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the importance of challenge for the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities.although early interview-based analyses of the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities (e.g., chess, rock climbing, art making) suggested the importance of relatively difficult, "optimal" challenges, subsequent findings derived from a wider range of activities have not provided consistent support for this proposition. two studies were conducted to clarify the relation between challenge and enjoyment. study 1 focused on a single activity-internet chess. the importance of ch ...201222067510
the dark side of creativity: original thinkers can be more dishonest.creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. we propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals' ability to justify their behavior, which, in turn, leads to unethical behavior. in 5 studies, we show that participants with creative personalities tended to cheat more than less creative individuals and that dispositional creativity is a better predictor of unethical beh ...201222121888
predictors of caregiver distress among palliative home care clients in ontario: evidence based on the interrai palliative care.this study examines predictors of caregiver distress among community-based palliative care clients. analyses are based upon interrai palliative care (interrai pc) assessment data from palliative home care programs in three regions in ontario, canada.201222436557
large-scale brain networks in board game experts: insights from a domain-related task and task-free resting state.cognitive performance relies on the coordination of large-scale networks of brain regions that are not only temporally correlated during different tasks, but also networks that show highly correlated spontaneous activity during a task-free state. both task-related and task-free network activity has been associated with individual differences in cognitive performance. therefore, we aimed to examine the influence of cognitive expertise on four networks associated with cognitive task performance: t ...201222427852
supporting nurses' decisions with a multi-attribute model for patient health evaluation.nurses are required to make many important decisions, for instance on determining the level of the nursing problem, setting nursing diagnoses and interventions. the model presented in this paper is a tool for better and easier decision making is such situations. multi-attribute modeling of patients' basic living activities is used for evaluation and explanation of their health status. it offers also visualization and quantification of the data which facilitate decision making in the framework of ...201224199115
parallel excitation for b-field insensitive fat-saturation preparation.multichannel transmission has the potential to improve many aspects of mri through a new paradigm in excitation. in this study, multichannel transmission is used to address the effects that variations in b(0) homogeneity have on fat-saturation preparation through the use of the frequency, phase, and amplitude degrees of freedom afforded by independent transmission channels. b(1) homogeneity is intrinsically included via use of coil sensitivities in calculations. a new method, parallel excitation ...201222247080
conclusive quantum steering with superconducting transition-edge sensors.quantum steering allows two parties to verify shared entanglement even if one measurement device is untrusted. a conclusive demonstration of steering through the violation of a steering inequality is of considerable fundamental interest and opens up applications in quantum communication. to date, all experimental tests with single-photon states have relied on post selection, allowing untrusted devices to cheat by hiding unfavourable events in losses. here we close this 'detection loophole' by co ...201222233635
the effect of a computer-based intervention on adult children of alcoholics.people who grow up with a family member who has a substance use disorder (sud) are at risk for serious problems, and yet support for family members focuses mainly on the individual with the sud. technology may offer a way to make support widely available to family members of those with suds. this small randomized trial examined an online system of resources called chess (comprehensive health enhancement support system) for adult children of alcoholics (acoas), a population at greater risk for su ...201222227576
higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior.seven studies using experimental and naturalistic methods reveal that upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals. in studies 1 and 2, upper-class individuals were more likely to break the law while driving, relative to lower-class individuals. in follow-up laboratory studies, upper-class individuals were more likely to exhibit unethical decision-making tendencies (study 3), take valued goods from others (study 4), lie in a negotiation (study 5), cheat to increas ...201222371585
suppressive competition: how sounds may cheat sight.in this issue of neuron, iurilli et al. (2012) demonstrate that auditory cortex activation directly engages local gabaergic circuits in v1 to induce sound-driven hyperpolarizations in layer 2/3 and layer 6 pyramidal neurons. thereby, sounds can directly suppress v1 activity and visual driven behavior.201222365538
[eye pathology in the paintings by georges de la tour (iii). strabismus: the cheat with ace of diamonds]. 201222341364
how to cheat when you cannot lie? deceit pollination in begonia gracilis.mimicry between rewarding and non-rewarding flowers within individuals has been accepted as a strategy favored by selection to deceive pollinators. it has been proposed that this mechanism relies on the exploitation of pollinator's sensory biases, but field evidence is still scarce. in this study, we describe the mechanism of deceit pollination in the monoecious herb begonia gracilis, a species with exposed rewarding structures (pollen) and intersexual mimicry. specifically, we test the role of ...201222302510
reduced caudate volume and enhanced striatal-dmn integration in chess experts.the superior capability of chess experts largely depends on quick automatic processing skills which are considered to be mediated by the caudate nucleus. we asked whether continued practice or rehearsal of the skill over a long period of time can lead to structural changes in this region. we found that, comparing to novice controls, grandmaster and master level chinese chess players (gm/ms), who had a mean period of over 10years of tournament and training practice, exhibited significant smaller ...201222270350
predicting heart failure mortality in frail seniors: comparing the nyha functional classification with the resident assessment instrument (rai) 2.0.though the nyha functional classification is recommended in clinical settings, concerns have been raised about its reliability particularly among older patients. the rai 2.0 is a comprehensive assessment system specifically developed for frail seniors. we hypothesized that a prognostic model for heart failure (hf) developed from the rai 2.0 would be superior to the nyha classification. the purpose of this study was to determine whether a hf-specific prognostic model based on the rai 2.0 is super ...201221292334
the process and effect of supportive message expression and reception in online breast cancer support groups.to better understand the process and effect of social support exchanges within computer-mediated social support (cmss) groups for breast cancer patients, this study examines (1) the dynamic interplay between emotional support giving and receiving and (2) the relative effects of emotional support giving and receiving on patients' psychosocial health outcomes.201221416553
launching "the evolution of cooperation".this article describes three aspects of the author's early work on the evolution of the cooperation. first, it explains how the idea for a computer tournament for the iterated prisoner's dilemma was inspired by the artificial intelligence research on computer checkers and computer chess. second, it shows how the vulnerability of simple reciprocity of misunderstanding or misimplementation can be eliminated with the addition of some degree of generosity or contrition. third, it recounts the unusua ...201221540040
fat-suppressed mr images of both hands obtained using chess can be improved by rice pads.when chemical shift selective (chess) imaging is used with magnetic resonance imaging (mri) for simultaneous imaging of both hands for the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis, the fat suppression effect is poor. we investigated whether these fat-suppressed images using chess could be improved with the use of rice pads. t1-weighted images were obtained with chess and the same imaging parameters were used with and without rice pads on the coronal plane of both hands in 10 healthy volunteers. patien ...201221708440
how patients recovering from alcoholism use a smartphone intervention.objective: mobile technology has the potential to radically improve addiction treatment and continuing care by offering emotional and instrumental support anywhere and just in time. this is particularly important in addiction because timing is critical to preventing relapse. although most experts consider alcoholism to be a chronic disease, providers do not typically offer ongoing support for relapse prevention after patients complete treatment, even though a central characteristic of alcoholism ...201223316127
'checkmating hiv&aids': using chess to break the silence in the classroom.in this article, i give an account of my 'checkmating hiv&aids' action research project, which was an attempt to break the 'culture of silence' concerning hiv&aids and sex and sexuality in my classroom. in this project, i focused specifically on one code of sport, namely chess, and i point out and discuss the potential of using chess as an educational tool in addressing hiv&aids. it was found that learners enjoy playing chess and that it can be used in the life orientation classroom to promote h ...201223234377
visual acuity evaluated by pattern-reversal visual-evoked potential is affected by check size/visual angle.to systemically explore the range of visual angles that affect visual acuity, and to establish the relationship between the p1 component (peak latency ~100 ms) of the pattern-reversal visual-evoked potential (prvep) and the visual acuity at particular visual angles.201223225314
clinical outcomes of a novel, family-centered partial hospitalization program for young patients with eating disorders.eating disorders (ed) in children and younger adolescents are becoming more evident, but there is a small evidence base for their management in this population. we hypothesized that a new family-centered partial hospital program for young patients would be effective in promoting weight gain, as well as improvement in psychiatric symptoms.201223086252
the tell-tale heart: heart rate fluctuations index objective and subjective events during a game of chess.during a decision-making process, the body changes. these somatic changes have been related to specific cognitive events and also have been postulated to assist decision-making indexing possible outcomes of different options. we used chess to analyze heart rate (hr) modulations on specific cognitive events. in a chess game, players have a limited time-budget to make about 40 moves (decisions) that can be objectively evaluated and retrospectively assigned to specific subjectively perceived events ...201223060777
inhibition of irrelevant information is not necessary to performance of expert chess players.some studies on expertise have demonstrated that the difference between novices and experts can be partly due to a lack of knowledge about which information is relevant for a given situation. this lack of knowledge seems to be associated with the selection of correct information and with inhibitory processes. however, while the efficiency of inhibitory processes can lead to better performance in the normal population, it seems that experts in chess do not base their performance on this process b ...201223033745
plant kin recognition enhances abundance of symbiotic microbial partner.the stability of cooperative interactions among different species can be compromised by cheating. in the plant-mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis, a single mycorrhizal network may interact with many plants, providing the opportunity for individual plants to cheat by obtaining nutrients from the fungi without donating carbon. here we determine whether kin selection may favour plant investment in the mycorrhizal network, reducing the incentive to cheat when relatives interact with a single network.201223029158
comparing frailty measures in their ability to predict adverse outcome among older residents of assisted living.few studies have directly compared the competing approaches to identifying frailty in more vulnerable older populations. we examined the ability of two versions of a frailty index (43 vs. 83 items), the cardiovascular health study (chs) frailty criteria, and the chess scale to accurately predict the occurrence of three outcomes among assisted living (al) residents followed over one year.201222978265
pollination: the price of attraction.nectar is the major currency bringing together plants and pollinators; yet the costs and benefits of nectar production remain poorly understood. a low nectar line developed in petunia offers an innovative approach to this problem and may offer clues to why some plants cheat and secure pollination via deception.201222974993
honesty requires time (and lack of justifications).recent research suggests that refraining from cheating in tempting situations requires self-control, which indicates that serving self-interest is an automatic tendency. however, evidence also suggests that people cheat to the extent that they can justify their unethical behavior to themselves. to merge these different lines of research, we adopted a dual-system approach that distinguished between the intuitive and deliberative cognitive systems. we suggest that for people to restrict their dish ...201222972904
coevolution of trustful buyers and cooperative sellers in the trust game.many online marketplaces enjoy great success. buyers and sellers in successful markets carry out cooperative transactions even if they do not know each other in advance and a moral hazard exists. an indispensable component that enables cooperation in such social dilemma situations is the reputation system. under the reputation system, a buyer can avoid transacting with a seller with a bad reputation. a transaction in online marketplaces is better modeled by the trust game than other social dilem ...201222970176
temperament: then and now.one of many publications emanating from the new york longitudinal study (nyls), the prospective study of stella chess, alexander thomas, and mahin hassibi of six cases of depression during childhood and adolescence, which appeared in the journal of nervous and mental disease in 1983, provides an opportunity to reflect on the climate in which the nyls was conceived and conducted. its methodology is reviewed, and principle findings are summarized. in the more than 50 years since the inception of t ...201222850299
simulating multiple character interactions with collaborative and adversarial goals.this paper proposes a new methodology for synthesizing animations of multiple characters, allowing them to intelligently compete with one another in dense environments, while still satisfying requirements set by an animator. to achieve these two conflicting objectives simultaneously, our method separately evaluates the competition and collaboration of the interactions, integrating the scores to select an action that maximizes both criteria. we extend the idea of min-max search, normally used for ...201222844676
allergen of the month--downy chess. 201222840262
frontal lobe function in chess players.chess is considered as a cognitive game because of severe engagement of the mental resources during playing. the purpose of this study is evaluation of frontal lobe function of chess players with matched non-players. wisconsin card sorting test (wcst) data showed no difference between the player and non-player groups in preservation error and completed categories but surprisingly showed significantly lower grade of the player group in correct response. our data reveal that chess players don't ha ...201222837083
the effects of combining web-based ehealth with telephone nurse case management for pediatric asthma control: a randomized controlled trial.asthma is the most common pediatric illness in the united states, burdening low-income and minority families disproportionately and contributing to high health care costs. clinic-based asthma education and telephone case management have had mixed results on asthma control, as have ehealth programs and online games.201222835804
the clever strategy of a tiny crustacean eye early in the evolution of vision.henningsmoenicaris scutula (walossek and müller, 1990) (fig. 1) is a tiny representative of crustacea, systematically standing close to the stemline. it is found in stinkstone ('orsten') nodules from the alum shale, where a rich fauna of small organisms is excellently preserved. three dimensional morphology is retained by phosphatisation, which exhibits the finest details, such as cuticular structures, fine appendages and especially the morphology of the compound eyes. the stalked eyes of h. scu ...201222808326
the benefits of chess for the intellectual and social-emotional enrichment in schoolchildren.this paper examines the benefits of regularly playing chess for the intellectual and social-emotional enrichment of a group of 170 schoolchildren from 6-16 years old. it is based on a quasi-experimental design, where the independent variable was the extracurricular activity of chess (n = 170) versus extracurricular activities of soccer or basketball (n = 60). the dependent variable was intellectual and socio-affective competence, which was measured by an iq test (wisc-r), a self-report test (tam ...201222774429
it pays to cheat: tactical deception in a cephalopod social signalling system.signals in intraspecific communication should be inherently honest; otherwise the system is prone to collapse. theory predicts, however, that honest signalling systems are susceptible to invasion by cheats, the extent of which is largely mediated by fear of reprisal. cuttlefish facultatively change their shape and colour, an ability that evolved to avoid predators and capture prey. here, we show that this ability is tactically employed by male mourning cuttlefish (sepia plangon) to mislead consp ...201222764112
combination of chemical suppression techniques for dual suppression of fat and silicone at diffusion-weighted mr imaging in women with breast implants.silicone breast prostheses prove technically challenging when performing diffusion-weighted mr imaging in the breasts. we describe a combined fat and chemical suppression scheme to achieve dual suppression of fat and silicone, thereby improving the quality of diffusion-weighted images in women with breast implants.201222706913
fathers see stronger family resemblances than non-fathers in unrelated children's faces.even after they have taken all reasonable measures to decrease the probability that their spouses cheat on them, men still face paternal uncertainty. such uncertainty can lead to paternal disinvestment, which reduces the children's probability to survive and reproduce, and thus the reproductive success of the fathers themselves. a theoretical model shows that, other things being equal, men who feel confident that they have fathered their spouses' offspring tend to enjoy greater fitness (i.e., le ...201222695644
thieves or mutualists? pulp feeders enhance endozoochore local recruitment.the persistence of mutualisms despite the strong incidence of exploiters could be explained if exploiters deny one or more services (i.e., cheat) while eventually supplying some subtler but critical services. pulp feeders usually ingest fruit reward without dispersing seeds and thus are considered to be mainly cheaters or thieves of seed-disperser mutualisms. by consuming the fruit pulp, however, they could release seeds from pulp inhibitory effect, enhancing germination and, potentially, subseq ...201222624212
the direct and ecological costs of an ant-plant symbiosis.how strong is selection for cheating in mutualisms? the answer depends on the type and magnitude of the costs of the mutualism. here we investigated the direct and ecological costs of plant defense by ants in the association between cordia nodosa, a myrmecophytic plant, and allomerus octoarticulatus, a phytoecious ant. cordia nodosa trees produce food and housing to reward ants that protect them against herbivores. for nearly 1 year, we manipulated the presence of a. octoarticulatus ants and mos ...201222617264
impact of pediatric epilepsy on sleep patterns and behaviors in children and parents.disrupted sleep patterns in children with epilepsy and their parents are commonly described clinically. a number of studies have shown increased frequency of sleep disorders among pediatric epilepsy patients; however, few have characterized the association between epilepsy and parental sleep quality and household sleeping arrangements. the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of pediatric epilepsy on child sleep, parental sleep and fatigue, and parent-child sleeping arrangements, incl ...201222594377
symmetry breaking and optical negative index of closed nanorings.metamaterials have extraordinary abilities, such as imaging beyond the diffraction limit and invisibility. many metamaterials are based on split-ring structures, however, like atomic orbital currents, it has long been believed that closed rings cannot produce negative refractive index. here we report a low-loss and polarization-independent negative-index metamaterial made solely of closed metallic nanorings. using symmetry breaking that negatively couples the discrete nanorings, we measured nega ...201223149726
triathlon: how to mentally prepare for the big race.with the mastery of 3 sports required, a triathlon can be a daunting mental challenge. some liken a triathlon to a physical game of chess. a triathlete must mentally assess their physical ability across 3 sports against their competitors, the environment, and, most of all, themselves. the mental preparation required for a triathlon is often minimized, but its importance should not be underestimated. appropriate mental planning should be carried out during training. the need for nutrition, race p ...201223147092
signing at the beginning makes ethics salient and decreases dishonest self-reports in comparison to signing at the end.many written forms required by businesses and governments rely on honest reporting. proof of honest intent is typically provided through signature at the end of, e.g., tax returns or insurance policy forms. still, people sometimes cheat to advance their financial self-interests-at great costs to society. we test an easy-to-implement method to discourage dishonesty: signing at the beginning rather than at the end of a self-report, thereby reversing the order of the current practice. using laborat ...201222927408
relationship power, control, and dating violence among latina girls.we drew on the theory of gender and power and grounded theory methodology to explore how 18 latina girls conceptualized power and control within their heterosexual dating relationships. our findings indicate that boys/men used a number of strategies to control girls, including: regulating appearances and behaviors; cheating and threatening to cheat; and physical and sexual violence. girls used a variety of strategies to resist these attempts to control them, including: lying, flirting, and cheat ...201222926188
the role of intuition and deliberative thinking in experts' superior tactical decision-making.current theories argue that human decision making is largely based on quick, automatic, and intuitive processes that are occasionally supplemented by slow controlled deliberation. researchers, therefore, predominantly studied the heuristics of the automatic system in everyday decision making. our study examines the role of slow deliberation for experts who exhibit superior decision-making outcomes in tactical chess problems with clear best moves. our study uses advanced computer software to meas ...201222541584
is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? a social history of an algorithm.since the mid 1960s, researchers in computer science have famously referred to chess as the 'drosophila' of artificial intelligence (ai). what they seem to mean by this is that chess, like the common fruit fly, is an accessible, familiar, and relatively simple experimental technology that nonetheless can be used productively to produce valid knowledge about other, more complex systems. but for historians of science and technology, the analogy between chess and drosophila assumes a larger signifi ...201222530382
[various characteristics of gene localization in eukaryotic chromosomes. formulation of a problem and analysis of non-random localization of mating type loci in fungi].we have denoted two possible models of gene order evolution as the "card" and "chess" models. the first suggests random shuffling of genes during evolution, the second--non-random gene transposition, gene order being checked by natural selection. we discuss here localization of the mating type locus in fungal genomes. in 8 of 10 genetically well studied species of ascomycetous fungi, the mating type locus is linked to a centromere; in one species, it segregates regularly during the second meioti ...20123542707
the dynamics of cooperative bacterial virulence in the field.laboratory experiments have shown that the fitness of microorganisms can depend on cooperation between cells. although this insight has revolutionized our understanding of microbial life, results from artificial microcosms have not been validated in complex natural populations. we investigated the sociality of essential virulence factors (crystal toxins) in the pathogen bacillus thuringiensis using diamondback moth larvae (plutella xylostella) as hosts. we show that toxin production is cooperati ...201222767928
can simpson's paradox explain co-operation in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms?co-operative behaviours, such as the production of public goods, are commonly displayed by bacteria in biofilms and can enhance their ability to survive in environmental or clinical settings. non-co-operative cheats commonly arise and should, theoretically, disrupt co-operative behaviour. its stability therefore requires explanation, but no mechanisms to suppress cheating within biofilms have yet been demonstrated experimentally. theoretically, repeated aggregation into groups, interleaved with ...201222469426
antiviral stockpiles for influenza pandemics from the household perspective: treatment alone versus treatment with prophylaxis.model-based studies of antiviral use to mitigate the impact of moderate and severe influenza pandemics implicitly take the viewpoint of a central public health authority. however, it seems likely that the key decision of when to use antivirals will be made at the household level. we used a stochastic compartmental model of the transmission of influenza within and between households to evaluate the expected mortality under two strategies: households saving available antivirals for treatment only ...201223746802
in sport, are good genes just another cheat? 201215460617
[anxiolytic efficacy and tolerance of tetrabamate in anxious patients abusing alcohol. multicenter double-blind versus placebo study].the anxiolytic efficacy of tetrabamate was evaluated in 68 out-patients presenting an anxiety state with alcohol abuse according to dsm iii criteria. the study followed a double-blind placebo-controlled design with parallel groups and lasted for 21 days. anxiety was evaluated by the hamilton anxiety scale, norris visual analog scales, and the hopkins symptom check list, along with the investigator's assessment. safety was evaluated in terms of somatic symptoms (chess 84) and the physician's over ...20133545785
[a controlled double-blind study of tetrabamate versus lorazepam and placebo in generalized anxiety].the anxiolytic efficacy of tetrabamate was evaluated in a multicentric double-blind study versus lorazepam and placebo, in 269 patients with a generalized anxiety disorder according to dsm iii-r criteria. the anxiolytic activity of tetrabamate (at 900 mg/day) was significantly superior than that of placebo from day 7 of treatment and equivalent to lorazepam efficacy (at 4.5 mg/day). in the tetrabamate group, 55.3% were considered as "good responders" (as defined by a hars score reduction equal o ...20131959498
silicone-fat differentiation in the breast: exploiting the bright-fat phenomenon in fast spin-echo mr imaging.selective suppression of silicone or fat with chemical shift-selective (chess) pulses is difficult because of the small chemical shift difference between the primary lipid signal and the primary silicone signal at 1.5 t. differentiation of these chemically distinct species is, however, an important clinical task in assessing implant rupture and silicone migration in breast tissue. a method uniquely suited for silicone-fat differentiation with fast spin-echo (fse) sequences is reported. it is bas ...20137865948
biodegradation of ivory (natural apatite): possible involvement of fungal activity in biodeterioration of the lewis chessmen.fungal biodeterioration of ivory was investigated with in vitro inoculation of samples obtained from boar and walrus tusks with the fungi aspergillus niger and serpula himantioides, species of known geoactive abilities. a combination of light and scanning electron microscopy together with associated analytical techniques was used to characterize fungal interactions with the ivory, including changes in ivory composition, dissolution and tunnelling, and the formation of new biominerals. the resear ...201323157656
roundtable: what is temperament? four approaches.4 current approaches to understanding temperament are discussed in the roundtable. in an introductory overview, goldsmith outlines some of the major convergences and divergences in the understanding of this concept. theorists representing 4 positions--goldsmith, buss and plomin, rothbart, and thomas and chess--outline their views by responding to each of 6 questions: how do you define temperament and explain the boundaries of the concept? what are the elements of temperatment? how does the const ...20133829791
efficient universal blind quantum computation.we give a cheat sensitive protocol for blind universal quantum computation that is efficient in terms of computational and communication resources: it allows one party to perform an arbitrary computation on a second party's quantum computer without revealing either which computation is performed, or its input and output. the first party's computational capabilities can be extremely limited: she must only be able to create and measure single-qubit superposition states. the second party is not req ...201324476238
efficacy of the core dna barcodes in identifying processed and poorly conserved plant materials commonly used in south african traditional medicine.medicinal plants cover a broad range of taxa, which may be phylogenetically less related but morphologically very similar. such morphological similarity between species may lead to misidentification and inappropriate use. also the substitution of a medicinal plant by a cheaper alternative (e.g. other non-medicinal plant species), either due to misidentification, or deliberately to cheat consumers, is an issue of growing concern. in this study, we used dna barcoding to identify commonly used medi ...201324453559
expertise and processing distorted structure in chess.a classic finding in research on human expertise and knowledge is that of enhanced memory for stimuli in a domain of expertise as compared to either stimuli outside that domain, or within-domain stimuli that have been degraded or distorted in some way. however, we do not understand how experts process degradation or distortion of stimuli within the expert domain (e.g., a face with the eyes, nose, and mouth in the wrong positions, or a chessboard with pieces placed randomly). focusing on the doma ...201324348371
cortical and hippocampal correlates of deliberation during model-based decisions for rewards in humans.how do we use our memories of the past to guide decisions we've never had to make before? although extensive work describes how the brain learns to repeat rewarded actions, decisions can also be influenced by associations between stimuli or events not directly involving reward - such as when planning routes using a cognitive map or chess moves using predicted countermoves - and these sorts of associations are critical when deciding among novel options. this process is known as model-based decisi ...201324339770
muscle nuclei remember to cheat death. 201324339150
effect of exercising while fasting on eating behaviors and food intake.alternate day fasting combined with exercise is effective for weight loss.201324176020
case study in psychobiographical ethics.this article addresses ethical issues relative to the conduct and reporting of psychobiographical research. the author's recent psychobiographical study of world chess champion bobby fischer (1943-2008) is used to illustrate particular ethical challenges and responses in six areas: (1) institutional review board (irb) evaluation and informed consent; (2) balancing objective research with respect for psychobiographical subject; (3) inviting subject or next-of-kin to read and comment on working dr ...201324169418
bird brood parasitism.for many animals, the effort to rear their young is considerable. in birds, this often includes building nests, incubating eggs, feeding the chicks, and protecting them from predators. perhaps for this reason, about 1% of birds (around 100 species) save themselves the effort and cheat instead. they are obligate brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species and leaving the hosts or foster parents to rear the foreign chicks for them. some birds also cheat on individuals of the s ...201324156805
the impact of dopamine on aggression: an [18f]-fdopa pet study in healthy males.cerebral dopamine (da) transmission is thought to be an important modulator for the development and occurrence of aggressive behavior. however, the link between aggression and da transmission in humans has not been investigated using molecular imaging and standardized behavioral tasks. we investigated aggression as a function of da transmission in a group of (n = 21) healthy male volunteers undergoing 6-[18f]-fluoro-l-dopa (fdopa)-positron emission tomography (pet) and a modified version of the ...201324155295
the symmetry of self mutilation and the chess board pattern. 201322528020
iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (ideal) of the wrist and finger at 3t: comparison with chemical shift selective fat suppression images.to compare fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging (mri) quality using iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (ideal) with that using chemical shift selective fat-suppressed t1-weighted spin-echo (chess) images for evaluating rheumatoid arthritis (ra) lesions of the hand and finger at 3t.201322911970
when cheating would make you a cheater: implicating the self prevents unethical behavior.in 3 experiments using 2 different paradigms, people were less likely to cheat for personal gain when a subtle change in phrasing framed such behavior as diagnostic of an undesirable identity. participants were given the opportunity to claim money they were not entitled to at the experimenters' expense; instructions referred to cheating with either language that was designed to highlight the implications of cheating for the actor's identity (e.g., "please don't be a cheater") or language that fo ...201323127418
predictors of the change in the expression of emotional support within an online breast cancer support group: a longitudinal study.to explore how the expression of emotional support in an online breast cancer support group changes over time, and what factors predict this pattern of change.201323122429
out of mind, out of heart: attention affects duration of emotional experience.it has been suggested that the extent to which a person maintains attention to pleasant versus unpleasant aspects of a given stimulus has an effect on the self-reported affective state. this assumption was empirically tested in two experiments. in study 1, participants received the instruction either to focus on a positive emotion-eliciting event (winning a tournament chess game) or to focus their attention on an affectively neutral distraction task (describing drawings). study 2 used negative p ...201322963519
you can't beat experience, but you can cheat it. 201323218884
enhanced fat suppression technique for breast imaging.to evaluate a new fat suppression technique using multiple fat suppression pulses intended for breast dynamic contrast-enhanced (dce) imaging using segmented three-dimensional fast field echo (ffe).201323172831
magnetization exchange observed in human skeletal muscle by non-water-suppressed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.many metabolites in the proton magnetic resonance spectrum undergo magnetization exchange with water, such as those in the downfield region (6.0-8.5 ppm) and the upfield peaks of creatine, which can be measured to reveal additional information about the molecular environment. in addition, these resonances are attenuated by conventional water suppression techniques complicating detection and quantification. to characterize these metabolites in human skeletal muscle in vivo at 3 t, metabolite cycl ...201323172828
accuracy and consensus in judgments of trustworthiness from faces: behavioral and neural correlates.perceivers' inferences about individuals based on their faces often show high interrater consensus and can even accurately predict behavior in some domains. here we investigated the consensus and accuracy of judgments of trustworthiness. in study 1, we showed that the type of photo judged makes a significant difference for whether an individual is judged as trustworthy. in study 2, we found that inferences of trustworthiness made from the faces of corporate criminals did not differ from inferenc ...201323276271
predictors of online health information seeking among women with breast cancer: the role of social support perception and emotional well-being.this study attempts to examine the role of social support perception and emotional well-being on online information seeking among cancer patients within the context of chess, a well-established interactive cancer communication system (iccs). factor and regression analyses conducted among 231 breast cancer patients revealed that social support perception and emotional well-being interacted with each other to influence online health information seeking. patients with low social support perception ...201324634575
mutations to the pirna pathway component aubergine enhance meiotic drive of segregation distorter in drosophila melanogaster.diploid sexual reproduction involves segregation of allelic pairs, ensuring equal representation of genotypes in the gamete pool. some genes, however, are able to "cheat" the system by promoting their own transmission. the segregation distorter (sd) locus in drosophila melanogaster males is one of the best-studied examples of this type of phenomenon. in this system the presence of sd on one copy of chromosome 2 results in dysfunction of the non-sd-bearing (sd(+)) sperm and almost exclusive trans ...201323267055
pairing context determines condition-dependence of song rate in a monogamous passerine bird.condition-dependence of male ornaments is thought to provide honest signals on which females can base their sexual choice for genetic quality. recent studies show that condition-dependence patterns can vary within populations. although long-term association is thought to promote honest signalling, no study has explored the influence of pairing context on the condition-dependence of male ornaments. in this study, we assessed the influence of natural variation in body condition on song rate in zeb ...201323256191
the temporo-parietal junction contributes to global gestalt perception-evidence from studies in chess experts.in a recent neuroimaging study the comparison of intact vs. disturbed perception of global gestalt indicated a significant role of the temporo-parietal junction (tpj) in the intact perception of global gestalt (huberle and karnath, 2012). this location corresponded well with the areas known to be damaged or impaired in patients with simultanagnosia after stroke or due to neurodegenerative diseases. it was concluded that the tpj plays an important role in the integration of individual items to a ...201324009574
the cheater's high: the unexpected affective benefits of unethical behavior.many theories of moral behavior assume that unethical behavior triggers negative affect. in this article, we challenge this assumption and demonstrate that unethical behavior can trigger positive affect, which we term a "cheater's high." across 6 studies, we find that even though individuals predict they will feel guilty and have increased levels of negative affect after engaging in unethical behavior (studies 1a and 1b), individuals who cheat on different problem-solving tasks consistently expe ...201324000799
frequency-selective fat suppression radiofrequency pulse train to remove olefinic fats.chess pulse can suppress the signal originating from aliphatic fat protons but cannot suppress the signal from olefinic fat protons, which is near the resonance frequency of water protons. adipose tissue contains various fat species; aliphatic fat comprises about 90 % and olefinic fat about 10 % of adipose tissue. thus, chess pulse cannot be used to suppress the signal from adipose tissue completely. the purpose of this study was to find a method to suppress the signal from adipose tissue comple ...201323990698
dead-baby dreams, transfiguration and recovery from infant death trauma in northeast brazil.maternal reactions to infant death in northeast brazil have been at the epicenter of anthropological debate since the 1980s. this ethnographic study of 45 death narratives by bereaved mothers collected from 1979-1989 in pacatuba, ceará, brazil, refutes existing claims of mothers' "selective neglect" and "indifference" towards sick babies and emotionally empty grief response. i argue that through dead-baby dreams--and their imaginary transfiguration-grieving mothers alleviate infant death trauma. ...201323988325
effects of intravenous albumin in patients with cirrhosis and episodic hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized double-blind study.episodic hepatic encephalopathy is frequently precipitated by factors that induce circulatory dysfunction, cause oxidative stress-mediated damage or enhance astrocyte swelling. the administration of albumin could modify these factors and improve the outcome of hepatic encephalopathy. the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of albumin in a multicenter, prospective, double-blind, controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov number, nct00886925).201323872605
erp to chess stimuli reveal expert-novice differences in the amplitudes of n2 and p3 components.erp experiments were conducted to analyze the underlying neural events when chess players make simple judgments of a board position. fourteen expert players and 14 age-matched novices viewed, for each of four tasks, 128 unique positions on a mini (4 × 4) chess board each presented for 0.5 s. the tasks were to respond: (a) if white king was in check, (b) if black knight was present, (c) if white king was not in check, and (d) if no black knight was present. experts showed an enhanced n2 with chec ...201323837745
indelible distrust: memory bias toward cheaters revealed as high persistence against extinction.our ability to learn about the reputations of others-that is, who is likely to cooperate versus cheat-contributes greatly to cooperativeness in society. there has been recent debate whether humans employ memory bias favoring cheaters (i.e., there is an evolved module for the detection of cheaters) or whether no such bias exists (i.e., reputation learning is flexibly modulated by contextual factors). we report 3 experiments that address this issue by comparing persistence against extinction-which ...201323773183
reverse deterrence in racial profiling: increased transgressions by nonprofiled whites.a controlled experiment tested the possibility that racial profiling-disproportionate scrutiny of a minority racial group by sanctioned authorities-would have a "reverse deterrent" effect on the illicit behavior of members of a nonprofiled majority group. research participants given a task involving extremely difficult anagrams were given the opportunity to cheat. white participants randomly assigned to a condition in which two black confederates were obtrusively singled out for scrutiny by the ...201323772918
evolutionary stability and resistance to cheating in an indirect reciprocity model based on reputation.indirect reciprocity is one of the main mechanisms to explain the emergence and sustainment of altruism in societies. the standard approach to indirect reciprocity is reputation models. these are games in which players base their decisions on their opponent's reputation gained in past interactions with other players (moral assessment). the combination of actions and moral assessment leads to a large diversity of strategies; thus determining the stability of any of them against invasions by all t ...201323767587
lingering fat signals with chess in simultaneous imaging of both hands can be improved with rice pads in both 1.5t and 3.0t.to investigate whether rice pads can eliminate lingering fat signals of the complex surface shape of both hands that occur with chemical shift selective (chess) at 1.5t and 3.0t.201323743055
unraveling the soul of autoimmune diseases: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment adding dowels to the puzzle.the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ads) is characterized by a complex interaction between genetic, immune defects, environmental and hormonal factors. the concept of "mosaic of autoimmunity" deals with the multi-factorial origin and diversity of expression of ads in humans. genetic leads to a predisposition in developing an autoimmune syndrome, but the presence of an external or endogenous environmental factor, recently called "exposome," is essential in triggering the immune response. inf ...201323733136
differentiation of chinese liquors by using ambient glow discharge ionization mass spectrometry.chinese liquors are often a very important part of social event in china. driven by high profit, some illegal traders often use inferior liquors instead of the products with high quality to cheat the customer. therefore, it is highly required to authenticate chinese liquors. in this paper a novel method based on ambient glow discharge ionization mass spectrometry has been developed to differentiate chinese liquors. volatile components from liquor samples were ionized by the plasma generated by g ...201323689281
the effect of whole body vibration exposure on muscle function in children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot efficacy trial.to examine the effects of whole body vibration (wbv) exposure on muscle function in children with cystic fibrosis (cf). non-randomised controlled cross-over trial.201323671546
differential impact of hyponatremia and hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life and brain metabolite abnormalities in cirrhosis.hyponatremia (hn) and hepatic encephalopathy (he) together can impair health-related quality of life (hrqol) and cognition in cirrhosis. we aimed at studying the effect of hyponatremia on cognition, hrqol, and brain mr spectroscopy (mrs) independent of he.201323665182
[collaboration between knmvd and the hague. it is playing chess on several boards at once]. 201323638551
the mechanisms and boundary conditions of the einstellung effect in chess: evidence from eye movements.in a wide range of problem-solving settings, the presence of a familiar solution can block the discovery of better solutions (i.e., the einstellung effect). to investigate this effect, we monitored the eye movements of expert and novice chess players while they solved chess problems that contained a familiar move (i.e., the einstellung move), as well as an optimal move that was located in a different region of the board. when the einstellung move was an advantageous (but suboptimal) move, both t ...201324124515
exploring the brains of baduk (go) experts: gray matter morphometry, resting-state functional connectivity, and graph theoretical analysis.one major characteristic of experts is intuitive judgment, which is an automatic process whereby patterns stored in memory through long-term training are recognized. indeed, long-term training may influence brain structure and function. a recent study revealed that chess experts at rest showed differences in structure and functional connectivity (fc) in the head of caudate, which is associated with rapid best next-move generation. however, less is known about the structure and function of the br ...201324106471
possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception: pet-fmri study.to investigate brain maintenance of deliberate deception the positron emission tomography and the event related functional mri studies were performed. we used an experimental paradigm that presupposed free choices between equally beneficial deceptive or honest actions. experimental task simulated the "cheat" card game which aims to defeat an opponent by sequential deceptive and honest claims. results of both the pet and the fmri studies revealed that execution of both deliberately deceptive and ...201324100194
effective connectivity reveals strategy differences in an expert calculator.mathematical reasoning is a core component of cognition and the study of experts defines the upper limits of human cognitive abilities, which is why we are fascinated by peak performers, such as chess masters and mental calculators. here, we investigated the neural bases of calendrical skills, i.e. the ability to rapidly identify the weekday of a particular date, in a gifted mental calculator who does not fall in the autistic spectrum, using functional mri. graph-based mapping of effective conne ...201324086291
the ergonomics of dishonesty: the effect of incidental posture on stealing, cheating, and traffic violations.research in environmental sciences has found that the ergonomic design of human-made environments influences thought, feeling, and action. in the research reported here, we examined the impact of physical environments on dishonest behavior. in four studies, we tested whether certain bodily configurations-or postures-incidentally imposed by the environment led to increases in dishonest behavior. the first three experiments showed that individuals who assumed expansive postures (either consciously ...201324068113
a prototype direct-detection ccd for protein crystallography.the fabrication and testing of a prototype deep-depletion direct-conversion x-ray ccd detector are described. the device is fabricated on 600 µm-thick high-resistivity silicon, with 24 × 24 µm pixels in a 4k × 4k pixel format. calibration measurements and the results of initial protein crystallography experiments at the cornell high energy synchrotron source (chess) f1 beamline are described, as well as suggested improvements for future versions of the detector.201324046505
power and temptation cause shifts between exploitation and cooperation in a cleaner wrasse mutualism.in many instances of cooperation, only one individual has both the potential and the incentive to 'cheat' and exploit its partner. under these asymmetric conditions, a simple model predicts that variation in the temptation to cheat and in the potential victim's capacity for partner control leads to shifts between exploitation and cooperation. here, we show that the threat of early termination of an interaction was sufficient to induce cleaner wrasse labroides dimidiatus to feed selectively again ...201323615288
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