred at a frequency of about 1 in 1000 and were resistant to the effects of mab 6e7. analysis of progeny and clones of these progeny by surface radiolabeling, surface immunofluorescence, and western blotting failed to detect the 170-kda ag. loss of this ag was associated with the appearance of a series of new surface ag. a cytotoxic mab (5c1) was produced to ... | 1988 | 2454999 |
| antigenic heterogeneity in the 115,000 mr major surface antigen of trichomonas vaginalis. | the 115,000-molecular-weight antigen of trichomonas vaginalis was characterized using monoclonal antibodies developed to three different strains of t. vaginalis and one strain of tritrichomonas foetus. the antigen was found to be present on all strains or isolates of t. vaginalis examined and was demonstrated to be located on the external surface plasma membrane by agglutination assays and complement-mediated lysis assays. characteristics of the antigen were assessed with a proteolytic enzyme an ... | 1988 | 2456385 |
| bacterial, parasitic and viral enteropathogens associated with diarrhoea in saudi children. | in a 2-year study of stools from saudi children with gastro-enteritis and from controls, rotavirus was the pathogen most frequently detected, either alone (44.3%) or in combination with other enteropathogens (7%). there were two peaks for rotavirus isolates, one during the cold months and the other during the dry, hot season. salmonella spp. and campylobacter jejuni were the second and third most frequently isolated enteropathogens. enteropathogenic escherichia coli did not contribute significan ... | 1988 | 2456718 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dammam and alkhobar, saudi arabia. | this report presents results from a 6-month study over the period 16 november 1986 to 15 may 1987 which was designed to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dammam and alkhobar, saudi arabia. a total of 209 stool specimens from children and 112 from adults with diarrhoea were examined. only two (1%) of the children, both aged 2 years, were positive for cryptosporidium spp. giardia lamblia was found in 13 (4%) cases and was found to be the most common protozoan parasite, whereas sal ... | 1988 | 2461154 |
| enteropathogens isolated from children with gastro-enteritis at ga-rankuwa hospital, south africa. | a prospective 3-year study for enteric pathogens associated with diarrhoea in children was undertaken at ga-rankuwa hospital, south africa. rotavirus was the most commonly isolated pathogen (24%), showing a marked seasonal distribution, with an autumn peak in activity. enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli were frequently identified, and salmonella, shigella and campylobacter were also isolated. cryptosporidium and giardia lamblia were the most frequently seen parasites. rotaviru ... | 1988 | 2467616 |
| rapid reinfection by giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world community. | in a peri-urban shanty town in lima, peru, that was hyperendemic for giardia lamblia, 44 children aged between 0.9 months and 10 years were effectively treated for giardia lamblia with tinidazole. stools were examined weekly in the 6 months after treatment to determine the rate of reinfection, and after reinfection stools continued to be examined. 98% of the children became reinfected with giardia lamblia within 6 months, and after reinfection stool excretion of the parasite lasted a mean (sd) o ... | 1988 | 2893149 |
| [the importance of entamoeba histolytica in persons returning from the tropics]. | stools from 1000 travellers returning from the tropics were examined for intestinal parasites. the most frequently isolated intestinal pathogens were giardia lamblia (5%) and e. histolytica (3.6%). for 21 out of 36 e. histolytica isolates iso-enzyme differentiation by starch-gel electrophoresis was possible, yielding a pathogenic pattern in four. this finding correlated closely with clinical symptoms and positive serology, while e. histolytica with non-pathogenic zymodeme should not be considere ... | 1988 | 2896113 |
| the prevalence of entamoeba histolytica in lactating women and in their infants in bangladesh. | entamoeba histolytica was studied in 33 lactating women and their infants in a periurban village in bangladesh. infant-mother pairs were followed for a period of 10-15 months: 67% of mothers excreted e. histolytica during the observation period, the majority for 3 months or more. only one mother was symptomatic, with a mild, non-dysenteric diarrhoea. 58% of mothers were seropositive, several of them continuously and with a high titre, indicating past invasive infection. 67% had detectable antibo ... | 1988 | 2902705 |
| amebic liver abscess and circulating immune complexes of entamoeba histolytica proteins. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been developed to detect amebic antigen in polyethylene-glycol-precipitable circulating immune complexes. seventy-nine percent of 191 patients with amebic liver abscesses and 46% of 26 entamoeba histolytica cyst passers had positive tests. none of the samples from 43 apparently healthy controls, 8 patients with past amebic liver abscesses or 31 patients with giardia lamblia infections were positive. one patient out of 32 with viral hepatitis and 1 ... | 1988 | 2904229 |
| a comparative study of infections with rodent isolates of giardia duodenalis in inbred strains of rats and mice and in hypothymic nude rats. | giardia isolated from mice and rats have been identified as giardia duodenalis by morphological criteria. no differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of 28 enzymes were detected between the mouse and rat isolates or between these isolates and human and cat isolates. infections with both rodent isolates have been studied in several strains of inbred rats. no significant differences were detected between the rat strains, with the mouse isolate producing a self-limiting infection and the rat i ... | 1988 | 2967456 |
| biliary antibody response in rats infected with rodent giardia duodenalis isolates. | using a sensitive elisa, specific serum and bile anti-giardia igm and iga responses were studied in rats infected with two strains of giardia duodenalis: a rat isolate which produces a chronic infection and a mouse isolate which produces a self-limiting infection. paired samples of serum and bile were collected from groups of da (rt1avl) rats at various times during primary and secondary infections. antibody responses to both organisms were similar. only iga anti-giardia antibodies were detected ... | 1988 | 2967457 |
| calcium transport and catabolism of adenosine triphosphate in the protozoan parasite giardia lamblia. | 1. calcium uptake by washed trophozoites of giardia lamblia was dependent on inorganic orthophosphate and stimulated by glucose. uptake was both rapid and substantial: 224 +/- 73 nmoles ca2+/mg protein/min. 2. known inhibitors of ca2+ uptake in mammalian cells also impeded ca2+ influx into g. lamblia. 3. the inhibitor studies indicated that ca2+ transport in g. lamblia was an active process. energy for such a process could be provided by the action of atpases. 4. two types of atpases were found ... | 1988 | 2973967 |
| prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we studied 388 homosexual or bisexual men from the baltimore-washington area to define the spectrum of enteric pathogen carriage in a population at high risk for "gay bowel syndrome" in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. seventy-seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 68 gay men with symptoms of acute diarrhea or proctitis, and 243 gay men without gastrointestinal symptoms and participating in a natural history study of human immunodeficiency virus infection ... | 1988 | 2831107 |
| the giardia lamblia trophozoite contains sets of closely related chromosomes. | size variations in homologous chromosomes from six giardia lamblia isolates have been demonstrated. four or five intensely stained (major) bands as well as a variable number of lightly stained (minor) bands are present in pulsed field gradient separations. southern blot analysis with total chromosomal dna as well as chromosome specific probes indicates that each minor band cross-hybridizes with a major band. minor bands of doubly cloned organisms appear identical to those of parent clones, indic ... | 1988 | 2837738 |
| investigation of human stool samples from the cape verde islands (district santa cruz/santiago). | based on the rate of occurrence of diseases associated with diarrhoea, stool samples were also investigated; parasitologically, using the mifc-enrichment method for intestinal parasites; serologically, using elisa for rotavirus and bacteriologically for shigella and salmonella on the cape verde islands. 90% of the samples came from children aged between 6 and 14 years. entamoeba histolytica, the causal agent of amoebic dysentery was demonstrated in 17.4%, lamblia intestinalis in 28.7% and rotavi ... | 1988 | 2844628 |
| faecal excretion of rotavirus and other enteropathogens in newborns of the high and low socio-economic stratum in santiago, chile. | faecal excretion of enteropathogens was studied in newborns in their first week of life. rotavirus was investigated in 225 neonates, of whom 107 belonged to the low socio-economic stratum (ses) and 118 to the high ses. half of each group were delivered by caesarean section. rotavirus was detected in 10 infants (4.4%). eight of them had been in the same ward and excreted the same viral electrophoretype. enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 8 out of 57 (14.0%) newborns. positive cultures w ... | 1988 | 2846331 |
| analogs of 5-methylthioribose, a novel class of antiprotozoal agents. | since drug resistance and toxicity limit the use of available antiprotozoal agents, it is important that new drugs be developed as soon as possible. in this study, the method by which several protozoa degrade 5'-methylthioadenosine (mta) was shown to differ from mta catabolism in human cells. to exploit this metabolic difference, two analogs of methylthioribose (mtr), an mta catabolite, were synthesized and found to be cytocidal to plasmodium falciparum, giardia lamblia, and ochromonas malhamens ... | 1988 | 2854458 |
| status of intestinal parasitic infections in a remote island, yondo, jeonranam-do: province. | this study was performed to observe the present status of intestinal parasitic infections in a remote island, yondo, located in southern part of jeonranam-do(province), korea. in february and may 1988, total 1,011 individual stool samples were collected and examined for intestinal helminths and protozoa using formalin-ether centrifugal sedimentation technique. the results are summarized as follows: of 1,011 ingabitants examined, 398(39.4%) were positive for intestinal parasites. helminth positiv ... | 1988 | 12811041 |
| cysteine-rich variant surface proteins of giardia lamblia. | surface antigenic variation was previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using giardia lamblia isolate wb. to determine whether other isolates undergo similar changes, isolates gs and n were cloned and exposed to cytotoxic anti-isolate sera or monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to particular surface antigen. the surviving giardia (progeny) and clones showed different surface antigens as judged by resistance to cytotoxicity, loss of antigens determined by surface radiolabeling, and failure ... | 1989 | 2911277 |
| phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal rna from giardia lamblia. | an analysis of the small subunit ribosomal rna (16s-like rrna) from the protozoan giardia lamblia provided a new perspective on the evolution of nucleated cells. evolutionary distances estimated from sequence comparisons between the 16s-like rrnas of giardia lamblia and other eukaryotes exceed similar estimates of evolutionary diversity between archaebacteria and eubacteria and challenge the phylogenetic significance of multiple eukaryotic kingdoms. the giardia lamblia 16s-like rrna has retained ... | 1989 | 2911720 |
| identification and localization of cyst-specific antigens of giardia lamblia. | we induced giardia lamblia trophozoites to encyst in vitro by exposure to conditions which are specific to the human small intestinal milieu. we now show that encystation entails the appearance of two new groups of antigens detected in western blots by rabbit antiserum against cysts which had been purified from human feces. a heterodisperse group of lower-molecular-mass antigens (approximately 21 to 39 kilodaltons) was expressed relatively early (less than 19 h) in encystation. in contrast, disc ... | 1989 | 2917795 |
| giardiasis and breast-feeding in urban africa. | the protective role of breastfeeding against giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite endemic in central africa, was assessed through an analysis of stool samples from 400 infants aged 1 week-24 months in libreville. stool samples were collected during both the rainy and dry seasons in 1985 and 1986. at the time of stool collection, 237 infants were breastfed and 163 were bottle-fed (the mean weaning age among the 123 infants in the latter group who had at 1 point been breastfed was 8.2 months). ... | 1989 | 2922241 |
| epidemiologic surveillance for endemic giardia lamblia infection in vermont. the roles of waterborne and person-to-person transmission. | the authors studied 1,211 laboratory-confirmed, non-outbreak-related cases of giardiasis in vermont residents reported through vermont's laboratory-based active surveillance system between 1983 and 1986. giardiasis was the most common reportable disease in the state, with an average annual incidence rate of 45.9 cases per 100,000 population per year. this rate is higher than that in other states reporting giardiasis incidence. morbidity from giardiasis was also significant in that 30% of cases r ... | 1989 | 2923123 |
| characterization of a 29.4-kilodalton structural protein of giardia lamblia and localization to the ventral disk [corrected]. | the amino acid sequence of a 29.4-kilodalton [corrected] structural protein located in the ventral disk and axostyle of giardia lamblia was determined. clone lambda m16 from a mung bean expression library in lambda gt11 expressed a fusion protein recognized by three different isolate-specific antisera and sera from g. lamblia-infected gerbils. one of the three ecori fragments (m16; 1.26 kilobases) encoded the recognized protein. sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 813 base ... | 1989 | 2925253 |
| identification of giardia lamblia in peritoneal fluid of trauma patients. | 1989 | 2929231 | |
| recurrent outbreaks of giardiasis in a child day care center, wisconsin. | in the 19-month period september 1983-march 1985, three outbreaks of giardiasis occurred in one large child day care center. control measures instituted during each outbreak included case finding; pharmacologic treatment and follow-up testing of stool specimens for cases of giardia infection in day care children and staff, and their household contacts; facilitating and stressing personal and environmental hygiene, including altering diapering practices and teaching appropriate hand washing techn ... | 1989 | 2929809 |
| giardia lamblia: isolation of rna. | 1989 | 2467825 | |
| pattern of protracted diarrhoea among children in kuwait. | a total of 92 children with protracted diarrhoea were studied over a 3-year period (october 1983 to september 1986). the diagnosis was postgastro-enteritis syndrome in 61 (66.2%), coeliac disease in 17 (18.5%), giardia lamblia infestation in 5 (5.4%), immune deficiency in 4 (4.4%), congenital chloride diarrhoea in 2 (2.2%), and glucose-galactose malabsorption, shwachmann syndrome and intestinal lymphangiectasia in one each. children with the postgastro-enteritis syndrome were young, malnourished ... | 1989 | 2471440 |
| purine deoxynucleoside salvage in giardia lamblia. | giardia lamblia is dependent on the salvage of preformed purines and pyrimidines, including deoxythymidine. dependence on deoxynucleoside salvage is extremely unusual among eucaryotic cells (moore, e. c., and hurlbert, r. b. (1985) pharmacol & ther. 27, 167-196). the present study investigates the possibility that giardia lacks ribonucleotide reductase and depends entirely on deoxynucleoside salvage. a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, hydroxyurea, at concentrations up to 2 mm had no effect on ... | 1989 | 2480350 |
| a comparison of fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide staining and in vitro excystation for determining giardia intestinalis cyst viability. | the viability of 4 human isolates of giardia intestinalis cysts using either the fluorogenic vital dyes fluorescein diacetate (fda) and propidium iodide (pi) or in vitro excystation was assessed. whereas viable cysts, as defined by in vitro excystation were present in each of the 4 isolates, cysts from only 3 of the 4 isolates took up the vital dyes. fda consistently over-estimated cyst viability whilst pi under-estimated non-viable cysts when compared with in vitro excystation. following in vit ... | 1989 | 2481835 |
| aetiological factors of infantile diarrhoea: a community-based study. | a community-based study was undertaken to compare the organisms responsible for diarrhoea in children living in formal housing with indoor water supply and sanitation with those from a deprived environment. the role of "home remedies" was also assessed. among 373 children with diarrhoea, rotavirus was detected in 15% (in 371 symptom-free controls, 9%), and proved to be the single most common causative agent. bacterial pathogens were found in 20% of patients, with enteropathogenic escherichia col ... | 1989 | 2482008 |
| phosphocholine epitopes on helminth and protozoal parasites and their presence in the circulation of infected human patients. | antigens containing phosphocholine (pc) circulate in the blood during chronic filarial infection. because of the wide occurrence of such pc epitopes, we examined their specificity by evaluating 10 common parasites of humans for the presence of pc epitopes, and sera from patients infected with these parasites for circulating antigens containing pc. immunoblot analysis of extracts from various parasites using an anti-pc monoclonal antibody (ca101) demonstrated the presence of pc epitopes on the pr ... | 1989 | 2482559 |
| [intestinal parasitosis in canteen employees: a quadrennial study]. | giardia lamblia is the flagellated protozoan of intestinal-tract more frequently diagnosed. this disease is well known all over the world, particularly in hot countries and under precarious hygienic-environmental conditions. in italy the rate of infestation is around 8%. the giardiasis affects people of every age. the disease can be transmitted either by direct contagion or through the ingestion of food contaminated by cysts. some a.a. believe that in the last years real epidemics in adults occu ... | 1989 | 2483646 |
| [incidence of infection by intestinal parasites among school children in santiago, chile, 1988-1989]. | in december 1988-february 1989 period, a survey on enteroparasitic infections in children (mean age 8.7 years; males 54.4% and females 45.6%) from five schools located in santiago, chile, was undertaken. to each of these individuals, three samples were obtained in order to perform in them the following examinations: co-proparasitological study, modified ziehl-neelsen staining for detecting cryptosporidium sp. and cellulose adhesive test for enterobius vermicularis. parasitic elements were found ... | 1989 | 2484851 |
| [giardiasis. aspects of humoral and cellular immunity]. | 120 patients with giardia lamblia infection diagnosed by biliary drainage or jejunal mucosa smear are studied. 80 patients showed frequent reinfections by the parasites (recurrent giardiasis). a study is made of t and b lymphoid populations in peripheral blood, which were reduced in all patients with giardiasis in relation with the control group (p less than 0.01). changes were more pronounced in relapsing than in non-relapsing patients. retarded in vivo hypersensitivity tests with memory and re ... | 1989 | 2486221 |
| enteric parasites and hiv infection: occurrence in aids patients in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the occurrence of intestinal parasites, its relation with the transmission mechanism of hiv, and the clinical state of the aids patients, were analyzed in 99 group iv patients (cdc, 1986), treated at "hospital universitário pedro ernesto" (hupe), between 1986 and 1988. the group consisted of 79 (79.8%) patients whose hiv transmission mechanism took place through sexual contact and of 16 (20.2%) who were infected through blood. feces samples from each patient were examined by four distincts metho ... | 1989 | 2487448 |
| [malabsorption syndrome caused by giardia lamblia in gastrectomized patients]. | we report three adult patients with gastrectomy who had malabsorption caused by giardia lamblia. type ii gastrectomy had been carried out in the three patients several years before, and the clinical presentation was similar: chronic diarrhea with malabsorption. a remarkable fact was that the search for parasites in feces was repeatedly negative in two patients, the protozoon being identified in the intestinal biopsy samples. in the third case, the diagnosis was made by the visualization of giard ... | 1989 | 2490653 |
| asymptomatic giardiasis in children. | giardia lamblia infection was identified in 33 of 89 (37%) 3-month-old to 3-yr-old children who were followed with monthly stool examinations for up to 12 months in a day care center. the infection was mainly asymptomatic and usually associated with prolonged carriage of the parasite. there were no significant differences for height and weight achievements and mean hemoglobin values between giardia-positive and giardia-negative children. however, giardia-positive children tended to achieve highe ... | 1989 | 2512565 |
| [cryptosporidiosis in the v region chile. iii. study of malnourished patients, 1985-1987]. | frequency of infection by cryptosporidium sp. in 1,039 faecal smears stained by ziehl-neelsen, obtained from undernourished patients of a nutritional recovery center and an ambulatory undernourished center from the fifth region, chile, were studied. all underwent a coproparasitological examination by the modified telemann method. thirty eight (3.7%) patients infected by the parasite were detected, with an overall frequency of 8.5% among patients of the nutritional recovery center and 1.9% among ... | 1989 | 2517015 |
| detecting giardia lamblia antigen in fecal matter with counterimmuno-electrophoresis in diagnosis of giardiasis. | feces specimens from 35 patients with parasitologically confirmed giardiasis, 41 with acute gastroenteritis, 23 with acute bacillary dysentery, 40 normal persons as well as 15 jirds experimentally infected with giardia lamblia were used for detecting parasite antigen by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie). it revealed that 33 (94%) of the 35 patients with giardiasis and 14 (93%) of 15 infected jirds were positive, while the other cases, either normal person or normal jird were negative. cie was a ... | 1989 | 2517081 |
| [intestinal protozoan parasitism in children from the bay of cádiz]. | the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis from protozoa in a pediatric population group attending different education centres in the bay of cádiz is investigated by means of directly examining the feces using microscopic techniques. the percentage of children affected by parasites is 6.3%, there being no differences with regard to sex or social level. giardia lamblia is the most frequently found protozoa (2.7%). the level of infection from cryptosporidium sp. (2.3%) is significant. the symptomato ... | 1989 | 2519704 |
| giardia lamblia: isoenzyme analysis of 19 axenic strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in mexico. | infection of the small intestine of humans with the parasitic protozoon giardia lamblia may have an asymptomatic course, or it may produce acute or chronic diarrhoea. in order to establish if the different clinical outcome of giardiasis in children could be due, at least partially, to strain differences, 19 isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases studied in mexico city were cultured under axenic conditions and the isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns of 10 different enzymes were compared. ... | 1989 | 2533417 |
| parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens isolated from diarrhoeal and routine stool specimens of urban bangladeshi children. | few data exist in bangladesh on longitudinal, community-based studies of bacterial or parasitic pathogens identified in routine and diarrhoeal stools of urban dwelling children. we undertook the following study on 343 children of age less than 6 years who resided in one of 51 slum settings in dhaka, bangladesh, between october 1984 and february 1986. specimens from diarrhoeal episodes and from routine stools obtained at 3-monthly intervals were examined for parasites, rotavirus and pathogenic ba ... | 1989 | 2537431 |
| dna hybridization probe for clinical diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica. | as an alternative to microscopic identification of entamoeba histolytica parasites isolated from stool, a sensitive and species-specific dna hybridization probe was made for rapid diagnosis of e. histolytica parasites in clinical samples directly applied to nylon membranes. the dna hybridization probe was made by screening a genomic library of a virulent hm-1:imss strain of e. histolytica to detect recombinant plasmids containing highly repeated parasite dna sequences. four plasmid clones that r ... | 1989 | 2542361 |
| conversion of 5-s-ethyl-5-thio-d-ribose to ethionine in klebsiella pneumoniae. basis for the selective toxicity of 5-s-ethyl-5-thio-d-ribose. | 5-s-ethyl-5-thio-d-ribose (ethylthioribose) exhibits antiprotozoal activity against plasmodium falciparum, giardia lamblia, and ochromonas malhamensis, but is nontoxic to cultured human and murine bone marrow cells (riscoe, m. k., ferro, a. j., and fitchen, j. h. (1988) antimicrob. agents chemother. 32, 1904-1906). we propose the following mechanism to account for the observed selective toxicity of ethylthioribose. 1) the cytocidal action of ethylthioribose against protozoa is a result of its co ... | 1989 | 2543672 |
| [a medium available in czechoslovakia for the culture of entamoeba histolytica and giardia intestinalis]. | from nutritive media produced in the cssr a modification of diamond's medium tyi-s-33 was prepared which ensures the long-term axenic cultivation of entamoeba histolytica and giardia intestinalis. details of the cultivation technique are also presented. | 1989 | 2551514 |
| dietary fiber and giardiasis: dietary fiber reduces rate of intestinal infection by giardia lamblia in the gerbil. | gerbils were maintained on a low-fiber (5%) or a high-fiber (20%) diet in which the major fiber source was cellulose. animals in the low-fiber diet group were significantly more likely to become infected when inoculated with 100 giardia lamblia cysts than were animals in the high-fiber group. no differences were detected in gastrointestinal transit, gastric, and small intestinal luminal ph, or in duodenal mucus blanket acidic glycoprotein between animals in the high- and the low-fiber diet group ... | 1989 | 2554737 |
| concentration of giardia lamblia cysts, legionella pneumophila, clostridium perfringens, human enteric viruses, and coliphages from large volumes of drinking water, using a single filtration. | poliovirus, coliphages, giardia lamblia cysts, clostridium perfringens spores, and legionella pneumophila were concentrated simultaneously in a single pass by sequential filtration of large volumes of drinking water through 3- and 1-micron wound electronegative fiberglass cartridge filters (25.4 cm). filtration was performed under acidic conditions (ph 3.5) in the presence of 0.001 m aluminum chloride to enhance adsorption. elution of all the microorganisms entrapped or adsorbed to the filters w ... | 1989 | 2555036 |
| entamoeba histolytica and other parasitic infections in south kanara district, karnataka. | single stool specimens collected from 1,020 apparently healthy people of the south kanara district, were processed for intestinal parasites using three parasitological methods viz. (a) direct smear in physiological saline and d'antoni's iodine, (b) zinc sulfate concentration method and (c) by culture in modified boek and drbolhav medium. of these 781 (76.51 per cent) were found to be infected with parasites. the prevalence of various intestinal parasites was: ascaris lumbricoides (48.33 per cent ... | 1989 | 2559118 |
| a simple micropore system for experimental studies on trichomonad parasites. | a simple leak-free micropore chamber containing protozoan parasite species was implanted subcutaneously on the back of hamsters and evaluated for viability and multiplication of protozoan parasites. trophozoites of defined strains of entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis, and tritrichomonas foetus were used; their survival and multiplication in the chambers formed the basis of evaluation. entamoeba histolytica and g. lamblia did not survive more than 6 hr and succumbed du ... | 1989 | 2559180 |
| [healthy carriers of enteropathogenic micro-organisms among the child population of seville]. | we have studied for 1-year period a group of 144 children (31 newborn infants, 62 aged 1 year and 51 aged 2 years) who were randomly selected from the registrar's office of sevilla with the purpose of determining the incidence of diarrhoea and the prevalence of enteropathogenic microorganisms. two samples of faeces (one at the beginning and the second by the second semester of the 1-year period) were obtained from all children which were processed for culture and parasite and rotavirus examinati ... | 1989 | 2562303 |
| detection of enteropathogens in diarrhoeal diseases among malnourished egyptian infant and children. | the influence of the pre-existing malnutrition (pem) on the severity of diarrhoea as well as the causative organisms was studied on 60 cases. the duration of diarrhoea was prolonged in cases with pem. the stool purgative rate ranged from 4-15 times/day in pem infant while it was 3-6 times in well nourished cases (wnc) (p less than 0.05). also vomiting and dehydration was more marked among pem cases (52.9% and 32.4% of cases than in wnc cases (31.3% and 12.5% of cases) (p less than 0.05). rota vi ... | 1989 | 2562440 |
| [the role of atopic background in the genesis of allergic manifestations in intestinal parasitoses]. | the previous literature and personal observations showed the predominant role of the atopic background in the appearance of the allergic manifestation in the parasitic infestation and especially in giardiasis. the lot investigated was made of 52 patients with allergic manifestations, also infested with giardia intestinalis or with ascaris lumbricoides. the hereditary collateral and personal allergic antecedents and the clearly deficient histaminopexy (1/20) were present in 1/2 of the patients. s ... | 1989 | 2573132 |
| characterization of a thiol proteinase in giardia lamblia. | sonicated preparations of giardia lamblia hydrolyze a variety of protein substrates including human immunoglobulin. activity is increased by thiol-activating agents and inhibited by thiol proteinase inhibitors. about 55% of activity remains in the soluble fraction after high-speed centrifugation, and pretreatment with a nonionic detergent results in increased soluble activity. this suggests that the enzyme is membrane bound or associated with subcellular particles. activity elutes as a major pea ... | 1989 | 2584755 |
| serum antibodies to giardial surface antigens: lower titres in persistent than in non-persistent giardiasis. | antisera to two antigens of giardia lamblia--plasma membrane (pm) protein and an affinity-purified surface antigen (sa56)--were raised in rabbits, and shown to agglutinate and kill trophozoites in vitro. these antibodies were also demonstrated by elisa in the sera of paediatric patients with giardiasis. the titres of both antibodies were significantly higher in non-persistent (acute) and asymptomatic cases than in patients with persistent infection; and the latter group did not respond to anti-g ... | 1989 | 2585473 |
| [further studies on the mongolian jird model of giardia lamblia]. | seventy-seven meriones unguiculatus were inoculated intra-esophageal with giardia lamblia cysts isolated from the stool of a giardia infected child. correlation between oral dosage, course of infection, trophozoite distribution and the pathological changes in the small intestine of the infected jirds were studied. one (12.5%) of eight animals became infected with only 5 cysts. 10(4) cysts/jird or more was infective to nearly all the animals. most of the infected animals (83%) excreted cysts and/ ... | 1989 | 2591034 |
| high incidence of false positives by a latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated colitis in compromised patients. | detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin using cell culture assays for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis has been used for over a decade. because the methodology is time consuming and cumbersome, a recently introduced commercial latex agglutination (la) kit has attracted much attention. we compared the sensitivity and specificity of this method with the cytotoxic assay (cta) using diarrheal stools from 652 patients at a referral tertiary care center. specimens from 71 (10.9%) pa ... | 1989 | 2591165 |