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hygienization of sludge through anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 and 60 °c.legislation in sweden and the european union concerning the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is under revision and future concentration limits for pathogens in treated sludge are likely to be expected. the aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienization of salmonella, escherichia coli, enterococcus and clostridium perfringens through continuous anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 or 60 °c, as well as to investigate process stability and methane production at 60 °c. the results indicated that di ...201324292473
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a malevolent molecule for animals and man?clostridium perfringens is a prolific, toxin-producing anaerobe causing multiple diseases in humans and animals. one of these toxins is epsilon, a 33 kda protein produced by clostridium perfringens (types b and d) that induces fatal enteric disease of goats, sheep and cattle. epsilon toxin (etx) belongs to the aerolysin-like toxin family. it contains three distinct domains, is proteolytically-activated and forms oligomeric pores on cell surfaces via a lipid raft-associated protein(s). vaccinatio ...201324284826
relative disease susceptibility and clostridial toxin antibody responses in three commercial broiler lines coinfected with clostridium perfringens and eimeria maxima using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is an enteric disease of poultry resulting from infection by clostridium perfringens with coinfection by eimeria spp. constituting a major risk factor for disease pathogenesis. this study compared three commercial broiler chicken lines using an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. day-old male cobb, ross, and hubbard broilers were orally infected with viable c. perfringens and e. maxima and fed a high-protein diet to promote the development of experimental disease. body w ...201324283139
performic acid for advanced wastewater disinfection.the disinfection efficiency of performic acid (pfa) against various microbial contaminants has been studied in municipal secondary effluent. the study demonstrated that pfa provides rapid, efficient and safe disinfection, degrading both bacteria and viruses even at low doses. the resistance order starting from the most resistant microorganism is as follows: ms2-coliphages > dna-coliphages > enterococci and escherichia coli. pfa is also efficient in the elimination of salmonella spp., clostridium ...201324225113
maternal immunization with vaccines containing recombinant netb toxin partially protects progeny chickens from necrotic enteritis.avian necrotic enteritis is a major economic and welfare issue throughout the global poultry industry and is caused by isolates of clostridium perfringens that produce netb toxin. previously we have shown that birds directly vaccinated with inactivated c. perfringens type a culture supernatant (toxoid) combined with recombinant netb (rnetb) protein were significantly protected from homologous and heterologous challenge. in the present study the protective effect of maternal immunization was exam ...201324219318
anion inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from clostridium perfringens.a β-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) was recently cloned, purified and characterized kinetically in the pathogen clostridium perfringens. we report here the first inhibition study of this enzyme (cpeca). cpeca was poorly inhibited by iodide and bromide, and was inhibited with kis in the range of 1-10mm by a range of anions such as (thio)cyanate, azide, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, hydrogensulfite, hydrogensulfide, stannate, tellurate, pyrophosphate, divanadate, tetraborate, peroxydisulfat ...201324210500
microbial spoilage of portuguese chouriço along shelf life period.microbial flora of portuguese chouriço (alentejano (a) and ribatejano (r)) with abnormal sensorial characteristics along shelf life was studied. mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, enterococci, mesophilic sporeformers, coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, sulphite reducing clostridia, clostridium perfringens, moulds and yeasts were the most representative in both types of chouriço.201324159290
bio-preservation of ground beef meat by enterococcus faecalis cect7121.meat and particularly ground beef is frequently associated with food poisoning episodes and breeches in food safety. the main goal of this research was to evaluate the bactericide effect of the probiotic enterococcus faecalis cect7121, against different pathogens as: escherichia coli o157:h7, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens and listeria monocytogenes, inoculated in ground beef meat. three studies were performed to evaluate the inhibition of e. faecalis cect7121 on ground beef meat ...201324159282
proportional mortality: a study of 152 goats submitted for necropsy from 13 goat herds in quebec, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenitis.the objectives of this study were to determine the main causes of mortality, with a special focus on caseous lymphadenits as a cause of death or wasting in caprine herds from quebec. goats (n = 152) from 13 herds were submitted for necropsy; the cause of mortality, and the presence, location, and cause of abscesses (if present) were recorded. proportional mortalities were distributed as: clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxemia (17.1%), pneumonia (13.8%), paratuberculosis (10.5%), listeriosi ...201324155449
how do swine practitioners and veterinary pathologists arrive at a diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal piglets?a questionnaire was administered to 22 veterinary practitioners and 17 veterinary pathologists to investigate the methods used for diagnosis of clostridium perfringens type a enteritis in neonatal pigs. practitioners generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by age of onset of diarrhea (between 1 to 7 days of age). most practitioners (95%) were moderately to very confident in their diagnosis. pathologists generally diagnosed c. perfringens type a associated enteritis by comb ...201324155437
acute hemolysis in the emergency department: think about clostridium perfringens!clostridium perfringens (cp) gives several clinical settings, from an asymptomatic to a massive intravascular hemolysis. we report a case of fatal intravascular hemolysis due to cp septicemia having a hepatic supposed starting point in the emergency department. like in many cases, the diagnosis was made when patient had already gone into shock and died. the cp septicemia often complicated the course of the digestive or genital pathologies. the alpha toxin can damage the structural integrity of t ...201324151563
isolation of clostridium perfringens type b in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease.we have isolated clostridium perfringens type b, an epsilon toxin-secreting bacillus, from a young woman at clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis (ms) with actively enhancing lesions on brain mri. this finding represents the first time that c. perfringens type b has been detected in a human. epsilon toxin's tropism for the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and binding to oligodendrocytes/myelin makes it a provocative candidate for nascent lesion formation in ms. we examined a well-characterized po ...201324146858
effects of a probiotic, enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.the effects of feeding dehydrated enterococcus faecium on growth performance, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88 were investigated. two hundred eighty-eight 1-d-old birds were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: negative control birds (n-con) fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control birds (p-con) fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; birds fed a basal diet including dehydrated e. faecium (ef) at ...201324135599
the tight-junction protein claudin-6 induces epithelial differentiation from mouse f9 and embryonic stem cells.during epithelialization, cell adhesions and polarity must be established to maintain tissue assemblies and separate the biological compartments in the body. however, the molecular basis of epithelial morphogenesis, in particular, a role of cell adhesion molecules in epithelial differentiation from stem cells, remains unclear. here, we show that the stable and conditional expression of a tight-junction protein, claudin-6 (cldn6), triggers epithelial morphogenesis in mouse f9 stem cells. we also ...201324116027
clostridium perfringens gas gangrene at a wrist intravenous line insertion.a patient admitted to the intensive care unit for management of hypotension following a multiple medications overdose subsequently deteriorated rapidly with sepsis. a cannula site was noted to be bruised, swollen and erythematous and the x-ray demonstrated gas sitting within the tissues surrounding the metacarpal bones. the patient was referred to the orthopaedic surgeons and quickly taken for debridement of the affected area and fasciotomies of the forearm. microbiological investigation confirm ...201324108766
cody is a global regulator of virulence-associated properties for clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.cody is known to regulate various virulence properties in several gram-positive bacteria but has not yet been studied in the important histotoxic and intestinal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the present study prepared an isogenic cody-null mutant in c. perfringens type d strain cn3718 by insertional mutagenesis using the targetron system. western blot analysis indicated that, relative to wild-type cn3718 or a complementing strain, this isogenic cody mutant produces reduced levels of epsilon ...201324105766
[the hot point and controversy of clinical measures in critical are medicine].with its powerful ability to monitoring and support of organs, the survival rate of critically ill patients has been improved significantly by critical care medicine. critical ill patients centralized in icu accepted the treatments given by multidisciplinary team as a mode have played a very important role, especially during the rescue of victims in public health emergencies and natural disasters. changings of the measures of monitoring and support are always along with the development of the cr ...201324059120
effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler clostridium perfringens infection model.in an effort to explore strategies to control clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) with penicillin g in a broiler challenge model. all chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 c. perfringens strains. birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-gmp by gavage or intramuscularly (im) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicilli ...201324046411
a waterborne outbreak and detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul.from may to june 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in seoul, republic of korea. the residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the korean drinking water standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. the microbiological paramet ...201324039290
massive intravascular hemolysis with organ failure due to clostridium perfringens: evidence of intracytoplasmic c. perfringens. 201324032126
frequency of resistance in obligate anaerobic bacteria isolated from dogs, cats, and horses to antimicrobial agents.clinical specimens from dogs, cats, and horses were examined for the presence of obligate anaerobic bacteria. of 4,018 specimens cultured, 368 yielded 606 isolates of obligate anaerobic bacteria (248 from dogs, 50 from cats, and 308 from horses). there were 100 specimens from 94 animals from which only anaerobes were isolated (25 dogs, 8 cats, and 61 horses). the most common sites tested were abdominal fluid (dogs and cats) and intestinal contents (horses). the most common microorganism isolated ...201324025899
[development of clostridium perfringens selective chromogenic medium].to screen the clostridium perfringens selective composition to develop a clostridium perfringens selective chromogenic media.201324024383
regulation of sialidase production in clostridium perfringens by the orphan sensor histidine kinase rees.clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and is often found as a commensal of the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. it is the primary etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis, or gas gangrene, a serious infection that results in extensive tissue necrosis due to the action of one or more potent extracellular toxins. α-toxin and perfringolysin o are the major extracellular toxins involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene, but histotoxic strains of c. perfringens, such as strai ...201324023881
structure and biosynthesis of two exopolysaccharides produced by lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785.exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, which has previously been shown to act as a competitive exclusion agent to control clostridium perfringens in poultry. structural analysis by nmr spectroscopy revealed that l. johnsonii fi9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: eps-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit, and eps-2 was shown to have a repeating unit with the ...201324019531
abilities of the mcp agar method and crename alpha toxin-specific real-time pcr assay to detect clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water.we first determined the analytical specificity and ubiquity (i.e., the ability to detect all or most strains) of a clostridium perfringens-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay based on the cpa gene (cpa rtpcr) by using a bacterial strain panel composed of c. perfringens and non-c. perfringens clostridium strains. all non-c. perfringens clostridium strains tested negative, whereas all c. perfringens strains tested positive with the cpa rtpcr, for an analytical specificity and ubiquity of 100%. th ...201324077714
cellular vacuolation and mitochondrial-associated factors induced by clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin detected using acoustic flow cytometry.epsilon toxin (etx) produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d is a potent toxin that is responsible for fatal enterotoxaemia. in vitro, etx, which is considered as a pore-forming toxin, forms a heptamer in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cell membranes, which is considered to be a pre-pore stage. after binding of the etx, vacuoles inside cell cytoplasm are produced. etx causes decreased levels of essential coenzymes required for host cell energy. here, we optimized and applied acoustic ...201324076036
emphysematous cholecystitis resulting in secondary biliary cirrhosis: a rare complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.a 48-year-old female developed acute emphysematous cholecystitis after an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp) for evaluation of sphincter of oddi dysfunction. cholecystectomy was performed 2 days later. cultures grew clostridium perfringens. the patient received broad-spectrum antibiotics but developed recurrent cholangitic abscesses and intra- and extra-hepatic biliary necrosis. she was managed by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains. for next 3 years, patient had recurren ...201326157820
digestion of epithelial tight junction proteins by the commensal clostridium perfringens.the enteric microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but the pathways involved and bacterial participants may vary in different hosts. we previously reported that some components of the human commensal microbiota, particularly clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens), have the proteolytic capacity for host matrix degradation and reduce transepithelial resistance. here, we examined the c. perfringens-derived proteolytic activity against epithelial tight junction p ...201324072681
possible influence of herd health management and hygiene on the in-herd prevalence of clostridium perfringens type c in pig breeding farms. 201323985096
screening in a lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus collection to select a strain able to survive to the human intestinal tract.genetic diversity and resistance of lactobacillus bulgaricus sbsp. delbrueckii collection with 100 isolates from different home-made yogurt in rural bulgarian areas were determined.201323889646
the p38 mapk and jnk pathways protect host cells against clostridium perfringens beta-toxin.clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is an important agent of necrotic enteritis and enterotoxemia. beta-toxin is a pore-forming toxin (pft) that causes cytotoxicity. two mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways (p38 and c-jun n-terminal kinase [jnk]-like) provide cellular defense against various stresses. to investigate the role of the mapk pathways in the toxic effect of beta-toxin, we examined cytotoxicity in five cell lines. beta-toxin induced cytotoxicity in cells in the following ord ...201323876806
the effects of necrotic enteritis, aflatoxin b1, and virginiamycin on growth performance, necrotic enteritis lesion scores, and mortality in young broilers.the effects of increasing aflatoxin b1 concentration (0, 0.75, 1.5 mg/kg) on broilers with or without necrotic enteritis or virginiamycin were determined. in the 23-d study, 22 male cobb 500 chicks per pen were allotted to 12 treatments (3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) with 8 replications. intestines of 5 birds per pen were examined for lesions on d 21. birds were allowed to consume feed and water ad libitum. aflatoxin was included in the diets from d 0. all birds received a 10× dose of coccidi ...201323873546
abundance of pathogens in the gut and litter of broiler chickens as affected by bacitracin and litter management.clostridium perfringens, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. are food-borne enteric pathogens that are commonly associated with poultry. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental bacitracin and litter management (fresh vs. reused) on the abundance of these pathogens in commercial broiler chickens. specific quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays were used to quantify c. perfringens, virulent c. perfringens that carried the genes encoding α-toxin (cpa) and netb-toxin (n ...201323870707
vaccination with recombinant netb toxin partially protects broiler chickens from necrotic enteritis.netb toxin from clostridium perfringens is a major virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in poultry. in this study the efficacy of netb as a vaccine antigen to protect chickens from necrotic enteritis was examined. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified recombinant netb (rnetb), formalin treated bacterin and cell free toxoid with or without rnetb supplementation. intestinal lesion scores and netb antibody levels were measured to determine protection after mild oral gavage, ...201323865568
arabinogalactan and fructo-oligosaccharides have a different fermentation profile in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (shime ®).current prebiotics, such as fructo-oligosaccharides (fos), are limited in their persistence in the distal colon and are predominantly fermented in the proximal colon. in order to identify a potential alternative, the differences in the fermentation profile of arabinogalactan (ag) and fos have been assessed in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. the effect of each product on the composition and activity of the microbial community was analysed during a 3-week treatment perio ...201323864575
gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of causal or predisposing factors.gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) was described for the first time in the 1930s. the main focus of early studies was on nutritional deficiencies and peroxidation of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids as causative factors. during the 1970s and 1980s the focus was moved towards toxic substances in the feed. scott's review in 1985 concluded that overproduction of gastric acid induced by gizzerosine was a major cause of geu. during the last decades, serotype 1 of fowl adenovirus a and cl ...201323859215
characterization of the enzymatic activity of clostridium perfringens tpel.tpel is a toxin produced by clostridium perfringens which belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxin family. it was shown that tpel modifies ras using udp-glucose or udp-n-acetylglucosamine as cosubstrates (guttenberg et al., 2012; nagahama et al., 2011). we confirmed that tpel preferentially glucosaminates the three isoforms of ras (ch-ras, n-ras, and k-ras) from udp-n-acetylglucosamine and to a lower extent rap1a and r-ras3, and very weakly rac1. in contrast to previous report, we ob ...201323851225
a novel watery diarrhoea caused by the co-infection of neonatal piglets with clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p).in 2011, a novel watery diarrhoea in 1-7 day-old piglets occurred in changchun, china, characterized by high pathogenicity and mortality. investigation of clinical signs, examination for viruses, and isolation and identification of bacteria showed that co-infection by clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p) was the most likely cause of the disease. newborn piglets challenged with a mixture of clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p) died within 3 da ...201323846029
vaccination with recombinant clostridium perfringens toxoids α and β promotes elevated antepartum and passive humoral immunity in swine.due to the increasingly restricted use of antimicrobials in animal production systems, the prevention and control of clostridium perfringens type a- and c-induced diarrhea in piglets should be based on passive immunization via the prepartum vaccination of sows. given the current obstacles in the production of conventional clostridial vaccines, the use of recombinant proteins has been considered to represent a promising alternative. in the present study, the neutralizing antibody response of immu ...201323845812
a low-toxic site-directed mutant of clostridium perfringens ε-toxin as a potential candidate vaccine against enterotoxemia.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), one of the most potent toxins known, is a potential biological weapon; therefore, the development of an effective vaccine is important for preventing intoxication or disease by etx. in this study, genetically detoxified epsilon toxin mutants were developed as candidate vaccines. we used site-directed mutagenesis to mutate the essential amino acid residues (his106, ser111 and phe199). six site-directed mutants of etx (metx (h106p) , metx (s111h) , metx ...201323835363
importance of histamine-producing clostridium perfringens in scombrotoxin-forming fish.it has been suggested that anaerobic histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) are important contributors to scombrotoxin fish poisoning (sfp). in order to assess the role of clostridium perfringens in sfp, we developed a real-time pcr method for rapid detection of histamine-producing (hp) c. perfringens. the real-time pcr assay was 100% inclusive for detecting 23 hp c. perfringens and did not detect any of the other 116 hp or non-hp isolates examined. the efficiency of the assay with or without intern ...201323834808
receptor displacement in the cell membrane by hydrodynamic force amplification through nanoparticles.we introduce an intrinsically multiplexed and easy to implement method to apply an external force to a biomolecule and thus probe its interaction with a second biomolecule or, more generally, its environment (for example, the cell membrane). we take advantage of the hydrodynamic interaction with a controlled fluid flow within a microfluidic channel to apply a force. by labeling the biomolecule with a nanoparticle that acts as a kite and increases the hydrodynamic interaction with the fluid, the ...201323823230
regulation of tight junctions by sex hormones in normal human endometrial epithelial cells and uterus cancer cell line sawano.the number of patients with uterine endometrial carcinoma, the cause of which involves sex hormones, has recently been growing rapidly because of increases in life expectancy and obesity. tight junction proteins claudin-3 and -4 are receptors of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and increase during endometrial carcinogenesis. in the present study of normal human endometrial epithelial (hee) cells and the uterus cancer cell line sawano, we investigate changes in the expression of tight ju ...201323820735
synthesis of 4-methylumbelliferyl α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-mannopyranoside and development of a coupled fluorescent assay for gh125 exo-α-1,6-mannosidases.certain bacterial pathogens possess a repertoire of carbohydrate processing enzymes that process host n-linked glycans and many of these enzymes are required for full virulence of harmful human pathogens such as clostridium perfringens and streptococcus pneumoniae. one bacterial carbohydrate processing enzyme that has been studied is the pneumococcal virulence factor spgh125 from s. pneumoniae and its homologue, cpgh125, from c. perfringens. these exo-α-1,6-mannosidases from glycoside hydrolase ...201323816041
mode of binding of rna polymerase α subunit to the phased a-tracts upstream of the phospholipase c gene promoter of clostridium perfringens.three phased a5-6-tracts lie upstream of the promoter of plc encoding the α-toxin (phospholipase c) of clostridium perfringens. the α subunits of c. perfringens rna polymerase bind directly to the phased a-tracts via the c-terminal domain of the α subunit (αctd). to identify the amino acid residues involved in the binding of c. perfringens α subunits to the phased a-tracts, 27 amino acid residues in c. perfringens αctd were substituted with alanine. the affinities of the mutated α subunits for t ...201323810806
first isolation of clostridium perfringens type e from a goat with diarrhea.a 2-day-old goat died suddenly after the onset of severe diarrhea. no specific gross lesions were observed except for a remarkably thin intestinal wall and watery intestinal contents. histopathological analysis revealed large numbers of gram-positive bacilli layered upon the intestinal epithelia of the small intestine. heavy growth of only clostridium perfringens type e, and no detection of the other enteric pathogens in the small intestine, suggests that c. perfringens type e contributed to the ...201323810805
surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - united states, 1998-2008.foodborne diseases cause an estimated 48 million illnesses each year in the united states, including 9.4 million caused by known pathogens. foodborne disease outbreak surveillance provides valuable insights into the agents and foods that cause illness and the settings in which transmission occurs. cdc maintains a surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in the united states. this surveillance system is the prim ...201323804024
structural insights into clostridium perfringens delta toxin pore formation.clostridium perfringens delta toxin is one of the three hemolysin-like proteins produced by c. perfringens type c and possibly type b strains. one of the others, netb, has been shown to be the major cause of avian nectrotic enteritis, which following the reduction in use of antibiotics as growth promoters, has become an emerging disease of industrial poultry. delta toxin itself is cytotoxic to the wide range of human and animal macrophages and platelets that present gm2 ganglioside on their memb ...201323805259
predisposing factors and prevention of clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis.clostridium perfringens is one of the major causes of intestinal disease in humans and animals. its pathogenicity is contributed to by the production of a variety of toxins. in addition, predisposing environmental factors are important for the induction of c. perfringens-associated enteritis as shown by infection models. environmental contamination, gastric and intestinal ph, intestinal microflora, nutrition, concurrent infections, and medical interventions may influence the intestinal colonizat ...201323790636
effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the fitness of three strains of clostridium perfringens.selection of bacterial strains for resistance to antimicrobial agents may affect fitness; and fluoroquinolone resistance has been shown to affect fitness of aerobic and facultative bacteria. the impact on bacterial fitness of resistance selection to three fluoroquinolones was examined in three wild-type strains of clostridium perfringens: atcc 13124, atcc 3626, and nctr. selection for resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gatifloxacin affected the fitness of nine mutant strains different ...201323789809
the synergistic necrohemorrhagic action of clostridium perfringens perfringolysin and alpha toxin in the bovine intestine and against bovine endothelial cells.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. clostridium perfringens is considered as the causative agent, but there has been controversy on the toxins responsible for the disease. recently, it has been demonstrated that a variety of c. perfringens type a strains can induce necrohemorrhagic lesions in a calf intestinal loop assay. these results put forward alpha toxin and perfringolysin as potential causative toxins, since both are produced by all c. perfringen ...201323782465
immunologic and chemical targeting of the tight-junction protein claudin-6 eliminates tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells.the tumorigenicity of human pluripotent stem cells is a major safety concern for their application in regenerative medicine. here we identify the tight-junction protein claudin-6 as a cell-surface-specific marker of human pluripotent stem cells that can be used to selectively remove claudin-6-positive cells from mixed cultures. we show that claudin-6 is absent in adult tissues but highly expressed in undifferentiated cells, where it is dispensable for human pluripotent stem cell survival and sel ...201323778593
characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from healthy turkeys and from turkeys with necrotic enteritis.clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial pathogen, especially in poultry, where it can lead to both subclinical and clinical disease. the aim of this study was to present data on pathological findings at outbreaks of necrotic enteritis (ne) in turkey production in finland during the period from 1998 to 2012. furthermore, c. perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased turkeys were characterized and their genetic diversity was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). ...201323776261
immunohistochemical search for viral and bacterial antigens in crohn's disease.recent studies show that diseased intestinal tissues of patients with crohn's disease (cd) contain obstructed lymphatics, granulomas, and tertiary lymphoid organs, representing responses to persistent antigen.201322537638
fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system.anaerobic digestion is a viable on-site treatment technology for rich organic waste streams such as food waste and blackwater. in contrast to large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants which are typically located away from the community, the effluent from any type of on-site system is a potential pathogenic hazard because of the intimacy of the system to the community. the native concentrations of the pathogen indicators escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphage were ...201323168637
host response to intravenous injection of epsilon toxin in mouse model: a proteomic view.epsilon toxin (etx) is an extremely potent pore-forming toxin and a category b biological agent. etx is a major virulence determinant of clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d, and is implicated in pathogenesis of rapidly fatal economically important pulpy kidney disease in lambs caused by toxinotype d. despite being a toxin, etx can be utilized as a tool to target glutamatergic neurons and for drug delivery into the cns. 2de-ms approach was employed to elucidate the host response to etx fo ...201323165782
microbiological quality and potential public health risks of export meat from springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) in namibia.to assess the microbiological quality and safety of export game meat; i) a total of 80 pooled meat samples for aerobic plate count (apc) and enterobacteriaceae ii) water used in harvesting and processing for microbiological quality and iii) meat and rectal contents for salmonella spp. and shiga toxin escherichia coli (stec) were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. no differences (p>0.05) in the apcs were observed between the years, but the mean enterobacteriaceae count for 2009 was 1.33 ± 0.69 log(10)cf ...201322944735
clostridium perfringens infection complicating periprosthetic fracture fixation about the hip: successful treatment with early aggressive debridement.periprosthetic fracture and infection are both challenges following hip arthroplasty. we report the case of an 87 year old female who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a periprosthetic femoral fracture. her post-operative course was complicated by infection with clostridium perfringens. early aggressive antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement were successful, and allowed retention of the original components.201322344485
[studies on prophylactic action of phenoxymethyl penicillin in experimental anaerobic infections]. 201424544291
clostridium perfringens in apheresis platelets: an unusual contaminant underscores the importance of clinical vigilance for septic transfusion reactions (cme).posttransfusion sepsis is typically caused by aerobic bacteria in apheresis platelets (plts) that escape detection by routine quality control cultures performed on every donation before components are distributed. we report the first case to implicate an anaerobic isolate, clostridium perfringens, in apheresis plts and investigate its detection in vitro by approved tests.201423772803
use of an online survey during an outbreak of clostridium perfringens in a retirement community-arizona, 2012.an outbreak of gastrointestinal (gi) illness among retirement community residents was reported to the maricopa county department of public health. online surveys can be useful for rapid investigation of disease outbreaks, especially when local health departments lack time and resources to perform telephone interviews. online survey utility among older populations, which may lack computer access or literacy, has not been defined.201423760307
diagnostic exercise: hemolysis and sudden death in lambs.within a 24-hour period, 7 out of 200 three- to four-week-old pastured katahdin lambs died after showing clinical signs of hemoglobinuria, red-tinged feces, weakness, and recumbency. one of the lambs that was examined clinically before natural death also had abdominal pain, trembling, tachycardia, and severe anemia with a packed cell volume of 4%. pathologic findings included icterus, hemoglobinuric nephrosis, dark red urine, pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, splenomegaly, and acute centrilobular to ...201423978840
gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens involving the liver, spleen, and heart in a man 20 years after an orthotopic liver transplant: a case report.despite advances in immunosuppression and liver transplant in the past, mortality and morbidity caused by infections remain major problems. we present a 71-year-old man who was admitted to our internal intensive care unit with septicemia. upon admission, he had poorly localized epigastric pain and fever of 2 days ' duration. twenty years earlier, he had undergone an orthotopic liver transplant. testing revealed a high c-reactive protein level, elevated liver enzymes, and an acute kidney injury. ...201423962047
expression and delivery of an endolysin to combat clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a cause for increasing concern due to its responsibility for severe infections both in humans and animals, especially poultry. to find new control strategies to treat c. perfringens infection, we investigated the activity and delivery of a bacteriophage endolysin. we identified a new endolysin, designated cp25l, which shows similarity to an n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase domain and is distinct from other c. perfringens endolysins whose activity has been demonstrate ...201423942878
massive intravascular hemolysis from clostridium perfringens septicemia: a review.we describe the case of a patient with hemolysis-associated clostridium perfringens septicemia and review all similar cases published in the literature since 1990, with specific focus on the relationship between treatment strategy and survival. we searched pubmed for all published cases of c. perfringens-associated hemolysis, using the medical subject terms "clostridia," "clostridial sepsis," and/or "hemolysis." all case reports, case series, review articles, and other relevant references publis ...201424019300
clostridium perfringens sepsis following a molar pregnancy.clostridium perfringens sepsis is rare since the legalization of abortion in 1973. this is a 49 year old female who developed clostridial sepsis after suction dilation and curettage for a molar pregnancy. a hysterectomy was performed after prompt recognition, and the patient survived.201424096275
technological properties of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from pico cheese an artisanal cow's milk cheese.evaluate technologically relevant properties from bacteriocin-producing strains to use as starter/adjunct cultures in cheese making.201424206097
follow-up of 100 dogs with acute diarrhoea in a primary care practice.this study aimed to examine the aetiology of acute diarrhoea and the relapse rate in 100 client-owned dogs presented to a first-opinion clinic. history, physical examination, faecal testing and owner questionnaire data were collected at initial presentation (t0) and at either the time of relapse or at a recheck performed within 3 months. all dogs received treatment according to their clinical signs. of 96 dogs that completed the study, 37 (38.5%) relapsed during the study period, 21 (21.9%) rela ...201424268477
internalization of clostridium perfringens α-toxin leads to erk activation and is involved on its cytotoxic effect.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cpplc), also called α-toxin, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. cpplc may lead to cell lysis at concentrations that cause extensive degradation of plasma membrane phospholipids. however, at sublytic concentrations it induces cytotoxicity without inducing evident membrane damage. the results of this work demonstrate that cpplc becomes internalized in cells by a dynamin-dependent mechanism and in a time progressive process: first, cpplc c ...201424245664
adhesive properties of clostridium perfringens to extracellular matrix proteins collagens and fibronectin.the adhesive properties of clostridium perfringens to collagens, gelatin, fibronectin (fn), fn-prebound collagens, and fn-prebound gelatin were investigated. c. perfringens could bind to fn-prebound collagen type ii, type iii, and gelatin, but not to gelatin or collagens except for collagen type i directly. recombinant fn-binding proteins of c. perfringens, rfbpa and rfbpb, were used to examine fn-mediated bacterial adherence to collagen type i. in the presence of rfbps, c. perfringens adherence ...201424239649
tissue distribution and safety evaluation of a claudin-targeting molecule, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.we previously found that claudin (cl) is a potent target for cancer therapy using a cl-3 and -4-targeting molecule, namely the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe). although cl-3 and -4 are expressed in various normal tissues, the safety of this cl-targeting strategy has never been investigated. here, we evaluated the tissue distribution of c-cpe in mice. ten minutes after intravenous injection into mice, c-cpe was distributed to the liver and kidney (24.0% and 9.5% ...201424231339
mechanistic insights from substrate preference in unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase.natural and synthetic unsaturated glucuronides were tested as substrates for clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase to probe its mechanism and to guide inhibitor design. of the natural substrates, a chondroitin disaccharide substrate with sulfation of the primary alcohol on carbon 6 of its n-acetylgalactosamine moiety was found to have the highest turnover number of any substrate reported for an unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase, with kcat =112 s(-1) . synthetic aryl glycoside s ...201424227702
an unusual mode of galactose recognition by a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module.carbohydrate-binding modules (cbms) are ancillary modules commonly associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes (cazymes) that function to mediate the adherence of the parent enzyme to its carbohydrate substrates. cbm family 32 (cbm32) is one of the most diverse cbm families, whose members are commonly found in bacterial cazymes that modify eukaryotic glycans. one such example is the putative μ-toxin, cpgh84a, of the family 84 glycoside hydrolases, which comprises an n-terminal putative β-n-acety ...201424326248
horizontally transferred genetic elements and their role in pathogenesis of bacterial disease.this article reviews the roles that laterally transferred genes (ltg) play in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. the features of ltg that allow them to be recognized in bacterial genomes are described, and the mechanisms by which ltg are transferred between and within bacteria are reviewed. genes on plasmids, integrative and conjugative elements, prophages, and pathogenicity islands are highlighted. virulence genes that are frequently laterally transferred include genes for bacterial adherenc ...201424318976
computer-guided approach to access the anti-influenza activity of licorice constituents.neuraminidase (na), a key enzyme in viral replication, is the first-line drug target to combat influenza. on the basis of a shape-focused virtual screening, the roots of glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) were identified as plant species with an accumulation of constituents that show 3d similarities to known influenza na inhibitors (nais). phytochemical investigation revealed 12 constituents identified as (e)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-3-(8-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-1-benzopyran-6-y ...201424313801
autocatalytically generated thr-gln ester bond cross-links stabilize the repetitive ig-domain shaft of a bacterial cell surface adhesin.gram-positive bacteria are decorated by a variety of proteins that are anchored to the cell wall and project from it to mediate colonization, attachment to host cells, and pathogenesis. these proteins, and protein assemblies, such as pili, are typically long and thin yet must withstand high levels of mechanical stress and proteolytic attack. the recent discovery of intramolecular isopeptide bond cross-links, formed autocatalytically, in the pili from streptococcus pyogenes has highlighted the ro ...201424344302
screening of bacteriocin-producing enterococcus faecalis strains for antagonistic activities against clostridium perfringens.this study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing bacteria against clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) from domestic animals to determine their usefulness as probiotics. bacteriocin-producing bacteria were isolated from pig feces by the spot-on-lawn method. a total of 1,370 bacterial stains were isolated, and six were tentatively selected after identifying the inhibitory activity against the pathogenic indicator c. perfringens kctc 3269 and kctc 5100. the selected s ...201426761495
effects of temperature and packaging on the growth kinetics of clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat jokbal (pig's trotters).ready-to-eat (rte) jokbal (pig's trotter), which consists of pig's feet cooked in soy sauce and various spices, is a very popular and widely sold in korean retail markets. commercially, the anaerobically packed jokbal have also become a popular rte food in several convenience stores. this study evaluates the effects of storage temperature and packaging methods for the growth of c. perfringens in jokbal. growth kinetic parameters of c. perfringens in aerobically and anaerobically packed jokbals a ...201426760749
a functional rect gene for recombineering of clostridium.recombineering is an efficient genetic manipulation method employing the mechanism of phagenic rect-mediated homologous recombination. to develop a recombineering method for clostridium, a putative rect gene (cpf0939) from clostridium perfringens genome was functionally verified in a clostridial host clostridium acetobutylicum. we show that a short synthetic oligonucleotide can be introduced into the target site for specific point mutation. this functional rect gene would therefore contribute to ...201424384234
the sialidases of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718 differ in their properties and sensitivities to inhibitors.clostridium perfringens causes histotoxic infections and diseases originating in animal or human intestines. a prolific toxin producer, this bacterium also produces numerous enzymes, including sialidases, that may facilitate infection. c. perfringens type d strain cn3718 carries genes encoding three sialidases, including two large secreted sialidases (named nani and nanj) and one small sialidase (named nanh) that has an intracellular location in log-phase cultures but is present in supernatants ...201424375134
enteropathogen co-infection in uk cats with diarrhoea.individual enteropathogen infections in healthy and clinically ill cats are well described, but prevalence and patterns of enteropathogen co-infection have only been reported on a limited basis. we studied enteropathogen co-infection in diarrhoeic uk cats using results of a real time pcr assay for 8 enteropathogenic species; feline coronavirus (co), feline panleukopenia virus (pa), clostridium perfringens (cl), salmonella enterica (sa), giardia spp. (gi), tritrichomonas foetus (tr), cryptosporid ...201424410914
assessment of microbiological and chemical properties in a municipal landfill area.this study aimed at determining the environmental hazards for soils posed by a large municipal landfilll. the concentrations of heavy metals and policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as microbial composition (i.e., mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, molds, salmonella, staphylococcus, clostridium perfringens) in four soils within and in the vicinity of the landfill were evaluated and compared to waste samples. both chemical and microbiological analyses revealed only limited contamination of ...201424410690
dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary ca, p, and phytase on performance, intestinal morphology, bone ash, and ca and p digestibility during a necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreak. the 35-d trial was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, which included 2 ca levels (0.6 and 0.9%), 2 p levels (0.3 and 0.45%), and 2 levels of phytase [0 and 1,000 phytase units (ftu)/kg]. birds were placed on litter from a previous flock that exhibited clinical signs of ne. birds and feed were w ...201425143591
contributions of nani sialidase to caco-2 cell adherence by clostridium perfringens type a and c strains causing human intestinal disease.previous studies showed that clostridium perfringens type d animal disease strain cn3718 uses nani sialidase for adhering to enterocyte-like caco-2 cells. the current study analyzed whether nani is similarly important when type a and c human intestinal disease strains attach to caco-2 cells. a pcr survey determined that the nani gene was absent from typical type a food poisoning (fp) strains carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene or the genetically related type c darmbrand (db) strains. h ...201425135687
efficacy of an anticoccidial live vaccine in prevention of necrotic enteritis in chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important disease in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens combined with predisposing factors, mainly eimeriosis. in the present study, we investigated the protective effect of a commercial attenuated anticoccidial live vaccine against ne in a clinical infection model using 60 day-old chicks. vaccination was performed on study day (sd) 1 with natural booster-infections for 4 weeks from eimeria spp. oocysts present in litter. on sd 28, five groups were formed (n= ...201425131774
enumeration of clostridia in goat milk using an optimized membrane filtration technique.a membrane filtration technique developed for counting butyric acid bacteria in cow milk was further developed for analysis of goat milk. reduction of the sample volume, prolongation of incubation time after addition of proteolytic enzyme and detergent, and a novel step of ultrasonic treatment during incubation allowed filtration of goat milk even in the case of somatic cell counts (scc) exceeding 10(6)/ml. however, filterability was impaired in milk from goats in late lactation. in total, spore ...201425129496
lactose-inducible system for metabolic engineering of clostridium ljungdahlii.the development of tools for genetic manipulation of clostridium ljungdahlii has increased its attractiveness as a chassis for autotrophic production of organic commodities and biofuels from syngas and microbial electrosynthesis and established it as a model organism for the study of the basic physiology of acetogenesis. in an attempt to expand the genetic toolbox for c. ljungdahlii, the possibility of adapting a lactose-inducible system for gene expression, previously reported for clostridium p ...201424509933
influence of the gut microbiota on blood acute-phase proteins.little is known about the bovine intestinal microbiota influence on systemic innate immune responses. the objective of the present study was to determine relationships between acute-phase proteins in blood serum of cows [c-reactive protein (crp), lps-binding protein (lbp) and haptoglobin (hp)] and the faecal microbiota. fifty-two healthy cows (2-8 years old) were investigated. faecal bacteria were determent characterized by in situ hybridization with 16s/23s rrna-targeted probes and by conventio ...201424498969
temporary feed restriction partially protects broilers from necrotic enteritis.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feed restriction on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. to induce subclinical necrotic enteritis, an experimental challenge model using a specific diet formulation, gumboro vaccination, oral inoculation of broilers with a 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens was adopted. two hun ...201424498863
clostridium perfringens strains from bovine enterotoxemia cases are not superior in in vitro production of alpha toxin, perfringolysin o and proteolytic enzymes.bovine enterotoxemia is a major cause of mortality in veal calves. predominantly veal calves of beef cattle breeds are affected and losses due to enterotoxemia may account for up to 20% of total mortality. clostridium perfringens type a is considered to be the causative agent. recently, alpha toxin and perfringolysin o have been proposed to play an essential role in the development of disease. however, other potential virulence factors also may play a role in the pathogenesis of bovine enterotox ...201424479821
clostridium perfringens phospholipase c induced ros production and cytotoxicity require pkc, mek1 and nfκb activation.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cpplc), also called α-toxin, is the most toxic extracellular enzyme produced by this bacteria and is essential for virulence in gas gangrene. at lytic concentrations, cpplc causes membrane disruption, whereas at sublytic concentrations this toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway, which contributes to its cytotoxic and myotoxic effects. in the present work, the role of pkc, erk 1/2 and nfκb signalling pathways in ros generation ind ...201424466113
intravascular haemolysis secondary to clostridium perfringens in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. 201424446867
distribution of clostridium perfringens isolates from piglets in south korea.clostridium perfringens causes various digestive system disease symptoms in pigs. in the present study, 11 c. perfringens isolates were obtained from diarrheic piglets and 18 from healthy piglets. all of the c. perfringens isolates were shown to be type a using a multiplex pcr assay. the β2 toxin gene was detected in 27/29 c. perfringens isolates, i.e., 81% (9/11) of diarrheic piglets and 100% (18/18) of healthy piglets, and all of the genes had the same sequence. in conclusion, the β2 toxin gen ...201424430655
white-rot fungal pretreatment of wheat straw with phanerochaete chrysosporium for biohydrogen production: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.this paper demonstrates biohydrogen production was enhanced by white-rot fungal pretreatment of wheat straw (ws) through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf). wheat straw was pretreated by phanerochaete chrysosporium at 30 °c under solid state fermentation for 12 days, and lignin was removed about 28.5 ± 1.3 %. microscopic structure observation combined thermal gravity and differential thermal gravity analysis further showed that the lignocellulose structure obviously disrupted a ...201424429553
application of lactobacillus johnsonii expressing phage endolysin for control of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is frequently found in food and the environment and produces potent toxins that have a negative impact on both human and animal health and particularly on the poultry industry. lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, isolated from the chicken gastrointestinal tract, has been demonstrated to exclude cl. perfringens in poultry. we have investigated the interaction of wild-type lact. johnsonii fi9785 or an engineered strain expressing a cell wall-hydrolysing endolysin with cl. perfr ...201424961379
m cell-targeting strategy facilitates mucosal immune response and enhances protection against cvb3-induced viral myocarditis elicited by chitosan-dna vaccine.efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal associated lymphoid tissue is a first and critical step for successful induction of mucosal immunity by vaccines. considering its potential transcytotic capability, m cell has become a more and more attractive target for mucosal vaccines. in this research, we designed an m cell-targeting strategy by which mucosal delivery system chitosan (cs) was endowed with m cell-targeting ability via conjugating with a cpe30 peptide, c terminal 30 amino acids of clost ...201424958702
clostridial pore-forming toxins: powerful virulence factors.pore formation is a common mechanism of action for many bacterial toxins. more than one third of clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins (pfts) belonging to the β-pft class. they are secreted as soluble monomers rich in β-strands, which recognize a specific receptor on target cells and assemble in oligomers. then, they undergo a conformational change leading to the formation of a β-barrel, which inserts into the lipid bilayer forming functional pore. according to their structure, clostridial ...201424952276
a claudin 3 and claudin 4-targeted clostridium perfringens protoxin is selectively cytotoxic to psa-producing prostate cancer cells.prostate cancer is the second leading cause of non-cutaneous cancer-related death in males, and effective strategies for treatment of metastatic disease are currently limited. the tight junction proteins, claudin 3 and claudin 4, serve as cell-surface receptors for the pore-forming clostridium perfringens enterotoxin [cpe]. most prostate cancer cells overexpress claudin 3 and claudin 4, and claudins are aberrantly distributed over the plasma membrane, making these cells particularly sensitive to ...201424952257
prevention and treatment of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (c4d7) produced in nicotiana benthamiana.epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is among the most lethal toxins known. etx is a potential bioterrorism threat that was listed as a category b agent by the u.s. centers for disease control until 2012 and it still remains a toxin of interest for several government agencies. we produced a monoclonal antibody (mab) against etx (etx mab c4d7) in nicotiana benthamiana and characterized its preventive and therapeutic efficacy in mice. the etx preparation used was ...201424950050
infectious diseases in large-scale cat hoarding investigations.animal hoarders accumulate animals in over-crowded conditions without adequate nutrition, sanitation, and veterinary care. as a result, animals rescued from hoarding frequently have a variety of medical conditions including respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disease, parasitism, malnutrition, and other evidence of neglect. the purpose of this study was to characterize the infectious diseases carried by clinically affected cats and to determine the prevalence of retroviral infections among ...201424934262
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