Publications

structure--activity relationships of the didemnins.	bioactivities of 42 didemnin congeners, either isolated from the marine tunicates trididemnun solidum and aplidium albicans or prepared synthetically and semisynthetically, have been compared. the growth inhibition of various murine and human tumor cells and plaque reduction of hsv-1 and vsv grown on cultured mammalian cells were used to assess cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. biochemical assays for macromolecular synthesis (protein, dna, and rna) and enzyme inhibition (dihydrofolate reducta ...	1996	8709112
long-term survival in a rodent model of disseminated brain tumors by combined intrathecal delivery of herpes vectors and ganciclovir treatment.	brain tumors that have disseminated into cerebrospinal fluid (csf) pathways are an unresolved therapeutic problem, especially in pediatric neurooncology. here a gene therapy approach using the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsv-tk)/ganciclovir (gcv) paradigm was tested using an hsv vector in a rodent model of disseminated central nervous system tumors. 9l-gliosarcoma cells were implanted simultaneously into the brain and the csf of syngeneic rats. five days later, resulting intrac ...	1996	8930659
transgenic mice expressing the thymus leukemia antigen fail to control cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection.	tl-transgenic mice expressing the thymus leukemia antigen demonstrate a lack of viral clearance following cutaneous hsv infection of the footpad. in this study, both uninfected and hsv-infected tl-transgenic mice demonstrate increased concentrations of il-4 as well as decreased concentrations of ifn-gamma which may possibly underlie the impairment of viral clearance. furthermore, lymphocytes from hsv-infected nontransgenic mice, adoptively transferred into hsv-infected tl-transgenic mice, promot ...	1996	8929457
effects of nerve growth factor and phorbol derivative on reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in cultured cells of latently infected adult mouse trigeminal ganglia.	reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) occurred rapidly in cells of latently infected adult mouse trigeminal ganglia which were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of sufficient nerve growth factor (ngf). however, hsv-1 reactivation was delayed significantly in ganglionic cultures in the absence of exogenous ngf or in cultures treated with 2-aminopurine in the presence of ngf. the delayed viral reactivation in ganglionic cultures without ngf was accelerated by treatment wi ...	1996	8908609
in vivo complementation studies of a glycoprotein h-deleted herpes simplex virus-based vector.	the utilization of herpes simplex virus (hsv) as a vector for gene delivery to the nervous system or as a live vaccine delivery system is dependent on the construction and characterization of disabled virus mutants which are unable to cause disease. under certain circumstances, however, replication-defective vectors may carry a potential risk if they can be efficiently complemented by a co-infecting wild-type virus. stocks of defective vectors should, therefore, be free from replication-competen ...	1996	8887491
interferon gamma regulates platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 expression and neutrophil infiltration into herpes simplex virus-infected mouse corneas.	in a mouse model of herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 corneal infection, tissue destruction results from a cd4+ t cell-mediated chronic inflammation, in which interleukin 2 and interferon (ifn) gamma are requisite inflammatory mediators and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) are the predominant infiltrating cells. in vivo neutralization of ifn-gamma relieved inflammation at least in part through a specific block of pmn extravasation into hsv-1-infected corneas. intercellular adhesion molecule (icam) ...	1996	8879215
comparison of the association with eczema herpeticum in the two predominant genotypes of herpes simplex virus type 1.	eczema herpeticum, sometimes called kaposi's varicelliform eruption, is usually caused by a disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in a patient whose underlying skin disease in atopic dermatitis. herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a widespread infectious agent in human populations, is the etiologic agent of eczema herpeticum. analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of hsv-1 strains isolated in japan, using restriction endonucleases, revealed the presence of two predomi ...	1996	8877767
long-term persistence of defective hsv-1 vectors in the rat brain is demonstrated by reactivation of vector gene expression.	wild-type hsv-1 is known to persist indefinitely in neurons in the latent state; however, defective hsv-1 vectors, or amplicons, contain only approximately 1% of the hsv-1 genome and persistence of these hsv-1 vectors has not been studied even semiquantitatively in the adult rat brain. defective hsv-1 vectors contain both an hsv-1 origin of replication and a packaging site, and in the presence of helper virus can undergo dna replication and packaging into hsv-1 particles. our prototype defective ...	1996	8818649
open reading frame p--a herpes simplex virus gene repressed during productive infection encodes a protein that binds a splicing factor and reduces synthesis of viral proteins made from spliced mrna.	the open reading frame p (orf p) is located in the domain and on the dna strand of the herpes simplex virus 1 transcribed during latent infection. orf p is not expressed in productively infected cells as a consequence of repression by the binding of the major viral regulatory protein to its high-affinity binding site. in cells infected with a mutant virus carrying a derepressed gene, orf p protein is extensively posttranslationally processed. we report that orf p interacts with a component of th ...	1996	8816816
gene therapy for metastatic malignant melanoma: evaluation of tolerance to intratumoral injection of cells producing recombinant retroviruses carrying the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene, to be followed by ganciclovir administration.	this protocol presents a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with otherwise incurable malignant metastatic melanoma. its objective is to define the safety of escalating doses of an anti-cancer treatment involving intratumoral injections of cells that produce recombinant retroviruses. the experimental treatment is based on the introduction into tumoral cells of a suicide gene coding for the herpes simple virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk). cells that express hsv1-tk become ...	1996	8788175
intranuclear retention of ribosomal rnas in response to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.	the localization of ribosomal rna (rrna) was investigated at the ultrastructural level in herpes simplex virus type 1 infected hela cells using three distinct biotinylated probes which bind in sequence to three different segments of the ribosomal genes. comparison of the above with the signal levels obtained from non-infected cells reveals information about the effects of hsv-1 infection on ribosome biogenesis. a probe specific for the 5' end portion of pre-rrna labeled all nucleoli of both non- ...	1996	8834797
quantitative analysis of polymerase chain reaction products by dot blot.	quantitative analysis of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products is usually accomplished by gel electrophoresis and southern blotting. we have developed an alternative technique that allows pcr products to be directly quantitated from unfractionated samples. the pcr was used to amplify genomic (endogenous) dna sequences (actin) and exogenous dna (herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) ribonucleotide reductase) isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of rabbits to demonstrate the dot blot method of pcr pro ...	1996	8850545
genital herpes simplex virus infection in females in ibadan nigeria.	in a study of female patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic of the university college hospital ibadan, nigeria, herpes simplex virus was isolated from the cervix of 5 of 117 patients, a prevalence rate of 4.3%. two (1.7%) of these patients had hsv in the vagina. the viruses were identified by culture in hep-2 cell line, chloroform sensitivity test, complement fixation test and indirect immuno-fluorescent antibody technique. only one (20%) of the five patients has hsv-1 in th ...	1996	8855674
differential regulation of the hiv-1 ltr by specific nf-kappa b subunits in hsv-1-infected cells.	previous studies have shown that expression of hiv-1 provirus was enhanced in cells co-infected with the herpes virus and that hsv-1-mediated induction of the hiv-1 provirus expression involved both nf-kappa b-dependent and nf-kappa b-independent mechanisms. nuclear nf-kappa b complexes could be detected approximately 8 hr after hsv-1 infection. using nf-kappa b-specific antibodies in a mobility shift assay, we have found that hsv-1 increases binding of p50, p65, and c-rel to the hiv-1 nf-kappa ...	1996	8862416
vaccination with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein k impairs clearance of virus from the trigeminal ganglia resulting in chronic infection.	following primary ocular infection, hsv-1 establishes a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia with the complete absence of detectable infectious virus. recently, we showed that vaccination of balb/cj with hsv-1 glycoprotein k (gk), but not other hsv-1 glycoproteins, significantly exacerbated the severity of hsv-1-induced ocular disease and herpetic dermatitis (h. ghiasi et al. j. virol. 68, 2347-2354, 1994). we now report that prior vaccination with gk blocked viral clearance from trigemina ...	1996	8862430
enhancement of gene expression by marek's disease virus homologue of the herpes simplex virus-1 icp4.		1996	8870396
clinical characteristics of acyclovir-resistant herpetic keratitis and experimental studies of isolates.	we treated two patients with dendritic keratitis that did not respond to acyclovir (acv) ointment therapy. their systemic immune status was normal: however, one patient had a long history of atopic disease and the other had previously undergone topical corticosteroid treatment. hsv-1 was isolated from the patients and inoculated into animals to investigate its viral pathogenicity and latent infection.	1996	8871163
slow viral replication of hsv-1 is responsible for early recurrence of herpetic keratitis after corneal grafting.	the presence of herpetic dna has been shown in diseased and healthy corneal tissue. a clinical correlation with the activity of the disease has not yet been demonstrated. this study was done to evaluate the use of dna amplification for hsv-1 from different sites for the clinical prognosis after corneal grafting.	1996	8871164
induction of a protective immune response by mucosal vaccination with a disc hsv-1 vaccine.	the vaccine potential of a genetically disabled herpes simplex virus type 1 virus (disc hsv-1) was investigated in the guinea pig model of intravaginal (i.vag.) hsv-2 infection. three mucosal vaccination routes, i.vag., intranasal (i.n.) and oral, were compared for their ability to protect guinea pigs from challenge with wild-type hsv-2. each was effective, particularly the i.n. route, which almost completely abolished primary disease. this was accompanied by significantly lower challenge virus ...	1996	8873393
comparative analysis of hsv-1 temperature mutants proteins and their reactivity.	protein's characteristic of temperature sensitive (ts 28 degrees c) and temperature resistant (tr 39 degrees c) mutants and native hsv-1 strain was performed. electrophoretic and western-blott analysis of virus proteins and their reactivity tested by immunoenzymatic staining was the main subject of the presented paper. there were found no significant differences in the protein structure between native strain and its temperature clones in electrophoresis. it is important that slight differences o ...	1996	8997692
the dutpases from herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse mammary tumour virus are less specific than the escherichia coli enzyme.	the enzyme dutpase catalyses the hydrolysis of dutp to dump and pyrophosphate, thereby suppressing incorporation of uracil into dna and providing a pool of dump, the precursor of dttp. hydrolysis of other nucleotides similar in structure to dutp would conceivably be physiologically detrimental and high specificity of the reaction seems to be necessary. in this work, we characterize the substrate specificity of the dutpases from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and mouse mammary tumour virus ( ...	1996	9000104
expression, purification, and characterization of the herpes simplex virus type-1 dna polymerase.		1996	9026637
nonisotopic assays of viral polymerases and related proteins.		1996	9026643
detection of human viruses in periodontal pockets using polymerase chain reaction.	even though viruses have been implicated in the etiology of several medical and dental disorders, little or no data are available on the possible involvement of human viruses in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease. this study investigated the presence of human cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in crevicular fluid samples from 30 patients with advanced periodontitis and 26 subjects with gingivitis. vira ...	1996	9028252
determination of the dna target sequence of poorly reactivable strain hszp of herpes simplex virus type 1 by polymerase chain reaction.	hszp strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-unlike strains kos, sc16 and angpath-established latency in the homolateral trigeminal ganglion of mice at a limited rate (21%) when tested by reactivation of latent virus in culture. if a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for virus dna detection was used, the positivity rate was 63-100%. the detection rate of hszp dna in acutely infected gangla did not differ from that of sc16 dna provided that the sensitivity of pcr was below 20 pg of hsz ...	1996	8886093
human interferon reduces surface expression but not total production of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins gc and ge in heterologous hamster cells.	the effect of interferon (ifn) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-induced glycoproteins gc and ge was investigated in a heterologous ifn/cell model. in this model, the effect on surface expression of the glycoproteins could be studied separately from the effect on virus multiplication. pretreatment of baby hamster kidney cells (bhk) with heterologous human leukocyte ifn suppressed surface expression of hsv-1-encoded gc and ge but had no influence on total production of the glycoproteins. thi ...	1996	8887056
reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the mouse trigeminal ganglion: an in vivo study of virus antigen and immune cell infiltration.	the corneas of latently infected mice were uv irradiated to induce reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) in the trigeminal ganglion (tg). on days 1 to 4 after irradiation, tg were removed, serially sectioned and double stained to identify immune cells and virus antigens. virus antigen was detected in small numbers (most commonly one) of neurons per ganglion as early as day 1, confirming the rapidity of reactivation and the neuron as the likely site of this event. the immune respons ...	1996	8887494
viral serologies in patients with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome.	chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) is an illness characterized by disabling fatigue associated with complaints of fevers, sore throat, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, sleep disturbances, neurocognitive difficulties, and depression. a striking feature of cfs is its sudden onset following an acute, presumably viral, illness and the subsequent recurrent "flu-like" symptoms. it has been speculated that both cfs and debilitating chronic fatigue (cf) that does not meet strict criteria for cfs may be the direct ...	1996	8890037
the rgg box motif of the herpes simplex virus icp27 protein mediates an rna-binding activity and determines in vivo methylation.	icp27 is an essential herpes simplex virus type 1 nuclear regulatory protein that is required for efficient viral gene expression. although the mechanism by which icp27 regulates genes is unknown, a variety of evidence suggests that it functions posttranscriptionally, and recent studies indicate that it is an rna-binding protein. previously, we noted that a short arginine- and glycine-rich sequence in icp27 (residues 138 to 152) is similar to an rgg box motif, a putative rna-binding determinant ...	1996	8892862
characterization of the products of the u(l)43 gene of herpes simplex virus 1: potential implications for regulation of gene expression by antisense transcription.	the products, rna or proteins, of the herpes simplex virus 1 open reading frame u(l)43 have not been previously identified. the expression of an open reading frame antisense to u(l)43, u(l)43.5 (p. l. ward, d. e. barker, and b. roizman, j. virol. 70:2684-2690, 1996), has been reported. we report the existence of a transcript corresponding to the domain of the u(l)43 open reading frame extending approximately 30 bp from the predicted tata box to the predicted polyadenylation signal. the rna of th ...	1996	8892886
virus-specific interaction between the human cytomegalovirus major capsid protein and the c terminus of the assembly protein precursor.	we previously identified a minimal 12-amino-acid domain in the c terminus of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) scaffolding protein which is required for interaction with the hsv-1 major capsid protein. an alpha-helical structure which maximizes the hydropathicity of the minimal domain is required for the interaction. to address whether cytomegalovirus (cmv) utilizes the same strategy for capsid assembly, several glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins to the c terminus of the cmv assembl ...	1996	8892933
herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the tnf/ngf receptor family.	we identified and cloned a cellular mediator of herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry. hamster and swine cells resistant to viral entry became susceptible upon expression of a human cdna encoding this protein, designated hvem (for herpesvirus entry mediator). hvem was shown to mediate the entry of several wild-type hsv strains of both serotypes. anti-hvem antibodies and a soluble hybrid protein containing the hvem ectodomain inhibited hvem-dependent infection but not virus binding to cells. mutations ...	1996	8898196
in vivo transgene activation from an hsv-based gene therapy vector by gal4:vp16.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) has many attributes which make it attractive as a base for the development of vectors for the delivery of transgenes to the nervous system. in this report we describe the adaptation of the bipartite gal4:vp16 transactivation system to replication-deficient hsv vectors. we demonstrate that the recombinant transactivator gal4:vp16 produced from a replication-deficient hsv vector is capable of activating transcription of a reporter gene using a synthetic promoter ...	1996	8908503
toxicity and tolerability of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.	we examined the toxicity of both single and multiple subcutaneous injections of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhcntf) in 72 patients with als, in doses ranging from 2 to 100 micrograms/kg. adverse events were generally dose related and ranged from mild to severe. the tolerability of daily subcutaneous rhcntf was equivalent to placebo at doses < or = 5 micrograms/kg/day. at higher doses, anorexia, weight loss, reactivation of herpes simplex virus (hsv1) labialis/stomatitis, cough ...	1996	8909453
partial substitution of the functions of the herpes simplex virus 1 u(l)13 gene by the human cytomegalovirus u(l)97 gene.	the predicted amino acid sequence of the human cytomegalovirus u(l)97 protein bears partial homology to the herpes simplex virus 1 u(l)13 protein, especially in regions that are homologous to conserved domains characteristic of protein kinases. earlier studies showed that u(l)13 mediated the posttranslational processing of several herpes simplex virus 1 proteins including icp22. whereas no kinase activity has been specifically attributed to u(l)13, it has been shown that u(l)97 can phosphorylate ...	1996	8918921
seroprevalence of and risk factors for antibodies to herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c among southwestern hispanic and non-hispanic white women.	few published data describe the seroprevalence of antibodies to herpes viruses and hepatitis viruses among southwestern minority women.	1996	8919741
long-lived cytotoxic t lymphocyte memory in mucosal tissues after mucosal but not systemic immunization.	the induction and maintenance of long-term ctl memory at mucosal surfaces may be a critical component of protection against mucosal pathogens and is one goal towards development of effective mucosal vaccines. in these studies we have functionally evaluated short and long-term ctl memory in systemic and respiratory or genital-associated lymphoid tissues following mucosal or systemic routes of immunization. our results indicate that shortly after immunizing mice with a recombinant adenovirus vecto ...	1996	8920875
unusual course of herpes simplex virus encephalitis after acyclovir therapy.	this is a report on a case of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) taking an unusual course after initially successful acyclovir therapy. the etiology of hse was proven serologically, by repeated detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-specific dna sequences in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and was supported by cerebral imaging. after both the neurological symptoms and laboratory findings had improved initially under acyclovir therapy, the patient's clinical conditi ...	1996	8923051
prolonged in vivo gene expression driven by a tyrosine hydroxylase promoter in a defective herpes simplex virus amplicon vector.	a 9.0-kb fragment of the tyrosine hydroxylase (th) promoter, previously shown to direct tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice, was fused to an escherichia coli lacz reporter gene in a defective herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) amplicon vector (thlac). the hsv immediate early (ie) 4/5 promoter (hsvlac) was used as a control. lacz gene expression was visualized by x-gal histochemical and th immunocytochemical analysis. two days and 10 weeks after thlac injection into rat caudate nucleus ...	1996	8930662
prevalence of herpesviridae and hepatitis b virus dna in the liver of patients with non-a, non-b fulminant hepatic failure.	members of the herpes virus family and hepatitis b virus (hbv) have been implicated as etiologic agents in non-a, non-b (nanb) fulminant hepatic failure (fhf), but the frequency of infection with these agents has not been established using appropriate controls. to examine this issue, we studied 50 nanb fhf patients and 104 liver transplant recipients from north america and europe. hepatic dna was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for evidence of epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegaloviru ...	1996	8938162
modified entry and syncytium formation by herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants selected for resistance to heparin inhibition.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) mutants were selected by passage of hsv-1 (kos) in hep-2 cells such that binding and penetration occurred in the presence of heparin. analysis of selected uncloned virus pools revealed that approximately 95% of virus formed syncytia and greater than 58% were gc-negative. plaque-purified gc-negative syncytial mutants were more resistant than hsv-1 (kos) to heparin inhibition, as was an engineered nonsyncytial recombinant deleted for gc, delta gc6. thus, absence ...	1996	8941319
phosphorylation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein vp22.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein vp22 is known to be highly phosphorylated during infection. here we show that two electrophoretic forms of vp22 can be identified in infected cell extracts and that this heterogeneity is accounted for by phosphorylation. furthermore, the nonphosphorylated form of vp22 appears to be specifically incorporated into virions. we also show that the phosphorylated form of vp22 is the only form detected during transient transfection and as such that vp22 ...	1996	8941333
the ul 16 gene product of herpes simplex virus 1 is a virion protein that colocalizes with intranuclear capsid proteins.	the ul16 gene of herpes simplex virus maps within the intron of the ul 15 gene. this report shows the following: (i) a polyclonal antiserum directed against a bacterial fusion protein containing glutathione s-transferase fused to the c-terminus of the ul 16 gene reacted with an apparent m(r) 40,000 protein in hsv-1 infected cell lysates. (ii) the protein encoded by ul 16 was dependent on viral dna synthesis for accumulation to detectable levels. (iii) in immunofluorescence studies, the polyclona ...	1996	8955043
therapy of a murine model of pediatric brain tumors using a herpes simplex virus type-1 icp34.5 mutant and demonstration of viral replication within the cns.	to develop improved therapies for medulloblastoma, we studied the ability of a neuroattenuated hsv-1 icp34.5 mutant (variant-1716) to replicate within and destory an authentic medulloblastoma cell line known as med 283 (d283) using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and viral titrations. in vitro studies showed that variant-1716 replicates in and destroys monolayers of d283 cells with kinetics similar to wild-type strain 17+. when d283 tumor-bearing animals were treated with variant-17 ...	1996	8957450
synthesis, in vitro antiviral evaluation, and stability studies of bis(s-acyl-2-thioethyl) ester derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (pmea) as potential pmea prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability.	a new series of hitherto unknown 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (pmea) phosphonodiester derivatives incorporating carboxyesterase-labile s-acyl-2-thioethyl (sate) moieties as transient phosphonate-protecting groups was prepared in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the antiviral agent pmea. we report here a direct comparison of the in vitro anti-hiv and anti-hsv activities as well as the in vitro stability between the bis(sate) derivatives and the already known pmea prodrug ...	1996	8960556
a hybrid herpesvirus infectious vector based on epstein-barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 for gene transfer into human cells in vitro and in vivo.	we have developed a miniviral vector, ph300, based on the human herpesviruses 1 and 4, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and epstein-barr virus (ebv), carrying ebv sequences for plasmid episomal maintenance and hsv-1 sequences for amplification and packaging in multimeric form into hsv-1 capsids in the presence of a helper virus and helper cell line. a reporter gene, the bacterial lacz gene, which expressed beta-galactosidase, was inserted into the multiple cloning site of ph300 to make ph300 ...	1996	8970963
an african swine fever virus virulence-associated gene nl-s with similarity to the herpes simplex virus icp34.5 gene.	we described previously an african swine fever virus (asfv) open reading frame, 23-nl, in the african isolate malawi lil 20/1 whose product shared significant similarity in a carboxyl-terminal domain with those of a mouse myeloid differentiation primary response gene, myd116, and the herpes simplex virus neurovirulence-associated gene, icp34.5 (m. d. sussman, z. lu, g. kutish, c. l. afonso, p. roberts, and d. l. rock, j. virol. 66:5586-5589, 1992). the similarity of 23-nl to these genes suggeste ...	1996	8971015
cloning and sequence analysis of a marek's disease virus origin binding protein (obp) reveals strict conservation of structural motifs among obps of divergent alphaherpesviruses.	marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated avian herpesvirus. in its natural host, mdv induces marek's disease (md), a lethal condition characterized by malignant lymphoma of t cells. although symptoms of md may be prevented by vaccination, no practical pharmacological method of control has been widely accepted. viral replication represents a point at which pharmacological control of herpesvirus infection may be most successful. however, this requires detailed knowledge of viral rep ...	1996	8972568
herpes simplex virus infections.		1996	8973122
relationship of the strain and the intraocular amount of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in the induction of anterior-chamber-associated immune deviation.	we investigated the induction of anterior-chamber-associated immune deviation (acaid) by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2). two strains of hsv-1 (vr-3 and f) and four strains of hsv-2 (uw-268, 186, sl, and ms) were inactivated with ultraviolet light, and the anterior chamber of balb/c mice was inoculated with a viral strain. immunization against delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) was done subcutaneously on day 7 after anterior chamber inoculation. on day 10 after dth immuni ...	1996	8979277
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis c and herpes simplex virus type 1 is not increased in children with liver kidney microsomal type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.		1996	8985841
intracellular distribution of the orf4 gene product of varicella-zoster virus is influenced by the ie62 protein.	varicella-zoster virus (vzv) open reading frame 4-encoded protein (ie4) possesses transactivating properties for vzv genes as well as for genes of heterologous viruses. the major regulatory immediate-early protein of vzv (ie62) is a transactivator of vzv gene expression. in transfection assays, ie4 has been shown to enhance activation induced by ie62. to investigate the functional interactions underlying this observation, indirect immunofluorescence studies were undertaken to determine whether i ...	1996	8757993
role of cis-acting sequences of the icpo promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 in viral pathogenesis, latency and reactivation.	a mutant herpes simplex virus type 1, termed delta tfi, with a 350 bp deletion of the sp1, nf-kappab, taatgarats, c/ebp and f2 dna-binding elements from -420 to -70 relative to the transcriptional start site of icpo (vmw 110), was generated and characterized. the efficiency of plating of delta tfi was reduced on vero cells and it expressed correctly initiated icpo rna in the presence of cycloheximide, although rna levels were 2.5-fold lower than with wild-type (kos) and marker-rescued (delta tfi ...	1996	8760437
properties of the novel herpes simplex virus type 1 origin binding protein, obpc.	we have recently identified a novel 53-kda herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) protein encoded by, and in frame with, the 3' half of the ul9 open reading frame, designated obpc (k. baradaran, c. dabrowski and p. a. schaffer, j. virol. 68:4251-4261, 1994). here we show that obpc is a nuclear protein synthesized at both early and late times postinfection. in gel-shift assays in vitro-synthesized obpc bound to oris site i dna to form a complex identical in mobility to complex a, generated with infe ...	1996	8764087
9-(4-hydroxybutyl)-n2-phenylguanine (hbpg), a thymidine kinase inhibitor, suppresses herpes virus reactivation in mice.	in cells of the nervous system, which have little or no cellular thymidine kinase, the pharmacologic inhibition of viral thymidine kinase may prevent the reactivation of herpes virus, which requires phosphorylated thymidine for replication. we tested a newly synthesized inhibitor of viral thymidine kinase, 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)-n2-phenylguanine (hbpg) for its capacity to suppress the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) in vivo. mice, latently infected with mckrae strain hsv-1, were ...	1996	8783801
a controlled trial of oral acyclovir for iridocyclitis caused by herpes simplex virus. the herpetic eye disease study group.	to assess the benefit of adding oral acyclovir to a regimen of topical prednisolone phosphate and trifluridine for the treatment of iridocyclitis caused by herpes simplex virus (hsv).	1996	8790090
in vivo epinephrine reactivation of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 in the rabbit is correlated to a 370-base-pair region located between the promoter and the 5' end of the 2.0 kilobase latency-associated transcript.	a rabbit ocular model of epinephrine-induced herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivation was employed to study the effect of a deletion in the latency-associated transcript domain. a viral construct derived from 17syn+, designated 17deltasty, has a deletion of 370 nucleotides between genomic positions 118880 and 119250. 17deltasty has been shown to reactivate with wild-type virus kinetics from explants of trigeminal ganglia from latently infected mice. to determine the behavior of this mutant in an ...	1996	8794381
selective vulnerability of mouse cns neurons to latent infection with a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus-1.	herpes simplex viruses that lack icp34.5 are neuroattenuated and are presently being considered for cancer and gene therapy in the nervous system. previously, we documented the focal presence of the latency-associated transcripts (lats) in the hippocampi of immunocompromised mice after intracranial (ic) inoculation of an icp34.5-deficient virus called strain 1716. to characterize further the biological properties of strain 1716 in the cns of immunocompetent mice, we determined the extent of vira ...	1996	8795620
gene therapy against cancer and hiv infection using the gene encoding herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase.	the expression of the gene encoding herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) in eukaryotic cells confers sensitivity to antiherpetic drugs such as acyclovir and ganciclovir. this property has been proposed for use in gene therapy approaches to kill either cancer cells or hiv-infected cells. several animal experiments have shown the regression of tumors after in vivo transfer of the hsv-tk gene followed by ganciclovir treatment. furthermore, cd4+ t cells harboring the hsv-tk gene under the ...	1996	8796890
altered expression and changing distribution of the nerve growth associated protein gap-43 during ocular hsv-1 infection in the rabbit.	this research examines changes that occur in neurons during corneal herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) infection and focuses on the nerve growth associated protein gap-43. cornea and trigeminal ganglion (tg) of new zealand white rabbits were examined after inoculation of the mckrae and 17 syn+ strains of hsv-1 to the cornea. rabbit tissues were taken during acute, latent and induced reactivation stages of infection. systemic immunosuppression (intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide and dexamethaso ...	1996	8799204
a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant with a deletion immediately upstream of the lat locus establishes latency and reactivates from latently infected mice with normal kinetics.	the latency associated transcripts (lats) are the only abundant viral gene products detected during latent herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of peripheral nerves in animals and people. a lat promoter has been identified and mutant viruses with lesions removing the promoter and surrounding region have been observed to reactivate slowly from trigeminal ganglia (tg) explanted from latently infected mice. previous work has shown that most mutants with lesions limited to regions downstream of the ...	1996	8799218
analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein d nucleotide sequence in human herpes simplex encephalitis.	viral factors responsible for hsv neurovirulence in humans are still unknown. the aim of this work was to investigate the hypothesis that viral variants might contribute to the specific neurovirulence of some hsv strains. hsv-1 dna was recovered from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in ten patients with hsv encephalitis (hse) and the regions of hsv-1 gd gene corresponding to known antigenic sites were analyzed by direct sequencing of pcr products. twenty-two mutations were found among a total of 6580 b ...	1996	8799220
fatal brain stem encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus type 1 in aids.		1996	8803828
undetected viral infection in diffuse alveolar damage associated with bone marrow transplantation.	to investigate the presence of nondiagnosed viral lung infections in patients who developed acute respiratory failure and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates after bone marrow transplantation (bmt), we studied necropsy-obtained lung specimens with features of diffuse alveolar damage (dad) where no other specific histological diagnosis could be established, by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. lung tissue samples obtained at necropsy from 19 patients (12 males and 7 females; 31 +/- ...	1996	8804937
evaluation of antiherpetic compounds using a gastric cancer cell line: pronounced activity of bvdu against herpes simplex virus replication.	we developed a rapid and simple method for the screening of antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus (hsv) in a model of gastrointestinal herpetic infection in vitro. this method was based on inhibition of hsv-induced cytopathogenicity in gastric adenocarcinoma mkn-28 cells, as monitored by an mtt colorimetric assay. from the various compounds that were evaluated for their activity against hsv-1 and hsv-2, brivudine (bvdu) emerged as the most effective. when the 50% effective concentration ...	1996	8805100
herpes simplex 1716--an icp 34.5 mutant--is severely replication restricted in human skin xenografts in vivo.	hsv-1716 is a replication-restricted, neuroattenuated icp 34.5 gene mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). because of the attenuated phenotype of icp 34.5 mutants in rodent models of hsv disease, they have been promoted as potential vaccine strains and gene therapy vectors and have been used by us and others as therapeutic agents for the treatment of experimental malignant tumors. however, all data on the phenotype of hsv-1716 and other icp 34.5 mutants are from animal model systems, whi ...	1996	8806577
replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 dna is inhibited in a temperature-sensitive mutant of bhk-21 cells lacking rcc1 (regulator of chromosome condensation) and virus dna remains linear.	tsbn2, a temperature-sensitive (ts) growth mutant of the hamster cell line bhk-21, has a point mutation in the rcc1 (regulator of chromosome condensation) gene, and prematurely enters mitosis at 39.5 degrees c, a nonpermissive temperature. in this mutant at 39.5 degrees c infectious progeny of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) was not produced and replication of hsv-1 dna was inhibited. hsv-1 dna from virus particles is normally circularized upon infection, and circularized hsv-1 dna molecules ...	1996	8811026
herpesvirus vector-mediated gene delivery to human monocytes.	in vitro delivery of interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) to cultured human monocytes by means of a replication-incompetent herpesvirus vector inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication. to explore the possibility of ifn-alpha gene delivery by vector-infected human monocytes, monocytes were isolated and the culture conditions necessary for efficient vector infection and gene expression were examined. monocytes were efficiently infected between 1 and 7 days after isolation. expression of ifn ...	1996	8818720
herpetic stromal disease: response to acyclovir/steroid therapy.	the efficacy of combined acyclovir and steroid therapy in the treatment of herpetic stromal disease was evaluated by clinical evaluation of disease, the rebound of disease following termination of therapy, and the recovery of virus and viral dna from corneas in a rabbit model. therapy with acyclovir alone produced a significant reduction in corneal thickness in 10% of eyes. addition of steroid to acyclovir therapy decreased the severity of stromal disease as measured by corneal thickness and inc ...	1996	8828724
acyclic nucleotide analogs derived from 8-azapurines: synthesis and antiviral activity.	reaction of phosphoroorganic synthons with 8-azaadenine, 8-aza-2, 6-diaminopurine, and 8-azaguanine using cesium carbonate yielded regioisomeric 8-azapurine n7-, n8-, and n9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkyl) derivatives. this reaction followed by deprotection afforded isomeric 2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl (pme), (s)-(3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-hpmp], (s)-(3-flouro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-fpmp], (s)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-pmp], and (r)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(r)- ...	1996	8831773
a case of varicella-zoster myelopathy.	early diagnosis of neurological complications of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is important because of its treatability. we performed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect vzv-dna from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of a patient with myelopathy.	1996	8836311
herpes simplex virus type 1 alters transcript levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in retinal glial cells.	studies were performed to determine whether retinal müller cells transcribe genes for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf alpha). isolated murine retinas were used to test whether these cytokines were upregulated in the retina in vivo after anterior chamber inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). the effects of exposure to hsv-1 or interferon-gamma (ifn gamma) on transcript levels of these cytokines in cultured retinal glia also wer ...	1996	8843914
prokaryotic expression of an immediate-early gene of human herpesvirus 6 and analysis of its viral antigen expression in human cells.	segments of an immediate-early (1e) protein (1e03; 958 amino acids (aa)), encoded by clone psty03, of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) variant b strain hst were expressed as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins in escherichia coli. using western blot analysis, and the serum of a patient having high titer anti-hhv-6 antibodies, an antigenic region of the ie03 protein was mapped between residues 340 and 505 (pue03ie-m). the fusion protein expressed in e. coli harboring plasmid pue03ie-m was purified afte ...	1996	8738179
correlation of in vivo topical efficacies with in vitro predictions using acyclovir formulations in the treatment of cutaneous hsv-1 infections in hairless mice: an evaluation of the predictive value of the c* concept.	the purpose of this study was to carry out an extensive examination of the c* concept for prediction of the topical antiviral efficacies of acyclovir (acv) formulations in a hairless mouse model for the treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) infections. this method is based on estimation of the free drug concentration at the target site (c*), which is presumed to be the basal cell layer of the epidermis. five different formulations (containing 5% acv) were examined in a finit ...	1996	8739606
[a case of neonatal herpes infection which proved to be a mixed infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2].	we encountered a case which proved to be a mixed infection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2 in retrospective terms by in situ hybridization (ish) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the case was a male. the gestational age was 39 weeks and 2 days. the birth body weight was 3024 g. a fever developed from the age of 6 days and he was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the age of eight days. ast was 1042 iu/l, and alt 206 iu/l. in spite of treatment, the patient died at ...	1996	8741714
simultaneous pcr detection of haemophilus ducreyi, treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers.	a multiplex pcr (m-pcr) assay with colorimetric detection was devised for the simultaneous amplification of dna targets from haemophilus ducreyi, treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2. by using target-specific oligonucleotides in a microwell format, 298 genital ulcer swab specimens collected in new orleans during three intervals from 1992 through 1994 were evaluated. the results of the m-pcr assay were compared with the results of dark-field microscopy and h. ducreyi c ...	1996	8748271
herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated up-regulation of il-12 (p40) mrna expression. implications in immunopathogenesis and protection.	in this report we investigated whether induction of il-12 occurs in response to herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the mouse eye, which may serve to regulate the nature of the subsequent immune response. the data show early induction and continued maintenance of il-12 (p40) mrna in the cornea and draining lymph node upon ocular infection with hsv. using a very sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, il-12 (p40) protein also was detected in the cornea upon ocular hsv infection. unfractionated ...	1996	8557986
liposome-encapsulated (s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for long-acting therapy of viral retinitis.	the effect of liposome-encapsulated (s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (hpmpc; cidofovir) was evaluated as prophylaxis in a rabbit model of experimentally induced retinitis caused by preretinal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). cidofovir (100 micrograms) in liposomes (0.1 ml) was injected intravitreally 10-120 days before retinal inoculation with hsv-1. twenty-two of 26 eyes pretreated with liposome-encapsulated cidofovir 10-60 days before hsv-1 inoculation wer ...	1996	8537656
herpes simplex virus protein targets for cd4 and cd8 lymphocyte cytotoxicity in cultured epidermal keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma.	in early recurrent herpetic lesions, cd4 t lymphocytes are the predominant infiltrating cells, and keratinocytes expressing major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii antigens, induced by interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), are the major site of herpes simplex virus (hsv) replication. ifn-gamma pretreatment of human keratinocytes in vitro reduced mhc class i antigen down-regulation by hsv-1 infection and induced expression of hla-dr that was unaltered by subsequent hsv-1 infection. incubation of ...	1996	8537685
post-transcriptional transactivation of human retroviral envelope glycoprotein expression by herpes simplex virus us11 protein.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) us11 protein, a true late gene product packaged within the virion, is delivered into cells after infection, exhibits a nucleocytoplasmic localization at early times, and later accumulates in the nucleoli. this rna-binding basic phosphoprotein, capable of oligomerization, is supposed to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression after hsv-1 infection. expression of human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type-i (htlv-i) and of human immunod ...	1996	8538795
mechanisms of immunization with a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus 1.	we have investigated the mechanisms by which subcutaneous immunization of mice with a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus 1 protects against infection of the eye and latent infection of the trigeminal ganglion following corneal challenge. first, we have shown that immunization reduces the number of trigeminal ganglion neurons in challenged animals that express the latency-associated transcript. this indicates that the reduction in the incidence of latent infection by challenge v ...	1996	8661391
the human histidine decarboxylase promoter is regulated by gastrin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate through a downstream cis-acting element.	transcriptional regulation of the human histidine decarboxylase (hdc) gene by gastrin and the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) was studied using transient transfection of human hdc promoter-luciferase constructs in a human gastric carcinoma cell line (ags-b) that expresses the human cholecystokinin-b/gastrin receptor. the transcriptional activity of the human hdc promoter was stimulated 3-4-fold by gastrin and 13-fold by pma, effects that could be blocked by down-regulation or ...	1996	8662934
the herpes simplex virus type 1 transactivator icpo mediates aberrant intracellular localization of the viral helicase/primase complex subunits.	the infected cell polypeptide 0 (icp0) protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a promiscuous transactivator. when expressed by transfection, icp0 forms spherical structures in the nucleus. using a double-label immunofluorescence assay, we have found that the hsv-1 helicase/primase complex subunits accumulate within icp0 structures in cotransfected cells. this phenomenon was also observed in cells coexpressing icp0 and ul6, a protein thought to be involved in the cleavage and/or packagi ...	1996	8669135
evidence that the nuclease activities associated with the herpes simplex type 1 dna polymerase are due to the 3'-5' exonuclease.	we investigated nuclease activities associated with the catalytic subunit of herpes simplex virus type 1 dna polymerase. we confirm that a 3'-5' exonuclease copurifies with this enzyme. previous reports suggested that a 5' dnase was intrinsic to the polymerase. our preparation lacks such activity.	1996	8676514
[treatment of experimental herpesvirus infection with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents].	the therapeutic effect of nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (pyrazolone and salicylate derivatives) and their combinations with acyclovir was assessed in experimental herpesvirus infection in cell culture and in mice. a combination of 4-iodoantipyrine and acyclovir protected mice from herpesvirus encephalitis. this effect was associated with a decrease of the level of the virus in mouse brain and an increase of the titers of serum interferon and virus neutralizing antibodies.	1996	8686276
therapeutic potential of cidofovir (hpmpc, vistide) for the treatment of dna virus (i.e. herpes-, papova-, pox- and adenovirus) infections.	(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (hpmpc, cidofovir, vistide) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of dna viruses including herpesviruses [herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpesvirus type 6 (hhv-6) and equine and bovine herpesviruses], papovaviruses [human polyoma virus and human papilloma virus (hpv)], adeno-, irido-, ...	1996	8701600
a comparison of referral patterns and characteristics of patients with first episode symptomatic genital hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections in sheffield.	to ascertain factors associated with hsv-1 and hsv-2 isolates in patients attending a genitourinary medicine clinic with symptomatic first episode genital herpes (fegh).	1996	8707325
activity of penciclovir in antiviral assays against herpes simplex virus.	the effect of penciclovir and acyclovir on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) strains was determined in mrc-5 cells infected with 0.01 pfu/cell and exposed to the drugs for 72 h to allow multiple cycles of replication. penciclovir was significantly more active than acyclovir against three strains of hsv-1 and three strains of hsv-2 at 1 mg/l (p = 0.009), 3 mg/l (p < 0.001) and 10 mg/l (p = 0.001). further comparisons between the compounds were made in mrc-5 ...	1996	8707740
highly virulent strains of herpes simplex virus fail to kill mice following infection via gingival route.	virulence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) in mice has been demonstrated to be dependent on the site of infection. in this experiment, pathogenesis of hsv was studied in 2 different routes of infection in a mouse model system. when balb/c mice were infected with 5 x 10(3) plaque-forming units (pfu) of virulent hsv type 1 miyama gc+ strain (hsv-1-gc+) intraperitoneally, all mice were dead in 6 to 9 days. hsv-1-gc+ was recovered from organs such as the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spleen 2 to ...	1996	8708138
evidence that two latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 are nonlinear.	the latency-associated transcripts (lats) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are the only viral gene products that accumulate to abundant levels in latently infected cells. others have reported species of 2.0, 1.50, and 1.45 kb; only the 2.0-kb species is seen in productively infected cells, and there is evidence that it behaves as an intron. we examined the lats both in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice and in productively infected cultures of monkey cv-1 cells. after glyoxalatio ...	1996	8709218
prolonged gene expression and cell survival after infection by a herpes simplex virus mutant defective in the immediate-early genes encoding icp4, icp27, and icp22.	very early in infection, herpes simplex virus (hsv) expresses four immediate-early (ie) regulatory proteins, icp4, icp0, icp22, and icp27. the systematic inactivation of sets of the ie proteins in cis, and the subsequent phenotypic analysis of the resulting mutants, should provide insights into how these proteins function in the hsv life cycle and also into the specific macromolecular events that are altered or perturbed in cells infected with virus strains blocked very early in infection. this ...	1996	8709264
in vitro establishment of lytic and nonproductive infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 in three-dimensional keratinocyte culture.	the f strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) was tested for its ability to produce lytic or nonproductive infection in squamous epithelial cells cultured in a three-dimensional organotypic tissue culture. for the tissue culture, we used hacat cells (immortalized skin keratinocytes) and normal fibroblasts derived from the skin. the cultures were infected with hsv-1 (5 pfu) either when the epithelial cells had grown as a monolayer with a confluence of 80% on the collagen fibroblast gel or 3 ...	1996	8709294
herpesvirus infections of the vulva.		1996	8723819
rapid identification and differentiation of baboon alphaherpesvirus sa8 from closely related hsv-1 and hsv-2 in xenograft transplant recipients.	background: rapid differential diagnosis of sa8 infection in humans following xenograft transplantation is an essential part of organ cell donor recipients. methods and results: we have developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test using synthetic oligonucleotide primers and probe to detect sa8 dna in clinical samples. after assessing the specificity of the pcr for detection of laboratory sa8 isolates, the method was used in the investigation of human and baboon specimens and compared t ...	1996	10462569
herpes simplex virus-1 plasmid vectors for gene transfer into neurons.		1997	8993693
association of herpes simplex virus regulatory protein icp22 with transcriptional complexes containing eap, icp4, rna polymerase ii, and viral dna requires posttranslational modification by the u(l)13 proteinkinase.	the expression of herpes simplex virus 1 gamma (late) genes requires functional alpha proteins (gamma1 genes) and the onset of viral dna synthesis (gamma2 genes). we report that late in infection after the onset of viral dna synthesis, cell nuclei exhibit defined structures which contain two viral regulatory proteins (infected cell proteins 4 and 22) required for gamma gene expression, rna polymerase ii, a host nucleolar protein (eap or l22) known to be associated with ribosomes and to bind smal ...	1997	8995634
formation of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication compartments by transfection: requirements and localization to nuclear domain 10.	during infection, the seven essential herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) replication proteins are found in globular nuclear structures called replication compartments. replication compartments form adjacent to nd10, nuclear matrix-bound domains which are present in most cell types but whose function is unknown (g. g. maul, i. m. ishov, and r. d. everett, virology 217:67-75, 1996). we now demonstrate that replication compartments can be formed by cotransfecting vero cells with constructs express ...	1997	9032376
suppression of apoptotic dna fragmentation in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells.	hep-2 cells underwent apoptosis when the cells were incubated in medium containing sorbitol. infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) prior to the sorbitol treatment suppressed this apoptosis completely, indicating that hsv-1 carries an antiapoptosis gene. in addition, hsv-1 multiplication was restricted in these apoptotic hep-2 cells.	1997	9032402
intercellular trafficking and protein delivery by a herpesvirus structural protein.	we show that the hsv-1 structural protein vp22 has the remarkable property of intercellular transport, which is so efficient that following expression in a subpopulation the protein spreads to every cell in a monolayer, where it concentrates in the nucleus and binds chromatin. vp22 movement was observed both after delivery of dna by transfection or microinjection and during virus infection. moreover, we demonstrate that vp22 trafficking occurs via a nonclassical golgi-independent mechanism. sens ...	1997	9008163
replacement of the herpes simplex virus type 1 vmw175 dna binding domain with its varicella-zoster virus counterpart results in a protein with novel regulatory properties that can support virus growth.	the alphaherpesviruses encode major immediate early transactivator proteins that are essential for the expression of later classes of viral genes. we have previously shown that the extensive sequence similarity between the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) members of the family (proteins vmw175 and vzv140k) extends to function, since a virus which expresses vzv140k in place of vmw175 is able to grow, albeit at reduced efficiency. we have also shown that the dna ...	1997	9010302