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poly(a) tail length of a heat shock protein rna is increased by severe heat stress, but intron splicing is unaffected.the small heat shock proteins (shsps) are induced in all eukaryotes in response to high temperature stress, but are most abundant among members of the plant kingdom where they accumulate in multiple subcellular compartments. we have analyzed the expression of the chloroplast-localized shsp from arabidopsis thaliana, hsp21, and characterized the structure of the gene encoding this protein to facilitate future genetic studies on the function of hsp21 in the heat shock response. hsp21 is encoded in ...19938391109
intraspecific length heterogeneity of the rdna-igr in arabidopsis thaliana due to homologous recombination.a new heterogeneity of the rdna spacer of arabidopsis thaliana, resulting from variation in copy number of the so-called 'c' repeat located downstream of the presumptive polymerase i promoter, is reported. variation is shown to occur within and between ecotypes. pcr analysis and sequence comparison suggests that the observed length heterogeneity is due to homologous recombination.19938329690
nucleotide sequence of an arabidopsis thaliana turgor-responsive tmp-b cdna clone encoding transmembrane protein with a major intrinsic protein motif. 19938108519
cdna encoding a putative 10-kilodalton chaperonin from arabidopsis thaliana. 19937906419
inhibitory effects of acetaminophen, 7,8-benzoflavone and methimazole towards n-nitrosodimethylamine mutagenesis in arabidopsis thaliana.the metabolic inhibitors acetaminophen, 7,8-benzoflavone, and methimazole significantly reduced the mutagenicity of the promutagen n-nitrosodimethylamine in the higher plant arabidopsis thaliana. in contrast, these metabolic inhibitors had no effect on the mutagenicity of the direct-acting mutagen n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine.19937683770
structure of the gene for an auxin-binding protein and a gene for 7sl rna from arabidopsis thaliana.a genomic clone encoding an auxin-binding protein (abp) from the endoplasmic reticulum was isolated from arabidopsis thaliana. the abp gene consisted of 5 exons and 4 introns and encoded a polypeptide of 198 residues. a gene encoding the 7sl rna of the signal recognition particle was located downstream of the abp gene.19937517789
a myosin-like protein from a higher plant.as part of a study of the diversity of myosins, we have cloned a cdna encoding a myosin-like protein from arabidopsis thaliana. this is the first molecular motor of any kind to be cloned from a higher plant. the predicted polypeptide (molecular weight 131 kda) has a motor domain (head) very similar to those of other myosins, but the remainder of the sequence is unusual. the tail contains four potential calmodulin binding sites ("iq-motifs"), but no sequence motifs suggestive of actin or phosphol ...19937684453
isolation and initial characterization of arabidopsis mutants that are deficient in phytochrome a.phytochrome, a red/far-red-light photoreceptor protein of plants, is encoded by a small gene family. phytochrome a (phya), the product of the phya gene, is the predominant molecular species of phytochrome in etiolated tissue and has been best characterized biochemically. to define a role for phya, we isolated new mutants, designated fre1 (far-red elongated), in arabidopsis thaliana that were specifically deficient in phya spectral activity and protein accumulation. these mutants were identified ...199312231818
identification and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of arabidopsis thaliana with mutations in both nitrate reductase structural genes nia1 and nia2.mutant plants defective in the assimilation of nitrate can be selected by their resistance to the herbicide chlorate. in arabidopsis thaliana, mutations at any one of nine distinct loci confer chlorate resistance. only one of the chl genes, chl3, has been shown genetically to be a nitrate reductase (nr) structural gene (nia2) even though two nr genes (nia1 and nia2) have been cloned from the arabidopsis genome. plants in which the nia2 gene has been deleted retain only 10% of the wild-type shoot ...19938510658
the origin of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase isogenes of arabidopsis thaliana.in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and thymidylate synthase (ts) are encoded by independent genes. evidence is presented here that the higher plant arabidopsis thaliana has two bifunctional dhfr-ts genes. the structure of the genes, dhfr at the amino terminus and ts at the carboxy terminus, is identical to their organization in protozoa, the only other known organisms with bifunctional genes. sequence alignments suggest that the bifunctional genes from pr ...19938374616
nucleotide sequence of an arabidopsis thaliana cdna clone encoding a homolog to a suppressor of wilms' tumor. 19938108504
nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone encoding an arabidopsis thaliana thioredoxin h. 19938108503
molecular basis of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase mutation in arabidopsis thaliana is a guanine-to-adenine transition at the 5'-splice junction of intron 3.analysis of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase gene and gene products from arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants and the rubisco activase-deficient mutant strain showed that the rca mutation caused gt to be changed to at at the 5'-splice junction of intron 3 in the six-intron pre-mrna. northern blot analysis, genomic and cdna sequencing, and primer extension analysis indicated that the mutation causes inefficient and incomplete splicing of the pre-mrna, result ...19938108496
ultrastructural changes of arabidopsis thaliana pollen during final maturation and rehydration.several ultrastructural changes occur during dehydration and subsequent rehydration of arabidopsis thaliana pollen. the cytoplasmic channels, present in the outer part of the intine of the mature, dehydrating pollen grain, degenerate and develop into electron-dense inclusions. at the same time a large quantity of electron-dense material is deposited in the cavities of the exine. a large number of vesicles is produced in the vegetative cell, and they become predominantly located in the peripheral ...19938081813
identification of a mobile endogenous transposon in arabidopsis thaliana.a mobile endogenous transposable element, tag1, has been identified in the plant arabidopsis thaliana. tag1 was found in the nitrate transporter gene, chl1, of a chlorate-resistant mutant present in a population of plants containing an active maize ac transposon. tag1 excises from the chl1 gene producing chlorate-sensitive revertants with tag1 or tag1-related elements at different loci. tag1 and related elements are present in the landsberg but not columbia or wassilewskija ecotypes of arabidops ...19938385803
production and characterization of asymmetric somatic hybrids between arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus.cell suspension-derived protoplasts of a chlorsulfuron-resistant (gh50) strain of arabidopsis thaliana cv columbia were x-irradiated at 60 or 90 krad, to facilitate the elimination of gh50 donor chromosomes in fusion products. irradiated gh50 protoplasts were fused, with polyethylene glycol, to protoplasts derived from stem epidermal strips of brassica napus cv westar. chlorsulfuron-resistant colonies were selected in vitro and then transferred to shoot and root regeneration medium. seventeen hy ...199324193454
modular organization and development activity of an arabidopsis thaliana ef-1 alpha gene promoter.the activity of the arabidopsis thalana a1 ef-1 alpha gene promoter was analyzed in transgenic arabidopsis plants. the 5' upstream sequence of the a1 gene and several promoter deletions were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) coding region. promoter activity was monitored by quantitative and histochemical assays of gus activity. the results show that the a1 promoter exhibits a modular organization. sequences both upstream and downstream relative to the transcription initiation site are involv ...19938492811
two different em-like genes are expressed in arabidopsis thaliana seeds during maturation.using a radish cdna probe, we have isolated and characterized two genomic clones from arabidopsis thaliana (gea1 and gea6) encoding two different proteins that are homologous to the "early methionine-labelled" (em) protein of wheat. gea1 differs from gea6 and em clones of wheat in that a sequence coding for 20 amino acid residues is tandemly repeated 4 times. these two genomic clones correspond to two genes named atem1 and atem6. sequencing of several cdna clones showed that both genes are expre ...19938492809
abscisic acid-insensitive mutations provide evidence for stage-specific signal pathways regulating expression of an arabidopsis late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) gene.an arabidopsis homolog of the abscisic acid (aba)-inducible cotton d19 and wheat em genes was cloned and its expression assayed at two developmental stages in wild-type, aba-deficient (aba) and three aba-insensitive (abi) lines of arabidopsis thaliana. expression of this gene was reduced slightly in seeds of aba mutants and approximately ten-fold in abi3 mutants, but seed expression was not decreased in either abi1 or abi2 monogenic mutants. in contrast, the abi1 and abi2 mutants showed a very s ...19938492808
identification of a gene family (kat) encoding kinesin-like proteins in arabidopsis thaliana and the characterization of secondary structure of kata.a gene family, designated kat, has been characterized in arabidopsis thaliana by genomic southern hybridization and nucleotide sequencing analysis. the kat gene family includes at least five members, named kata, katb, katc, katd and kate, whose products share appreciable sequence similarities in their presumptive atp-binding and microtubule-binding motifs with known kinesin-like proteins. the carboxyl-terminal region of the kata protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cdna clone has ...19938492804
the plant hormone abscisic acid mediates the drought-induced expression but not the seed-specific expression of rd22, a gene responsive to dehydration stress in arabidopsis thaliana.nine cdna clones, corresponding to genes that are responsive to dehydration (named rd), have been isolated from arabidopsis thaliana. the sequence of a putative protein encoded by one of the rd cdna clones, rd22, exhibits considerable homology to an unidentified seed protein (usp) of vicia faba. northern analysis showed that rd22 mrna is induced by salt stress as well as by water deficit but not by cold or heat stress. rd22 mrna appeared after the application of abscisic acid (aba), an indicatio ...19938479424
a fifth 2s albumin isoform is present in arabidopsis thaliana. 19938310078
nucleotide sequence of an arabidopsis thaliana turgor-responsive cdna clone encoding tmp-a, a transmembrane protein containing the major intrinsic protein motif. 19938310069
inflorescence-specific genes from arabidopsis thaliana encoding glycine-rich proteins.genomic and cdna clones for three inflorescence-specific genes from arabidopsis thaliana were isolated and characterized. the genes are tandemly organized in the genome on a 10 kb fragment. the expression of these genes is coordinately regulated in a developmental and organ-specific pattern. they are expressed predominantly in anthers at the later stage of flower development. the primary structure of the encoded gene products exhibits comparable features consisting of a hydrophobic domain at the ...19938220457
studies on the behavior of organelles and their nucleoids in the root apical meristem of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) col.the behavior of cell nuclei, mitochondrial nucleoids (mt-nucleoids) and plastid nucleoids (ptnucleoids) was studied in the root apical meristem of arabidopsis thaliana. samples were embedded in technovit 7100 resin, cut into thin sections and stained with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for light-microscopic autoradiography and microphotometry. synthesis of cell nuclear dna and cell division were both active in the root apical meristem between 0 μm and 300 μm from the central cells. it is estimate ...199324178504
immunoaffinity co-purification of cytokinins and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-spectrum detection.a rapid methodology for the simultaneous analysis of a large number of cytokinins is presented. the cross-reactivity of a mixture of polyclonal antibodies against zeatin riboside and isopentenyladenosine was exploited in a protocol that can be used for immunoaffinity purification of 23 additional cytokinins. ligands include the cytokinin bases zeatin, dihydrozeatin, isopentenyladenine, benzyl-adenine and kinetin, and their corresponding nucleoside, nucleoside-5'-monophosphate, and 9-glucoside de ...199324178487
mutants of arabidopsis thaliana capable of germination under saline conditions.three mutant strains of arabidopsis thaliana var columbia were selected for their ability to germinate in elevated concentrations of nacl. they were not more tolerant than wild type at subsequent development stages. wild-type strains could not germinate at concentrations > 125 mm nacl. two of mutant strains, rs17 and rs20, could withstand up to 225 mm, whereas rs19 was resistant to 175 mm. the rs mutants could also germinate under even lower osmotic potentials imposed by high concentrations of e ...199312231734
low temperature induces the accumulation of alcohol dehydrogenase mrna in arabidopsis thaliana, a chilling-tolerant plant.mrna encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) increases in etiolated seedlings and leaves of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. upon exposure to low temperature. the analysis of this response after water stress and abscisic acid (aba) treatments in arabidopsis wild type and aba-deficient and -insensitive mutants indicates that cold accumulation of adh mrna could be induced by both anaerobic metabolism and increase of aba concentration resulting from low temperature exposure. by using one arabidopsis a ...199312231733
identification and characterization of a second plasma membrane h(+)-atpase gene subfamily in nicotiana plumbaginifolia.a cdna clone was isolated for a fourth pma gene encoding a putative plasma membrane h(+)-atpase of nicotiana plumbaginifolia. the sequence of the predicted 952 residue pma4 polypeptide was compared with those of other known plant pmas, revealing a higher identity with the arabidopsis thaliana proteins (86-89%) than with the other three n. plumbaginifolia pma proteins (80-82%). this supports the view that there are two pma subfamilies which probably arose from a gene duplication predating the sep ...19938490141
pcr-dependent amplification and sequence characterization of partial cdnas encoding myosin-like proteins in anemia phyllitidis (l.) sw. and arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh.partial cdnas encoding for myosin-like proteins from anemia phyllitidis and arabidopsis thaliana have been isolated using pcr technology. the deduced amino acid sequences show an average similarity up to 62% with known myosin heavy chain genes. from northern blot analysis we were able to estimate that transcripts of ca. 6.1 kb size are expressed in a. phyllitidis.19938490128
semi-constitutive expression of an arabidopsis thaliana alpha-tubulin gene.in arabidopsis tissues, the pool of tubulin protein is provided by the expression of multiple alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin genes. previous evidence suggested that the tua2 alpha-tubulin gene was expressed in all organs of mature plants. we now report a more detailed analysis of tua2 expression during plant development. chimeric genes containing tua2 5'-flanking dna fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) coding region were used to create transgenic arabidopsis plants. second-generation progeny o ...19938467087
arabidopsis rbcs genes are differentially regulated by light.individual members of the arabidopsis thaliana ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (rbcs) gene family are differentially regulated by light of different qualities. in 10-d-old etiolated seedlings, the expression of only three of the four genes is under inductive phytochrome control. rbcs mrna levels reach a maximum (3- to 5-fold higher than the dark level) about 6 h after a red light pulse, but the rate of decay differs among the genes. moreover, rbcs 2b requires a high ...19938310058
cloning and characterization of a plant gene encoding a protein kinase.the cloning and sequence analysis of a gene that encodes a homologue of protein kinase (pk) from arabidopsis thaliana is reported. we screened a genomic dna library of a. thaliana using as probes oligodeoxyribonucleotides or fragments from the polymerase chain reaction that correspond to conserved regions in the catalytic domains of various pks. one genomic clone, named atpk5, was sequenced and analyzed. transcripts of the corresponding gene, atpk5, were detected in root, leaf and flower tissues ...19938444349
the second largest subunit of rna polymerase ii from arabidopsis thaliana. 19938451172
molecular cloning of cdna for vacuolar membrane proton-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase in hordeum vulgare.we obtained a cdna clone(pp10) for the vacuolar membrane proton-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase from barley roots by immunoscreening. the nucleotide sequence contained a 2308 bp open reading frame capable of coding for a polypeptide with 761 amino acids (m(r) 79,841). the polypeptide is highly hydrophobic and 12 membrane-spanning regions are deduced from the hydropathic evaluation. the characteristic cluster of the basic and acidic residues is observed in the hydrophilic segment. a conse ...19938382487
light-stimulated apical hook opening in wild-type arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.apical hook opening and cotyledon unfolding are characteristic responses that occur during deetiolation of dicotyledonous seedlings. light-stimulated apical hook opening and cotyledon unfolding in etiolated arabidopsis thaliana seedlings appears to involve the activities of multiple photosensory systems. red, far-red, and blue light are all effective in stimulating these responses in arabidopsis. stimulation of hook opening by red light and low fluence blue light is inductive, far-red reversible ...199312231711
analysis of naturally occurring late flowering in arabidopsis thaliana.we have examined the late-flowering behavior of two ecotypes of arabidopsis thaliana, sf-2 and le-0. the late-flowering trait segregates as a single dominant gene in crosses with the early-flowering columbia ecotype. this gene, which we refer to as fla, is located at one end of chromosome 4 between rflp markers 506 and 3843 and is thus distinct from previously mapped genes that affect flowering time. the extreme delay in flowering time caused by the fla gene can be overcome by vernalization in b ...19938455554
nucleotide sequence and characterization of a cdna encoding the acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from arabidopsis thaliana.the primary structure of acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from arabidopsis thaliana was deduced from two overlapping cdna. the full-length cdna sequence predicts an amino acid sequence for the protein precursor of 591 residues including a putative transit peptide of 67 amino acids. comparison of the a. thaliana and spinach acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductases reveals that the sequences are conserved in the mature protein regions, but divergent in the transit peptides and around their putative p ...19938448371
two cdnas from arabidopsis thaliana encode putative rna binding proteins containing glycine-rich domains.two related dna sequences encoding small (-17kda) glycine-rich proteins (grps) have been isolated from an arabidopsis thaliana cdna library. atgrp7 and atgrp8 encode proteins with a bipartite structure consisting of an amino-terminal putative rna-binding domain and a carboxyl-terminal domain composed of stretches of glycines and serines with interspersed hydrophilic residues. these cdnas exhibit structural similarity to a class of stress-induced transcripts found in other plant species. the prot ...19938448367
differential expression of two related, low-temperature-induced genes in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh.plant cold acclimation is correlated to expression of low-temperature-induced (lti) genes. by using a previously characterized lti cdna clone as a probe we isolated a genomic fragment that carried two closely located lti genes of arabidopsis thaliana. the genes were structurally related with the coding regions interrupted by three similarly located short introns and were transcribed in the same direction. the nucleotide sequences of the two genes, lti78 and lti65, predict novel hydrophilic polyp ...19938448363
the expression of a rab-related gene, rab 18, is induced by abscisic acid during the cold acclimation process of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. 19938443352
a versatile system for detecting transposition in arabidopsis.the maize transposable element activator (ac) has been shown to be active in a number of dicots, including arabidopsis thaliana, whose small genome and short generation time have favored its wide adoption as a model organism for molecular genetic approaches to plant physiology and development. using the ac element and several bacterial and plant marker genes, we have devised a versatile system for identifying plants in which a transposon has excised and reinserted elsewhere in the genome. the tr ...19938220445
[genome studies of arabidopsis thaliana]. 19938098162
use of a reporter transgene to generate arabidopsis mutants in ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation.ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is a major proteolytic pathway in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotic cells. we introduced a gene encoding a substrate for this pathway into the genome of arabidopsis thaliana. the transgene codes for a hybrid protein consisting of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr, ec 1.5.1.3) fused to a degradation signal that is specifically recognized by components of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway. elevated concentrations of the dhfr protein confer resistance to ...199311607348
genomic dna structure of a gene encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase from arabidopsis thaliana.a genomic dna clone encoding cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase was isolated from a genomic library of arabidopsis thaliana, using a cdna for the enzyme as a probe. nucleotide sequence and primer extension analyses of this gene (apx1) revealed nine exons split by eight introns, one of which is inserted in the 5'-untranslated region. the exon/intron organization of the apx1 gene differs from that of the guaiacol peroxidase genes.19938422923
dna methylation, vernalization, and the initiation of flowering.late-flowering ecotypes and mutants of arabidopsis thaliana and the related crucifer thlaspi arvense flower early after cold treatment (vernalization). treatment with the dna demethylating agent 5-azacytidine induced nonvernalized plants to flower significantly earlier than untreated controls. cytidine at similar concentrations had no effect on time to flower. in contrast, late-flowering mutants that are insensitive to vernalization did not respond to 5-azacytidine treatment. normal flowering ti ...199311607346
desensitization and recovery of phototropic responsiveness in arabidopsis thaliana.phototropism is induced by blue light, which also induces desensitization, a partial or total loss of phototropic responsiveness. the fluence and fluence-rate dependence of desensitization and recovery from desensitization have been measured for etiolated and red light (669-nm) preirradiated arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. the extent of desensitization increased as the fluence of the desensitizing 450-nm light was increased from 0.3 to 60 micromoles m-2 s-1. at equal fluences, blue light caused ...199311537496
isolation of putative defense-related genes from arabidopsis thaliana and expression in fungal elicitor-treated cells.numerous arabidopsis genes have been cloned that correspond to putative pathogen defense-related genes identified in parsley (petroselinum crispum). treatment of arabidopsis cells with fungal elicitor leads to rapid accumulation of the respective mrnas with time courses comparable to those observed for their counterparts in parsley. evolutionary sequence conservation of many of these genes in several plant species suggests they code for important plant functions.19938425063
examination of the role of tyrosine-174 in the catalytic mechanism of the arabidopsis thaliana chitinase: comparison of variant chitinases generated by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors.using the catalytic mechanism of lysozyme as a paradigm for the mechanism of other enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages, including chitinase, we have examined the effect of chemical modification with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (edc) on the reaction catalyzed by zea mays chitinase. inactivation with edc did not result in derivatization of essential carboxylic acid residues, but resulted in the selective modification of a single essential tyrosin ...19938424656
promoter and leader regions involved in the expression of the arabidopsis ferredoxin a gene.ferredoxin is a nuclear-encoded protein that is involved in a variety of electron transfer reactions in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastids. we show here that the expression of the ferredoxin a gene (feda) in arabidopsis thaliana is light-regulated, with its mrna level increased 4.5-fold by transfer of dark-grown seedlings to white light for 3 h. a portion of this light regulation is mediated by phytochrome through a very low fluence type of response. in addition, it is likely th ...19938401602
gametophytic and sporophytic expression of an anther-specific arabidopsis thaliana gene.genomic and cdna clones of the anther-specific apg gene from arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus, which encodes a novel proline-rich protein, were isolated and characterized. southern blotting and northern analysis of male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile varieties of b. napus showed that the apg gene is present as a single copy in the arabidopsis genome, and that the b. napus apg gene is a member of a small anther-specific gene family. analysis of developmentally staged b. napus flower ...19938401599
recent stable insertion of mitochondrial dna into an arabidopsis polyubiquitin gene by nonhomologous recombination.sequence analysis of a newly identified polyubiquitin gene (ubq13) from the columbia ecotype of arabidopsis thaliana revealed that the gene contained a 3.9-kb insertion in the coding region. all subclones of the 3.9-kb insert hybridized to isolated mitochondrial dna. the insert was found to consist of at least two, possibly three, distinct dna segments from the mitochondrial genome. a 590-bp region of the insert is nearly identical to the arabidopsis mitochondrial nad1 gene. ubq13 restriction fr ...19938382544
the nucleotide sequence of the 5' flanking region of the arabidopsis acs2 gene.the acs2 gene of arabidopsis thaliana encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) synthase (ec 4.1.1.14) - the key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of the plant hormone ethylene. the gene is unique among acc synthase genes isolated thus far in that it is highly expressed in both reproductive (e.g. flower) and vegetative tissues (e.g. leaves and roots). in addition, the accumulation of acs2 transcripts is greatly induced by protein synthesis inhibition (liang et al 1992). we ...19938219282
structure and organization of a novel calmodulin gene of arabidopsis thaliana.the calcium binding protein calmodulin is involved in regulating various cellular and biochemical processes. a gene for calmodulin has been isolated from a genomic library of arabidopsis thaliana constructed in lambda embl-4 using a heterologous cdna probe from electric eel. the genomic clone was found to contain a complete copy of a distinct calmodulin (cam) gene. a comparison of the nucleotide sequence with those from the other plant and animal systems reveals that the arabidopsis cam gene con ...19938173593
use of arabidopsis thaliana and pseudomonas syringae in the study of plant disease resistance and tolerance.the interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and the bacterium pseudomonas syringae is being developed as a model experimental system for plant pathology research. race-specific ("gene-for-gene") resistance has been demonstrated for this interaction, and pathogen genes that determine avirulence have been isolated and characterized. because certain lines of both arabidopsis and soybean are resistant to bacteria carrying the avirulence genes avrrpt2 and avrb, extremely similar pathogen recognition ...199319279805
characterization of cdna for a dehydration-inducible gene that encodes a clp a, b-like protein in arabidopsis thaliana l.sequence was obtained from a cdna clone, designated erd1, isolated from a cdna library of 1-hour-dehydrated plants of arabidopsis thaliana l. the clone (3150 bp) contains an open reading frame of 946 amino acid residues with greater than 34% sequence identity to the regulatory subunit of the clp atp-dependent protease in escherichia coli and contains a putative chloroplast-targeting signal at the n-terminus. southern blot analysis suggested the presence of additional erd1-related genes in a. tha ...19937504470
isolation of an arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding cycloartenol synthase by functional expression in a yeast mutant lacking lanosterol synthase by the use of a chromatographic screen.whereas vertebrates and fungi synthesize sterols from epoxysqualene through the intermediate lanosterol, plants cyclize epoxysqualene to cycloartenol as the initial sterol. we report the cloning and characterization of cas1, an arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding cycloartenol synthase [(s)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, cycloartenol forming), ec 5.4.99.8]. a yeast mutant lacking lanosterol synthase [(s)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, lanosterol forming), ec 5.4.99.7] was transformed w ...19937505443
an arabidopsis thaliana lipoxygenase gene can be induced by pathogens, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate.we isolated and characterized a 2.8-kb, full-length, arabidopsis thaliana cdna clone encoding a lipoxygenase. dna sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the arabidopsis protein is 72 to 78% similar to that of legume seed lipoxygenases. dna blot analysis indicated that arabidopsis contains a single gene, lox1, with appreciable homology to the cdna clone. rna blot analysis showed that the lox1 gene is expressed in arabidopsis leaves, roots, inflorescences, and young seedl ...19937506426
conversion of perianth into reproductive organs by ectopic expression of the tobacco floral homeotic gene nag1.mutations in the agamous (ag) gene of arabidopsis thaliana result in the conversion of reproductive organs, stamens and carpels, into perianth organs, sepals and petals. we have isolated and characterized the putative ag gene from nicotiana tabacum, nag1, whose deduced protein product shares 73% identical amino acid residues with the arabidopsis ag gene product. rna tissue in situ hybridizations show that nag1 rna accumulates early in tobacco flower development in the region of the floral merist ...19937507255
the gene and the rna for the precursor to the plastid-located glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of arabidopsis thaliana.the gene and the rna from arabidopsis thaliana for the plastid-located glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (gpat; ec 2.3.1.15) and their encoded product have been studied. the gene (designated ats1) was isolated by screening a lambda dash genomic library for cross-hybridization with a radiolabeled probe prepared from cdna for gpat from squash. cdna clones representing the mrna were isolated by screening a lambda zapii cdna library for hybridization with a radiolabeled probe prepared from a dna ...19937678766
cloning and characterization of two cdnas encoding casein kinase ii catalytic subunits in arabidopsis thaliana.two cdna clones, atcka1 and atcka2, encoding casein kinase ii (ckii) catalytic subunits, were cloned from arabidopsis thaliana and their nucleotide sequences were determined. both cdnas contain 999 bp open reading frames and are 94% identical on the amino acid sequence level. the deduced amino acid sequences of atcka1 and atcka2 are very similar to that of the human ckii catalytic alpha subunit (72% homology). northern blot analysis indicates that the atcka1 and atcka2 mrnas are present in all p ...19937678767
expression of multiple type 1 phosphoprotein phosphatases in arabidopsis thaliana.type 1 phosphoprotein ser/thr phosphatases (pp1) are highly conserved enzymes found in all eukaryotes. these enzymes have multiple functions in fungal and animal cells but little is known of their function and regulation in plants. previous studies in our laboratory indicated that maize and arabidopsis contain a family of pp1 genes and/or pseudogenes. in this study, we report the isolation of five distinct arabidopsis cdna clones (topp1, topp2, topp3, topp4 and topp5) which encode the catalytic ...19937678768
osmoregulation of a pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene in arabidopsis thaliana.in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. proline can account for up to 20% of the free amino acid pool after salt stress. proline accumulation occurs in plants mainly by de novo synthesis from glutamate. the last step of the proline biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c) reductase. a gene (at-p5c1) encoding this enzyme in a. thaliana has been cloned and sequenced. expression of at-p5c1 in escherichia coli resulted in the complementation of a proc mutant to prototrophy. a c ...19938022935
floral organ-specific and constitutive expression of an arabidopsis thaliana heat-shock hsp18.2::gus fusion gene is retained even after homeotic conversion of flowers by mutation.organ-specific and constitutive expression of the arabidopsis hsp18.2 gene under normal growth conditions (22 degrees c) was observed in transgenic a. thaliana, which carried a fusion gene composed of the promoter region of hsp18.2, one of the genes for low molecular weight heat-shock proteins in arabidopsis, and the gene for beta-glucuronidase (gus) from escherichia coli. in order to clarify the organ-specific nature of promoter expression, various mutations that affect flower morphology were i ...19938096057
chromosome walking with yac clones in arabidopsis: isolation of 1700 kb of contiguous dna on chromosome 5, including a 300 kb region containing the flowering-time gene co.the co mutation of arabidopsis thaliana causes a late-flowering phenotype that is insensitive to day-length. the mutation was mapped previously to the upper arm of chromosome 5, approximately 1.6 cm from the chalcone synthase gene (chs). we were provided with five yeast artificial chromosome (yac) libraries and used these to perform a chromosome walk from chs to the co gene. in this paper we report the isolation of 1700 kb of contiguous arabidopsis dna, which represents approximately 1%-2% of th ...19938099710
nucleotide sequences recognized by the agamous mads domain of arabidopsis thaliana in vitro.the agamous gene of arabidopsis thaliana is a homeotic gene involved in the development of stamens and carpels. this gene encodes a putative dna-binding protein sharing a homologous region with the dna-binding domains, mads boxes, of yeast mcm1 and mammalian srf. to examine the dna-binding activity of the agamous protein, double-stranded oligonucleotides with random sequences of 40 bp in the central region were synthesized and mixed with the agamous mads domain overproduced in escherichia coli. ...19938106084
isolating the arabidopsis thaliana genes for de novo purine synthesis by suppression of escherichia coli mutants. i. 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole synthetase.we have initiated an investigation of the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway in the plant arabidopsis thaliana. functional suppression of escherichia coli auxotrophs allowed the direct isolation of expressed arabidopsis leaf cdnas. using this approach we have successfully suppressed mutants in 4 of the 12 genes in this pathway. one of these cdna clones, encoding 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (air) synthetase (pur5) has been characterized in detail. analysis of genomic dna sugges ...19938108507
studies of the role of the propeptides of the arabidopsis thaliana 2s albumin.to investigate the possible roles of the arabidopsis thaliana 2s albumin propeptides with respect to sorting, processing, and stability of the protein in plant cells, five gene constructions deleting or modifying the propeptides were made based on one of the genes encoding the arabidopsis 2s albumin. these constructions were introduced into tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) plants. using subcellular fractionation and immunocytochemistry on ripe seeds, it was demonstrated that none of the propeptides w ...19938108508
molecular characterization of pab2, a member of the multigene family coding for poly(a)-binding proteins in arabidopsis thaliana.the poly(a) tail of eukaryotic mrnas associates with poly(a)-binding (pab) proteins whose role in mrna translation and stability is being intensively investigated. very little is known about the structure and function of the pab genes in plants. we have cloned multiple pab-related sequences from arabidopsis thaliana. results suggest that pab proteins are encoded by a multigene family. one member of this family (pab2) is expressed in root and shoot tissues. the complete nucleotide sequence of pab ...19938029336
genomic nucleotide sequence of a gene from arabidopsis thaliana encoding a protein homolog of escherichia coli reca. 19938029344
characterization of three related low-temperature-regulated cdnas from winter brassica napus.a cdna clone, pbn115, encoding a low-temperature-regulated transcript in winter brassica napus has been isolated. northern blot analyses show that levels of transcripts hybridizing to pbn115 increase within 24 h of exposure of b. napus to low temperature, peak at 3 d, and then remain at an elevated level for the duration of the cold treatment (up to 10 weeks). transferring plants from 2 degrees c to room temperature results in the loss of detectable transcripts hybridizing to pbn115 within 1 d. ...19937904076
calcium and lipid regulation of an arabidopsis protein kinase expressed in escherichia coli.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) represent a new family of protein kinases which are proposed to contain, in a single polypeptide, both a kinase domain and an adjoining calmodulin-like domain with four calcium-binding ef-hand motifs [harper, j.f., sussman, m.r., schaller, g.e., putnam-evans, c., charbonneau, h., & harmon, a.c. (1991) science 252, 951-954]. dna cloning and western blot analysis indicate that multiple cdpk isoforms are present in the model plant system arabidopsis thalian ...19937916621
the arabidopsis thaliana ribosomal protein s15 (rig) gene.we have isolated cdna and genomic clones for arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic ribosomal protein s15 and determined their sequences. like animal s15 genes, this plant s15 gene is composed of four exons and the first intron is located immediately following the atg translational start codon. the 5' end of the s15 mrna was mapped by rnase protection experiments which showed that this mrna contains a 5' untranslated region of approx. 83 nucleotides. southern blot analyses suggest that arabidopsis s15 i ...19937916644
enod8, a novel early nodule-specific gene, is expressed in empty alfalfa nodules.the alfalfa enod8 nodule-specific gene is expressed in empty nodules elicited by exopolysaccharide-deficient rhizobium meliloti, and it is expressed early in nodule development. an enod8 cdna was sequenced and found to encode a novel product. its deduced polypeptide sequence was found to be similar to the nonproline-rich domains of the putative polypeptides encoded by a class of anther-specific genes from arabidopsis thaliana and brassica napus. the role of the enod8 gene product is predicted to ...19938118054
molecular cloning of two novel protein kinase genes from arabidopsis thaliana.we have isolated two novel protein kinase genes, mhk and nak, from the plant arabidopsis thaliana by using low stringency hybridization with the catalytic domain of a putative plant receptor protein kinase. sequence analysis of the cdnas reveals that mhk is a member of the cdc2+ family of protein kinases and is particularly similar to the mak gene of rats; mak encodes a protein kinase that may play a role in spermatogenesis. nak encodes a candidate protein kinase that is similar to the oncogenes ...19938218420
functional expression and molecular characterization of atubc2-1, a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (e2) from arabidopsis thaliana.the first member of a novel subfamily of ubiquitin-conjugating e2-proteins was cloned from a cdna library of arabidopsis thaliana. genomic blots indicate that this gene family (atubc2) consists of two members and is distinct from atubc1, the only other e2 enzyme known from this species to date (m.l. sullivan and r.d. vierstra, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86 (1989) 9861-9865). the cdna sequence of atubc2-1 extends over 794 bp which would encode a protein of 161 amino acids and a calculated molecul ...19938219072
a cdna clone for a pathogenesis-related protein 1 from barley.a barley cdna clone (prb-1) corresponding to an mrna differentially induced in resistant compared to susceptible barley cultivars by powdery mildew infection was isolated and characterised. the deduced amino acid sequence revealed 24 amino acids comprising the signal peptide and 140 amino acids of the mature peptide (15 kda). this showed close homology to pr-1-like proteins, which have been isolated from maize, tobacco, tomato and arabidopsis thaliana. northern blot analysis showed accumulation ...19938219079
receptor-like protein kinase genes of arabidopsis thaliana.the isolation of a maize cdna clone that encodes a membrane spanning protein kinase related to the self-incompatibility glycoproteins (slg) of brassica and structurally similar to the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases has recently been reported. three distinct receptor-like protein kinase (rlk) cdna clones from arabidopsis thaliana have now been identified. two of the arabidopsis rlk genes encode slg-related protein kinases but have different patterns of expression: one is expressed predom ...19938220453
homologs of the essential ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ubc1, 4, and 5 in yeast are encoded by a multigene family in arabidopsis thaliana.the covalent attachment of the 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin is an important prerequisite for the degradation of many eukaryotic proteins. the specificity of this ligation is accomplished in part by a family of distinct ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (e2s) working in concert with specific ubiquitin-protein ligases (e3s). three essential e2s in yeast encoded by scubc1, -4, and -5 comprise a functionally overlapping e2 subfamily that appears responsible for degrading most abnormal and short-lived ...19938220461
a protein phosphatase 1 from arabidopsis thaliana restores temperature sensitivity of a schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc25ts/wee1- double mutant.there is increasing evidence that the mechanisms controlling the eukaryotic cell cycle are regulated by protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades. the catalytic subunit of the protein phosphatase 1 is implicated genetically and biochemically in the complex network that regulates mitosis. to investigate further the cell division in plants, we have isolated and characterized two full-length cdnas from arabidopsis thaliana, pp1a-at1 and pp1a-at2, encoding polypeptides highly homologous to ...19938220477
arabidopsis mutants compromised for the control of cellular damage during pathogenesis and aging.mutants of arabidopsis thaliana which exhibit accelerated cell death in response to pathogens were isolated and characterized to gain insight into how symptom severity and disease resistance are modulated. this paper describes mutants that fall into one of two complementation groups that were identified. a novel feature of these mutants is that they are unable to control the rate and extent of cell death after exposure to a variety of stimuli that induce senescence responses. thus, accelerated c ...19938220484
cloning and expression in yeast of a higher plant chorismate mutase. molecular cloning, sequencing of the cdna and characterization of the arabidopsis thaliana enzyme expressed in yeast.chorismate mutase (ec 5.4.99.5) catalyzes the first step in the branch of the shikimate pathway which leads to the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine. we have isolated a cdna for this enzyme from the higher plant, arabidopsis thaliana, by complementing a yeast strain (aro7) with a cdna library from a. thaliana. this is the first chorismate mutase cdna isolated from a plant. it encodes a protein of 334 amino acids. the identity of the deduced amino acid sequence is 41% to the choris ...19938224252
a gene encoding a chloroplast omega-3 fatty acid desaturase complements alterations in fatty acid desaturation and chloroplast copy number of the fad7 mutant of arabidopsis thaliana.mutations at the fad7 locus of arabidopsis thaliana (previously called fadd) cause decreased desaturation of dienoic fatty acids in chloroplast lipids in plants grown at elevated temperatures. this suggested that the fad7 locus encodes a chloroplast omega-3 desaturase that catalyzes the desaturation of lipid-linked 18:2 and 16:2 fatty acids. in order to clone the fad7 gene, it was first genetically mapped relative to the flanking restriction fragment length polymorphism markers 4547 and 2488a on ...19938226956
stable expression of a single-copy rola gene in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana plants allows an exhaustive mutagenic analysis of the transgene-associated phenotype.several publications have documented the instability of transgene expression in plants. previous genetic approaches to the study of transgene-associated phenotypes in plants were limited by this phenomenon. here we show that a transgene can be expressed in plants with sufficient stability to allow an exhaustive mutagenic analysis of the resulting phenotype. we have expressed the morphogenic rola gene from the tl-dna of agrobacterium rhizogenes ri plasmid in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana plants ...19938246890
the arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum retention receptor functions in yeast.soluble proteins retained in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) contain a carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide sequence that functions presumably to recycle these proteins from a subsequent compartment. biochemical and genetic evidence indicate that the erd2 gene product is the receptor for these er retention signals. here we report the identification of a cdna clone from arabidopsis thaliana (aerd2) similar in sequence and size to members of the erd2 gene family. southern and northern blot a ...19938248265
a sink-specific h+/monosaccharide co-transporter from nicotiana tabacum: cloning and heterologous expression in baker's yeast.a cdna clone for a monosaccharide transporter (mst1) was isolated from tobacco, which is most strongly expressed in the various sink tissues of mature tobacco plants: roots, flowers, and young leaves. an open reading frame of 1569 bp codes for a protein with 523 amino acids and a calculated molecular weight of 57,717 da. the protein is homologous to a group of other plant monosaccharide transport proteins from arabidopsis thaliana and chlorella kessleri, to human glucose transporters and to sacc ...19938252064
molecular characterization of two cdnas from sinapis alba l. expressed specifically at an early stage of tapetum development.flower formation in the long-day plant sinapis alba is strictly dependent on an inductive light treatment. differential screening of an apex cdna library prepared 10 days after flower induction against cdnas from vegetative apices has identified two cdna clones, psfd10.35 and psfd10.44, which represent transcripts expressed transiently between day 10 and day 20 after induction and which disappear before flowers reach maturity. the corresponding full-length cdnas which were isolated, satap35 and ...19938252070
characterization of two cdnas (erd11 and erd13) for dehydration-inducible genes that encode putative glutathione s-transferases in arabidopsis thaliana l.two cdna clones, designated erd11 and erd13, isolated from a cdna library from arabidopsis thaliana l. plants dehydrated for 1 h were sequenced and characterized. these clones encoded polypeptides that were homologous to glutathione s-transferases of tobacco and maize. genomic southern hybridization suggested that there are a few additional genes showing high similarity to the erd11 gene in the arabidopsis genome. the expression of the genes for erd11 and erd13 was induced by dehydration, but wa ...19938253194
sire-1, a long interspersed repetitive dna element from soybean with weak sequence similarity to retrotransposons: initial characterization and partial sequence.gm776 is a 776-bp subregion of a member of an interspersed family of relatively homogeneous repetitive dna elements from soybean (glycine max). the fragment was originally amplified from soybean dna by the polymerase chain reaction using a single 22-nucleotide primer, and consequently terminates in an inverted repeat. the elements defined by gm776 are at least 10.6 kb in length and constitute a family of 500-800 members per haploid genome. the family has been designated sire-1 (soybean intersper ...19938262373
genetic and molecular characterization of embryonic mutants identified following seed transformation in arabidopsis.over 5000 transgenic families of arabidopsis thaliana produced following seed transformation with agrobacterium tumefaciens were screened for embryonic lethals, defectives, and pattern mutants. one hundred and seventy-eight mutants with a wide range of developmental abnormalities were identified. forty-one mutants appear from genetic studies to be tagged (36% of the 115 mutants examined in detail). mapping with visible markers demonstrated that mutant genes were randomly distributed throughout t ...19938264525
an arabidopsis gene homologous to mammalian and insect genes encoding the largest proteasome subunit.a gene encoding a protein with extensive homology to the largest subunit of the multicatalytic proteinase complex (proteasome) has been identified in arabidopsis thaliana. this gene, referred to as atpsm30, is entirely encompassed within a previously characterized radiation-induced deletion, which may thus provide the first example of a proteasome null mutation in a higher eukaryote. however, the growth rate and fertility of arabidopsis plants do not appear to be significantly affected by this m ...19938264533
expression cloning in yeast of a cdna encoding a broad specificity amino acid permease from arabidopsis thaliana.to study amino acid transport in plants at the molecular level, we have isolated an amino acid permease cdna from arabidopsis thaliana by complementation of a yeast mutant defective in proline uptake with a cdna. the predicted polypeptide of 53 kda is highly hydrophobic with 12 putative membrane-spanning regions and shows no significant homologies to other known transporters. expression of the cdna enables the yeast mutant to take up l-[14c]proline. competition studies argue for a broad but ster ...19938327465
selection of arabidopsis cdnas that partially correct phenotypes of escherichia coli dna-damage-sensitive mutants and analysis of two plant cdnas that appear to express uv-specific dark repair activities.to resist terrestrial uv radiation, plants employ dna-damage-repair/toleration (drt) activities, as well as shielding mechanisms. little is known about the structure and regulation of plant drt genes. we isolated drt cdnas from arabidopsis thaliana, by selecting for complementation of escherichia coli mutants lacking all bacterial defenses against uv-light damage to dna. these mutants are phenotypically deficient in recombinational and mutagenic toleration (reca-), excision repair (uvr-) and pho ...19938329681
molecular analysis of avirulence gene avrrpt2 and identification of a putative regulatory sequence common to all known pseudomonas syringae avirulence genes.the avrrpt2 locus from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causes virulent strains of p. syringae to be avirulent on some, but not all, lines of arabidopsis thaliana and glycine max (soybean). we determined the dna sequence of the avrrpt2 locus and identified the avrrpt2 gene as a 768-bp open reading frame encoding a putative 28.2-kda protein. deletion analysis and transcription studies provided further evidence that this open reading frame encodes avrrpt2. we found that the avrrpt2 gene also has av ...19938335641
regulation of carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis genes and identification of an evolutionarily conserved gene required for bacteriochlorophyll accumulation.the temporal expression of ten clustered genes required for carotenoid (crt) and bacteriochlorophyll (bch) biosynthesis was examined during the transition from aerobic respiration to anaerobiosis requisite for the development of the photosynthetic membrane in the bacterium rhodobacter capsulatus. accumulation of crta, crtc, crtd, crte, crtf, crtk, bchc and bchd mrnas increased transiently and coordinately, up to 12-fold following removal of oxygen from the growth medium, paralleling increases in ...19938336108
differential organ-specific expression of three poly(a)-binding-protein genes from arabidopsis thaliana.poly(a)-binding protein (pabp) is considered an essential component of a eukaryotic cell; deletion of the pabp-coding gene in yeast leads to a lethal phenotype. pabp is implicated in numerous aspects of posttranscriptional regulation, including mrna turnover and translational initiation. a nested set of degenerate pcr primers designed from regions conserved among yeast, xenopus, and human pabp sequences was used to amplify genomic dna fragments from arabidopsis thaliana. hybridization screening ...19938341686
effects of the tom1 mutation of arabidopsis thaliana on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus rna in protoplasts.for the multiplication of rna viruses, specific host factors are considered essential, but as of yet little is known about this aspect of virus multiplication. to identify such host factors, we previously isolated pd114, a mutant of arabidopsis thaliana, in which the accumulation of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in uninoculated leaves of an infected plant was reduced to low levels. the causal mutation, designated tom1, was single, nuclear, and recessive. here, we demonstrate tha ...19938350399
cloning a plant amino acid transporter by functional complementation of a yeast amino acid transport mutant.amino acids are transported across the plasma membrane of plant cells by proton-amino acid symports. we report here the successful cloning of a neutral amino acid carrier by functional complementation. a histidine transport deletion mutant of saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with an arabidopsis thaliana cdna library constructed in a yeast expression vector. forty transformants, out of 10(5), allowed growth on a histidine-limiting medium. the acquired ability to grow on low histidine was ...19938356039
expression of the arabidopsis ataux2-11 auxin-responsive gene in transgenic plants.five constructions containing deletions of the promoter from an auxin-inducible gene of arabidopsis thaliana, ataux2-11, were fused to the coding region of the reporter gene lacz, which encodes beta-galactosidase, and a polyadenylation 3'-untranslated nopaline synthase sequence from agrobacterium. these chimeric genes were introduced into arabidopsis by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and expression of the gene was examined by spectrophotometric and histochemical analyses. a 6 ...19938358026
ring finger motif of arabidopsis thaliana cop1 defines a new class of zinc-binding domain.the cop1 gene of arabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein mediating the switch between the two developmental pathways utilized in light and darkness. a cysteine-rich motif identified the cop1 protein as a member of a group of regulatory proteins which share the amino acid motif cys-x-x-cys-loop i-cys-x-his-x-x-cys-x-x-cys-loop ii-cys-x-x-cys (ring finger). although this new class of cysteine-rich motifs has been proposed to bind metal ions, no direct evidence supporting this has been presented. by ...19938366106
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