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comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in fusarium.fusarium species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. to understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus fusarium, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: fusarium graminearum, fusarium verticillioides and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. our analysis revealed lineage-specific (ls) genomic regions in f. oxysporum that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. ls regions are ...201020237561
measuring protein kinase and sugar kinase activity in plant pathogenic fusarium species.as ubiquitous metabolic and signaling intermediaries, kinases regulate innumerable aspects of fungal growth and development. at its simplest, the enzymatic function of a kinase is to transfer a phosphate from a donor molecule (such as adenosine triphosphate) to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid. kinase activity is intricately interwoven into signal transduction, and ultimately modulates gene expression, downstream phosphorylation events, and other mechanisms of post ...201020238271
chitinolytic and antifungal activity of a bacillus pumilus chitinase expressed in arabidopsis.the bacillus pumilus sg2 chitinase gene (chis) and its truncated form lacking chitin binding (chbd) and fibronectin type iii (fniii) domains were transformed to arabidopsis plants and the expression, functionality and antifungal activity of the recombinant proteins were investigated. results showed that while the two enzyme forms showed almost equal hydrolytic activity toward colloidal chitin, they exhibited a significant difference in antifungal activity. recombinant chis in plant protein extra ...201020035370
development of a specific taqman real-time pcr assay for quantification of fusarium graminearum clade 7 and comparison of fungal biomass determined by pcr with deoxynivalenol content in wheat and barley.a fusarium graminearum clade 7 specific real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay was developed in this study based on unique polymorphisms in sequences of the mating type protein (mat) gene. pcr amplification was not observed in eight phylogenetic lineages of the f. graminearum complex and four other closely related fusarium species. accuracy of the quantification of the real-time pcr assay was verified with wheat dna spiked with f. graminearum clade 7 dna. wheat samples representing two canadian ...201020483187
transfer of the beta-tubulin gene of botrytis cinerea with resistance to carbendazim into fusarium graminearum.resistance to carbendazim and other benzimidazole fungicides in botrytis cinerea (pers. ex fr.) and most other fungi is usually conferred by mutation(s) in a single chromosomal beta-tubulin gene, often with several allelic mutations. in fusarium graminearum schwade, however, carbendazim resistance is not associated with a mutation in the corresponding beta-tubulin gene.201020063268
functional analyses of two syntaxin-like snare genes, gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.we identified two syntaxin-like snare genes, named gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, from the plant pathogenic ascomycete gibberella zeae, and characterized the functions and cellular localization of these genes. the gzsyn1 deletion mutant (deltagzsyn1) had 71% reduced hyphal growth compared to the wild-type strain, but produced perithecia with normal ascospores. deltagzsyn2 had the same hyphal growth rate as the wild-type, but completely lost both self and female fertility. when deltagzsyn2 was spermatized fo ...201020102747
trichothecene mycotoxins associated with potato dry rot caused by fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, a known producer of trichothecene mycotoxins in cereal hosts, has been recently documented as a cause of dry rot of potato tubers in the united states. due to the uncertainty of trichothecene production in these tubers, a study was conducted to determine the accumulation and diffusion of trichothecenes in potato tubers affected with dry rot caused by f. graminearum. potato tubers of cv. russet burbank were inoculated with 14 f. graminearum isolates from potato, sugar beet, ...201020128703
the cid1 cyclin c-like gene is important for plant infection in fusarium graminearum.head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen can cause severe yield losses and contaminates infested kernels with harmful mycotoxins. in this study, we characterized the cid1 gene in f. graminearum that is an ortholog of the fusarium verticilloidesfcc1 and yeast ume3 genes. the protein encoded by cid1 has typical structural features of c-type cyclins. deletion of cid1 resulted in a reduction in conidiation and vegetative growth but ...201019909822
membrane-bound guaiacol peroxidases from maize (zea mays l.) roots are regulated by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and pathogen elicitors.plant peroxidases are involved in numerous cellular processes in plant development and stress responses. four plasma membrane-bound peroxidases have been identified and characterized in maize (zea mays l.) roots. in the present study, maize seedlings were treated with different stresses and signal compounds, and a functional analysis of these membrane-bound class iii peroxidases (pmpox1, pmpox2a, pmpox2b, and pmpox3) was carried out. total guaiacol peroxidase activities from soluble and microsom ...201020032108
population parameters for resistance to fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides ear rot among large sets of early, mid-late and late maturing european maize (zea mays l.) inbred lines.infection of maize ears with fusarium graminearum (fg) and fusarium verticillioides (fv) reduces yield and quality by mycotoxin contamination. breeding and growing varieties resistant to both fusarium spp. is the best alternative to minimize problems. the objectives of our study were to draw conclusions on breeding for ear rot resistance by estimating variance components, heritabilities and correlations between resistances to fv and fg severity and to investigate different inoculation methods. i ...201020035317
investigation of the effect of nitrogen on severity of fusarium head blight in barley.the effect of nitrogen on fusarium head blight (fhb) in a susceptible barley cultivar was investigated using gel-based proteomics. barley grown with either 15 or 100kgha(-1)n fertilizer was inoculated with fusarium graminearum (fg). the storage protein fraction did not change significantly in response either to n level or fg, whereas eighty protein spots in the water-soluble albumin fraction increased and 108 spots decreased more than two-fold in intensity in response to fg. spots with greater i ...201019895910
involvement of salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways in arabidopsis interaction with fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the principal causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of wheat and barley. this fungus can also colonize arabidopsis thaliana. disease resistance was enhanced in transgenic wheat and arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (npr1) gene, which regulates salicylic acid (sa) signaling and modulates the activation of jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent defenses. here, we provide several lines of ...201020521949
transcriptome analysis of the barley-deoxynivalenol interaction: evidence for a role of glutathione in deoxynivalenol detoxification.trichothecenes are a major group of toxins produced by phytopathogenic fungi, including fusarium graminearum. trichothecenes inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and are toxicologically relevant mycotoxins for humans and animals. because they promote plant disease, the role of host responses to trichothecene accumulation is considered to be an important aspect of plant defense and resistance to fungal infection. our overall objective was to examine the barley response to application of ...201020521958
plump kernels with high deoxynivalenol linked to late gibberella zeae infection and marginal disease conditions in winter wheat.deoxynivalenol (don) concentrations in mature wheat grain are usually correlated with symptoms produced by gibberella zeae infection. however, there have been numerous observations of unacceptably high don in asymptomatic crops, which can lead to lower-than-expected milling reductions in don. we conducted a field experiment with winter wheat to examine the effect of infection timing and postanthesis moisture on grain quality and don accumulation. seven to eight soft red winter wheat cultivars we ...201020528190
determination of deoxynivalenol in infant cereal by immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-pressure liquid chromatography-uv detection.the presence of deoxynivalenol (don) in cereal-based baby food, a primary source of the first solid food for infants, was studied in order to develop a method to detect its presence at low concentrations. don, produced primarily by fusarium graminearum, is commonly isolated from grains and feed around the world and affects both animal and human health, producing diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. an aqueous extract of infant cereal was cleaned by means of an ...201020537262
plant-feeding insects harbor double-stranded rna viruses encoding a novel proline-alanine rich protein and a polymerase distantly related to that of fungal viruses.novel double-stranded rnas (approximately 8 kbp) were isolated from threecornered alfalfa hopper (spissistilus festinus) and beet leafhopper (circulifer tenellus), two plant-feeding hemipteran insect pests. the two new viruses, designated spissistilus festinus virus 1 (spfv1) and circulifer tenellus virus 1 (citv1), do not appear to be encapsidated in conventional virions and shared a genome organization similar to that of several unclassified fungal viruses. spfv1 and citvl encode a proline-ala ...201020541786
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity is involved in the plasma membrane redox system required for pigment biosynthesis in filamentous fungi.methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases (mthfrs) play a key role in biosynthesis of methionine and s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam) via the recharging methionine biosynthetic pathway. analysis of 32 complete fungal genomes showed that fungi were unique among eukaryotes by having two mthfrs, met12 and met13. the met12 type contained an additional conserved sequence motif compared to the sequences of met13 and mthfrs from other eukaryotes and bacteria. targeted gene replacement of either of the two mthf ...201020543064
systematic discovery of regulatory motifs in fusarium graminearum by comparing four fusarium genomes.fusarium graminearum (fg), a major fungal pathogen of cultivated cereals, is responsible for billions of dollars in agriculture losses. there is a growing interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of this organism, especially the regulation of genes underlying its pathogenicity. the generation of whole genome sequence assemblies for fg and three closely related fusarium species provides a unique opportunity for such a study.201020346147
development of a conditional gene expression system using a zearalenone-inducible promoter for the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae.the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important plant pathogen that causes fusarium head blight on small grains. molecular studies of this fungus have been performed extensively to uncover the biological mechanisms related to pathogenicity, toxin production, and sexual reproduction. molecular methods, such as targeted gene deletion, gene overexpression, and gene fusion to green fluorescent protein (gfp), are relatively easy to perform with this fungus; however, conditional expression syste ...201020348311
a role for topoisomerase i in fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum pathogenesis and sporulation.fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum are the causal agents of fusarium ear blight (feb) in wheat. a forward genetics approach was taken to discover novel pathogenicity genes in the genome of f. graminearum. a library of transformants created by random plasmid insertional mutagenesis was screened on wheat ears for virulence defects. plasmid rescue on one of the reduced-virulence mutants revealed a single-copy plasmid insertion in the gene coding for the dna interacting enzyme, topoisomerase i. ta ...201020367465
adaptation of fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole yielded descendants diverging for levels of fitness, fungicide resistance, virulence, and mycotoxin production.azole fungicides play a prominent role for reliable plant disease management. however, quantitative azole resistance has been shown to develop in fungal pathogens, including fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb). due to widespread application of azole fungicides, resistance may accumulate to higher degrees in fungal field populations over time. although azole fungicides are prominent components in fhb control, little effort has been made to investigate azole resist ...201020373965
limiting mycotoxins in stored wheat.the quality of harvested wheat grain can deteriorate markedly during the post-harvest management stages. biotic factors, such as grain type and ripeness, coupled with the prevailing abiotic factors, such as water content and temperature, and also preservative concentration will influence the safe storage life and the level of contamination with mycotoxins. these mycotoxins include deoxynivalenol (don) produced pre-harvest and zearalenone (zea) produced post-harvest by fusarium graminearum and fu ...201020455159
2-d dige reveals changes in wheat xylanase inhibitor protein families due to fusarium graminearum deltatri5 infection and grain development.wheat contains three different classes of proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors (xis), i.e. triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (taxis) xylanase-inhibiting proteins (xips), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (tlxis) which are believed to act as a defensive barrier against phytopathogenic attack. in the absence of relevant data in wheat kernels, we here examined the response of the different members of the xi protein population to infection with a deltatri5 mutant of fusarium graminearum, the w ...201020391529
hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (don) production by fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is a very important disease of small grain cereals with f. graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. it not only causes reduction in yield and quality but from a human and animal healthcare point of view, it produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) which can accumulate to toxic levels. little is known about external triggers influencing don production.201020398299
a major qtl for resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize.fusarium graminearum schwabe, the conidial form of gibberella zeae, is the causal fungal pathogen responsible for gibberella stalk rot of maize. using a bc(1)f(1) backcross mapping population derived from a cross between '1145' (donor parent, completely resistant) and 'y331' (recurrent parent, highly susceptible), two quantitative trait loci (qtls), qrfg1 and qrfg2, conferring resistance to gibberella stalk rot have been detected. the major qtl qrfg1 was further confirmed in the double haploid, ...201020401458
variation and transgression of aggressiveness among two gibberella zeae crosses developed from highly aggressive parental isolates.gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is the most common cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting disease severity and stability of host resistance. objectives were to analyze in two field experiments (i) segregation for aggressiveness among 120 progenies from each of two crosses of highly aggressive parents and (ii) stability of fhb resistance of seven moderately to highly resistant winter ...201020701488
a novel gene, roa, is required for normal morphogenesis and discharge of ascospores in gibberella zeae.head blight, caused by gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. g. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. in this study, we characterized a novel gene, roa, which is required for normal sexual development. deletion of roa (δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. the ...201020802018
mass spectrometry-based metabolomics application to identify quantitative resistance-related metabolites in barley against fusarium head blight.quantitative resistance is generally controlled by several genes. more than 100 resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls) have been identified in wheat and barley against fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum), implying the possible occurrence of several resistance mechanisms. the objective of this study was to apply metabolomics to identify the metabolites in barley that are related to resistance against fhb. barley genotypes, chevron and stander, ...201021029322
mass spectrometric analysis reveals remnants of host-pathogen molecular interactions at the starch granule surface in wheat endosperm.the starch granules of wheat seed are solar energy-driven deposits of fixed carbon and, as such, present themselves as targets of pathogen attack. the seed's array of antimicrobial proteins, peptides, and small molecules comprises a molecular defense against penetrating pathogens. in turn, pathogens exhibit an arsenal of enzymes to facilitate the degradation of the host's endosperm. in this context, the starch granule surface is a relatively unexplored domain in which unique molecular barriers m ...201020701481
identification and functional characterization of genes involved in the sexual reproduction of the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae.we previously reported that g protein alpha subunit 1 (gpa1) is essential for sexual reproduction in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. in this study we performed microarray analyses on a gpa1 deletion mutant of g. zeae (δgpa1) to identify genes involved in the sexual reproduction of this fungus. in the δgpa1 strain, 645 genes were down-regulated and 550 genes were up-regulated during sexual reproduction when compared to the wild-type strain. one hundred of the down-regulated gen ...201020836989
early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) disease on wheat which can lead to trichothecene mycotoxin (e.g. deoxynivalenol, don) contamination of grain, harmful to mammalian health. don is produced at low levels under standard culture conditions when compared to plant infection but specific polyamines (e.g. putrescine and agmatine) and amino acids (e.g. arginine and ornithine) are potent inducers of don by f. graminearum in axenic culture. currently, host factors ...201021192794
crystal structure of a secreted lipase from gibberella zeae reveals a novel "double-lock" mechanism.fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: gibberella zeae) is the causative agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is one of the most destructive plant disease of cereals, accounting for high grain yield losses, especially for wheat and maize. like other fungal pathogens, several extracellular enzymes secreted by g. zeae are known to be involved in host infection. among these secreted lipases, g. zeae lipase (gzel), which is encoded by the fgl1 gene, was demonstrated to be crucial to g. zeae patho ...201021203917
fusarium culmorum is a single phylogenetic species based on multilocus sequence analysis.fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of wheat and barley causing head blight and crown rot in cooler temperate climates of australia, europe, west asia and north africa. to better understand its evolutionary history we partially sequenced single copy nuclear genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef), reductase (red) and phosphate permease (pho) in 100 f. culmorum isolates with 11 isolates of fusarium crookwellense, fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum. phylogenetic a ...201020943185
the 3adon population of fusarium graminearum found in north dakota is more aggressive and produces a higher level of don than the prevalent 15adon population in spring wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb) is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum in north america. isolates of f. graminearum can be identified as one of three chemotypes: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3adon), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15adon), and nivalenol (niv). in this study, we characterized f. graminearum isolates collected in 1980 to 2000 (old collection) and in 2008 (new collection) from north dakota and found a 15-fold increase of 3adon isolates in the new collection. evaluation of randomly selected 3 ...201020839936
fgsub: fusarium graminearum protein subcellular localizations predicted from primary structures.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases, where a set of genes usually work in concert to cause diseases to crops. to function appropriately, the f. graminearum proteins inside one cell should be assigned to different compartments, i.e. subcellular localizations. therefore, the subcellular localizations of f. graminearum proteins can provide insights into protein functions and pathogenic mechanisms of this destr ...201020840726
a comparative summary of expression systems for the recombinant production of galactose oxidase.the microbes escherichia coli and pichia pastoris are convenient prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, respectively, for the recombinant production of proteins at laboratory scales. a comparative study was performed to evaluate a range of constructs and process parameters for the heterologous intra- and extracellular expression of genes encoding the industrially relevant enzyme galactose 6-oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) from the fungus fusarium graminearum. in particular, the wild-type galox gene from f. gram ...201020836876
quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to fusarium head blight in barley respond differentially to fusarium graminearum infection.fusarium head blight (fhb), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, reduces grain yield and quality in barley. resistance to fhb is partial and quantitatively inherited. previously, major fhb resistant qtl were detected on barley chromosome 2h bin 8 and 2h bin 10, and another qtl for reduced deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation was identified on chromosome 3h bin 6. to develop an understanding of the molecular responses controlled by these loci, we examined don and fungal biomass levels and the t ...201020865292
[isolation and properties of lectins from cell walls of wheat seedlings infected by fusarium graminearum and treated by salicylic acid].lectins from cell walls of wheat seedlings in normal conditions and infected by fusarium sp. and treated by salicylic acid were isolated by the methods of gel-filtration, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing, their biochemical properties were studied. it is shown that isolated preparations of lectins suppressed the development of colonies of fungus fusarium graminearum. a conclusion was made on the possibility of employment of isolated lectins in the molecular-breeding programs on ra ...201021674969
genetic diversity and trichothecene chemotypes of the fusarium graminearum clade isolated from maize in nepal and identification of a putative new lineage.on smallholder farms in the foothills of the himalayan mountains in nepal, fungi of the fusarium graminearum clade cause gibberella ear rot of maize and contamination with the 8-ketotrichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. previous dna marker analyses of the f. graminearum clade from maize in nepal found a high level of genetic diversity but were limited in detail or scope. the present study incorporated a collection of 251 field strains from a wide geographic distribution in nepal and utili ...201021215953
a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence in plant pathogenic fungi: role of tor and the bzip protein meab.virulence in plant pathogenic fungi is controlled through a variety of cellular pathways in response to the host environment. nitrogen limitation has been proposed to act as a key signal to trigger the in planta expression of virulence genes. moreover, a conserved pathogenicity mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is strictly required for plant infection in a wide range of pathogens. we investigated the relationship between nitrogen signaling and the pathogenicity mapk cascade in cont ...201021139428
a combined ¹h nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic fusarium spp.many ascomycete fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. infection of wheat ears by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don). in this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of fusarium spp. in both t ...201020718668
enzymatic properties and expression patterns of five extracellular lipases of fusarium graminearum in vitro.fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungus that causes devastating diseases on plants of economic importance including maize, wheat, and barley. f. graminearum is able to utilize triglycerides as a carbon source during growth. extracellular lipases are the preferred enzymes to catalyze the hydrolysis of fats and oils. lipases are ubiquitous enzymes of considerable physiological significance and industrial potential. previously, fgl1 was the first described f. graminearum extracellular lipase a ...201025919623
the neem [azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)] oil reduction in the in vitro production of zearalenone by fusarium graminearum.zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus fusarium, including f. graminearum, triggers reproduction disorders in certain animals and hyperestrogen syndromes in humans. current research investigates three concentrations of neem oil extract (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%) in reducing the production of zearalenone. neem oil extract decreased zearalenone amount in the three concentrations but highest inhibition (59.05%) occurred at 0.1%.201124031683
isolation and determination of deoxynivalenol by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.deoxynivalenol (don) is a mycotoxin produced by food contamination. it is a pharmacologically active compound that acts on the serotonin receptor, leading to several neuroendocrine and hematological disorders. in this article we describe a simple, accurate, and sensitive method for the quantification of don. don was quantified using a phenomenex(®) ods analytical c18 column (150 mm × 46 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase composed of mixture of water-acetonitrile-methanol (5:4:1, v/v/v) at a flow rate ...201123781426
a novel double-stranded rna mycovirus from fusarium graminearum: nucleic acid sequence and genomic structure.ten fusarium graminearum isolates from china were screened for dsrna mycoviruses. five dsrnas (2.4 to 3.5 kbp) were purified from isolate china 9, cloned, and sequenced. blast analysis showed that the proteins encoded by dsrna1 possess motifs that are conserved in rna-dependent rna polymerases, dsrna2 resembles the hypothetical protein encoded by dsrna3 of magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1, dsrna4 shares no significant similarity to any published protein, and dsrna5 has a c2h2 zinc finger domain. ...201121212996
functional analysis of the kinome of the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum.as in other eukaryotes, protein kinases play major regulatory roles in filamentous fungi. although the genomes of many plant pathogenic fungi have been sequenced, systematic characterization of their kinomes has not been reported. the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum has 116 protein kinases (pk) genes. although twenty of them appeared to be essential, we generated deletion mutants for the other 96 pk genes, including 12 orthologs of essential genes in yeast. all of the pk mutants were assa ...201122216007
quantification of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum by real-time pcr system and zearalenone assessment in maize.zearalenone (zea) is a mycotoxin produced by some species of fusarium, especially by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum. zea induces hyperoestrogenic responses in mammals and can result in reproductive disorders in farm animals. in the present study, a real-time pcr (qpcr) assay has been successfully developed for the detection and quantification of fusarium graminearum based on primers targeting the gene pks13 involved in zea biosynthesis. a standard curve was developed by plotting the logari ...201122240058
characterization of novel trichoderma spp. isolates as a search for effective biocontrollers of fungal diseases of economically important crops in argentina.monoconidial cultures of 33 isolates of trichoderma from buenos aires province, argentina were characterized on the basis of twenty eight morphological, physiological and biochemical features. all of them were screened for proteinase, endochitinase and β-1,3 glucanase activity. universally primed pcr (up-pcr) and inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) techniques were used to examine the genetic variability among isolates, which resulted in 127 bands for the total number of isolates. these results w ...201122805919
the correlation of genetic diversity and geographic distribution of fusarium graminearum in north part of iran.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused mainly by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most notorious diseases in north part of iran. due to lack of sufficient information regarding genetic diversity of fhb, the correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distribution of 52 isolates that collected from infected wheat kernels from four main grown region of north part of iran were analyzed with 10 simple sequence repeat (ssr) primers and 15 random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) primers. the u ...201122590833
impact of moisture, host genetics and fusarium graminearum isolates on fusarium head blight development and trichothecene accumulation in spring wheat.the impact of moisture on the development of fusarium head blight (fhb) and accumulation of deoxynivalenol (don) in fusarium-infected wheat was examined. the field experiments were designed as split-split-plot with five replicates. main plots were durations of mist-irrigation [14, 21, 28 and 35 days after inoculation (dai)]; sub-plots were wheat cultivar; and sub-sub-plots were f. graminearum isolates differing in aggressiveness and don production capacity. the wheat cultivars 'alsen' (moderatel ...201123605982
chemotaxonomic diagnostics: combining sucrose-water agar with tlc to discriminate fusarium graminearum 3-acetyl-don and 15-acetyl-don chemotypes.twelve randomly-selected isolates of fusarium graminearum that produce 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-adon) or 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-adon) were screened by thin-layer chromatography (tlc) for their ability to produce adon and zearalenone (zea) mycotoxins when grown on water agar containing different concentrations of sucrose. the results showed the ability of the f. graminearum 3-adon chemotype population to produce don and zea at a lower concentration range of sucrose (5-7%) compared with th ...201123605932
impact of aggressiveness of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum isolates on yield parameters and mycotoxin production in wheat.plant-associated isolates from fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum were inoculated on wheat in field experiments in 2007 and 2008 to ascertain their influence on fungal colonization of the ears, as well as mycotoxin contamination (deoxynivalenol, don; nivalenol, niv; zearalenone, zea) and yield parameters in the mature crop after inoculation with or without irrigation. the isolates were assigned to four different groups of aggressiveness on the basis of pathogenic symptom development and mycoto ...201123605800
A phenome-based functional analysis of transcription factors in the cereal head blight fungus, Fusarium graminearum.Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops. The fungus produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animal and human. In this study, a systematic analysis of 17 phenotypes of the mutants in 657 Fusarium graminearum genes encoding putative transcription factors (TFs) resulted in a database of over 11,000 phenotypes (phenome). This database provides comprehensive insights into how this cereal pathogen of global significance regulates traits importa ...201122028654
phylogenomic and functional domain analysis of polyketide synthases in fusarium.fusarium species are ubiquitous in nature, cause a range of plant diseases, and produce a variety of chemicals often referred to as secondary metabolites. although some fungal secondary metabolites affect plant growth or protect plants from other fungi and bacteria, their presence in grain-based food and feed is more often associated with a variety of diseases in plants and in animals. many of these structurally diverse metabolites are derived from a family of related enzymes called polyketide s ...201122289777
transcript profiling of the phytotoxic response of wheat to the fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.deoxynivalenol (don) is a trichothecene mycotoxin commonly produced by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum during infection of cereal plants, such as wheat and barley. this toxin is a fungal virulence factor that facilitates the development of fusarium head blight (fhb) disease. wheat cultivar (cv.) remus is susceptible to don; the toxin causes premature bleaching of spikelets and inhibits root growth. this study used custom-made wheat cdna arrays to analyse the effect of don on the transcripto ...201123605803
on-farm experiments over 5 years in a grain maize/winter wheat rotation: effect of maize residue treatments on fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat.over the course of 5 years, different maize residue treatments were conducted on 14 zero tillage on-farm sites in switzerland to evaluate their effect on the development of fusarium head blight (fhb) and the contamination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in winter wheat grains and wheat straw following grain maize. two experimental series with three and five different treatments were carried out, respectively. fusarium graminearum (schwabe) was the predominant fhb-causing species with an ...201123605700
characterisation of the fusarium graminearum-wheat floral interaction.fusarium ear blight is a destructive fungal disease of cereals including wheat and can contaminate the crop with various trichothecene mycotoxins. this investigation has produced a new β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter strain that facilitates the quick and easy assessment of plant infection. the constitutively expressed gpda:gus strain of fusarium graminearum was used to quantify the overall colonisation pattern. histochemical and biochemical approaches confirmed, in susceptible wheat ear infection ...201122567335
inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth in flour gel cultures by hexane-soluble compounds from oat (avena sativa l.) flour.fusarium head blight, incited by the fungus fusarium graminearum, primarily affects wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgarum), while oat (avena sativa) appears to be more resistant. although this has generally been attributed to the open panicle of oats, we hypothesized that a chemical component of oats might contribute to this resistance. to test this hypothesis, we created culture media made of wheat, barley, and oat flour gels (6 g of flour in 20 ml of water, gelled by autoclav ...201122186063
First report of a bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme produced by Bacillus pumilus SG2.Bacillus pumilus SG2 isolated from high salinity ecosystem in Iran produces two chitinases (ChiS and ChiL) and secretes them into the medium. In this study, chiS and chiL genes were cloned in pQE-30 expression vector and were expressed in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli strain M15. The recombinant proteins were purified using Ni-NTA column. The optimum pH and optimum temperature for enzyme activity of ChiS were pH 6, 50°C; those of ChiL were pH 6.5, 40°C. The purified chitinases showed antifun ...201122112904
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay for Deoxynivalenol (DON).Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the trichothecene mycotoxins, is a worldwide contaminant of wheat and barley, especially when infected by Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of an epidemic wheat disease called Fusarium Head Blight. Because of the high risk of DON ingestion and the possibility of frequent exposure, it is important to develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for easy identification and quantification of DON in grain samples. In this study, we have developed an indirect compe ...201122069751
A jacalin-related lectin-like gene in wheat is a component of the plant defence system.Jacalin-related lectins (JRLs) are a subgroup of proteins with one or more jacalin-like lectin domains. Although JRLs are often associated with biotic or abiotic stimuli, their biological functions in plants, as well as their relationships to plant disease resistance, are poorly understood. A mannose-specific JRL (mJRL)-like gene (TaJRLL1) that is mainly expressed in stem and spike and encodes a protein with two jacalin-like lectin domains was identified in wheat. Pathogen infection and phytohor ...201121862481
genetic diversity in fusarium graminearum from a major wheat-producing region of argentina.the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) is a group of mycotoxigenic fungi that are the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat worldwide. the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and genetic diversity of fgsc species in cereal crops in south america is not well understood compared to some regions of asia, europe and north america. therefore, we examined the frequency and genetic diversity of a collection of 183 fgsc isolates recovered from wheat grown during multiple growi ...201122069697
secretomics identifies fusarium graminearum proteins involved in the interaction with barley and wheat.fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic fungus primarily infecting small grain cereals, including barley and wheat. secreted enzymes play important roles in the pathogenicity of many fungi. in order to access the secretome of f. graminearum, the fungus was grown in liquid culture with barley or wheat flour as the sole nutrient source to mimic the host-pathogen interaction. a gel-based proteomics approach was employed to identify the proteins secreted into the culture medium. sixty-nine unique ...201122044785
a type 2c protein phosphatase fgptc3 is involved in cell wall integrity, lipid metabolism, and virulence in fusarium graminearum.type 2c protein phosphatases (pp2cs) play important roles in regulating many biological processes in eukaryotes. currently, little is known about functions of pp2cs in filamentous fungi. the causal agent of wheat head blight, fusarium graminearum, contains seven putative pp2c genes, fgptc1, -3, -5, -5r, -6, -7 and -7r. in order to investigate roles of these pp2cs, we constructed deletion mutants for all seven pp2c genes in this study. the fgptc3 deletion mutant (δfgptc3-8) exhibited reduced aeri ...201121980420
Transgenic expression of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins in Arabidopsis and wheat increases resistance to the flower pathogen Fusarium graminearum.Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The molecular mechanisms regulating Fusarium penetration and infection are poorly understood. Beside mycotoxin production, cell wall degradation may play a role in the development of FHB. Many fungal pathogens secrete polygalacturonases (PGs) during the early stages of infection, and plants have evolved polygalacturonase-inhi ...201121974721
the velvet gene, fgve1, affects fungal development and positively regulates trichothecene biosynthesis and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.trichothecenes are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) during the infection of crop plants, including wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye and rice. some fungal genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis have been shown to encode regulatory proteins. however, the global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is still enigmatic. in addition to the production of secondary metabolites belonging to the trichothecene family, f. graminear ...201122013911
a resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes.the goal of this study was to develop a tool specifically designed to identify iterative polyketide synthases (ipkss) from predicted fungal proteomes. a fungi-based pks prediction model, specifically for fungal ipkss, was developed using profile hidden markov models (phmms) based on two essential ipks domains, the β-ketoacyl synthase (ks) domain and acyltransferase (at) domain, derived from fungal ipkss. this fungi-based pks prediction model was initially tested on the well-annotated proteome of ...201122112245
tri6 is a global transcription regulator in the phytopathogen fusarium graminearum.in f. graminearum, the transcriptional regulator tri6 is encoded within the trichothecene gene cluster and regulates genes involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (don). the tri6 protein with its cys₂his₂ zinc-finger may also conform to the class of global transcription regulators. this class of global transcriptional regulators mediate various environmental cues and generally responds to the demands of cellular metabolism. to address this issue directly, we sough ...201121980289
purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of a novel antifungal lectin from the roots of ophioglossum pedunculosum.a novel mannan-specific lectin was isolated from the roots of a traditional chinese herbal medicine, ophioglossum pedunculosum through ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. with a molecular mass of 19,835.7 da demonstrated by maldi-tof analysis, this novel agglutinin was designated as o. pedunculosum agglutinin (opa), specifically agglutinating human o erythrocytes and rabbit erythrocytes. the hemagglutination could be strongly inhibited by mannan and thyroglobulin, the activity of whi ...201121947760
meiotic silencing in the homothallic fungus gibberella zeae.the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is an important pathogen on major cereal crops. the objective of this study was to determine whether meiotic silencing occurs in g. zeae. cytological studies demonstrated that gfp and rfp-fusion proteins were not detected during meiosis, both in heterozygous outcrosses and homozygous selfings. the deletion of rsp-1, a homologue used for studies on meiotic silencing of neurospora crassa, triggered abnormal ascospores from selfing, but outcrosses b ...201122115448
variation for resistance to kernel infection and toxin accumulation in winter wheat infected with fusarium graminearum.host resistance is the main way to control fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat. despite improved levels of resistance to infection and spread in vegetative tissue, the toxin deoxynivalenol (don) can still accumulate to unacceptable concentration levels. in this study, our objectives were to assess the genetic variation for resistance to kernel infection (rki) and toxin accumulation (rta) and their role in controlling don. we collected spikes with different levels of visual symptoms from each of ...201121848396
population structure and genetic diversity of the fusarium graminearum species complex.the fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex) consists of phylogenetically distinct species some of which cannot be discriminated based on their morphology. their chemotypes and geographic distributions are dramatically different, and these highlight the challenges that fusarium head blight (fhb) poses to plant disease specialists and plant breeders, thereby requiring that quarantine officials employ molecular diagnostic tools in their active surveillance programs. molecular marker techn ...201122069755
genotyping and phenotyping of fusarium graminearum isolates from germany related to their mycotoxin biosynthesis.fusarium graminearum is the most important pathogen causing fusarium head blight (fhb) of small cereal grains worldwide responsible for quantitative and qualitative yield losses. the presence in crops is often associated with mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff limiting its use for human and animal consumption. a collection of isolates of f. graminearum from germany was characterized genetically and chemically for their potential to produce the b trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivaleno ...201121889226
biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives.deoxynivalenol (don) is the major mycotoxin produced by fusarium fungi in grains. food and feed contaminated with don pose a health risk to humans and livestock. the risk can be reduced by enzymatic detoxification. complete mineralization of don by microbial cultures has rarely been observed and the activities turned out to be unstable. the detoxification of don by reactions targeting its epoxide group or hydroxyl on carbon 3 is more feasible. microbial strains that de-epoxidize don under anaero ...201121691789
The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogen a-zearalanol on ß-amyloid-induced toxicity in differentiated PC-12 cells.Although favorable effects of estrogen replacement therapy on Alzheimer's disease on postmenopausal women have been recognized, an associated increased incidence of uterine and breast tumors has jeopardized the clinical use of estrogen. Phytoestrogen a-zearalanol (a-ZAL) is a reductive product of the Gibberella zeae metabolite and abundant in plants and vegetables, which has been shown to protect cell injury with low side-effects on uterine and breast. This study was designed to evaluate the neu ...201121946104
Two structurally similar fungal prions efficiently cross-seed in vivo but form distinct polymers when coexpressed.HET-s is a prion protein of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. An orthologue of this protein, called FgHET-s has been identified in Fusarium graminearum. The region of the FgHET-s protein corresponding to the prion forming domain of HET-s, forms amyloid fibrils in vitro. These fibrils seed HET-s(218-289) fibril formation in vitro and vice versa. The amyloid fold of HET-s(218-289) and FgHET-s(218-289) are remarkably similar although they share only 38% identity. The present work correspon ...201122050595
trichothecene genotypes and chemotypes in fusarium graminearum complex strains isolated from maize fields of northwest argentina.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex) cause gibberella ear rot in maize from northwest argentina. the potential of these pathogens to contaminate maize grains with type b trichothecenes is a health risk for both humans and animals. we evaluated the reliability of multiplex pcr assays based on tri3 and tri12 genes, and single pcr assays based on tri7 and tri13 genes to infer trichothecene chemotypes of 112 strains of fg complex collected from northwest argentina, checki ...201122119268
A new pyrrolidine derivative and steroids from an algicolous Gibberella zeae strain.A new pyrrolidine derivative, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)pyrrolidin-2-one (1), and eight known steroids, (22E,24R)-7beta,8beta-epoxy-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-6-one (2, a reassigned structure of (22E,24R)-5alpha,6alpha-epoxy-3beta,8beta,14alpha-trihydroxyergosta-22-en-7-one), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (3), (22E,24R)-3beta,5alpha-dihydroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta/,5alpha,6beta-triol ...201121941888
involvement of a velvet protein fgvea in the regulation of asexual development, lipid and secondary metabolisms and virulence in fusarium graminearum.the velvet protein, vea, is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. in this study, we explored functions of fgvea in the wheat head blight pathogen, fusarium graminearum,using a gene replacement strategy. the fgvea deletion mutant exhibited a reduction in aerial hyphae formation, hydrophobicity, and deoxynivalenol (don) biosynthesis. deletion of fgvea gene led to an increase in conidial production, but a delay in conidial germination. pathogencity assays showed that the mutant ...201122140571
bdm1, a phosducin-like gene of fusarium graminearum, is involved in virulence during infection of wheat and maize.fusarium graminearum is a common pathogen of wheat and maize throughout the world. despite recent advances in the elucidation of the genetic basis of virulence, significant gaps in the regulatory network underlying pathogenesis remain to be filled. in particular, little is known at the molecular level about the overlap among mechanisms of pathogenicity on maize and wheat. g-protein signalling has been implicated in pathogenesis in f. graminearum, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully ...201122044756
on the trail of a cereal killer: recent advances in fusarium graminearum pathogenomics and host resistance.the ascomycete fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: gibberella zeae) causes the devastating head blight or scab disease on wheat and barley, and cob or ear rot disease on maize. fusarium graminearum infection causes significant crop and quality losses. in addition to roles as virulence factors during pathogenesis, trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol) produced by this pathogen constitute a significant threat to human and animal health if consumed in respective food or fee ...201122098555
Contribution of proteomics to the study of plant pathogenic fungi.Phytopathogenic fungi are one of the most damaging plant parasitic organisms, and can cause serious diseases and important yield losses in crops. The study of the biology of these microorganisms and the interaction with their hosts has experienced great advances in recent years due to the development of moderm, holistic and high-throughput -omic techniques, together with the increasing number of genome sequencing projects and the development of mutants and reverse genetics tools. We highlight am ...201122085090
Cyclic lipopeptide profile of three Bacillus subtilis strains; antagonists of Fusarium head blight.The objective of the study was to identify the lipopetides associated with three Bacillus subtilis strains. The strains are antagonists of Gibberella zeae, and have been shown to be effective in reducing Fusarium head blight in wheat. The lipopeptide profile of three B. subtilis strains (AS43.3, AS43.4, and OH131.1) was determined using mass spectroscopy. Strains AS43.3 and AS43.4 produced the anti-fungal lipopeptides from the iturin and fengycin family during the stationary growth phase. All th ...201121887643
difference in tri13 gene sequences between the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing fusarium graminearum chemotypes from canada and china.positive-negative pcr assays based on the genes involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway are useful in assessing the risk of trichothecene contamination in grain and are important in epidemiological studies. a single pcr detection method based on the structural gene sequence of tri13 gene has been developed to predict the 3-adon, 15-adon and niv chemotypes in china. the chemotypic differences are based on the deletions within the tri13 gene. the objective of this study was to assess th ...201122016651
salicylic acid regulates basal resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a destructive disease of cereal crops like wheat and barley. previously, expression in wheat of the arabidopsis npr1 gene (atnpr1), which encodes a key regulator of salicylic acid (sa) signaling, was shown to reduce severity of fhb caused by fusarium graminearum. it was hypothesized that sa signaling contributes to wheat defense against f. graminearum. here we show that increased accumulation of sa in fungus-infected spikes correlated with elevated expression of ...201122112217
Heterochromatin influences the secondary metabolite profile in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum.Chromatin modifications and heterochromatic marks have been shown to be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism gene clusters in the fungal model system Aspergillus nidulans. We examine here the role of HEP1, the heterochromatin protein homolog of Fusarium graminearum, for the production of secondary metabolites. Deletion of Hep1 in a PH-1 background strongly influences expression of genes required for the production of aurofusarin and the main tricothecene metabolite DON. In the Hep1 ...201122100541
A putative transcription factor MYT1 is required for female fertility in the ascomycete Gibberella zeae.Gibberella zeae is an important pathogen of major cereal crops. The fungus produces ascospores that forcibly discharge from mature fruiting bodies, which serve as the primary inocula for disease epidemics. In this study, we characterized an insertional mutant Z39P105 with a defect in sexual development and identified a gene encoding a putative transcription factor designated as MYT1. This gene contains a Myb DNA-binding domain and is conserved in the subphylum Pezizomycotina of Ascomycota. The M ...201121984921
quantification of tri5 gene, expression, and deoxynivalenol production during the malting of barley.fusarium can survive, grow, and produce mycotoxins during malting. we evaluated the percentage of barley kernels infected with fusarium (fi) and deoxynivalenol (don) concentration in three barley treatments (high-quality, naturally infected, and fusarium graminearum inoculated barley) during various stages of malting. we also applied real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time pcr) and real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (real-time rt-pcr) methods to quantify trichothecene-producing (tri5) dn ...201121871683
zearalenone contamination in barley, corn, silage and wheat bran.zearalenone (zen) is a nonsteroidal estrogen mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum and other fusarium species, which are plant pathogenic fungi that infect many plants and their products, including corn, barley, fruits and vegetables. this study presents the results of a survey for zen contamination on barley, corn, silage and wheat bran. a total of 54 samples were collected from shahrekord in spring and summer 2010, including 20 barley, 8 corn, 12 silage and 14 wheat bran and analyzed usin ...201122064679
comparative analysis of fusarium mitochondrial genomes reveals a highly variable region that encodes an exceptionally large open reading frame.the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of fusarium verticillioides, fusarium solani and fusarium graminearum were annotated and found to be 53.7, 63.0 and 95.7kb in length, respectively. the genomes encode all genes typically associated with mtdnas of filamentous fungi yet are considerably larger than the mt genome of f. oxysporum. size differences are largely due to the number of group i introns. surprisingly, the genomes contain a highly variable region of 7-9kb that encodes an exceptionally large, un ...201122178648
inactivation of plant infecting fungal and viral pathogens to achieve biological containment in drainage water using uv treatment.to explore whether ultraviolet (uv) light treatment within a closed circulating and filtered water drainage system can kill plant pathogenic species.201121226796
found in translation: high-throughput chemical screening in arabidopsis thaliana identifies small molecules that reduce fusarium head blight disease in wheat.despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as the fungus fusarium graminearum, the development of strategies for enhanced crop protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. to bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay in which the interaction between f. graminearum and the model plant arabidopsis thaliana is monitored in liquid media in 96-well plates. in this assay, fungal infection is associated with ...201121303209
atp citrate lyase is required for normal sexual and asexual development in gibberella zeae.adenosine triphosphate (atp) citrate lyase (acl) is a key enzyme in the production of cytosolic acetyl-coa, which is crucial for de novo lipid synthesis and histone acetylation in mammalian cells. in this study, we characterized the mechanistic roles of acl in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae, which causes fusarium head blight in major cereal crops. deletion of acl in the fungus resulted in a complete loss of self and female fertility as well as a reduction in asexual reproducti ...201121237280
trichothecene profiling and population genetic analysis of gibberella zeae from barley in north dakota and minnesota.gibberella zeae, the principal cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley, contaminates grains with several mycotoxins, which creates a serious problem for the malting barley industry in the united states, china, and europe. however, limited studies have been conducted on the trichothecene profiles and population genetic structure of g. zeae isolates collected from barley in the united states. trichothecene biosynthesis gene (tri)-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and 10 variable n ...201121244225
development of a novel multiplex dna microarray for fusarium graminearum and analysis of azole fungicide responses.the toxigenic fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum compromises wheat production worldwide. azole fungicides play a prominent role in controlling this pathogen. sequencing of its genome stimulated the development of high-throughput technologies to study mechanisms of coping with fungicide stress and adaptation to fungicides at a previously unprecedented precision. dna-microarrays have been used to analyze genome-wide gene expression patterns and uncovered complex transcriptional responses. ...201121255412
trichothecene genotypes and chemotypes in fusarium graminearum strains isolated from wheat in argentina.argentina is the fourth largest exporter of wheat in the world. the main pathogen associated with fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat in argentina is fusarium graminearum lineage 7 also termed f. graminearum sensu stricto in the f. graminearum species complex, which can produce the type b trichothecenes, usually deoxynivalenol (don) and its acetylated forms (3-adon and 15-adon) or nivalenol (niv). we used a multiplex pcr assay of tri3, tri7, and tri13 to determine the trichothecene genotype of 1 ...201121320729
proteome analysis of fusarium head blight in grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum).the effect of artificial fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum infection at the level of the proteome on grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum) was investigated in comparison to naturally infected samples. fusarium infection in barley led to numerous host-specific biochemical responses. nephge 2-d page and ms were used to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in response to fungal infection and growing location of the plants. moreover, the mycotoxin concentration of ...201121271677
structure-activity determinants in antifungal plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 with different modes of action against fusarium graminearum.plant defensins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial proteins. their three-dimensional structures are similar in that they consist of an α-helix and three anti-parallel β-strands stabilized by four disulfide bonds. plant defensins msdef1 and mtdef4 are potent inhibitors of the growth of several filamentous fungi including fusarium graminearum. however, they differ markedly in their antifungal properties as well as modes of antifungal action. msdef1 induces prolific hyperbranching of fungal hyph ...201121533249
species diversity and toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum complex isolates from maize fields in northwest argentina.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fg complex) are the causal agents of ear rot in maize and fusarium head blight of wheat and other small grain cereals. the potential of these pathogens to contaminate cereals with trichothecene mycotoxins is a health risk for both humans and animals. a survey of ear rot isolates from maize collected in northwest argentina recovered 66 isolates belonging to the fg complex. a multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay for determination of fg complex spe ...201121277035
expression of a radish defensin in transgenic wheat confers increased resistance to fusarium graminearum and rhizoctonia cerealis.fusarium head blight (scab), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) worldwide. wheat sharp eyespot, mainly caused by rhizoctonia cerealis, is one of the major diseases of wheat in china. the defensin rsafp2, a small cyteine-rich antifungal protein from radish (raphanus sativus), was shown to inhibit growth in vitro of agronomically important fungal pathogens, such as f. graminearum and r. cerealis. the rsafp2 gene was transformed into c ...201121279533
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