Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| atypical pneumonia. | the atypical pneumonia syndrome usually implies a benign illness where systemic complaints predominate over respiratory symptoms. cough is prominent; chest radiographic findings are varied. many organisms are associated with this syndrome. mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci, chlamydia pneumoniae, coxiella burnetii, and francisella tularensis are reviewed in this article. | 1991 | 1955701 |
| in vivo modulation of the murine immune response to francisella tularensis lvs by administration of anticytokine antibodies. | the role(s) of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), and interleukin-4 (il-4) in establishment and maintenance of protective immunity to francisella tularensis lvs in mice (c3h/hen) was examined by selective removal of these cytokines in vivo with neutralizing antibodies. the 50% lethal dose (ld50) for mice infected intradermally with f. tularensis alone was 136,000 cfu; treatment of mice with anti-ifn-gamma or anti-tnf-alpha at the time of infection significantl ... | 1992 | 1729199 |
| pneumonia. patient profiles, choice of empiric therapy, and the place of third-generation cephalosporins. | choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy for patients with pneumonia requires knowledge of the etiologic agents seen in specific kinds of patients at specific times and places. for community-acquired pneumonia, there is an important difference in the agents seen in the normal and the compromised host. the normal host most often presents with viral, mycoplasmal, or pneumococcal pneumonia. the exact place of chlamydia pneumoniae is still under study. a normal host who aspirates is at risk of ana ... | 1992 | 1730186 |
| the 17 kda lipoprotein and encoding gene of francisella tularensis lvs are conserved in strains of francisella tularensis. | a t-cell-stimulating 17 kda protein of the vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs has previously been cloned, sequenced and shown to be a lipoprotein. in the present study, it was investigated whether the protein, denoted tul4, and its gene are present in various strains of the genus francisella. by western blot analysis, it was demonstrated that a tul4-specific monoclonal antibody bound to a protein present in each of the francisella strains. the immunoreactive proteins had an m(r) of 17 kda ... | 1992 | 1291846 |
| [detection of persistent resistance to antibacterial drugs in various strains of francisella tularensis]. | under natural conditions, the francisella tularensis strains ae-261 and p-13864 capable of forming the persist type of resistance to antibacterial drugs and being the cause of the infection in laboratory animals not responding to monotherapy with antibiotics were detectable. the antibioticograms of strains ae-261 and p-13864 under the in vitro conditions did not differ from those of the other studied strains responding to the antibiotic therapy. the observed phenomenon could be associated with i ... | 1992 | 1296530 |
| introduction of francisella tularensis at skin sites induces resistance to infection and generation of protective immunity. | mice are susceptible to systemic infection with francisella tularensis strain lvs; thus, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) lethal dose at 50% (ld50) in c3h/hen and c57bi/6j mice is only a single bacterium, while the intradermal (i.d.) ld50 is more than 10(4). here we show that the ld50 when lvs is introduced via the skin, either i.d. or subcutaneously (s.c.), ranges from 7 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6). sublethal i.d. or s.c. infection (priming) invariably leads to the generation of systemic and specific protec ... | 1992 | 1297917 |
| [effect of antibiotics on francisella tularensis]. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin, doxycycline, sisomicin, ciprofloxacin and phosmidomycin for various strains of francisella tularensis were 0.5 to 2.0, 0.5 to 2.0, 0.125 to 0.4, 0.625 to 0.125 and 2.0 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. ciprofloxacin and sisomicin had a marked bactericidal effect. the bactericidal effect of rifampicin was insignificant. doxycycline and phomidomycin had practically no such effect. all the antibiotics had a post effect. the level of the post-a ... | 1992 | 1300925 |
| macrophage activating factors produced in the course of murine tularemia: effect on multiplication of microbes. | primary f. tularensis infection in mice induces the production of macrophage activating factors (mafs) by spleen cells. the stimulation of macrophage cytolytic activity (maf-c) and hydrogen peroxide production (maf-h2o2) dominates between days 7 and 10 in the course of tularemia. three various pools of active fractions (10-11, 14-15, 25-28) were fractionated by two-step chromatography. typical for 10-11 and 14-15 is maf-c activity whereas in 25-28 prevails maf-h2o2. initial concentrated supernat ... | 1992 | 1300982 |
| [the use of solid-phase liposomal immunoassay for determining a bacterial antigen of lipopolysaccharide nature]. | the solid-phase liposomal immunoassay procedure for the determination of francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been developed. this assay has been made with the use of monolayer liposomes, on the average, 360 nm in diameter with their phospholipid bilayer modified with f. tularensis lps and their internal space filled with calcein used as fluorescent marker. the assay is based on the principle of the competitive immunosorption of liposomes and antigenic lps on the surface of polyst ... | 1992 | 1301662 |
| the ecology of tularaemia. | tularaemia, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium francisella tularensis mccoy, 1912, is reported from north america, europe and northern parts of asia, but not from the southern hemisphere. two subspecies of f. tularensis are recognised: the highly virulent type a and the milder type b, with additional subdivisions reported. tularaemia has been reported in more than 250 animal species including man, other mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, arthropods and protozoa. type a is reported to have ... | 1992 | 1305858 |
| molecular cloning of the reca gene and construction of a reca strain of francisella novicida. | a gene locus that is functionally analogous to the reca gene of escherichia coli was molecularly cloned from francisella novicida. the cloned gene was found to suppress the sensitivity of an e. coli strain to dna-damaging agents and to support genetic recombination in e. coli. after transposon mutagenesis, the reca-like gene locus was returned to f. novicida and a uv-sensitive f. novicida strain was isolated. in contrast to the wild-type strain, this uv-sensitive strain could not be transformed ... | 1992 | 1309722 |
| [phosphatase and penicillinase activities as stable traits for the differentiation of the racial classification of francisella tularensis]. | in the causative agent of tularemia new markers correlating with different subspecies of this microbe have been detected. thus, f. tularensis strains belonging to the american and central asian subspecies are characterized by phosphatase activity, which makes it possible to use the phosphatase test for their differentiation from the strains of the holarctic variety. f. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica are incapable of producing beta-lactamase which differentiates them from the representatives of t ... | 1992 | 1338744 |
| various membrane proteins of francisella tularensis induce interferon-gamma production in both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells of primed humans. | tularaemia is an intracellular infection, which is controlled by the host as a result of an immunospecific t-cell response. a crucial product of the responding t cells is interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), which acts by enhancing the microbicidal activity of macrophages. t cells of tularaemia-vaccinated individuals respond in vitro to a multitude of protein antigens of the vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs. in the present study, the responses to four of these antigens were shown to be confine ... | 1992 | 1356911 |
| correlation between the virulence of francisella tularensis in experimental mice and its acriflavine reaction. | correlation between the virulence of francisella tularensis in experimental mice and its acriflavine reaction was studied. the cultures derived from all four strains (ebina, cmb2, schu, and n9) that had long been subcultured on agar media yielded two types of colonies, i.e., acriflavine reaction-positive (acf+) and acriflavine reaction-negative (acf-) colonies. all acf+ colonies, regardless of their parent strains, were shown to be low virulent in mice. acf- colonies were shown to be either high ... | 1992 | 1369194 |
| characterization and classification of strains of francisella tularensis isolated in the central asian focus of the soviet union and in japan. | the two subspecies of francisella tularensis, f. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type a) and f. tularensis subsp. palaearctica (type b), differ from each other in biochemistry and virulence. strains of f. tularensis subsp. tularensis are believed to be confined to north america, whereas strains of f. tularensis subsp. palaearctica occur in europe, in asia, and in north america. moreover, the existence of two other subspecies, designated f. tularensis subsp. mediaasiatica and f. tularensis subsp. p ... | 1992 | 1370846 |
| [the c antigen of francisella tularensis]. | a new envelope antigen c, specific for virulent strains of francisella tularensis, was revealed by immunodiffusion analysis. in contrast to antigens a and p this antigen is common for francisella and brucella. c-antigenic lipid fraction was obtained by chloroform-ethanol (1:1) extraction of bacterial slime. this fraction contained carbohydrates (31.6%) without proteins and detected by tlc glycolipid, which proved glycolipid nature of c-antigen. introduction of c-fraction or alive f. tularensis r ... | 1992 | 1374833 |
| rapid generation of specific protective immunity to francisella tularensis. | mice inoculated either subcutaneously (s.c.) or intradermally (i.d.) with a sublethal dose of francisella tularensis lvs are immune to a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) challenge of lvs. here, we show that this immunity developed quite rapidly: mice given a sublethal dose of live lvs s.c. or i.d. (but not i.v.) withstood lethal i.p., i.v., or i.d. challenge as early as 2 days after the initial inoculation, despite the presence of bacterial burdens already in tissues. the magn ... | 1992 | 1398969 |
| cell-mediated and humoral immune responses induced by scarification vaccination of human volunteers with a new lot of the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis. | tularemia is a disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis. we evaluated a new lot of live f. tularensis vaccine for its immunogenicity in human volunteers. scarification vaccination induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. indications of a positive immune response after vaccination included an increase in specific antibody levels, which were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunoblot assays, and the ability of peripheral blood lymphocy ... | 1992 | 1400988 |
| [pleiotropic nature of mutation of resistance to 2,3,5-triphenyl- tetrazolium chloride of francisella tularensis]. | natural strains of f. tularensis were characterized by sensitivity to 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (ttc). development of ttc resistance in the cells of f. tularensis was accompanied by changes in the biological properties of the culture, i.e. the colony morphology, antigenic structure, virulence and immunogenicity for laboratory animals. moreover, there was a direct correlation between the levels of ttc resistance and resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, furazolidon ... | 1992 | 1417312 |
| immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from francisella tularensis lvs. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) from the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis (f. tularensis lvs) was isolated and purified. the lps did not stimulate lymphocytes from previously tularaemia-vaccinated individuals or lymphocytes from non-primed individuals. however, serum antibodies from tularaemia vaccinees reacted with the lps whereas virtually no reactivity was found with antibodies from individuals not exposed to f. tularensis lvs. antibodies of immunoglobulin class m displayed the antibody ... | 1992 | 1419118 |
| treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin. | a case of tularemia which occurred after close contact with a cat is presented. after unsuccessful amoxicillin treatment, a two-week course of doxycycline was given whereupon the patient responded well. however, the patient relapsed shortly after and was then given ciprofloxacin for two weeks. the patient then recovered completely. clinical trials are needed in order to establish whether a quinolone could be the drug of choice for treatment of tularemia. | 1992 | 1425715 |
| early pathogenesis of infection in the liver with the facultative intracellular bacteria listeria monocytogenes, francisella tularensis, and salmonella typhimurium involves lysis of infected hepatocytes by leukocytes. | the results show that listeria monocytogenes, francisella tularensis, and salmonella typhimurium are facultative intracellular bacteria with a capacity to invade and grow in nonphagocytic cells in vivo. in the liver, all of these pathogens were seen to invade and to multiply extensively in hepatocytes. in all three cases, inflammatory phagocytes were rapidly marshalled to foci of infection where they appeared to cause the destruction of infected hepatocytes, thereby releasing bacteria into the e ... | 1992 | 1452350 |
| [the structural-functional changes in the cells of francisella tularensis strain 15 gaĭskiĭ during cultivation and sublimational drying]. | instrumental methods of investigation were used for the demonstration of changes in the fatty acid composition of f. tularensis, strain 15 gaĭskiĭ, during cultivation in solid culture medium, storage after lyophilization, as well as changes in the functioning of the system of membrane-dependent enzymes of the respiratory chain and in the permeability of cell wall membranes by water molecules and nadh after lyophilization. a relationship between the survival rate of f. tularensis cells after lyop ... | 1992 | 1455960 |
| [superoxide dismutase activity in representatives of the genus francisella]. | superoxide dismutase (sod) activity has been registered in representatives of the genus francisella. the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme and a number of its isoforms in f. tularensis are linked with the subdivision of this species into several subspecies. avirulent and noncapsular variants of f. tularensis are characterized by a higher sod activity than the initial virulent strains. attempts to detect catalase activity in f. tularensis have failed. | 1992 | 1455976 |
| using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to study immune response against intracellular bacterial infection. | principal component analysis was applied to two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis patterns, obtained in various phases of infection. untreated controls could be satisfactorily differentiated from patterns after infection on days 3 and 7 whereas day 10 of infection was grouped with the controls. comparison of host cellular protein patterns could help to classify in vivo developing infection without requiring any so-called immune marker functions. immunoaffinity separation of infected cells tr ... | 1992 | 1459105 |
| [the preventive activity of monoclonal antibodies specific to the lipopolysaccharide of francisella tularensis]. | the preventive activity of five monoclonal antibodies (mcab) in experimental tularemia was evaluated. mcab produced by hybridoma fb11-k (igg2a), specific to f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide, prevented the death of mice and guinea pigs infected with f. tularensis virulent strain 503 of the holarctic subspecies. | 1992 | 1481610 |
| [neuraminidase activity in representatives of the genus francisella]. | in two francisella species (f. tularensis and f. novicida) neuraminidase activity, heretofore unknown, was detected. the enzyme exhibited specificity with respect to the substrates used in the investigation, neutralizing natural mucins, but not other compounds (glycoproteins and glycoproteins). all f. tularensis strains were found to have enzymatic activity irrespective of their subspecies, but neuraminidase activity was higher in the strains belonging to the american subspecies. experimentally ... | 1992 | 1481613 |
| [the opsonizing activity of the sera of hamadryas baboons immunized with a preparation of the outer membranes of francisella tularensis (based on data from the luminol-dependent luminescence method)]. | the opsonizing properties of sera obtained from hamadryas baboons immunized with the preparation of f. tularensis outer membranes (om) were studied with the use of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl) of whole blood. the immunization of monkeys with the om preparation was shown to lead to the formation of functionally active antibodies possessing opsonizing properties with respect to virulent f. tularensis. immune sera obtained from the animals immunized with live vaccine and from those immu ... | 1992 | 1496878 |
| [the lps-protein complex from the outer membrane of francisella tularensis]. | lps-protein complex containing proteins of 15 kd, 17 kd and 19 kd was isolated from f. tularensis outer membrane by solving with sodium deoxycholate with the subsequent gel filtration on sephacryl s-200. protein of 17 kd constituted the main protein component of the complex. the lps-protein ratio of this complex was 1:1. proteins contained in lps-protein complex have mainly the alpha-spiral structure. in the absence of detergent these proteins and lps formed micelles with molecular weight exceed ... | 1992 | 1509840 |
| serologic survey for selected arboviruses and other potential pathogens in wildlife from mexico. | during 1988 and 1989, a serologic survey of wildlife was conducted in northeastern mexico to determine the presence, prevalence, and distribution of arboviruses and other selected disease agents. eighty mammal specimens were tested. antibodies to vesicular stomatitis-indiana, venezuelan equine encephalitis-mena ii, rio grande virus, and vesicular stomatitis-new jersey were detected predominantly in small mammals. deer and mouflon (ovis musimon) had antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrha ... | 1992 | 1512876 |
| effect of culture media and incubation temperature on growth of selected strains of francisella tularensis. | the rate and amount of growth of 4 field isolates and reference strain atcc 6223 of francisella tularensis were evaluated on isolation media with 2 different agar bases and with different supplements and incubated at 25 c, 35 c, and 42 c. biochemical reactions on conventional differential media with and without cysteine were evaluated. two of the field isolates and the reference strain were f. tularensis subspecies tularensis (formerly biovar tularensis or type a), and 2 isolates were subspecies ... | 1992 | 1515487 |
| use of a zwitterionic detergent for the restoration of the antibody binding capacity of immunoblotted francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide. | a method for the partial restoration of the antibody binding capacity of francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) following denaturation (dissociation) in boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) is described. the method relies on the presence of a zwitterionic detergent in the matrix of an sds-polyacrylamide gel and in the transfer buffer during an immunoblot. f. tularensis lps, which had lost its earlier capacity to bind to a particular monoclonal antibody in the normal blot procedure, did ... | 1992 | 1524210 |
| francisella tularensis--a model for studies of the immune response to intracellular bacteria in man. | 1992 | 1526645 | |
| activation of macrophages for destruction of francisella tularensis: identification of cytokines, effector cells, and effector molecules. | francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) was grown in culture with nonadherent resident, starch-elicited, or proteose peptone-elicited peritoneal cells. numbers of bacteria increased 4 logs over the input inoculum in 48 to 72 h. growth rates were faster in inflammatory cells than in resident cells: generation times for the bacterium were 3 h in inflammatory cells and 6 h in resident macrophages. lvs-infected macrophage cultures treated with lymphokines did not support growth of the bacte ... | 1992 | 1541555 |
| growth inhibition of francisella tularensis live vaccine strain by ifn-gamma-activated macrophages is mediated by reactive nitrogen intermediates derived from l-arginine metabolism. | we have examined the abilities of the recombinant murine lymphokines ifn-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage (gm)-csf, and il-4 to stimulate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of macrophages against the live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis. resident peritoneal macrophages from c57bl/6 strain mice were cultured overnight with ifn-gamma, gm-csf, or il-4, and then infected with lvs. in macrophages treated with ifn-gamma, the growth of lvs was suppressed by a factor of 100- to 1000-fold in ... | 1992 | 1541823 |
| glandular tularemia with typhoidal features in a manitoba child. | 1992 | 1596844 | |
| humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice to a 17-kilodalton lipoprotein of francisella tularensis expressed by salmonella typhimurium. | a 17-kda lipoprotein, tul4, of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is one of several membrane proteins that induce an in vitro response in t cells from f. tularensis-primed humans. a dna fragment of the live vaccine strain f. tularensis lvs encoding tul4 was cloned into salmonella typhimurium chi 4072, an attenuated delta cya delta crp mutant. expression of the protein by the recombinant s. typhimurium chi 4072 (ptul4-15) was maintained after passage in balb/cj mice. w ... | 1992 | 1612751 |
| research on ticks and tickborne pathogens in missouri--an interim research report. | 1992 | 1620086 | |
| [mutations in francisella tularensis, decreasing the virulence of these bacteria and leading to a change in the immune response upon infection of experimental animals with them]. | the research was aimed at isolation of francisella tularensis mutants possessing the decreased virulence for experimental animals and mediating the changes in the animal immune response. a number of spontaneous and induced mutants of the american and european subtypes of francisella tularensis were selected for antibiotics resistance or detergent sensitivity. all the obtained mutants have the decreased virulence and differ in their ability to induce the protective antitularemia immunity or abili ... | 1992 | 1620153 |
| [surveillance of francisella tularensis infection in dogs in bratislava]. | out of 548 serologically investigated dogs from bratislava and other regions of slovakia and moravia, antibodies to f. tularensis were found in 16.4% (tabs. i, ii). in all the investigated groups of dogs from the region of bratislava the highest seroprevalence by f. tularensis was recorded in watch dogs kept on farms and in cooperatives--37.5% and in rambling dogs--20.7% (tab. i). the highest seropositivity was found in one to three year old dogs--22.2% (tab. iii). a similar degree of seropreval ... | 1992 | 1641946 |
| production and partial characterization of hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies against francisella tularensis. | hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against francisella tularensis cellular antigens were produced and characterized. these monoclonal antibodies reacted with f. tularensis in elisa but not by immunoblot, indicating that the antibodies are directed against conformational epitopes. one of these monoclonal antibodies was directed against outer membrane protein (omp) components, and the remainder are likely directed against capsular components. the omp-specific monoclonal antibodies are f. t ... | 1993 | 7686137 |
| identification and classification of different isolates of francisella tularensis. | the causative agent of tularemia, francisella tularensis, occurs in two main biovars, the highly virulent f. t. biovar tularensis, found in north america; and the less virulent biovar palaearctica, found all over the northern hemisphere. two other biovars have been proposed, f. t. biovar mediaasiatica and f. t. biovar palaearctica var. japonica. in sweden tularemia is most frequently observed in man and varying hares (lepus timidus), and occasionally in other species. tularemia in hares is norma ... | 1993 | 7510445 |
| [a highly sensitive, homogeneous method for determining antibodies and antigens by using liposomes, monoclonal antibodies and complement]. | a simple and sensitive method for the determination of francisella tularensis antigen and antibodies to this antigen by means of the complement lysis of liposomes sensitized with f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) is proposed. the possibility of participation of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) in the complement-dependent lysis of liposomes has been studied. the method permits the detection of 50-100 ng/ml of soluble lps antigen in the presence of antiserum or mcab igg f-b11-x and of 50-10 ng/ml ... | 1993 | 7520654 |
| [the determination of the antigenic determinant of protective monoclonal antibodies specific to the francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide]. | f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) was studied with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) having protective properties. the binding site of these mcab (igg2a) is localized on the o-chain of lps. in contrast to lps isolated from vaccine strain 15, lps isolated from f. tularensis cells in the r-form has no o-chains and does not interact with mcab. | 1993 | 7520655 |
| a serologic survey for some bacterial and viral zoonoses in game animals in the czech republic. | between 1986 and 1991, sera were collected from 33 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 24 red deer (cervus elaphus), four fallow deer (dama dama), two mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 wild boars (sus scrofa), and 48 hares (lepus europaeus) shot in two areas of the czech republic. collectively, the sera contained antibodies to coxiella burnetii (prevalence of 12%), francisella tularensis (4%), brucella spp. (2%), central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (8%), tahyna (california serogroup) virus (36%) ... | 1993 | 8258864 |
| [the additive synthesis of a regulatory peptide in vivo: the administration of a vaccinal francisella tularensis strain that produces beta-endorphin]. | it has been shown, that vaccine strain of tularemia microbe, f.t.ise., which produced recombinant beta-endorphin, when administered to cba mice. it was shown to increase in the threshold level of pain sensitivity and is associated with peptides associated changes the stereotypic behavior. the observed correlated in time with the pattern of the dynamics of culture in the experimental animals and were associated with the level of recombinant beta-endorphin synthesis. | 1993 | 8274686 |
| the entry and intracellular multiplication of francisella tularensis in cultured cells: its correlation with virulence in experimental mice. | five acriflavine agglutination test-positive (acf+) colonies and five negative (acf-) colonies were isolated from each of the four strains (ebina, cmb2, n9, and schu) of francisella tularensis, and the correlation between the virulence in experimental mice and the entry and intracellular multiplication in cultured mouse fibroblast cells (l-929 cells) was examined. all of the acf- colonies derived from the ebina and cmb2 strains were highly virulent in mice, readily entering and growing well in t ... | 1993 | 8295562 |
| x-ray microanalysis of guinea pigs peripheral blood t and b lymphocytes: before and after antigen stimulation. | t and b lymphocytes from with francisella tularensis (lvs) immunized guinea pigs were separated and stimulated in vitro with the specific antigen. their chemical composition was studied in comparison by x-ray microanalysis before and after stimulation. different elemental spectra of normal t, b and t-suppressor cells were obtained. the common elements were p, s, k, cl and as; i was present only in b cells; cr and na were detected only in t suppressor cells. after stimulation the spectra of these ... | 1993 | 8298431 |
| [transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis in the tick, ixodes ricinus, infected during the larval stage]. | based on previous studies which proved the decisive importance of the degree of bacteraemia of experimentally infected white mice for the degree of infection of ticks ixodes ricinus the authors confirmed the possibility of transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis from larvae via nymphs to imagos by the detection of germs in the ticks and by experiments attempting their transmission to white mice. this applied to imagos even one year after the infection of larvae. transmission was reco ... | 1993 | 8348625 |
| use of immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate francisella tularensis. | three immunoelectron microscopy (iem) methods were employed to show laboratory-cultivated francisella tularensis. by the iem assays, f. tularensis was distinguished from four antigenically distinct gram-negative bacteria. iem should be a valuable tool for confirming presumptive isolates of f. tularensis and may potentially be useful for demonstrating other medically important bacteria. | 1993 | 8349780 |
| liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin is effective in the protection and treatment of balb/c mice against francisella tularensis. | 1993 | 8354928 | |
| susceptibility pattern of scandinavian francisella tularensis isolates with regard to oral and parenteral antimicrobial agents. | some recently introduced antimicrobial agents have only been incompletely evaluated for use in francisella tularensis infections. the present study evaluated the susceptibility pattern of scandinavian human, rodent, and hare f. tularensis isolates with respect to a selection of traditional as well as recently introduced antimicrobial agents. all strains were resistant to the following beta-lactams: penicillin, cephalexin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, and meropenem with minimal i ... | 1993 | 8384458 |
| analysis of a cloned francisella tularensis outer membrane protein gene and expression in attenuated salmonella typhimurium. | we have determined the nucleotide sequence of fopa from francisella tularensis. using the polymerase chain reaction fopa was detected in high and low virulence biotypes of f. tularensis. fopa was stably maintained in pbluescript in attenuated salmonella typhimurium where fopa was expressed and located in the outer membrane. this recombinant will be suitable for studies on the role of fopa in immunity against tularaemia. | 1993 | 8405941 |
| detection of francisella tularensis in blood by polymerase chain reaction. | we developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for francisella tularensis which we evaluated by using spiked blood samples and experimentally infected mice. the assay detected both type a and type b f. tularensis at levels equivalent to one cfu/microliter of spiked blood. results from polymerase chain reaction-based assay of limiting dilutions of blood from mice infected with the live vaccine strain agreed closely with results from blood culture. | 1993 | 8417022 |
| feline zoonotic diseases. | many of the feline zoonoses occur more frequently in veterinary personnel owing to their direct contact with cats and the potential for exposure to infected body tissue or fluids. infection of humans with afipia felis, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis, and other aerobic/anaerobic bacteria may cause great discomfort and in some situations terminal illness. although many systemic fungal agents infect humans and cats, only sporothrix schenckii has been shown to infect humans following direct ... | 1993 | 8421889 |
| neutralization of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha blocks in vivo synthesis of nitrogen oxides from l-arginine and protection against francisella tularensis infection in mycobacterium bovis bcg-treated mice. | peritoneal cells from mycobacterium bovis bcg-infected c3h/hen mice produced nitrite (no2-, an oxidative end product of nitric oxide [no] synthesis) and inhibited the growth of francisella tularensis, a facultative intracellular bacterium. both no2- production and inhibition of bacterial growth were suppressed by ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, a substrate inhibitor of nitrogen oxidation of l-arginine, and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tn ... | 1993 | 8423095 |
| immunotherapy of tularemia: characterization of a monoclonal antibody reactive with francisella tularensis. | an igm monoclonal antibody (mab) recognized surface antigens specific to francisella tularensis wild-type (schu4) and live vaccine strain (lvs), and reacted with both in elisa and slide agglutination tests. this mab also reacted with lvs microorganisms in tissues of infected mice as assessed by an indirect fluorescence technique. western blot analysis showed the mab to react with antigens associated with f. tularensis lps. | 1993 | 8426087 |
| t-cell-independent resistance to infection and generation of immunity to francisella tularensis. | the intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose (ld50) for francisella tularensis lvs in both normal control heterozygote balb/c nu/+ mice and balb/c nu/nu mice was 2 x 10(0). both nu/+ and nu/nu mice given 10(7) lvs bacteria or more intradermally (i.d.) died, with a mean time to death of about 7 to 8 days. on the other hand, nu/+ mice given 10(6) lvs bacteria or less survived for more than 60 days and cleared systemic bacteria, while nu/nu mice given 10(6) lvs bacteria or less survived for more than 10 day ... | 1993 | 8432603 |
| [the glycolipid composition of francisella tularensis strains with different degrees of attenuation]. | the glycolipid composition of f. tularensis strains was investigated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography. vaccine strains in contrast to virulent ones lacked glycolipid 8, possessed new glycolipid 8-a and a higher level of glycolipid 7. low immunogenic strains had a decreased content of glycolipids, while avirulent non-immunogenic strain (15-a) nearly completely lost them. thus, the glycolipid composition is associated with the level of attenuation, virulence and immunogenicity of f. tularen ... | 1993 | 8446062 |
| nodular lymphangitis: a distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome. | to describe nodular lymphangitis by reviewing the clinical and epidemiologic features of this disease with an emphasis on distinguishing specific etiologic agents. | 1993 | 8480962 |
| [relation between the level of infection in ixodes ricinus with francisella tularensis and the level of bacteremia in the host]. | the dynamics of bacteremia on white mice subcutaneously infected with an inoculum of 100 and 10 cells of f. tularensis (strain 273) was compared in two parallel experiments. the rise of bacteremia was relatively uniform, about 3 logarithms a day in both groups of animals, so that it reached values of 10(9)-10(10) cells per 1 ml of blood ante finem. larvae of ixodes ricinus were fed on white mice in different stages of bacteremia, so that groups of ticks with different degrees of infection were o ... | 1993 | 8485771 |
| tularemia: a differential diagnosis in oto-rhino-laryngology. | tularemia can present as an oto-rhino-laryngological disease. the clinical and radiological (ct) manifestations, diagnosis and treatment are discussed based on a case report where a patient with tonsillitis and enlarged cervical lymph nodes was admitted to the department of oto-rhino-laryngology of a hospital in northern norway. francisella tularensis was isolated from the blood and there was a high titre of agglutinating serum antibodies to f. tularensis. the patient's contaminated drinking wat ... | 1993 | 8496644 |
| activation of the complement system by francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide. | we have shown by combining lipopolysaccharide (lps) extracted and purified from francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) with normal complement and back titrating with sensitised sheep red blood cells that the lps activates complement. deionising the lps and converting it into the single salt forms of pyridine, ethanolamine and triethylamine altered the ability to activate complement according to the apparent molecular weight due to aggregation. francisella tularensis lps activated compl ... | 1993 | 8510568 |
| protein a used in delfia for the determination of specific antibodies. | the conditions of protein a labelling with eu chelates were studied. the conjugates obtained were compared with those from horseradish peroxidase used conventionally in immunochemical practice. protein a-eu conjugates were obtained by a method applied previously for antibody labelling with indium and europium chelates using the bicyclic dianhydride of diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (dadtpa) with some modifications. the eu-labeled protein a ensured a sensitivity of the igg determination at t ... | 1993 | 8514339 |
| [the isolation of capsule-free variants of francisella tularensis]. | new methods (selection in medium t with 20% tween-80, inducing mutations leading to the appearance of resistance to triphenyl tetrazolium chloride or indoxyl phosphate) helped create a collection of f. tularensis stable non-capsular variants from strains of different subspecies. the characteristic features of all f. tularensis cap- variants include inability to serologic tests with erythrocytic diagnosticum, the absence of capsular antigens, sensitivity to normal human serum. | 1993 | 8059577 |
| [the characteristics of the biological properties of capsule-free variants of francisella tularensis]. | comparative study of the properties of initial capsular (cap+) and non-capsular (cap-) f. tularensis strains has revealed that the non-capsular variants have their specific biological features. the characteristic features of these variants are avirulence and inability to produce an immunogenic effect in sensitive laboratory animals. cap- mutants, depending on the method of their obtaining, may exhibit different sensitivity to some antibacterial preparations. in contrast to the initial virulent s ... | 1993 | 8067085 |
| [the effect of antigenic fractions of the outer membrane in francisella tularensis on the functional activity of macrophages]. | the influence of different gel-chromatographic antigenic fractions (gaf) of the membrane of f. tularensis, strain a'cole, on different forms of reactivity of mouse peritoneal macrophages, such as the adhesion, ingestion and presentation of antigen on the cell surface, has been immunologically evaluated. gaf isolated from f. tularensis have been shown to produce a pronounced modulating effect on all forms of macrophagal functional activity under study. thus, gaf ii with a molecular weight of 85-2 ... | 1993 | 8067125 |
| [the association of tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria with representatives of the genus francisella in an experiment]. | 1993 | 8079568 | |
| tularemia: treatment failures with outpatient use of ceftriaxone. | tularemia, an infection caused by the coccobacillus francisella tularensis, can be a difficult disease process to diagnose and treat. the difficulty in treating this disease is related to the pathophysiology of the infection and the toxicity of the antimicrobial agents presently recommended for treatment. recent in vitro data have suggested that antimicrobial drugs other than standard agents (streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline) may be effective. we present eight cases of ... | 1993 | 8110955 |
| analysis of 16s ribosomal dna sequences of francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by pcr. | the 16s ribosomal dnas (rdnas) of two strains of francisella tularensis and one strain of francisella philomiragia were sequenced. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis data, the genus francisella was placed in the gamma subclass of the proteobacteria. the most closely related organism was the intracellular bacterium wolbachia persica. the sequenced 16s rdna molecules of the francisella species exhibited very high levels of similarity (98.5 to 99.9%). two variable regions, comprising 390 to 450 ... | 1994 | 8123561 |
| early recognition of atypical francisella tularensis strains lacking a cysteine requirement. | seven cultures referred to in our laboratories as unidentified gram-negative bacilli or haemophilus species were identified as atypical strains of francisella tularensis lacking a requirement for cysteine or enriched medium for growth. the use of cellular fatty acid composition analysis facilitated early recognition of this pathogen and prompt implementation of appropriate biosafety measures. | 1994 | 8150973 |
| [the protective properties of the outer membranes of francisella tularensis in an experimental infection in guinea pigs]. | subcutaneous immunization, made in a single injection, with outer membrane preparations obtained from f.tularensis vaccine strain 15 and virulent strain a'cole results in intensive immunity to tularemia in guinea pigs, ensuring the protection of 60-100% of the animals within a month after challenge with f.tularensis virulent strain 503 in a dose of 1,000 dcl. the development of protective effect induced by f.tularensis outer membranes can be observed during the first 24 hours and reaches its max ... | 1994 | 8184621 |
| life and death of an intracellular pathogen: francisella tularensis and the macrophage. | 1994 | 8251580 | |
| [study of nonpathogenic strains of francisella, brucella and yersinia as producers of recombinant beta-endorphin]. | 1994 | 8068916 | |
| lipoarabinomannan from mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates by gamma interferon-activated macrophages. | lipoarabinomannan derived from the virulent erdman strain and a rapidly growing, laboratory-attenuated strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis were evaluated for their ability to modulate the production of nitric oxide (no) by macrophages activated with ifn-gamma or ifn-gamma and lps. it was observed that in macrophages pretreated with 100 micrograms ml-1 lam, the no induced by ifn-gamma alone was augmented while the no induced ifn-gamma and lps was reduced. lam was also shown to synergize with ifn ... | 1994 | 8061654 |
| [isolation and molecular-genetic characteristic of a cryptic plasmid from the francisella novicida like f6168 strain]. | a 4 kb plasmid dna has been isolated from francisella novicida like strain f6168. restriction map of the plasmid was constructed for restriction endonucleases hindiii, xbai, ecorv, bgiii. the plasmid pfn10 has been shown to be stably inherited by f. tularensis. the use of pfn10 for the construction of plasmid vectors for microorganisms of the genus francisella is discussed. | 1994 | 8065386 |
| [transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis by ixodes ricinus ticks infected during the nymphal stage]. | the degree of infection of nymphs of ixodes ricinus which finished their feeding on experimentally infected mice on the day of their death from tularaemia represented more than 10(7) cells of francisella tularensis per tick after feeding. the high degree of positivity was preserved in ticks also during one month of metamorphosis. transstadial transmission of the agent from the stage of nymph to the stage of imago was confirmed in adults either by cultivation or by experiments attempting to trans ... | 1994 | 7850217 |
| [an immunological analysis of bacterial persistence in the bone marrow]. | a method for the evaluation of bacterial persistence in the bone marrow in association with particular clonogenic target cells was developed. the method was based on the negative selection of cells expressing microbial antigens after treatment with hyperimmune antiserum specific to a given infective agent and the subsequent quantitation of target cells thus eliminated in appropriate assays. using this approach, we demonstrated that mycoplasma arthritidis and l-forms of streptococcus strain l-406 ... | 1994 | 7856346 |
| serum-sensitive mutation of francisella novicida: association with an abc transporter gene. | francisella novicida is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can survive and grow in macrophages by preventing phagolysosomal fusion. in this study in vitro cassette mutagenesis was used to generate a library of insertion mutants of f.novicida. two related mutants, km14 and km14s, initially identified as defective for growth in macrophages, were found to be sensitive to serum. these mutants were also found to grow approximately 1000-fold less well in the livers and spleens of infected mice. ... | 1994 | 7881549 |
| nitric oxide: cytokine-regulation of nitric oxide in host resistance to intracellular pathogens. | to discover how nitric oxide (no) synthesis is controlled in different tissues as cells within these tissues combat intracellular pathogens, we examined three distinctively different experimental murine models designed for studying parasite-host interactions: macrophage killing of leishmania major; nonspecific protection against tularemia (francisella tularensis) by mycobacterium bovis (bcg); and specific vaccine-induced protection against hepatic malaria with plasmodium berghei. each model para ... | 1994 | 7537721 |
| the tularaemia vaccine. | tularaemia is a disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis. vaccination resulting in protective immunity is induced by live vaccine only. such vaccination can be performed by scarification utilizing the live vaccine strain of f. tularensis (f. tularensis lvs), which results in good but not complete protection. humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity are induced by vaccination and it has been shown that cell-mediated immunity is a prerequisite for protectio ... | 1994 | 7764815 |
| isolation of a francisella tularensis mutant that is sensitive to serum and oxidative killing and is avirulent in mice: correlation with the loss of mind homologue expression. | we constructed mutant strains of francisella tularensis biotype novicida by insertional mutagenesis with a kanamycin resistance (kmr) cassette. one mutant, kem7, was defective for survival in macrophages in comparison with the wild-type (wt) strain and a random insertion strain, kem21. while all three strains exhibited intracellular growth, the number of viable kem7 present after 24-48 h of infection was approximately 10 times less than that of wt or kem21. this observation was apparently due to ... | 1994 | 7813885 |
| [the modification of the clastogenic action of 131i in the bone marrow cells of rats immunized with a tularemia vaccine]. | the influence of immunization of wistar rats with the tularemia vaccine (tv) on the clastogenic effect of 131i was studied. the preliminary immunization of rats with tv significantly reduces the number of aberrant metaphases in bone marrow cells by 36.4% one day and by 61.6% eight days after the administering of the radionuclide in comparison with non-immunized animals. possible mechanisms of anticlasterogenesis in animals immunized with tv are discussed. | 1994 | 7900198 |
| increased synthesis of dnak, groel, and groes homologs by francisella tularensis lvs in response to heat and hydrogen peroxide. | the response of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis lvs to stress was assayed by pulse-labeling with [35s]methionine followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. a temperature increase from 37 to 42 degrees c or exposure to 5 mm hydrogen peroxide induced increased syntheses of at least 15 proteins. among these proteins were a 75-, a 60-, and a 10-kda protein. by n-terminal sequence analysis, these three proteins were found to be extensively homo ... | 1994 | 7903283 |
| reduced virulence of rifampicin-resistant mutants of francisella tularensis. | rifampicin-resistant mutants of a live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis were produced and screened for virulence in mice; 4 avirulent clones with intraperitoneal (ip) ld50s > 10(6) cfu, compared with 10(2) cfu for lvs, were characterized. growth characteristics at 37 degrees c, surface envelope proteins, and lipopolysaccharide profiles of resistant mutants were identical to those of lvs. polymerase activity of the mutants was more resistant than the enzyme from lvs to the inhibitor ... | 1994 | 7930725 |
| survey for selected diseases in nutria (myocastor coypus) from louisiana. | thirty-two trapper-caught nutria (myocastor coypus) from east baton rouge, iberville, tangipahoa, and st. helena parishes in louisiana (usa) were sampled for several disease agents. antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci, francisella tularensis, leptospira spp., and encephalomyocarditis virus were detected in 7%, 14%, 0%, 7%, and 0% of nutria, respectively. both animals seropositive for leptospirae were positive for l. interrogans serovar canicola. no salmonella spp. were isola ... | 1994 | 7933295 |
| [the effect of the antigenic fractions of the outer membrane of francisella tularensis on the t-cell immunity indices]. | the immunological evaluation of the influence of individual gel-chromatographic antigenic fractions (gaf) of f. tularensis outer membrane on different forms of t-cell reactiveness, such as delayed hypersensitivity (dh), proliferation of lymphocytes in the reaction of blast transformation (rbt) and mixed lymphocyte culture (mlc), has been made. as revealed in this study, gaf isolated from f. tularensis produce a pronounced immunomodulating effect on the processes linked with polyclonal activation ... | 1994 | 7941852 |
| [the search for and isolation of an antiphagocytic factor in francisella tularensis]. | in this study a search for f. tularensis antiphagocytic factor and an attempt for its isolation were made. for this purpose a fraction of f.tularensis water-saline extract saturated 55-60% with ammonium sulfate was split into separate components by preparative methods. one of them, consisting of two antigens of glycoprotein nature, had the capacity of decreasing the digestion of f.tularensis by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages about 10 times. the study revealed that the protein of the preparati ... | 1994 | 7941862 |
| [the immunological efficacy of francisella tularensis outer membranes for hamadryas baboons]. | the protective properties of the preparation of f. tularensis outer membranes (om), obtained from f. tularensis vaccine strain 15, were studied in experiments on hamadryas baboons challenged subcutaneously with f. tularensis virulent strain schu (nonarctic subspecies). the subcutaneous immunization with the om preparation prevented the development of clinically pronounced infection in more than 70% of the monkeys challenged with f. tularensis strain schu in a dose of 787 live microbial cells 30 ... | 1994 | 7941871 |
| streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. | because of the recent lack of availability of streptomycin--currently considered the drug of choice for the treatment of tularemia--we reviewed the literature on alternative drugs that have been used for this purpose. in addition, we reviewed data on the in vitro susceptibility of francisella tularensis to a wide variety of agents. the rate of cure for streptomycin was 97%, with no relapses. for gentamicin and tetracycline, respectively, the rates of cure were 86% and 88%, the rates of relapse w ... | 1994 | 7948556 |
| tularemia. | 1994 | 7956338 | |
| cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell-dependent and -independent host defense mechanisms can operate to control and resolve primary and secondary francisella tularensis lvs infection in mice. | immunity to experimental infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is generally considered an example of t-cell-mediated, macrophage-expressed immunity. however, the results of the present study indicate that t-cell-independent mechanisms are also important in anti-francisella defense. they show that mice selectively depleted of cd4+, cd8+, or both t-cell populations by treatment with t-cell subset-specific monoclonal antibodies remained capable of controlling ... | 1994 | 7960142 |
| increased encapsulation and virulence of francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) by subculturing on synthetic medium. | francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs), taken directly from lyophilized vials, did not appear to have a capsule and had low virulence for balb/c mice. when this strain was subcultured on chamberlain's synthetic medium (ph 6.5), it became extensively capsulated (1-5 micron in diameter) and its virulence for balb/c mice increased about 1000-fold. we conclude that the virulence of the attenuated vaccine strain, f. tularensis lvs, may still be influenced by growth conditions. | 1994 | 7975855 |
| [europium-labelled staphylococcus aureus protein a as a reagent for determining specific antibodies]. | in this work the conditions of labeling protein a with europium ions were studied and the conjugates obtained in this study were compared with traditional peroxidase conjugates currently used in immunochemistry. the conjugates of protein a with eu3+ chelate were obtained with the use of cyclic dianhydride of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (dadetpa). conjugation methods with the use of dadetpa was shown to permit obtaining high-quality conjugates with europium chelates. europium-labeled prote ... | 1994 | 7992539 |
| neutrophils are critical for host defense against primary infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis in mice and participate in defense against reinfection. | it is generally believed that immunity to experimental infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is an example of t-cell-mediated immunity that is expressed by activated macrophages and mediated by francisella-specific t cells. according to the results presented herein, neutrophils are also essential for defense against primary infection with this organism. it is shown that mice depleted of neutrophils by treatment with the granulocyte-specific monoclonal anti ... | 1994 | 8005668 |
| persistence of cell-mediated immunity and decline of humoral immunity to the intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis 25 years after natural infection. | the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the facultative intracellular pathogen francisella tularensis were studied in subjects who had tularemia 25 years earlier. serum agglutinin titers were low. of 53 subjects, only 2 had a titer > 40. the f. tularensis-induced t cell response, on the other hand, was vigorous and in fact similar in magnitude to the response to purified protein derivative (ppd) of mycobacterium tuberculosis. t cells from 44 of 52 subjects showed a significant (p < .05 ... | 1994 | 8014484 |
| nitric oxide-independent killing of francisella tularensis by ifn-gamma-stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. | alveolar macrophages (ams) were analyzed for ability to support replication of the intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs). am supported in vitro growth (2 to 3 logs over 5 days) of lvs with a doubling time of 8 +/- 0.8 h. ams were analyzed for responsiveness to rifn-gamma for destruction of this lung pathogen. am treated with 50 u/ml rifn-gamma allowed early growth of bacteria (six doublings over 48 h) but between 48 and 96 h rifn-gamma-treated am eliminated 1.5 ... | 1994 | 8027551 |
| transfer of immunity against lethal murine francisella infection by specific antibody depends on host gamma interferon and t cells. | both serum and spleen cells from mice immune to francisella tularensis transfer protection to naive recipients. here we characterize the mechanism of protection induced by transfer of immune mouse serum (ims). ims obtained 4 weeks after intradermal infection with 10(3) bacteria of the live vaccine strain (lvs) contained high levels of immunoglobulin g2 (igg2a) and igm (end point titers, 1:16,600 and 1:7,200, respectively) and little igg1, igg2b, or igg3. lvs-specific antibodies were detected 5 d ... | 1994 | 8039881 |
| passive protection of mice against lethal francisella tularensis (live tularemia vaccine strain) infection by the sera of human recipients of the live tularemia vaccine. | the relative role that humoral immunity plays in protection against infection with the intracellular bacterium, francisella tularensis, remains controversial. cellular immunity is thought to play the major and perhaps only role. the authors, in this article, investigate the immunologic and protective properties of immune serum collected from human recipients of the live tularemia vaccine (lvs). sera of recipients of the vaccine demonstrated reactivity with the vaccine strain by enzyme-linked imm ... | 1994 | 8042659 |
| comparative analysis of antibodies to francisella tularensis antigens during the acute phase of tularemia and eight years later. | approximately 8 years after treatment for tularemia, 14 of 22 (63.6%) individuals tested still had a positive microagglutination test for francisella tularensis antibodies. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-f. tularensis outer membrane antibodies was positive for 55% (immunoglobulin a [iga]), 95% (igg), and 27% (igm) of the late-phase sera, but with antibody levels significantly reduced from those in the acute-phase sera. igg and iga antibody levels in the late-phase sera showed sign ... | 1994 | 7496953 |