Publications

structure of tgf-beta 1-induced human immunoglobulin c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 germ-line transcripts.	we have characterized the structure of the human immunoglobulin c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 germ-line transcripts that are synthesized upon treatment of human b lymphocytes with branhamella catarrhalis (a b cell mitogen) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (tgf-beta 1). these transcripts initiate upstream of the switch alpha 1 and switch alpha 2 regions and contain, together with the c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 sequences, additional exons designated according to the generally accepted nomenclature i a ...	1991	1760406
ceftibuten versus cefaclor for the treatment of bronchitis.	ceftibuten is an oral third generation cephalosporin with potent antimicrobial activity against enterobacteriaceae, beta-lactamase positive haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonorrheae, penicillin-susceptible pneumococci, and beta-hemolytic streptococci. to study the efficacy and safety of ceftibuten for treatment of bronchitis, 58 patients were randomized to therapy with either ceftibuten 400 mg once a day or cefaclor 250 mg every 8 h at a ratio of ...	1991	1761452
treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: state of the art.	effective treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abe) reduces the number of such exacerbations in such patients and may decrease or eliminate background symptoms and improve pulmonary function. the pathologic and physiologic abnormalities of the bronchial system in chronic bronchitis that predispose to bacterial infection probably include impaired mucociliary clearance, obstructed bronchioles, and bacterial infections of the bronchial epithelium. exacerbations of bronc ...	1991	1767808
cefixime shows good effects on group a and group b beta-haemolytic streptococci.	there is continued interest in the development of oral beta-lactam compounds, which can be used clinically to treat various bacterial infections, particularly those caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci. cefixime is a new orally active cephalosporin, with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, including enterobacteriaceae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes. cefixime is highly resistant to hydrolysis by most beta-lactamases. ...	1991	1769318
antimicrobial treatment of sinusitis.	sinusitis is a common disease. most cases of acute sinusitis involve the maxillary sinus and occur after viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. the usual pathogens are streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is also an important pathogen in children. anaerobic infections are more common in chronic sinusitis. fungi are frequently observed in granulocytopenic cancer patients but also can occur in apparently normal hosts. many strains of h ...	1991	1771306
antimicrobial treatment of otitis media.	the major pathogens causing acute otitis media (aom) are streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae, with moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes, and staphylococcus aureus less frequently isolated. the same organisms and staphylococcus epidermidis are found in chronic otitis media with effusion. in chronic suppurative otitis media, pseudomonas aeruginosa and s aureus are most frequently found. antimicrobial agents found to be most effective in treating aom are amoxicillin, trimet ...	1991	1771307
branhamella catarrhalis colonization of exposed nylon sutures.	a 63-year-old man who had uncomplicated cataract surgery four years previously complained of having redness, blurred vision, and photophobia in his right eye for one week. examination revealed numerous exposed nylon sutures with peculiar leaf-like, white deposits surrounding them, associated with underlying conjunctival leukocytic infiltration. smears of the adherent material showed gram-negative diplococci and cultures produced heavy growth of branhamella catarrhalis. removal of the offending s ...	1991	1774658
the in-vitro activity of cefdinir (fk482), a new oral cephalosporin.	the in-vitro activity of cefdinir (fk482), an orally absorbed aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with that of cefuroxime, cefixime, cephalexin, cefaclor and co-amoxiclav. cefdinir was highly active against staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting 90% of strains at 0.03 mg/l. the respiratory pathogens haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis were also susceptible (mic90 less than or equal to 1 mg/l). the common members of the enterobacteriaceae were susceptible ...	1991	1778855
antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated in the uk from sputa.	four hundred and thirty-one streptococcus pneumoniae, 1272 haemophilus influenzae and 305 moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated from sputa and identified in 28 uk laboratories during a ten week period in 1990. disc diffusion susceptibility testing was performed in each centre using identical methods. species-specific susceptibility breakpoints applied to data for six antimicrobial agents were determined from the distribution of isolates according to zone diameters of inhibition measu ...	1991	1778856
recognition of a new branhamella catarrhalis beta-lactamase--bro-3.		1991	1778881
antibacterial activity of ceftibuten, a new oral third generation cephalosporin.	ceftibuten, a new oral third generation cephalosporin, was found to be the most active beta-lactam drug tested against members of the enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most strains at less than 4 micrograms/ml. all isolates of branhamella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, and neisseria spp. were highly susceptible to ceftibuten. penicillin-sensitive pneumococci and pathogenic beta-hemolitic streptococci were also killed by ceftibuten. the antibacterial activity of this new drug, which results in ...	1991	1779255
cefaclor in the treatment of infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in cigarette smokers.	there is a direct correlation between number of cigarettes smoked and the incidence of lower respiratory tract infection in humans. in studies with smokers suffering from exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, the most common bacterial pathogens found were haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus and branhamella catarrhalis. antibiotics should be effective against such possible pathogens. cefaclor has demonstrated in vitro activity against all these pathogens. we des ...	1991	1779259
ampicillin/sulbactam in lower respiratory tract infections: a review.	the pathophysiology and microbiology of lower respiratory tract infections are outlined and diagnostic and therapeutic problems considered. the use of sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of these infections is evaluated. the two drugs have similar pharmacokinetic characteristics; predictable and dose-dependent peak serum concentrations of both agents are achieved after parenteral administration. more than 90% of strains of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, k ...	1991	1790546
[perspective: new pathogens: branhamella catarrhalis, capnocytophaga turleri, corynebacterium group jk].	branhamella catarrhalis is an important pathogen of upper and lower respiratory tract. according to findings in literature, it mostly causes bronchopulmonary infections. capnocytophaga is a newly recognized genus of the gram negative bacilli. in various reports, it has been recognized that capnocytophaga mostly causes sepsis. bacteria of corynebacterium group jk (cjk) cause many important local infections and sepsis.	1991	1795663
in vitro activity of a new cephalosporin me-1206 compared with other agents.	the in vitro activity of me-1206, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that can be orally absorbed when converted to an ester, was compared with that of other beta-lactams. me-1206 inhibited 50% of the enterobacteriaceae at 2 micrograms/ml, similar to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefixime. it did not inhibit, mic greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml, enterobacter species or citrobacter freundii resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and it was less active than cefotaxime and ceftazidime aga ...	1991	1797456
in vitro activity evaluations of cefdinir (fk482, ci-983, and pd134393). a novel orally administered cephalosporin.	cefdinir, a so-called third-generation oral cephalosporin was tested in vitro against over 700 pathogens from patients with bacteremia. cefdinir was very active against the enterobacteriaceae with a 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (mic50) value range of less than or equal to 0.03-8 micrograms/ml. the enteric species having the highest mic90s (greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml) were citrobacter freundii, and the enterobacters, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, and serratia marce ...	1991	1797457
[susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents, 1989. a study mainly focused on imipenem. the research group for testing imipenem susceptibilities of clinical isolates].	we investigated susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (ipm) and other antimicrobial agents at hospital laboratories throughout japan from september to december of 1989. the susceptibility testing was carried out according to the 1-dilution or 3-dilution disc technique in which susceptibilities are classified into 4 grades: (+++), (++), (+) and (-). ipm showed markedly high in vitro activities against streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, moraxella catarrhalis, es ...	1991	1798067
beta-lactamase production in branhamella catarrhalis isolated from lower respiratory tract secretions in danish children: an increasing problem.	findings in specimens from the lower respiratory tract of children were reviewed retrospectively in order to assess the rate of branhamella catarrhalis and beta-lactamase production. b. catarrhalis was isolated in 139 of 756 samples (18.4%) in 1986 and 211 of 723 samples (29.2%) in 1989. beta-lactamase production was found in 55.6% of b. catarrhalis strains in 1986 and 80.1% in 1989 (p less than 0.001). prevalence of beta-lactamase in b. catarrhalis has now reached the same level in europe as in ...	1991	1800371
antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet, ceftibuten, loracarbef, cefprozil, bay 3522, cefuroxime, cefaclor and cefadroxil.	the new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). in addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (proteus vulgaris, providencia spp., yersinia enterocolitica). besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate rele ...	1991	1800377
cefpodoxime: comparative antibacterial activity, influence of growth conditions, and bactericidal activity.	the antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime, the active metabolite of the new cephalosporin ester cefpodoxime proxetil, in comparison to cefixime, cefotiam, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime was determined against a broad spectrum of freshly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. cefpodoxime was demonstrated to be inhibitory at concentrations of less than or equal to 1 mg/l against 90% of strains of moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli (beta-lactamase- nega ...	1991	1800379
branhamella catarrhalis and respiratory tract infections.	branhamella catarrhalis, a gram negative diplococci, is gaining increasing recognition as a respiratory pathogen. in this study 40 sputum samples were collected from patients with acute or chronic lower respiratory tract infections and 15 samples from healthy controls. each sample was examined for the isolation and identification of b. catarrhalis and other respiratory pathogens. from the control group 3 strains of b. catarrhalis were encountered: two of these were of low number in the collected ...	1991	1800627
in vitro activity of ru29246. the metabolite of a new hr916 cephalosporin ester.	compound ru29246 (ru) is the active metabolite of an orally absorpted cephalosporin ester hr916. the ru spectrum of activity includes the majority of enterobacteriaceae species, haemophilus influenzae, pathogenic neisseria spp., moraxella catarrhalis, acinetobacter antiratus, staphylococci, and streptococcus spp. pseudomonas species and enterococci were routinely resistant to ru. the ru spectrum was most similar to cefixime against the gram-negative bacilli and to cefuroxime against the gram-pos ...	1991	1802534
tetracycline resistance in moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis: demonstration of two clonal outbreaks by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	two tetracycline-resistant (tcr) moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis strains from england were compared with two previously characterized tcr texas strains. both pairs carried the tet b determinant, which was nontransferable. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of their genomic dna restriction fragments demonstrated that the strains from the same area were identical (clonal); however, the texas and english strains differed from each other.	1991	1804026
[neonatal conjunctivitis caused by moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis].		1991	1805961
antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against branhamella catarrhalis.	the antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against branhamella catarrhalis was studied. all of the 65 clinical isolates tested were inhibited at and below 1.56 micrograms/ml, both at 10(7) and at 10(5) cfus. the following was further studied on b. catarrhalis n-5 which showed average susceptibility to each drug examined. bactericidal activity was observed at and above the mic. scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes, such as cellular swelling, bleb formation, ...	1991	1808460
[branhamella (moraxella) catarrhalis--a clinically relevant pathogen of bronchopulmonary diseases?].	branhamella catarrhalis, previously named neisseria catarrhalis was known as a saprophytic inhabitant of the human respiratory tract. the importance as a facultative pathogen has increased during the last years. this study demonstrates the presence of b. catarrhalis in sputa and bronchial secretions of adults as well as children with bronchopulmonary diseases in a part of berlin. from march 1989 to july 1990 in routine examinations in the bacteriological laboratory of a lung hospital 46 isolates ...	1991	1808857
comparative study of clarithromycin and roxithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.	the efficacy and tolerance of clarithromycin (250 mg twice daily) were compared with those of roxithromycin (150 mg twice daily) in an open, multicentre trial of 77 inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. sixty-five patients were clinically evaluable (34, clarithromycin; 31 roxithromycin). efficacy was comparable between treatment groups: 26 of 34 patients (76%) treated with clarithromycin were clinically cured, including four with atypical pneumonia. in the roxithromycin group 25 of 31 pa ...	1991	1827096
[pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefpirome in pediatric field].	we conducted a study on the pharmacokinetics and clinical application of cefpirome (cpr) in children. 1. a single intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg of cpr was given to a two-month-old boy, and the concentration of the drug in the blood was measured. fifteen minutes after administration, the concentration was 53.3 micrograms/ml, and it gradually decreased thereafter, reaching a level of 5.18 micrograms/ml after 8 hours with a half-life in the plasma of 2.36 hours. 2. a single intravenous injectio ...	1991	1828275
the in-vitro and disc susceptibility testing of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite.	the in-vitro antibacterial activity of clarithromycin, its 14-hydroxy metabolite and a combination containing clarithromycin and the 14-hydroxy metabolite in a ratio of three parts of the former to one part of the latter were compared with erythromycin by determination of mics. disc susceptibility testing was also performed using discs containing 6 micrograms clarithromycin, 6 micrograms clarithromycin with 2 micrograms 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, 3 micrograms clarithromycin and 3 micrograms clar ...	1991	1829073
in vitro evaluation of gr69153, a novel catechol-substituted cephalosporin.	gr69153 is a c-7 catechol cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against members of the family enterobacteriaceae (mics for 50% of strains tested [mic50s], 0.008 to 0.5 micrograms/ml), staphylococcus aureus (mic50, 4 micrograms/ml), pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic50, 0.25 micrograms/ml), haemophilus influenzae (mic50, 0.03 micrograms/ml), neisseria gonorrhoeae (mic50, 0.03 micrograms/ml), and acinetobacter spp. (mic50, 2 micrograms/ml). potent gr69153 activity was also demonstrated against ...	1991	1854174
comparative evaluation of loracarbef and amoxicillin-clavulanate for acute otitis media.	one hundred five infants and children with acute otitis media were randomized to therapy with loracarbef, an experimental carbacephem antibiotic, or amoxicillin-clavulanate (augmentin), an approved drug for this disease. ninety-two were evaluable (46 in each group). middle ear fluid samples obtained for culture before therapy grew haemophilus spp. in 30% of cases, pneumococci in 29% of cases, and moraxella catarrhalis in 15% of cases. beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were found in 37% of patien ...	1991	1854178
pharmacotherapy of otitis media.	the clinical manifestations of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are the result of abnormal eustachian tube function most often caused by inflammation from infection or allergy. the majority of cases involve bacterial infection of the middle ear caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, or branhamella catarrhalis. nearly half of all children will have had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 1 year of age, and over 70% by 3 years of age. the signs and s ...	1991	1862012
intravenous ciprofloxacin for the treatment of severe infections.	intravenous ciprofloxacin at a daily dosage of 400 mg divided in two doses was administered to 19 patients with severe infections caused by ciprofloxacin-susceptible bacteria. these infections included: 11 surgical would infections, 5 soft tissue infections, 2 respiratory tract infections, 1 urinary tract infection. the offending pathogens were: 8 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 3 staphylococcus aureus, 3 pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2 proteus spp., 1 escherichia coli, 1 branhamella catarrhalis, 1 ...	1991	1875231
[bacteriological and clinical studies of cefodizime in pediatrics].	bacteriological and clinical studies on cefodizime (cdzm, thr-221), a new cephem developed by hoechst ag and roussel uclaf, were carried out and the results are summarized below: 1. against gram-positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae, antibacterial activities of cdzm were similar to those of cefotaxime (ctx), cefazolin, cefotiam and piperacillin. against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and serratia sp., antibacterial activities of cd ...	1991	1880919
clinical evaluation of ticarcillin, with clavulanic acid, and gentamicin in the treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic children.	to assess the clinical efficacy of ticarcillin, with clavulanic acid, and gentamicin, we conducted a prospective one year study of febrile episodes in neutropenic children. seventy-five episodes were evaluated in 42 children. the response rate was 32% during persistent neutropenia, whilst another third of episodes responded with neutrophil recovery. positive blood cultures occurred in 21 episodes and 20 of 24 micro-organisms belonged to the 'community' flora, i.e. organisms carried by healthy pe ...	1991	1885425
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1988)].	isolated bacteria from respiratory infectious diseases were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout japan, since 1981, and ikemoto et al. have been examining sensitivities of the isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, relationships between the isolates and the backgrounds of the patients and so forth each year. we report here the research results for the year 1988. in 18 institutions around the entire japan from october 1988 to september 1989, 554 strains ...	1991	1886202
in vitro antibacterial activities of the fluoroquinolones pd 117596, pd 124816, and pd 127391.	three new aminopyrrolidine-substituted fluorocyclopropyl quinolones--pd 117596, pd 124816, and pd 127391--were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against 349 bacterial strains, which are primarily clinical isolates. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) in micrograms/ml required for greater than or equal to 90% of strains were 0.03-0.06 for staphylococci (26 strains); 0.06-0.25 for streptococcus pyogenes, s. agalactiae, s. pneumoniae, and enterococcus faecalis (80); less than or eq ...	1991	1889177
antimicrobial activity of e-1040, a novel thiadiazolyl cephalosporin compared with other parenteral cephems.	e-1040, a new parenteral fourth-generation cephalosporin, was tested against greater than 600 bacteremic pathogens and compared with cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefpirome. e-1040 activity against staphylococcus aureus was comparable (mic90, 8 micrograms/ml) to ceftazidime, but inferior to cefotaxime (mic90, 2 micrograms/ml) and cefpirome (mic90, 0.5 microgram/ml). beta-hemolytic streptococci and most gram-positive anaerobes were also susceptible to e-1040. some strains of coagulase-negative sta ...	1991	1889181
antibacterial activity of rokitamycin compared with that of other macrolides.	the activity of rokitamycin, a 16-membered macrolide, was compared with other macrolides and agents used to treat respiratory infections. rokitamycin had in vitro activity against streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae comparable to the other macrolides, inhibiting most organisms at less than 0.03 to 0.5 microgram/ml. it was the most active macrolide agent against staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting 90% at 1 microgram/ml. macrolide-resistant streptococci and staphylococci in which resistance wa ...	1991	1889182
bacterial infection in under school age children with expiratory difficulty.	serological evidence of bacterial infection was prospectively studied in less than 6 years old patients during 188 acute episodes of expiratory difficulty requiring hospital treatment. such evidence indicated by antibody or antigen assays was found in 40 patients (21%). streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 25 cases; antigenemia was found in 10, antigenuria in 2 and seroconversion in 14 cases. seroconversion to nontypable haemophilus influenzae was found in 9 and to branhamella catarrhalis ...	1991	1896233
in vitro activity of ceftibuten against haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarhallis.	the in vitro activity of ceftibuten, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was assessed against clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis. the activity of ceftibuten was compared to that of ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and three oral cephalosporins, cefaclor, cefuroxime, and cefixime. with the exception of rare beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains of h. influenzae, resistance to ceftibuten was not observed with any of the study isolate ...	1991	1901536
occurrences of antibodies against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion and serum during the course of acute otitis media.	the occurrence of igg, igm and iga class antibodies against a type-specific capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumoniae (pn) and against a whole cell antigen of haemophilus influenzae (hi) and branhamella catarrhalis (br) was studied using the elisa method on middle ear effusion (mee) samples of 85 patients and paired serum samples of 40 patients during the course of acute otitis media (aom). although specific antibodies to all of these three bacteria appeared in mee during the course of ...	1991	1901685
amoxycillin/clavulanate versus amoxycillin in recurrent otitis media and therapeutic failure in children.	a total of 102 children with recurrent otitis media or therapeutic failure after treatment with phenoxymethyl penicillin were entered into a double-blind study with parallel groups, comparing treatment with amoxycillin/clavulanate suspension (spektramox) for 7 days with amoxycillin suspension (imacillin) for 10 days. bacterial and clinical investigations were performed. a total of 91 patients were evaluated for efficacy at the first follow-up visit (10-12 days after start of treatment). amoxycil ...	1991	1901686
comparison of the activity of cefixime and activities of other oral antibiotics against adult clinical isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis containing bro-1 and bro-2 and haemophilus influenzae.	mics of 10 oral antibiotics were determined for 105 moraxella catarrhalis and 96 haemophilus influenzae isolates from adults. a two- to fourfold increase in mics of oral cephalosporins was seen in the presence of bro-1 but not with tem-1 or bro-2. the mics of cefixime for 90% of strains of h. influenzae (0.125 microgram/ml) and m. catarrhalis (0.25 microgram/ml) were 8- to 64-fold lower than those of other oral cephalosporins.	1991	1901696
development of a species-specific dna probe for moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is an aerobic gram-negative diplococcus that is now recognized as a pathogen of the respiratory tract. rapid and direct identification of this bacterium has become important to the clinical microbiology laboratory. recently, rapid tests for the identification of neisseria species and m. catarrhalis have been commercialized but they are primarily for neisseriae; in these kits, m. catarrhalis is always identified presumptively. we have developed a dna probe of c ...	1991	1901955
branhamella catarrhalis septicemia in an immunocompetent adult.	a 68-year-old man with otitis media developed signs of disseminated intravasal coagulation (dic) and shock. beta-lactamase positive branhamella catarrhalis grew in all blood cultures and in secretion from the middle ear. the patient was immunocompetent and previously healthy. severe b. catarrhalis septicemia has so far mainly been described in immunocompromised patients, mostly children, but this report shows that it may occasionally occur in immunocompetent adults.	1991	1902980
branhamella catarrhalis as a cause of multiple subpleural abscesses.	a pure growth of branhamella catarrhalis was obtained from subpleural abscesses in a 65-year-old fisherman with a persistent pneumothorax; underlying disorders included lung fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes mellitus. a thoracotomy revealed extensive thickening of the visceral pleura covering multiple subpleural abscesses. there was a protracted postoperative course despite surgical debridement and antibiotic treatment with a cephalosporin and erythromycin.	1991	1902981
[pneumonia caused by branhamella catarrhalis. a well-documented case].		1991	1903072
in-vitro activity of cefprozil (bmy 28100) and loracarbef (ly 163892) against pathogens obtained from middle ear fluid.	we compared the in-vitro activities of cefprozil, a novel oral cephalosporin, and of loracarbef, a new oral carbacephem, with other agents against middle ear fluid isolates obtained from children with acute otitis media. these included streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis. cefprozil activity (mic50 and mic90) against s. pneumoniae was 0.25 and 0.50 mg/l; against h. influenzae 8 and 16 mg/l; against b. catarrhalis 2 and 2 mg/l. loracarbef activity (mic50 an ...	1991	1903788
multipoint microbiological assay for detecting beta-lactamase.	a multipoint microbiological assay for determining beta-lactamase production by clinical isolates of bacteria was evaluated. with strains of haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and branhamella catarrhalis there was excellent correlation between results obtained using this method and those obtained using the chromogenic cephalosporin reference method. the multipoint method is an inexpensive yet reliable adjunct to conventional susceptibility testing methods.	1991	1904456
the successful treatment of branhamella catarrhalis bronchopulmonary infections in adults with amoxycillin.		1991	1904850
[bacteremic pneumonia caused by branhamella catarrhalis in an immunocompromised patient].		1991	1904967
branhamella (moraxella) catarrhalis: pathogenic significance in respiratory infections.	to assess the pathogenic significance of branhamella catarrhalis isolates in patients with respiratory infections and to define the clinical characteristics of such patients. design and	1991	1905385
cefixime compared with amoxicillin for treatment of acute otitis media.	cefixime was compared with amoxicillin for treatment of acute otitis media in a randomized trial. results of tympanocentesis on day 3 to 5 of therapy were used as the major outcome. total daily doses were 8 mg/kg of cefixime and 40 mg/kg of amoxicillin. one hundred twenty-six patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment; 64 cultures grew pathogens. pathogens were eradicated from the middle ear after 3 to 5 days of therapy in 27 (79.4%) of 34 children given amoxicillin and 26 (86.7%) of 3 ...	1991	1906097
comparative trial of cefprozil vs. amoxicillin clavulanate potassium in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with effusion.	a total of 137 children with acute otitis media with effusion were randomly allocated to treatment with cefprozil (30 mg/kg/day divided into two equal doses), an investigational cephalosporin or amoxicillin clavulanate potassium (40 mg/kg/day divided into three equal doses) for 10 days. the most common pathogens obtained from middle ear cavities by tympanocentesis were streptococcus pneumoniae (33%), haemophilus influenzae (19.6%) and moraxella catarrhalis (8.3%). patients were scheduled for fol ...	1991	1906160
branhamella catarrhalis peritonitis in capd: an avoidable complication?		1991	1906755
branhamella catarrhalis and croup: toxicity in the upper respiratory tract.	branhamella catarrhalis has gained increasing recognition as a pathogen in the respiratory tract. during the past 18 years, since its transfer from the genus neisseria, it has been associated with infection in cavities of the respiratory tract (sinuses and middle ear). it has been recognized as playing a role in laryngitis. its isolation in large numbers from the surface and core of acutely and chronically infected tonsils indicates a possible role in these infections. croup (two patients report ...	1991	1907110
pharyngeal carriage of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis in healthy adults.		1991	1907543
bacteremia and septic arthritis caused by moraxella catarrhalis.	moraxella catarrhalis was isolated from blood from a 41-year-old man who had a 24-hour history of increasing pain in and swelling of the left knee. no history of trauma, arthropathy, fever, chills, cough, or chest pain was noted. what is believed to be the first case of bacteremia caused by m. catarrhalis that was associated with septic arthritis is described in this report. the case presented suggests the pathophysiology of this rare condition. one previous case of septic arthritis caused by m. ...	1991	1907759
nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitis-prone children.	nasopharyngeal carriage of the three major middle ear pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable hemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis) was evaluated prospectively in a group of 110 children followed up for the first 3 years of life. the findings suggested that nasopharyngeal carriage of middle ear pathogens increases significantly during respiratory illness among the general population of young children; however, otitis-prone children demonstrated a tendency to carry nontypeabl ...	1991	1908199
comparative immunochemistry of lipopolysaccharides from branhamella catarrhalis strains.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) were extracted and purified from the type strain and from a clinical isolate of branhamella catarrhalis. chemical analysis revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, and glucosamine in different molar proportions in the lps from these two isolates, whereas there was no difference between the two isolates in the ratios of ketodeoxyoctonate, phosphate, and the fatty acids c12, 3-oh-c12, and 3-oh-c11 present. heptose or 3-oh-c14 was not detectable in either preparation. ...	1991	1908833
[in vitro activity of cefuroxime against moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis].	minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefuroxime were determined by an agar dilution procedure and compared with erythromycin and four other beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin + clavulanate, cefadroxil, cefaclor) on 76 strains of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. sixty four of them produced a beta-lactamase. results show that the beta-lactamase of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis abrogates the activity of amoxycillin (mic 90% = 4 mg/l) meanwhile the combination of amoxycillin ...	1991	1909016
prospective hospital study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly.	a prospective study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly was carried out over a 15-month period. during this time 127 consecutive admissions to two acute geriatric medical wards were studied. an aetiology was established in 77 (61%) of cases. streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 37% of patients. haemophilus influenzae in 18% and branhamella catarrhalis in 10%. infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in only one episode and no cases of legionella pne ...	1991	1909044
erythromycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin v) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as related to microbiological findings and serum c-reactive protein.	respiratory tract pathogens (beta-haemolytic streptococci groups a, c and g, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis or pneumococci), were isolated from nasopharyngeal and/or throat swabs in 73/138 (53%) patients greater than 10 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, purulent nasopharyngitis or acute bronchitis. serological evidence of a viral infection (influenza a and b, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus) or mycopla ...	1991	1909052
secretory antibodies specific to streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion during acute otitis media.	the occurrence of specific secretory antibodies against the type-specific capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumoniae (pn) and against the whole cell antigen of haemophilus influenzae (hi) and branhamella catarrhalis (br) were measured by the elisa method in 211 middle ear effusion (mee) samples of 85 children with acute otitis media (aom) during the course of the disease. antibodies against at least one of those bacteria were detected at the initial visit in 33.6% of the ears and later ...	1991	1909486
nasopharyngeal flora in otitis media with effusion. a comparative semiquantitative analysis.	an inflammatory process in the middle ear caused by bacteria or bacterial products emanating from the nasopharynx is one etiological factor considered in the unknown pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (ome). the nasopharyngeal prevalence of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis and streptococcus pyogenes was studied in 191 children with defined ome and in 53 age-matched children without middle ear disease. duplicate sampling and semiquantit ...	1991	1909487
in vitro antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin (at-4140, ci-978, pd 131501) compared with numerous other quinolone compounds.	sparfloxacin (at-4140, ci-978, pd 131501) was tested against over 800 recent bacteremic strains and compared with ciprofloxacin and six other fluoroquinolones. the 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (mic90) ranges for the enterobacteriaceae species were (a) sparfloxacin, 0.03-1 microgram/ml and (b) ciprofloxacin, 0.015-0.25 microgram/ml. moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, and neisseria gonorrhoeae were very susceptible to sparfloxacin (mic90s, 0.004- less than or equal to 0.03 micr ...	1991	1909615
beta-lactamase production and bacterial tolerance in recurrent acute otitis media.	different reasons for treatment failure or relapse of acute otitis media (aom) have been suggested. in this study 38 children (8 treatment failures, 13 relapses of aom within one month and 17 with a new aom) were compared to 25 matching healthy children, regarding beta-lactamase producing bacteria and tolerance to penicillin v and ampicillin. branhamella catarrhalis was the most common bacteria found in the nasopharynx and was isolated in 60% of children with aom and in 48% of the control group. ...	1991	1909690
in vitro studies with bay v 3522, a new oral cephalosporin.	the in vitro activities of bay v 3522, cefaclor, cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefixime, amoxicillin/clavulanate (2:1) and reference penicillins were compared against 314 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and nine strains of escherichia coli that differed in their outer membrane proteins in agar dilution tests with an inoculum of 10(4) cfu/spot. the beta-lactamase stabilities of the cephalosporins were also evaluated by spectrophotometric assay using 21 different beta-lacta ...	1991	1914843
improved tween 80 hydrolysis method for identification of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.		1991	1915394
in vitro activity of cefpodoxime, a new oral cephalosporin, compared with that of nine other antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro activity of the compound ru-51746, the sodium salt of cefpodoxime (which is administered orally as the ester cefpodoxime proxetil) was compared with that of other commonly used oral antibiotics against a selection of clinical isolates of common bacteria from patients with urinary tract, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections. ru-51746 was found to inhibit 90% of enterobacteriaceae at less than 1 mg/l; pneumococci, pyogenic streptococci (lancefield groups a, c and g) and strept ...	1991	1915400
swedish study group. a randomized multicenter trial to compare the influence of cefaclor and amoxycillin on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract in patients with lower respiratory tract infection.	eighty-four patients with lower respiratory tract infections participated in a randomised double-blind parallel multicenter trial in order to compare the efficacy of cefaclor and amoxycillin as treatment for lower respiratory tract infections and their ability to influence colonization resistance. cefaclor was given to 40 patients and amoxycillin to 44 patients perorally in doses of 250 mg t.i.d. for seven days in a double-blind fashion. sputum, oropharyngeal and intestinal specimens were taken ...	1991	1917031
rufloxacin once daily in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	in this open study the efficacy and tolerability of rufloxacin in a single dose of 400 mg the first day and 200 mg the nine consecutive days was studied in 26 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. twenty-two patients were evaluable for efficacy. four patients stopped treatment prematurely after five days because of clinical cure. at the enrollment visit a pathogen was isolated in the sputum sample in 19 of 22 evaluable patients. the predominant pathogens were streptococcus p ...	1991	1917050
bacteriology of acute otitis media in adults.	--the objective of this study was to determine the bacteriology of acute otitis media in adults. although this has frequently been studied in children, no data have recently been reported from adults in the united states. additionally, information on the prevalence of haemophilus influenzae as a causative organism in acute otitis media in adults has not been available.	1991	1920724
[bacteriological study on fosfomycin against organisms clinically isolated from paranasal sinusitis].	multi-center bacteriological and clinical studies on fosfomycin (fom) nasal solution were performed in subjects with paranasal sinusitis from january, 1988 to may, 1990. in these studies, we were exclusively responsible for bacterial isolation from clinical sources, bacterial identification and the determination of drug susceptibility. before local administration of fom nasal solution, many strains of various bacterial species were isolated from sources totalling 396 cases involved in phase ii c ...	1991	1920807
[clinical evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the internal medicine].	fifty-two patients with moderate or severe infections associated with internal medicine were treated with imipenem/cilastatin sodium (ipm/cs) and the efficacy and the safety of this drug were evaluated. there were 20 patients with pneumonia, 10 with acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory tract infections, 9 with sepsis, 2 with pyothorax, 3 with intraabdominal infection, 2 with urinary tract infection, 1 with pulmonary abscess, 1 with infective endocarditis, 4 with fever of unknown origin. for ...	1991	1920813
vertebral osteomyelitis due to branhamella catarrhalis.		1991	1925301
[beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations for oral administration].	beta-lactamase inhibitors are compounds which are able to bind many beta-lactamase and to inactivate them irreversibly ("suicide inactivators"). their intrinsic antimicrobial activity is weak. however, in combination with aminopenicillins they exhibit marked synergism both in vitro and in vivo against many beta-lactamase producing bacterial strains. at the achievable serum and tissue concentrations after oral administration, various aminopenicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations are activ ...	1991	1925470
comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil (bmy-28100) and cefaclor in the treatment of acute group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis.	cefprozil (bmy-28100) is a semisynthetic cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and prolonged serum elimination half-life allowing for once-a-day oral administration. in vitro, cefprozil demonstrates excellent activity against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. cefprozil (500 mg once daily) was compared to cefaclor (250 mg three times daily) in an open, randomized, comparative trial for the treatment of acute group ...	1991	1929253
in vitro activity of loracarbef (ly163892), a new oral carbacephem antimicrobial agent, against respiratory isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	the in vitro activity of a new orally administered carbacephem analog of cefaclor, loracarbef (ly163892), was compared with those of cefaclor and several other oral antimicrobial agents against recent clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. loracarbef was found to be slightly more active than cefaclor against h. influenzae and had activity essentially equivalent to that of cefaclor for m. catarrhalis. resistance to loracarbef was uncommon and was noted only with ra ...	1991	1929318
[branhamella catarrhalis as a disease pathogen].	since 1980, numerous reports have been published throughout the world on the pathogenic role of branhamella catarrhalis. apparently, branhamella infections have been increasing in many places. although they can affect various organs, they are most commonly observed in the airways and eye (both in children and adults). not infrequently, branhamella catarrhalis causes sepsis, in particular in immunosuppressed patients. the rapid increase in beta-lactamase-forming branhamella strains results in fre ...	1991	1937324
comparison of molecular epidemiological tools for branhamella catarrhalis typing.	twenty-one branhamella catarrhalis strains selected for their diversity by esterase electrophoretic polymorphism, and belonging to 20 distinct zymotypes, were studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of total dna after ethidium bromide staining and of ribosomal dna regions (ribotyping). the former analysis allowed the distinction of 20 patterns and the latter the delineation of 19 ribotypes. the three methods were correlated and showed a clonal diversity of the species. esteras ...	1991	1947430
[role of cefuroxime-axetil in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. bacteriological and pharmacological data].	cefuroxime-axetil, the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime, is a prodrug for oral administration. the indication of this new formulation in the treatment of community acquired rti required an updating of its activity against respiratory pathogens. a total of 260 isolates were included in a study using mic determination (agar dilution technique): the mode mics for haemophilus spp., branhamella catarrhalis, streptococci, s. pneumoniae ranged from 0.016 to 0.5 mg/l; no difference was noted between b ...	1991	1948811
nasal mucosal changes in children treated with gammaglobulin. aspects on middle ear pathology and nasopharyngeal bacteriology.	the present study was undertaken to evaluate possible beneficial effects of gammaglobulin treatment every 3 weeks during 6 months of 6-month to 2-year-old children. every second of 44 children with recurrent acute otitis media (raom) received gammaglobulin, the other 22 served as controls. nasal mucosal biopsy specimens were taken at 6-month intervals and analysed by light microscopy (lm) and scanning electron microscopy (sem). additional biopsies were obtained from another 15 children with raom ...	1991	1950543
an approach to pediatric upper respiratory infections.	upper respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases encountered in office pediatrics. the majority of these illnesses, including the common cold and pharyngitis, are viral in etiology, present with rhinitis and fever, and are self-limited and benign. management consists of fluids, rest, saltwater nose drops and analgesics. antihistamines appear to relieve only those symptoms potentiated by allergy. with the exception of streptococcal pharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections do ...	1991	1950981
pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor: relationship of concentrations in serum to mics for common respiratory pathogens.	the pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefaclor at 250 and 375 mg and cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg administered under optimal conditions (i.e., cefuroxime axetil after food and cefaclor in the fasted state) were studied in 24 healthy male volunteers. drug concentrations in serum were related to mics for common respiratory tract pathogens by using data generated from a recently completed national survey. the time the concentrations in serum exceeded the mics for haemophilus influenzae, streptococ ...	1991	1952858
pneumonia in chronic obstructive lung disease.	despite the apparent common occurrence of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), there are little firm data on incidence, etiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapy in these patients. it appears that traditional respiratory pathogens such as the pneumococcus are declining in importance while "new" pathogens such as pseudomonas sp., moraxella catarrhalis, and legionella sp. are becoming more important. the diagnosis of a specific etiologic agent is difficult in ...	1991	1955695
moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is now a well-recognized pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in the setting of chronic lung disease. the ability to produce beta-lactamase, which now characterizes most clinical strains, appears to be a recently acquired trait. the most common clinical syndrome caused by this organism is exacerbation of chronic bronchitis; this syndrome has been well described in europe, japan, and the united states, particularly from centers with a la ...	1991	1955698
double-blind comparison of cefixime and cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.	in a double-blind study cefixime, an oral cephalosporin of the third generation, was compared to cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in 397 children aged 6 months to 12 years. clinical evaluation was carried out at the beginning, at day 10-12 and day 28-35 after the start of the treatment. specimens for bacterial culture and sensitivity testings were taken from the nasopharynx at the initial visit. patients were randomized either to cefixime in a dose of 8 mg/kg/day or cefaclor in a ...	1991	1957129
comparison of two rapid methods used in the identification of haemophilus and moraxella species.	both haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis cause pneumonia in children and adults. the timely isolation and identification of these two organisms is important for the initiation of antibiotic therapy. this paper compares two commercial systems with traditional biochemical methods with respect to accuracy, cost and turn-around-time.	1991	10119493
significance of haemophilus spp. and branhamella catarrhalis in upper respiratory tract infections.	haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis can be considered inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract in humans. although the pathogenetic role of h. influenzae cannot be discussed, the authors report the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this microorganism; furthermore, they discuss the direct or indirect pathogenicity of b. catarrhalis in respiratory tract diseases and the ability of both microorganisms to produce beta-lactamases. h. influenzae and b. catarrhalis, together with s. pneum ...	1991	12041752
azithromycin. a review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy.	azithromycin is an acid stable orally administered macrolide antimicrobial drug, structurally related to erythromycin, with a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity. azithromycin is marginally less active than erythromycin in vitro against gram-positive organisms, although this is of doubtful clinical significance as susceptibility concentrations fall within the range of achievable tissue azithromycin concentrations. in contrast, azithromycin appears to be more active than erythromycin again ...	1992	1280567
immunosuppressive effects induced by the polysaccharide moiety of some bacterial lipopolysaccharides.	the immunomodulatory properties of several lipopolysaccharides (lps) derived from clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, branhamella catarrhalis, and bordetella pertussis were evaluated for their capacity to influence the magnitude of the antibody response to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide (sss-iii), which is known to be regulated by suppressor and amplifier t cells (ts and ta, respectively). the administration of lps, two days after immunization resulted in a significant increase in ...	1992	1286878
cefaclor af: correlation of microbiology and clinical outcome.	cefaclor is active against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in addition to the pathogens typically susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins. cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor af) provides the opportunity for once or twice daily dosing of this agent. clinical trials using cefaclor af have been carried out in a number of centres on bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, the urinary tract and the skin. in vitro susceptibility tests on selected pathogens from the ...	1992	1287612
changes in the spectrum of organisms causing respiratory tract infections: a review.	over the last decade, the spectrum of organisms causing community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections has changed. streptococcus pneumoniae now causes approximately 30% of outpatient acute pneumonia-less than in former decades-whereas mycoplasma pneumoniae is found in both young and elderly patients. the enterobacteriaceae and staphylococcus aureus are now seen more frequently as respiratory tract pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia patients, and they are the major organisms ...	1992	1287613
a multicentre trial of cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bronchitis.	two prospective randomized, double-blind, parallel studies were carried out in europe to compare cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor af) with cefaclor in the treatment of acute bronchitis caused by susceptible pathogens. a total of 1,321 patients suffering from acute bronchitis confirmed by clinical data and a negative chest x-ray were randomized for treatment in the two multicentre trials. three doses of cefaclor af were tested: 375 mg twice daily and 500 mg twice daily were compared with c ...	1992	1287614
in vitro evaluation of bay y3118, a new full-spectrum fluoroquinolone.	bay y3118, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-8-yl)-6-fluoro-8- chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride, is a new fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity against an expanded spectrum of species including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, and also anaerobes such as bacteriodes fragilis and clostridium perfringens. mic90s for s. aureus, s. epidermid ...	1992	1288961
role of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis as a respiratory pathogen in children.	during a 12-month surveillance period in 1981-1982, moraxella catarrhalis was detected in cultures from nasopharyngeal aspirates from 76 (17%) of 449 children hospitalized with middle or lower respiratory tract infection. seroconversion to m. catarrhalis was positive in 4 (5%) of the 76 patients with m. catarrhalis present in nasopharyngeal aspirates and in 4 (1%) of 373 patients with a negative finding. although children with respiratory tract infections were often colonized by the organism, th ...	1992	1290865
bactericidal activity and postantibiotic effect of cefdinir (cl 983, fk 482) against selected pathogens.	the bactericidal activity and the postantibiotic effect (pae) of cefdinir (cl 983, fk 482) (cdr), were determined against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis and escherichia coli (5 strains each) in comparison to erythromycin (e), cotrimoxazole (sxt) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amc). kinetic studies of kill showed that cdr was rapidly bactericidal at concentrations 2 and 4 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic): a reduct ...	1992	1292914
[the etiology of bacterial respiratory infections in adulthood].	upper and lower respiratory tract infections are the most frequently reported pathologies both in children and in adults. in particular, the most common clinical pictures are otitis media, principally chronic, and acute and chronic sinusitis. the microbiology of otitis media, which has been investigated thoroughly in the last year, confirmed a bacterial origin in 90% of the cases (while the incidence of the viral form is low). the etiologic agents responsible for chronic infections are gram-nega ...	1992	1297401