Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| fecal bacterial microflora of newborn infants during intensive care management and treatment with five antibiotic regimens. | aerobic and anaerobic fecal bacterial flora of normal newborn infants, of preterm newborn infants without other health problems and of five groups of newborn infants treated with combinations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefoxitin and gentamicin were compared. preterm birth alone was associated with growth of klebsiella which could be attributed to a higher rate of cesarean section in preterm than in term infants. all antibiotic regimens led to a pron ... | 1986 | 3763418 |
| clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1986 | 3766494 | |
| clostridium difficile culture-positive toxin-negative diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) is confirmed by the isolation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin from stool in patients with diarrhea. culture of the organism has not been required to confirm the diagnosis. a review of cases of c. difficile culture-positive patients was performed in an attempt to clarify the significance of culture-positive toxin-negative (cptn) compared to culture-positive toxin-positive (cptp) disease. during an 11-month period, 45 patients were identified who had stool cu ... | 1986 | 3766495 |
| ability of two clostridium difficile strains from man and hare to produce cytotoxin in vitro and in gnotobiotic rodent intestines. | cytotoxin production by human (vp1) and hare (fd) strains of clostridium difficile were compared both in vitro in a broth culture and in vivo in intestinal contents of gnotobiotic rodents. strain vp1 produced about 1,000 times more cytotoxin than the fd strain, both in vitro and in vivo, although the population levels of the two strains were not significantly different either in vitro or in vivo. ninety percent of gnotobiotic rats and 100% of gnotobiotic mice established with the vp1 strain died ... | 1986 | 3435052 |
| cytotoxicity and antibiotic-associated diarrhea related to clostridium difficile. | 1986 | 3465839 | |
| care study--clostridium difficile: enteric spread of infection. | 1986 | 3635777 | |
| [medical topics: clostridium difficile diarrhea of patients with chronic disease; rounded blood cells of runners]. | 1986 | 3650465 | |
| [evaluation of an experimental animal model allowing the study of the cecal microflora in the hamster, antagonistic to clostridium difficile]. | the purpose of this study was the development and evaluation of an experimental model allowing the investigation of hamster anti-clostridium difficile coecal microflora. the existence of this "barrier" was verified in conventional hamsters. such hamster coecal flora was then orally transferred to c3h germ-free mice. in such animals, the "barrier effect" was maintained. after treatment with erythromycin, the colonization resistance was always maintained; despite two subsequent processes, dilution ... | 1986 | 3674782 |
| faecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to clostridium difficile. | faecal metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography are reported during 10 episodes of clostridium difficile colitis in nine patients. bactericidal faecal concentrations were present in all patients with acute disease receiving oral or intravenous metronidazole, and all responded to therapy. metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole concentrations fell as the diarrhoea improved and neither substance was detectable in the faeces of five patien ... | 1986 | 3781329 |
| comparison of serogrouping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing clostridium difficile. | a typing scheme for clostridium difficile based on slide agglutination with rabbit antisera was previously described. it allows the differentiation of 10 serogroups designated a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k, and x. we studied the correlation between serogrouping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) of whole-cell proteins. a total of 202 isolates from different sources were analyzed by page after ultrasonic disintegration of cells from an 18-h liquid culture and treatment with sodium dodecyl ... | 1986 | 3782463 |
| [clostridium difficile in the feces of children with and without diarrhea]. | 1986 | 3790227 | |
| a role for colonic stasis in the pathogenesis of disease related to clostridium difficile. | the records of 133 consecutive patients (65 men, 68 women; age range, 15 months to 88 years; median, 57 years) with either a positive clostridium difficile stool culture or toxin assay from 1982 to 1984 were reviewed in order to assess the pattern of this disease in a large hospital and to examine the type of patient at risk. all patients had diarrhea and/or bloody stools (121 and 36, respectively). less specific symptoms were common. most patients had been exposed to multiple antibiotics, but o ... | 1986 | 3792161 |
| lysosomal involvement in cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the process of internalisation of clostridium difficile toxin b into human lung fibroblasts was further studied, with the aim of elucidating the fate of endocytosed toxin. development of the toxin-induced cytopathogenic effect was reversibly inhibited at 18 degrees c and in the presence of 200 mm kcl or 1-20 mm benzyl alcohol, i.e. at conditions when the fusion between endosomes and lysosomes is prevented. fibroblasts treated with toxin at 37 degrees c but transferred to 18 degrees c within 10 m ... | 1986 | 3508493 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from various colonies of laboratory mice. | an attempt was made to isolate clostridium difficile from a total of 565 mice from nine different conventional mouse colonies and six different specified-pathogen-free mouse colonies. c. difficile was isolated from all the conventional colonies but from none of the specified-pathogen-free colonies. ampicillin injected intraperitoneally increased the isolation rate of c. difficile from mouse faeces to 63.6% compared with 19.4% from untreated mice. | 1986 | 3795866 |
| in vitro activity of efrotomycin, ciprofloxacin, and six other antimicrobials against clostridium difficile. | the susceptibility of 69 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from the minneapolis veterans administration medical center and 29 c. difficile strains from other hospitals to efrotomycin, ciprofloxacin, and six other antimicrobials was tested in vitro by agar dilution. ciprofloxin (mic50 and mic90 = 8 mcg/ml) was only moderately active whereas efrotomycin (mic50 = 0.125, mic90 = 0.25 mcg/ml) was highly active against c. difficile. | 1987 | 3802745 |
| in vitro activity of coumermycin in comparison to other non-beta-lactam antibiotics against staphylococci, streptococci, and clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3509379 | |
| prairie dog model for antimicrobial agent-induced clostridium difficile diarrhea. | we have noted that prairie dogs given cefoxitin develop diarrhea and lose weight yet survive for periods of up to 4 weeks. therefore, we tested the hypothesis that cefoxitin causes clostridium difficile cecitis in prairie dogs. six prairie dogs were given a single intramuscular dose of 100 mg of cefoxitin per kg of body weight, and six control animals received saline; both groups were sacrificed 1 week later. controls had no diarrhea and lost 2% of their body weight, whereas cefoxitin-treated an ... | 1987 | 3793229 |
| purification and characterization of clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and cross-reactivity with clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | lethal toxin (lt) was purified from clostridium sordellii ip82 by deae-trisacryl, ultrogel aca3-4 gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. the molecular weight of purified lt was estimated to be 240,000 to 250,000, and the pi was at ph 4.55. lt was lethal for mice by intraperitoneal injection (3.4 x 10(5) mouse lethal doses per mg of protein), cytotoxic for vero cells (6.1 x 10(4) cytotoxic units per mg of protein), erythematous and edematous by intradermal injection in guinea p ... | 1987 | 3793234 |
| immunization of adult hamsters against clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. | in this investigation, the role of antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins a and b in protecting hamsters against c. difficile-associated ileocecitis was examined. we also studied the transfer of protection against c. difficile-associated intestinal disease from immunized female hamsters to their infants. adult female hamsters immunized parenterally with toxoid a or a mixture containing both toxoids a and b were protected against clindamycin-induced c. difficile-associated fatal ileoceci ... | 1987 | 3679541 |
| plasmid profiles of clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibiotic-associated colitis in two community hospitals. | 1987 | 3680990 | |
| [mucosal blood flow as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis]. | 1987 | 3682263 | |
| acute diarrhoea in adults: a prospective study. | a prospective study of 74 adults with acute diarrhoea was carried out in sydney in 1984-1985 to determine the infective agents that were involved and their relationship to clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features. thirty-four potential pathogens were identified in 32 (43.2%) patients. these included, in order of frequency: campylobacter spp., rotavirus, clostridium difficile, salmonella enteritidis, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio parahaemolyticus, adenovirus, a small round virus and giard ... | 1987 | 3683260 |
| [effect of clostridium difficile toxin on human large intestine motility. in vitro studies]. | 1987 | 3683327 | |
| rectal swab cultures for clostridium difficile surveillance studies. | we compared the recovery of clostridium difficile from hospitalized patients by two collection methods: rectal swabs and stool cultures. rectal swab cultures were as sensitive as stool cultures and were more easily obtained. transport of swabs in an anaerobic vacutainer system resulted in longer survival times compared with transport in amies medium. | 1987 | 3693551 |
| an evaluation of ampicillin pharmacokinetics and toxicity in guinea pigs. | sodium ampicillin was administered subcutaneously to 350-550 g male dunkin hartley guinea pigs at doses of 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg tid for 5 days. over a period of 12 days, the lowest ampicillin dose appeared to be tolerated well. however, significant body weight reduction and mortality occurred with the two higher dosage regimens. cecal cultures of dead animals confirmed the presence of clostridium difficile, an organism associated with antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia. assay of serum collected from ... | 1987 | 3695404 |
| evaluation of gamma radiation levels for reducing pathogenic bacteria and fungi in animal sewage and laboratory effluents. | sewage samples collected from animal wastes and from effluents at an animal disease laboratory were inoculated with known numbers of pathogenic organisms and subjected to various doses of gamma radiation from a 60co source. surviving test organisms were quantitatively determined by selective and enrichment techniques. the experiment was modeled as a quantal assay in which probit analysis was applied to obtain d10 values. the d10 value represents the irradiating dose required to reduce the popula ... | 1987 | 3651881 |
| production of a unique cytotoxin by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is an important diarrheal pathogen worldwide; the mechanisms by which it causes disease remain unclear. because of its association with inflammatory diarrhea, we postulated that c. jejuni might produce a cytotoxin similar to that produced by shigella sp., enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, or clostridium difficile. filtrates of 12 polymyxin-treated isolates of c. jejuni were placed on hela cells (sensitive to shiga toxin cytotoxicity) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) ce ... | 1987 | 3653987 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from diarrhoea patients in bangladesh. | an attempt was made to detect clostridium difficile and its toxin from the stools of 20 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad), 35 with colitis, six with chronic diarrhoea and 300 with watery diarrhoea. two toxigenic and three non-toxigenic strains were isolated from patients associated with antimicrobial therapy. all 300 stools from watery diarrhoea patients, not associated with antibiotics, were negative for cl. difficile and its toxin. we conclude that cl. difficile might be a ca ... | 1987 | 3656496 |
| vancomycin. | vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic used primarily for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections. it is the alternative therapy of choice when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used. vancomycin is also used in (1) methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections; (2) streptococcal endocarditis in conjunction with an aminoglycoside in patients intolerant of penicillin or ampicillin; (3) infections, including those involving prosthetic devices, caused by g ... | 1987 | 3657307 |
| acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centres with special reference to rotavirus infections. i. aetiology and epidemiologic aspects. | acute gastroenteritis (ge) among 214 children (aged 6 months-7 years) attending day-care centres (ddcs) in the copenhagen county was studied during a 12-month period. a total of 197 cases of ge was observed in 109 children (i.e. 51% of the participants). the aetiology was as follows: rotavirus (n = 48) (24%), pathogenic bacteria (n = 11) (6%), giardia lamblia (n = 3) (2%), while the aetiology of 68% remains unknown. the pathogenic bacteria included yersinia enterocolitica, thermophilic campyloba ... | 1987 | 3661178 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole, its bioactive metabolites and tinidazole. | 1987 | 3665909 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin in various tissue culture monolayers. | thirty stool filtrates known to contain clostridium difficile toxin based on previous testing on mccoy cells were tested for toxicity on primary african green monkey kidney (agmk), mccoy, mrc-5, primary rhesus monkey kidney (rmk), and vero cells. all 30 filtrates showed cytotoxic effect at greater than or equal to 1:100 dilution on mccoy and vero cells. a total of 22 filtrates were positive on mrc-5 monolayers, while only 16 and 10 filtrates showed positive cytotoxic effect on agmk and rmk cells ... | 1987 | 3667920 |
| quantitative cell-adhesion assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | a quantitative assay for clostridium difficile cytotoxin has been developed, based on the observation that suspended fibroblasts exposed to cytotoxin fail to adhere to plastic. a dye-binding technique was used to quantitate adherent cells, in order to obviate microscopy. adherent bhk cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and cell protein was stained with coomassie blue r-250. cell-bound dye was eluted and estimated spectrophotometrically. the amount of eluted dye was proportional to the number of ... | 1987 | 3669053 |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3672820 | |
| in vitro activity of imipenem against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of imipenem, a new penem antibiotic, was determined against 210 clinical gram-positive anaerobic isolates and compared with the activities of metronidazole, clindamycin, cefoxitin, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and cefotiam. all investigated strains were inhibited by a 4-mg/l concentration of imipenem. cefoxitin demonstrated good activity against most strains with exception of some clostridium difficile and clostridium ramosum strains. cephalosporins were classed in ... | 1987 | 3473047 |
| clostridium difficile colitis induced by cytarabine. | pseudomembranous enterocolitis (pmc) has become a widely recognized syndrome of nausea, abdominal distention, and severe (frequently bloody) diarrhea (1). while this syndrome was first associated with the administration of clindamycin, almost all antimicrobial drugs can serve as predisposing agents (2). we wish to report a patient with typical pmc induced by the administration of cytarabine. | 1987 | 3477943 |
| recovery of pefloxacin in saliva and feces and its action on oral and fecal floras of healthy volunteers. | pefloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was given to 10 volunteers in single 400-mg oral doses repeated at 12-h intervals during 7 days. serum, saliva, and feces samples were collected before and at appropriate intervals after the initiation of treatment. drug concentrations were determined by bioassay. qualitative and quantitative analyses of the saliva and fecal floras were performed. mean concentrations in saliva (3.46 micrograms/ml on day 1 and 7.54 micrograms/ml on day 7) were closely related to ... | 1987 | 3481248 |
| in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of the oral cephalosporin bmy-28100. | bmy-28100 was compared with cephalexin, cefaclor, cefixime, and cefteram and found to be more active than the reference cephalosporins against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus faecalis, and clostridium difficile. bmy-28100 was the next most active, after cefteram, against streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae. against gram-negative bacteria, bmy-28100 showed similar activity to that of cefaclor. the antimicrobial activity of bmy-28100, including bact ... | 1987 | 3501756 |
| [antimicrobial sensitivity of clostridium difficile]. | 1987 | 3506279 | |
| epidemiological aspects of clostridium difficile in a pediatric hospital and its role in diarrheal disease. | the influence of antibiotics on the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile and the presence of its cytotoxin in infants and older children was examined to determine its role in diarrheal disease. cytotoxin was more closely associated with cases of diarrhea, both in infants and in children than the microorganism, although not significantly. the isolates were typed by means of sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocins and their cytotoxigenic potential was also determined. less tha ... | 1987 | 3436315 |
| epidemiology and prevention of clostridium difficile infections in a leukemia unit. | a 29-month prospective study was carried out in a leukemia unit with the aim of investigating the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections and limiting their spread. systematic cultures of stools and assays for cytotoxin were performed on patient admission and at weekly intervals, yielding 1,355 cultures and assays. the study period was divided in period a, before total unit renovation, and period b, afterwards. during period b all patient carriers of clostridium difficile received vanco ... | 1987 | 3440454 |
| effect of various sodium taurocholate preparations on the recovery of clostridium difficile spores. | the effect of four sodium taurocholate preparations, which are easily available in japan, on recovery of clostridium difficile spores was examined. all preparations, except for one, enabled the recovery of nearly all spores counted microscopically. moreover, by using 69 toxigenic and 34 nontoxigenic c. difficile strains, the relationship between the recovery of spores in the medium with sodium taurocholate and toxigenicity of c. difficile was analyzed. it was noted that the number of strains wit ... | 1987 | 3444427 |
| effect of age on the sensitivity of cell cultures to clostridium difficile toxin. | the effect of age on the sensitivity of four cell lines, human foreskin fibroblasts (hfs), cho-k1, hep-2, and wi-38 to detect clostridium difficile toxin was tested. this study also addressed the sensitivity of these cell lines as expressed by early toxin detection. twenty-eight positive and 13 negative patient specimens were tested. cell cultures were inoculated at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 14 days and examined for cytopathic effects at 4, 24, and 48 hours post-inoculation. the sensitivity of t ... | 1987 | 3449315 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. | a 25 year old woman developed clostridium difficile colitis following a course of vancomycin and metronidazole prescribed for pelvic inflammatory disease. the condition resolved after treatment with vancomycin given alone. colitis following this combination of antibiotics has not been described previously. | 1987 | 3451227 |
| neutralization of cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile with fecal flora. | 1987 | 3453624 | |
| gastrointestinal features of culture-positive yersinia enterocolitica infection. | yersinia enterocolitica was cultured from feces of 122 symptomatic adults in a single facility using selective culture media; all isolates were confirmed in an independent reference laboratory. of 128 isolates, multiple serotypes were defined and all were biochemically typical for yersinia enterocolitica. other agents were seen in 20 patients; of these, seven were yersinia fredriksenii and six were clostridium difficile. diarrhea (80%) and abdominal pain (64%) were common, whereas other features ... | 1987 | 3781177 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on membrane integrity and protein synthesis in intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro and in mccoy cells in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b inhibited protein synthesis in mccoy tissue-culture cells but not in intestinal cells in vitro or in vivo. toxins a and b had no effect on membrane permeability of either intestinal cells or mccoy cells. | 1987 | 3585957 |
| biological mode of action of clostridium difficile toxin a: a novel enterotoxin. | antibody neutralisation and toxin a elution experiments showed that toxin a uptake from rabbit intestinal lumen was a continuous process. the kinetics of the ileal and colonic responses were significantly different; a much longer incubation (4 h) with toxin was required for colon, compared with 45 min for the ileum, to induce fluid accumulation at 12 h. fluid secretion was induced only when toxin had gained access to deeper tissues, probably achieved by several toxin uptake-tissue damage cycles. ... | 1987 | 3585958 |
| pediatric gastroenteritis in primary care and in hospitalized patients. | one-hundred and fifty-seven consecutive children below seven years of age (primary care n = 48, hospitalized patients n = 109) with acute gastroenteritis of assumed infectious origin were studied. rotavirus was demonstrated by electron microscopy of faeces in 44% of all patients. the occurrence of rotavirus among patients in primary care, 15%, was significantly lower than among hospitalized patients, 57% (p less than 0.01). adenovirus was isolated in six per cent and enterovirus in two per cent ... | 1987 | 3589234 |
| differential effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b on rabbit ileum. | the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile enterocolitis appears to involve colonization of the bowel followed by release of toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of purified toxins a and b on intestinal secretion, epithelial permeability, and morphology in perfused rabbit ileal loops. intestinal permeability after toxin exposure was assessed by blood-to-lumen clearance of [3h]mannitol. toxin a at doses of 5-100 micrograms/10 cm i ... | 1987 | 3596162 |
| role of clostridium difficile toxins in disease. | 1987 | 3596176 | |
| factors influencing the phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | phagocytosis of clostridium difficile by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) and the possible role of the clostridial toxins in this process were investigated. phagocytosis of c. difficile was independent of aerobiosis and clearly depended on opsonization. either complement or antibodies to c. difficile could serve as opsonins. toxigenic strains of c. difficile were more resistant to phagocytosis than were nontoxigenic strains. pretreatment of pmns with as much as 10,000 units of toxins fr ... | 1987 | 3596798 |
| biochemical studies on the effect of clostridium difficile toxin b on actin in vivo and in vitro. | we describe a simplified procedure for purification of clostridium difficile toxin b. in this procedure, cytotoxicity is associated with a single protein band with a molecular mass of 230 kilodaltons. we used direct fluorescent staining of actin filaments to study the effect of this toxin on cultured cells. morphologic changes were preceded by a decrease in the number and length of stress fibers followed by their disappearance with condensation of cellular actin around the nucleus. we then showe ... | 1987 | 3596804 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | clostridium difficile is an agent involved in the development of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. the purpose of this work was to investigate the role of volatile fatty acids (vfas) in resistance to colonization by c. difficile by using a gnotobiotic animal model. accordingly, germfree mice were associated with different hamster flora, and the vfas in their cecal contents were measured by gas chromatography. the results showed that vfas were produced mainly by the intestinal flora ... | 1987 | 3596806 |
| calcium and calmodulin in cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | in cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with clostridium difficile toxin b, the development of the cytopathogenic effect was inhibited by the proton ionophore monensin but was not affected by some other ionophores. the calcium channel blockers verapamil and lacl3 protected the cells against intoxication, as did the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, amitriptyline, r 24571, and dansylcadaverine. since these agents could not prevent intoxication when added after the toxin internalization w ... | 1987 | 3597551 |
| the effects of acute clostridium difficile diarrhea on fecal nitrogen content in adult hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficile diarrhea (cdd) is a frequent cause of hospital-associated infectious diarrhea and a common reason for nutritional consultation. limited data are available on fecal nitrogen losses during infectious diarrhea in adults. eleven patients with acute cdd were studied for stool volume and fecal nitrogen. the mean stool output was 630 +/- 110 g/day and fecal nitrogen 2.5 +/- 0.3 g per 24 hour period (mean +/- sem). fecal nitrogen loss was increased from the predicted 12.0 mg/kg bw/ ... | 1987 | 3598023 |
| effect of various diets on toxin production by two strains of clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | when axenic mice fed a commercial diet were monoassociated with two toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, 100% of them died 3 days after inoculation and both enterotoxin and cytotoxin were produced in their intestinal tract. however, when axenic mice were fed various semisynthetic diets before c. difficile challenge, some of them survived and their fecal cytotoxin and enterotoxin productions were highly reduced, whereas the c. difficile population level did not decrease to a great extent. ... | 1987 | 3610315 |
| commercial latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a commercially available latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile was compared with a cell culture cytotoxin assay and bacteriological culture for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cad). stool specimens from 626 patients were tested by the three methods, and specimens from 118 patients (19%) were positive by at least one of the methods. the results of the three tests agreed in 88% of the specimens tested, overall, but they agreed in only 34% of t ... | 1987 | 3611316 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and toxin a on ileal and colonic loops in immune and non-immune rabbits. | rabbits were solidly immunised by parenteral injection of purified clostridium difficile toxin a such that they resisted an intravenous challenge with a normally lethal dose of toxin a. ileal and colonic loops constructed in non-immune and immune animals received challenge injections of crude culture filtrate or purified toxin a of c. difficile. protection of ileum was manifest after sufficient initial mucosal damage resulted in release of high levels of antitoxin a into the loop lumen of immune ... | 1987 | 3612743 |
| clostridium difficile--a spectrum of virulence and analysis of putative virulence determinants in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | each of nine different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile was administered orally to groups of hamsters pre-treated with clindamycin and housed individually in sterile isolator boxes. faecal pellets and caecal contents from well, diarrhoeic, moribund and freshly dead animals were analysed for c. difficile and toxins a (enterotoxin) and b (cytotoxin), and tissue obtained when animals were killed was examined histologically. not all strains were equally virulent in this model. four strains ... | 1987 | 3612744 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin by latex agglutination reaction]. | 1987 | 3613165 | |
| [clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools of hospitalized infants. effects of antibiotic treatment]. | 1987 | 3619318 | |
| utility of a rapid latex test for the detection of clostridium difficile in fecal specimens. | currently, the method of choice for the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease is the detection of cytotoxin in stool filtrates by tissue culture. since many hospital laboratories do not have tissue culture facilities, there is a need for a rapid test which is both sensitive and specific to diagnose c. difficile disease. a commercial latex agglutination was compared with the conventional cytotoxin tissue culture assay for the detection of c. difficile or its toxin(s) in fecal spec ... | 1987 | 3619398 |
| clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3620589 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in uremic patients. | an outbreak of 94 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in 62 patients in a nephrology ward over a two-year period was investigated. quantitative stool cultures were performed on ten uremic patients not on antibiotics and without diarrhoea and on ten healthy controls. all diarrhoeal episodes were associated with clostridium difficile, and no other bacterial pathogens were isolated. thirty-two relapses occurred in 16 patients, fourteen of the relapses without preceding antibiotic ... | 1987 | 3622506 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin in faeces. | 1987 | 3626930 | |
| [determination of the biological activity of clostridium difficile toxins in in vivo and in vitro experiments]. | the biological activity of the filtrates of 29 c. difficile strains was studied in vivo (suckling white mice) and in vitro (cell cultures of different species and origin). the action of the filtrates on the experimental models in vivo was evaluated from the cytotoxic effect index, while in vitro the intensity of the cytotoxic effect was evaluated from the percentage of dead cells in the monolayer. the results of the comparative determination of toxicity characteristics in vivo and in vitro demon ... | 1987 | 3630480 |
| monospecific antibodies for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | tests of polyclonal antisera to homogeneous enterotoxin preparations of clostridium difficile by immunoblotting demonstrated that cross-reactions occurred with proteins from cell lysates of nearly all clostridium species. there was a notable reduction in the amount of crossreaction when only culture supernatants were analysed. the enterotoxin could be easily identified by its unique high molecular weight of 230,000. the findings suggest that care must be taken when immunological tests other than ... | 1987 | 3552665 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: a lethal complication of hirschsprung's disease unrelated to antibiotic usage. | seventy-two new cases of hirschsprung's disease were seen between 1980 and 1985. twenty-six patients (36%) developed the clinical features of enterocolitis and, of nine patients who died, colitis was the immediate cause of death in six. histologic material was available from 20 patients with colitis; this showed nonspecific inflammation typical of hirschsprung's colitis in 13 cases but seven had pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). five of the patients with pmc had not recently been exposed to antibi ... | 1987 | 3559870 |
| intestinal bacteria antagonistic to clostridium difficile in mice. | overgrowth by clostridium difficile has been reported in conventional mice injected intraperitoneally with ampicillin. in this study, we aimed to determine which types of indigenous intestinal bacteria were eliminated by ampicillin to allow overgrowth by c. difficile. c. difficile overgrowth was associated with a decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli, an increase in bacteroidaceae and a slight decrease in the frequency of isolation of fusiform-shaped bacteria (clostridia). c. difficile cytotox ... | 1987 | 3560860 |
| splenic abscess due to clostridium difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis. | extraintestinal infection by clostridium difficile is a rare entity. herein we describe a 62-yr-old man with c. difficile bacteremia complicated by a splenic abscess. of particular interest was the isolation of c. difficile and pseudomonas paucimobilis from the splenic abscess. prompt antibiotic therapy and splenectomy resulted in a favorable outcome. although rare, these organisms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a splenic abscess. | 1987 | 3565349 |
| suppression by saccharomyces boulardii of toxigenic clostridium difficile overgrowth after vancomycin treatment in hamsters. | saccharomyces boulardii prevented the development of high counts of clostridium difficile, high titers of toxin b, and positive latex agglutination tests after cessation of vancomycin treatment for hamsters. the protocol used was designed to stimulate relapse of human c. difficile-associated colitis. s. boulardii was protective in this model. | 1987 | 3566236 |
| comparative activity of metronidazole and tinidazole against clostridium difficile and peptostreptococcus anaerobius. | broth dilution mics of metronidazole against 38 strains of clostridium difficile (0.13 microgram/ml) and 11 strains of peptostreptococcus anaerobius (0.11 microgram/ml) were lower than those of tinidazole (0.16 and 0.17 microgram/ml, respectively). as molar concentrations the nitroimidazoles were equally active. the mics of the two drugs correlated positively, and the relative activity of tinidazole increased with decreasing susceptibility of both species. | 1987 | 3566248 |
| treatment of relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain. | two patients with relapsing clostridium difficile diarrhoea following metronidazole and vancomycin therapy were colonised with a non-toxigenic avirulent clostridium difficile strain given orally in three doses. both patients appeared to respond without side-effects. oral bacteriotherapy with a defined nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile would appear to represent an acceptable, alternative and novel way to treat hospitalised patients who relapse with clostridium difficile diarrhoea after ... | 1987 | 3569251 |
| therapy of relapsing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin. | seven patients with multiple bacteriologic and symptomatic relapses of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and/or colitis were treated with vancomycin and rifampin in combination. diarrhea and abdominal pain promptly resolved in all, and neither c. difficile nor its toxin could be recovered from their stools shortly after therapy. however, stools of all patients subsequently became culture-positive for c. difficile and occasionally had demonstrable cytotoxin. except in one instance followi ... | 1987 | 3571889 |
| correlation between susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogroups of clostridium difficile. | a total of 114 clostridium difficile strains were analysed for a possible correlation between serological susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and clindamycin, and serogrouping. all 17 chloramphenicol-resistant strains belonged to serovar i, while none of 32 tetracycline-resistant strains belonged to serovar i. all strains included in serovar iii were tetracycline- and clindamycin-resistant. | 1987 | 3574240 |
| fatal clostridium difficile cellulitis. | 1987 | 3575013 | |
| bowel flora changes in humans receiving cefixime (cl 284,635) or cefaclor. | twelve healthy young male subjects received either cefixime, a new oral cephalosporin (cl 284,635), or cefaclor (six subjects on each drug) orally for 2 weeks. in the case of cefixime, single daily doses of 400 mg were taken; with cefaclor, the dosage was 250 mg three times daily. modest changes in the fecal flora were noted in both drug groups, but the changes were of different types. in the case of cefixime, there was more of an impact on the indigenous flora, and in the case of cefaclor, ther ... | 1987 | 3579262 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in critically ill burned patients. | we followed up 112 patients in the university of washington burn center, seattle, for the development of clostridium difficile diarrhea. diarrhea developed in 20 patients with a mean burn size of 42%, mean age of 38 years, and 49 mean total antibiotic days, for an incidence of 17%. eleven patients had 16 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea. nine patients had 11 episodes of c difficile-positive diarrhea and 15 episodes of nonspecific diarrhea for an incidence of 45% of all patients with diarrhea. th ... | 1987 | 3579579 |
| comparison of clostridium difficile detection by monolayer and by inhibition of nucleoside uptake. | detection and identification of clostridium difficile toxin by traditional monolayer assay were compared with results obtained by a new procedure based on toxin-dependent inhibition of target cell uptake of a radioactive nucleoside. a high degree of correlation was noted between the two determinations. although the new procedure was quantitative and objective, its value is seen at present as a rapid screen that may support results obtained in monolayers and as a potential assay for other, curren ... | 1987 | 3544801 |
| [activity of fusidic acid on strictly anaerobic bacteria]. | fusidic acid is a well known antimicrobial agent due to its narrow spectrum of activity against gram positive bacteria and especially staphylococci. therefore, it is after used preventively against bacterial infection in traumatology, but the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is not well known. we have studied, the in vitro activity of sodium fusidate against 147 strains of anaerobic bacteria. this antibiotic has a moderate activity against bacteroides, more significant against clostridium, p ... | 1987 | 3302863 |
| [implantation of clostridium difficile in infants during antibiotherapy]. | in the adults, it is known that antibiotics allow colonization by c. difficile and its multiplication, in infants this facts is discussed. to study the influence of antibiotic treatment on the colonization of infants' intestinal tract by c. difficile, we searched this bacteria twice a week in hospitalized newborns since their birth. the population was divided in 2 groups: one never received any antibiotic, the other was treated with beta-lactams. c. difficile was isolated on appropriated selecti ... | 1987 | 3302865 |
| [experiences with ceftazidime in the therapy of neonatal infections]. | our experience of ceftazidime during the last three years has in almost every respect been favourable. as monotherapy it has resulted in clinical responses at least as good as those from gentamicin and ampicillin. the pharmacokinetics and activity of ceftazidime are far superior to those of gentamicin. we have not been able to demonstrate any significant haematological or biochemical side effects of ceftazidime therapy nor does it adversely affect neonatal blood clotting mechanisms. the incidenc ... | 1987 | 3312037 |
| automation in clinical microbiology: a new approach to identifying micro-organisms by automated pattern matching of proteins labelled with 35s-methionine. | a new rapid automated method for the identification and classification of microorganisms is described. it is based on the incorporation of 35s-methionine into cellular proteins and subsequent separation of the radiolabelled proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the protein patterns produced were species specific and reproducible, permitting discrimination between the species. a large number of gram negative and gram positive aerobic and anaerobic orga ... | 1987 | 3312300 |
| symposium on antimicrobial agents. metronidazole. | metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. it has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. more recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. it is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except ... | 1987 | 3312851 |
| retardation of growth in syrian hamsters associated with prolonged colonization with clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3426356 | |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of rifaximin against clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejunii and yersinia spp. | fifty-four isolates of campylobacter jejunii, 91 isolates of yersinia spp. and 56 isolates of clostridium difficile, recovered from stools of patients with diarrhoea or other intestinal disturbances and from stools of asymptomatic patients receiving antibiotic therapy, were tested in vitro for susceptibility to rifaximin, rifampicin and neomycin. the in vitro antibacterial activities were found to be comparable against the aerobic bacterium; on the contrary, against microaerophilic and anaerobic ... | 1987 | 3428130 |
| in-vitro comparison of roxithromycin and erythromycin against 900 anaerobic bacterial strains. | the in-vitro antibacterial activity of roxithromycin was assessed by an agar dilution method against 900 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by five laboratories in england, france, germany and japan. roxithromycin had similar activity to erythromycin against most anaerobic bacteria, the latter being slightly more active against gram-negative bacilli. roxithromycin inhibited 53% of the bacteroides fragilis group strains; the noticeable exception was bact. thetaiotaomicron, only 17% of strains of ... | 1987 | 3429381 |
| effect of streptococcus parvulus and peptostreptococcus magnus on cytotoxin levels of clostridium difficile in anaerobic continuous flow culture. | an anaerobic continuous flow (cf) culture method was used in order to study the effect of peptostreptococcus magnus and streptococcus parvulus, anaerobic gram-positive cocci which are members of intestinal bacterial flora, on growth and cytotoxin-activity of clostridium difficile. the growth- and the cytotoxin activity-patterns of c. difficile in an established cf culture of p. magnus were similar to those of c. difficile alone. on the other hand, in the mixed culture system of c. difficile and ... | 1987 | 3431487 |
| the effects of clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. | clostridium difficile crude toxins and purified toxin a had similar effects on stripped rabbit ileal mucosa in ussing chambers. both toxin preparations caused secretion of sodium and chloride ions by increasing serosa to mucosa (s----m) fluxes. transmural potential difference and resistance decreased after toxin treatment. onset of changes in electrical measurements and ion fluxes coincided with onset of histological changes. the response to theophylline was greatly reduced in toxin-treated tiss ... | 1987 | 2856844 |
| surveillance cultures and benefit of laminar airflow units in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. | the effectiveness of gastrointestinal and topical decontamination, as well as isolation in laminar airflow (laf) units were investigated in 20 patients. on a weekly basis, surveillance cultures were taken. environmental controls were taken on the medical ward outside the two laf units and from the laf unit itself when being used by a patient. the use of laf units seems to be of benefit in preventing exogenous infections, but there are two weak points in the isolation techniques: the opening of t ... | 1987 | 3121516 |
| diarrhea in the intensive care unit: the role of hypoalbuminemia and the response to a chemically defined diet (case reports and review of the literature). | we describe five patients who developed acute kwashiorkor-like hypoalbuminemia during their hospitalization in the intensive care unit. with the initiation of enteral alimentation, diarrhea ensued and continued for at least 48 hours. routine evaluation for the cause of diarrhea including stool culture for enteric pathogens, white blood cells, ova and parasites, clostridium difficile cytotoxin, and flexible sigmoidoscopy was negative. when a peptide based formula (vital hn, ross laboratories, col ... | 1987 | 3121713 |
| cellular internalisation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the cytopathogenic effect of toxin a from clostridium difficile was studied in cultured human lung fibroblasts. the final effect was dependent on toxin concentration and exposure time. binding of the toxin to cells occurred at 0 degrees c as well as at 37 degrees c. the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-dependent with a minimum of 45 min. the appearance of a cytopathogenic effect in toxin-treated cells was prevented by the addition of trypsin, antitoxin, lysosomotro ... | 1987 | 3148814 |
| therapy of clostridium difficile in pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis. | 1987 | 2978388 | |
| extra-intestinal clostridium difficile. | 1987 | 3153598 | |
| homology of a transferable tetracycline resistance determinant of clostridium difficile with streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis transposon tn916. | in several tetracycline-resistant (tetr) clostridium difficile strains, homology with the tn916 part of plasmid pam120 dna was observed. this 15-kilobase transposon, carrying a tetr determinant, was originally found in streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis. hybridization experiments revealed that at least six of seven hincii fragments of tn916, representing greater than 95% of its length, showed homology with dna of tetr c. difficile strains. therefore, a close relationship of the c. difficile t ... | 1987 | 2821887 |
| genetic characterization of a clostridium difficile erythromycin-clindamycin resistance determinant that is transferable to staphylococcus aureus. | the transferable macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin b (mls) resistance determinant of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, designated ermz, has been shown to share homology with ermb, which is associated with staphylococcus aureus transposon tn551. homology within tn551 was confined to less than or equal to 1.3 kilobases, whereas no homology could be demonstrated between tn551 sequences external to ermb and mls-resistant c. difficile. transfer of ermz from c. difficile to s. aureus was ... | 1987 | 2821888 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters with a lipopeptide antibiotic, ly146032. | ly146032, an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic which inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan, was found to be effective in delaying death in a hamster model of pseudomembranous colitis. a dose of 0.05 mg/day was effective. the equivalent protection with vancomycin required a dose 100-fold higher, i.e., 5 mg/day. | 1987 | 2821892 |
| restriction endonuclease analysis of nosocomial isolates of clostridium difficile. | a total of 110 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis by using both bacterial restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and plasmid profiles. a total of 72 isolates were divided into 12 groups according to their rea patterns. some 38 isolates exhibited unique patterns. pattern a occurred in 20% of isolates. isolates with patterns b, e, and g were cytotoxin negative. the remaining groups were cytotoxin positive. multiple isolates obtained from two st ... | 1987 | 2826534 |
| restriction endonuclease dna analysis of clostridium difficile. | hindiii restriction enzyme digests of genomic dna from nine distinct strains of clostridium difficile were undertaken, and the results were related to those of a previously established typing method based on [35s]methionine-labeled protein profiles. each of the typed strains identified by its protein profile could also be distinguished by its unique dna digestion pattern. analysis of strains isolated from 10 patients during a hospital outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis revealed identical ... | 1987 | 2828418 |