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is the quality of drinking water a risk factor for self-reported forearm fractures? cohort of norway.compared to ph ≥7.0 in norwegian municipal drinking water, ph <7.0 increased the risk of forearm fractures in the population-based cohort of norway (conor; n = 127,272). the association was attenuated (p > 0.05) after adjustments for indicators of bacteria and organic matter, which may signify an association between poor drinking water and bone health.201322569744
claudin-4-targeted optical imaging detects pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions.novel imaging methods based on specific molecular targets to detect both established neoplasms and their precursor lesions are highly desirable in cancer medicine. previously, we identified claudin-4, an integral constituent of tight junctions, as highly expressed in various gastrointestinal tumours including pancreatic cancer. here, we investigate the potential of targeting claudin-4 with a naturally occurring ligand to visualise pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions in vitro and in vivo ...201322677720
spontaneous bacterial empyema in a cirrhotic patient due to clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the literature.we report a case of a cirrhotic patient who developed a spontaneous bacterial empyema due to clostridium perfringens. to our knowledge, only two cases of spontaneous bacterial empyema due to c. perfringens in cirrhotic patients were previously reported in literature. it should be suspected in a child c cirrhotic patient, with a previous history of pleural effusion, fever and dyspnea. it has a fatal outcome as far as it has been described.201322749506
several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba.intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ...201322843242
use of a mariner-based transposon mutagenesis system to isolate clostridium perfringens mutants deficient in gliding motility.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive pathogen that causes many human and animal diseases, including food poisoning and gas gangrene. c. perfringens lacks flagella but possesses type iv pili (tfp). we have previously shown that c. perfringens can glide across an agar surface in long filaments composed of individual bacteria attached end to end and that two tfp-associated proteins, pilt and pilc, are needed for this. to discover additional gene products that play a role in gliding ...201323204460
prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from the faecal microbiota of elderly irish subjects.the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of elderly subjects using a combination of culture-dependent techniques and 16s rrna gene amplicon sequencing. the study was performed as part of the eldermet project, in which 368 faecal samples were assessed for viable numbers of bifidobacterium spp., lactobacillus spp. and enterobacteriaceae on selective agar. however, the bifidobacterium selective medium used also supported the growth of clost ...201323222860
endothelial binding of beta toxin to small intestinal mucosal endothelial cells in early stages of experimentally induced clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in pigs.beta toxin (cpb) is known to be an essential virulence factor in the development of lesions of clostridium perfringens type c enteritis in different animal species. its target cells and exact mechanism of toxicity have not yet been clearly defined. here, we evaluate the suitability of a neonatal piglet jejunal loop model to investigate early lesions of c. perfringens type c enteritis. immunohistochemically, cpb was detected at microvascular endothelial cells in intestinal villi during early and ...201323012387
protein-ligand interaction study of cpoga in complex with glcnacstatin.the glcnacstatin is a potent inhibitor of o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase, which has been related with type ii diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. herein, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics simulations, and potential of mean force were employed to study the interactions established between glcnacstatin and a bacterial o-glcnacase enzyme from clostridium perfringens. the results reveal that the imidazole nitrogen atom of glcnacstatin ha ...201323066949
macedovicin, the second food-grade lantibiotic produced by streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198.streptococcus macedonicus aca-dc 198 was found to produce a second lantibiotic named macedovicin in addition to macedocin. macedovicin was purified to homogeneity and mass spectrometric analysis identified a peptide of approximately 3.4 kda. partial n-terminal sequence analysis and tandem mass spectrometry revealed that macedovicin was identical to bovicin hj50 and thermophilin 1277 produced by streptococcus bovis and streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. macedovicin inhibits a broad spectru ...201323122510
molecular architecture and functional analysis of netb, a pore-forming toxin from clostridium perfringens.netb is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been reported to play a major role in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease that has emerged due to the removal of antibiotics in animal feedstuffs. here we present the crystal structure of the pore form of netb solved to 3.9 å. the heptameric assembly shares structural homology to the staphylococcal α-hemolysin. however, the rim domain, a region that is thought to interact with the target cell membrane, s ...201323239883
clostridium perfringens septicaemia. 201324016137
the clostridium perfringens germinant receptor protein gerkc is located in the spore inner membrane and is crucial for spore germination.the gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium clostridium perfringens causes a variety of diseases in both humans and animals, and spore germination is thought to be the first stage of c. perfringens infection. previous studies have indicated that the germinant receptor (gr) proteins encoded by the bicistronic gerka-gerkc operon as well as the proteins encoded by the gerkb and geraa genes are required for normal germination of c. perfringens spores. we now report the individual role of t ...201324013629
spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis: case report, radiologic findings, and literature review.the utility of computed tomography (ct) has not been studied in the initial evaluation of a patient with suspected spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis. here, we present a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and neutropenia who developed spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis after induction chemotherapy. although suspected, the patient's symptoms and physical exam findings were not specific for clostridial myonecrosis. ct confirmed the diagnosis and helped direct surgical in ...201327330636
nonclinical development of bcg replacement vaccine candidates.the failure of current mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccines, given to neonates to protect against adult tuberculosis and the risk of using these live vaccines in hiv-infected infants, has emphasized the need for generating new, more efficacious and safer replacement vaccines. with the availability of genetic techniques for constructing recombinant bcg (rbcg) strains containing well-defined gene deletions or insertions, new vaccine candidates are under evaluation at both the ...201326343962
application of a real-time pcr method for salmonella spp., escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens detection in water samples.the diagnostic assessment of water sanitary state is based mainly on the cultivation of bacteria retained on membrane filters. however classical microbiology methods have a lot of disadvantages. more and more frequently, rapid detection and identification of pathogens present in water is based on molecular biology techniques. the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and usefulness of a real-time pcr method, when compared to the recommended bacteria culture method, in diagnostics ...201324730140
short- and medium-chain fatty acids as a feed supplement for weaning and nursery pigs.the effect of supplementing piglet diets with acidifiers containing the short-chain fatty acids - scfa (propionic c3 and formic) together with medium-chain fatty acids -- mcfa (caprylic c8 and capric c10) on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and small intestine structure was investigated. the study was performed on 326 piglets allocated to 5 experimental groups. they were fed a standard diet (group i - control) or a standard diet supplemented with 0.5% propionic ...201324597298
the sensing of membrane microdomains based on pore-forming toxins.membrane rafts are transient and unstable membrane microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific proteins. they are involved in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, pathogen entry, and attachment of various ligands. increasing experimental evidence on the crucial biological roles of membrane rafts under normal and pathological conditions require new techniques for their structural and functional characterization. in particular, fluorescence-labeled cytolyt ...201323244522
characterization of bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and identification of phage lytic enzymes as alternatives to antibiotics for potential control of the bacterium.there has been a resurgent interest in the use of bacteriophages or their gene products to control bacterial pathogens as alternatives to currently used antibiotics. clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a significant role in human foodborne disease as well as non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases. countries that have complied with the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds have reported increased incidences of c. perfringens-a ...201323300321
label-free electronic detection of bio-toxins using aligned carbon nanotubes.a facile route for sensitive label-free detection of bio-toxins using aligned single walled carbon nanotubes is described. this approach involves patterning of a catalyst on the surface of a quartz substrate using a sub-100 μm stripe-patterned polydimethylsiloxane stamp for aligned carbon nanotube generation followed by fabrication of field effect transistor (fet). atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and raman spectroscopy are employed to characterize the synthes ...201323298625
identification of accessory genome regions in poultry clostridium perfringens isolates carrying the netb plasmid.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an economically important disease of poultry caused by certain clostridium perfringens type a strains. ne pathogenesis involves the netb toxin, which is encoded on a large conjugative plasmid within a 42-kb pathogenicity locus. recent multilocus sequence type (mlst) studies have identified two predominant ne-associated clonal groups, suggesting that host genes are also involved in ne pathogenesis. we used microarray comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) to assess the ...201323292780
hygiene intervention reduces contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.this study was conducted to measure the impact of a hygiene intervention on the contamination of weaning food in bangladesh.201323279860
taguchi optimization of duplex pcr for simultaneous identification of staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens alpha toxins.staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens are two major bacteria that infect open wounds and delay the healing process. the rapid and progressive deterioration of soft tissue during s. aureus and c. perfringens coinfections is due to analogous necrotic alpha toxins produced by the two organisms. the aim of this study was to determine the alpha toxins of s. aureus and c. perfringens by duplex pcr. the pcr assay employed two sets of primers: hlaf/r to amplify staphylococcal alpha toxin gen ...201323278425
human claudin-8 and -14 are receptors capable of conveying the cytotoxic effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) contributes to several important human gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. this toxin and its derivatives are also being explored for translational applications, i.e., cancer therapy or drug delivery. some, but not all, members of the 24-member claudin (cldn) family of mammalian tight junction proteins can serve as cpe receptors. among the human cldns (hcldns), hcldn-3 and -4 are known to convey cpe sensitivity when expressed by fibroblast transfectants. how ...201323322640
growth potential of clostridium perfringens from spores in acidified beef, pork, and poultry products during chilling.the ability of clostridium perfringens to germinate and grow in acidified ground beef as well as in 10 commercially prepared acidified beef, pork, and poultry products was assessed. the ph of ground beef was adjusted with organic vinegar to achieve various ph values between 5.0 and 5.6; the ph of the commercial products ranged from 4.74 to 6.35. products were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of c. perfringens spores to achieve ca. 2-log (low) or 4-log (high) inoculum levels, vacuum packag ...201323317858
clinicobiochemical investigations of gangrenous mastitis in does: immunological responses and oxidative stress biomarkers.a total of 50 does were used to determine selected hematological and biochemical parameters with special references to oxidative stress markers, acute phase protein profiles, and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and gangrenous mastitis affected does. animals were divided into two equal groups represented as clinically healthy (control) and diseased groups, respectively. the bacteriological examination of milk samples from diseased does revealed many types of bacterial infection. the isolated ...201323303629
efficacy of early treatment with toltrazuril in prevention of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in chickens.in the present study, efficacy of the toltrazuril treatment for prevention of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis was tested. ninety-six 14-day-old commercial broiler chickens were caged and divided into eight groups (n=12), designated groups 1 to 8. chickens of groups 1 to 6 were inoculated orally at 18 days of age with 25,000 oocysts of eimeria tenella and 75,000 oocysts of eimeria brunetti. at 22 days of age, chickens of groups 1 to 6 were infected with 10(9) colony-forming unit clostridium pe ...201323941631
expression of a clostridium perfringens genome-encoded putative n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase as a potential antimicrobial to control the bacterium.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that plays a substantial role in non-foodborne human, animal, and avian diseases as well as human foodborne disease. previously discovered c. perfringens bacteriophage lytic enzyme amino acid sequences were utilized to identify putative prophage lysins or autolysins by blast analyses encoded by the genomes of c. perfringens isolates. a predicted n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase or murnac-laa (also known as peptidogly ...201323934074
identification of pathogen bacteria and protozoa in treated urban wastewaters discharged in the ebro river (spain): water reuse possibilities.the aim of this research work is to identify the presence of pathogens, bacteria and protozoa, in different treated urban wastewaters and to relate biological pollution with the processes used in wastewater treatment plants. a study of the possibilities for water reuse is carried out taking into account bacterial and parasite composition. the analysed bacteria and protozoa are: enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens (spore), salmonella spp., ...201323925185
enteropathogens in pups from pet shops and breeding facilities.to evaluate faecal and clinical scores and presence of several enteropathogens possibly implicated in the development of diarrhoea in pups aged between 6 and 16 weeks independently of their health status.201323915246
recombinant expression of in silico identified bcell epitope of epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in translational fusion with a carrier protein.epsilon toxin secreted by clostridium perfringens types b and d has been directly implicated as the causative agent of fatal enterotoxemia in domestic animals. the aim of the present study is to use in silico approach for identification of b-cell epitope(s) of epsilon toxin, and its expression in fusion with a carrier protein to analyze its potential as vaccine candidate(s). using different computational analyses and bioinformatics tools, a number of antigenic determinant regions of epsilon toxi ...201323904738
binding of the biogenic polyamines to deoxyribonucleic acids of varying base composition: base specificity and the associated energetics of the interaction.the thermodynamics of the base pair specificity of the binding of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and cadaverine with three genomic dnas clostridium perfringens, 27% gc, escherichia coli, 50% gc and micrococcus lysodeikticus, 72% gc have been studied using titration calorimetry and the data supplemented with melting studies, ethidium displacement and circular dichroism spectroscopy results.201323894663
how do different concentrations of clostridium perfringens affect the quality of extended boar spermatozoa?bacteriospermia in boar fresh and extended semen is a frequent finding that produces alterations on sperm quality and, consequently, causes economic losses in artificial insemination (ai) centres. the present study sought to evaluate the effect of different infective concentrations of clostridium perfringens on boar sperm quality, assessed as sperm motility (casa), morphology and viability, through 11 days of storage at 15°c (experiment 1), and after 96h of incubation at 37°c (experiment 2). wit ...201323755936
bacteriocin activity against various pathogens produced by pediococcus pentosaceus vj13 isolated from idly batter.bacteriocins, an antimicrobial peptide, is known to have wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. because they are easily digested in the intestine, they are considered as safe and are widely used as food preservatives. hence their purification and characterization have attracted considerable attraction, especially for those having activity against human pathogens. in this study, the bacteriocin produced by pediococcus pentosaceus vj13 was precipitated with cold acetone an ...201323754544
clostridium perfringens beta-toxin induces necrostatin-inhibitable, calpain-dependent necrosis in primary porcine endothelial cells.clostridium perfringens β-toxin (cpb) is a β-barrel pore-forming toxin and an essential virulence factor of c. perfringens type c strains, which cause fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in animals and humans. we have previously shown that cpb is bound to endothelial cells within the intestine of affected pigs and humans, and that cpb is highly toxic to primary porcine endothelial cells (pec) in vitro. the objective of the present study was to investigate the type of cell death induced by cpb in these c ...201323734212
protection against avian necrotic enteritis after immunisation with netb genetic or formaldehyde toxoids.netb (necrotic enteritis toxin b) is a recently identified β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens. this toxin has been shown to play a major role in avian necrotic enteritis. in recent years, a dramatic increase in necrotic enteritis has been observed, especially in countries where the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal feedstuffs has been banned. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunisation with a netb toxoid would provide protection against necrotic ...201323727000
expression of clostridium perfringens epsilon-beta fusion toxin gene in e. coli and its immunologic studies in mouse.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic spore-forming, pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for severe diseases in humans and livestock. in the present study, an epsilon-beta fusion toxin was expressed as a soluble protein in e. coli and the recombinant cell lysate was used for immunization studies in mouse. potency of the toxin (as an antigen) induced 6 and 10iu/ml of epsilon and beta anti-toxin in rabbit, respectively. these titers were higher than the minimum level required by the europea ...201323707696
toxin plasmids of clostridium perfringens.in both humans and animals, clostridium perfringens is an important cause of histotoxic infections and diseases originating in the intestines, such as enteritis and enterotoxemia. the virulence of this gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium is heavily dependent upon its prolific toxin-producing ability. many of the ∼16 toxins produced by c. perfringens are encoded by large plasmids that range in size from ∼45 kb to ∼140 kb. these plasmid-encoded toxins are often closely associated with mobile elemen ...201323699255
evaluation of high dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles and supplementation of protease and xylanase in the diets of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge.a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a high level of sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs; 20%), with or without a combination of protease and xylanase in broiler chickens, under a necrotic enteritis disease challenge. a total of 576 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 experimental treatments, each replicated 6 times, with 12 birds per replicate for 35 d. oral inoculation of the challenged group with eimeria spp. occurred on d 9, ...201323687155
comparison of 3 agar media in fung double tubes and petri plates to detect and enumerate clostridium spp. in broiler chicken intestines.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that may lead to necrotic enteritis, resulting in poor feed efficiency and increased mortality in chickens. it is estimated that c. perfringens infects almost 1 million people in the united states every year. the objective of this research was to compare the fung double tube (fdt) and conventional petri plates using 3 different media to detect and enumerate clostridium spp. in chicken intestines. nine cobb 500 broilers were randoml ...201323687145
claudins overexpression in ovarian cancer: potential targets for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) based diagnosis and therapy.claudins are a family of tight junction proteins regulating paracellular permeability and cell polarity with different patterns of expression in benign and malignant human tissues. there are approximately 27 members of the claudin family identified to date with varying cell and tissue-specific expression. claudins-3, -4 and -7 represent the most highly differentially expressed claudins in ovarian cancer. while their exact role in ovarian tumors is still being elucidated, these proteins are thoug ...201323685873
puerperal sepsis in a rural hospital in sudan.increasingly, women in rural areas in sudan reported to hospital with puerperal infections.201323678336
a recombinant carboxy-terminal domain of alpha-toxin protects mice against clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin (cp, 370 residues) is one of the main agents involved in the development of gas gangrene. in this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the c-terminal domain (cp251-370) of the toxin and phospholipase c (plc; cb, 372 residues) of clostridum bifermentans isolated from cases of clostridium necrosis were examined. the recombinant proteins were expressed as glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion proteins. antibodies that cross-reacted with alpha-tox ...201323668605
effect of meat ingredients (sodium nitrite and erythorbate) and processing (vacuum storage and packaging atmosphere) on germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores in ham during abusive cooling.the effect of nitrite and erythorbate on clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in ham during abusive cooling (15 h) was evaluated. ham was formulated with ground pork, nano2 (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 ppm) and sodium erythorbate (0 or 547 ppm). ten grams of meat (stored at 5 °c for 3 or 24 h after preparation) were transferred to a vacuum bag and inoculated with a three-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to obtain an inoculum of ca. 2.5 log spores/g. the bags were vacuum-sealed, ...201323664261
estimates of the burden of foodborne illness in canada for 30 specified pathogens and unspecified agents, circa 2006.estimates of foodborne illness are important for setting food safety priorities and making public health policies. the objective of this analysis is to estimate domestically acquired, foodborne illness in canada, while identifying data gaps and areas for further research. estimates of illness due to 30 pathogens and unspecified agents were based on data from the 2000-2010 time period from canadian surveillance systems, relevant international literature, and the canadian census population for 200 ...201323659355
x-ray structure of an adomet radical activase reveals an anaerobic solution for formylglycine posttranslational modification.arylsulfatases require a maturating enzyme to perform a co- or posttranslational modification to form a catalytically essential formylglycine (fgly) residue. in organisms that live aerobically, molecular oxygen is used enzymatically to oxidize cysteine to fgly. under anaerobic conditions, s-adenosylmethionine (adomet) radical chemistry is used. here we present the structures of an anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (ansme), both with and without peptidyl-substrates, at 1.6-1.8 å resolution. w ...201323650368
recent advances in claudin-targeting technology.most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, and pathologic microorganisms often invade the body through the mucosal epithelium. thus epithelial tissues are potent targets for drug delivery. the tight junction (tj) is the intercellular seal in epithelial cell sheets. claudins (cls) are a family of tetratransmembrane proteins with a molecular mass of approximately 23 kda. cls are key structural and sealing components of tjs. cls are often overexpressed in malignant tumors. cl-4 is highly ex ...201323649330
fluorogenic sialic acid glycosides for quantification of sialidase activity upon unnatural substrates.herein we report the synthesis of n-acetyl neuraminic acid derivatives as 4-methylumbelliferyl glycosides and their use in fluorometrically quantifying human and bacterial sialidase activity and substrate specificities. we found that sialidases in the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line hl60 were able to cleave sialic acid substrates with fluorinated c-5 modifications, in some cases to a greater degree than the natural n-acetyl functionality. human sialidases isoforms were also able to cleave ...201323639536
attack of the nervous system by clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: from disease to mode of action on neural cells.epsilon toxin (et), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, ranks among the four most potent poisonous substances known so far. et-intoxication is responsible for enterotoxaemia in animals, mainly sheep and goats. this disease comprises several manifestations indicating the attack of the nervous system. this review aims to summarize the effects of et on central nervous system. et binds to endothelial cells of brain capillary vessels before passing through the blood-brain barrier. ther ...201323632158
epsilon toxin is essential for the virulence of clostridium perfringens type d infection in sheep, goats, and mice.clostridium perfringens type d causes disease in sheep, goats, and other ruminants. type d isolates produce, at minimum, alpha and epsilon (etx) toxins, but some express up to five different toxins, raising questions about which toxins are necessary for the virulence of these bacteria. we evaluated the contribution of etx to c. perfringens type d pathogenicity in an intraduodenal challenge model in sheep, goats, and mice using a virulent c. perfringens type d wild-type strain (wt), an isogenic e ...201323630957
targeting agr- and agr-like quorum sensing systems for development of common therapeutics to treat multiple gram-positive bacterial infections.invasive infection by the gram-positive pathogen staphylococcus aureus is controlled by a four gene operon, agr that encodes a quorum sensing system for the regulation of virulence. while agr has been well studied in s. aureus, the contribution of agr homologues and analogues in other gram-positive pathogens is just beginning to be understood. intriguingly, other significant human pathogens, including clostridium perfringens, listeria monocytogenes, and enterococcus faecalis contain agr or analo ...201323598501
detection and typing of clostridium perfringens from retail chicken meat parts.the objectives of the present work were to investigate the presence of clostridium perfringens in chicken meat parts (breast, wing, drumstick and leg quarter) by culture methods and to detect the cpa, cpb, etx, ia, cpe and cpb2 toxin genes by multiplex pcr. a total of 200 samples, the raw chicken breasts (n: 50), wings (n: 50), drumsticks (n: 50) and leg quarters (n: 50), were collected from various retail stores. our results demonstrated that 47 of 50 wing samples (94%), 40 of 50 leg quarter sa ...201323594116
antitoxin treatment for liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens. 201323593617
an unusual etiology of post-traumatic meningitis.clostridium perfringens and related species are well-known culprits of post-traumatic soft tissue and bone infection. however, central nervous system involvement with these organisms spontaneously or subsequent to trauma is unusual. the authors reported a case of post-traumatic meningitis in which both c perfringens and enterococcus faecium were isolated.201323588266
structural requirement in clostridium perfringens collagenase mrna 5' leader sequence for translational induction through small rna-mrna base pairing.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is pathogenic to humans and animals, and the production of its toxins is strictly regulated during the exponential phase. we recently found that the 5' leader sequence of the cola transcript encoding collagenase, which is a major toxin of this organism, is processed and stabilized in the presence of the small rna vr-rna. the primary cola 5'-untranslated region (5'utr) forms a long stem-loop structure containing an internal bulge and m ...201323585542
unique regulatory mechanism of sporulation and enterotoxin production in clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal (gi) diseases in humans. the most common cause of c. perfringens-associated food poisoning is the consumption of c. perfringens vegetative cells followed by sporulation and production of enterotoxin in the gut. despite the importance of spore formation in c. perfringens pathogenesis, the details of the regulation of sporulation have not yet been defined fully. in this study, microarray and bioinformatic analyses identified a candid ...201323585540
presence of clostridium perfringens in retail chicken livers.chicken livers sold at grocery stores in tucson, az, usa were examined for the presence of clostridium perfringens. results showed that 69.6% of sampled retail chicken livers were culture positive for c. perfringens. genotyping of the isolates showed that all the isolates were type a, but were negative for the enterotoxin gene (cpe).201323583538
day-of-hatch vaccination is not protective against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis, caused by netb toxin-producing clostridium perfringens type a, is an important disease in broiler chickens worldwide. earlier attempts to prevent necrotic enteritis by vaccination have not sufficiently taken into account the practical limitations of broiler vaccination. in most published studies on vaccination against necrotic enteritis, multiple doses at different ages are administered, which is not practical for broilers. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ...201323581446
the role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccination on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis (ne) in broiler chickens. two hundred and forty 1-day-old cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the following experimental design: control group n; group pn, where birds were vaccinated with anticoccidial vaccine; group m, where birds were challenged with ...201323581444
clinical significance and outcomes of clostridium perfringens bacteremia--a 10-year experience at a tertiary care hospital.the mortality rate of patients with clostridium perfringens bacteremia is 27-44%. typically, the clinical characteristics of this infection are non-specific, which leads to considerable difficulty with the diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate therapy.201323578849
complete genome sequence of φcp51, a temperate bacteriophage of clostridium perfringens.during sequencing of the genome of clostridium perfringens strain 5147-97, a putative prophage was identified, located within a gene for a proposed flavodoxin oxidoreductase. mitomycin c induction of this strain released a bacteriophage whose morphological features examined by electron microscopy indicated it belonged to the family siphoviridae. this phage was hence designated as vb_cpes-cp51. the 39,108-bp genome includes 50 predicted open reading frames (orfs), including two that may affect sp ...201323575881
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of 4 major bacterial pathogens in ducks.infections with pasteurella multocida, salmonella enterica, riemerella anatipestifer, and escherichia coli result in high morbidity and mortality, which cause significant economic loss in the poultry industry. it can be difficult to distinguish these pathogens based on clinical signs because these pathogens can cause similar clinical signs and coinfections can occur. thus, rapid and sensitive detection of these 4 major bacterial pathogens are important in ducks. the aim of this study was to deve ...201323571324
clostridium perfringens meningitis, plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis: a lethal combination.anaerobic bacterial meningitis is rare. it is extremely unusual without a portal of entry as most cases reported have been associated with trauma or neurosurgery.201323569567
dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with capsicum and turmeric oleoresins increases resistance to necrotic enteritis.the clostridium-related poultry disease, necrotic enteritis (ne), causes substantial economic losses on a global scale. in the present study, a mixture of two plant-derived phytonutrients, capsicum oleoresin and turmeric oleoresin (xt), was evaluated for its effects on local and systemic immune responses using a co-infection model of experimental ne in commercial broilers. chickens were fed from hatch with a diet supplemented with xt, or with a non-supplemented control diet, and either uninfecte ...201323566550
immunotoxin-mediated targeting of claudin-4 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells.immunotoxins are engineered chimeric proteins that consist of a fragment of a toxin fused to a modified antibody or growth factor capable of targeting specific cells. furthermore, these proteins can be targeted to receptors that are commonly overexpressed on cancer cells. the majority of immunotoxins function by binding to cells, translocating into the cytosol and inhibiting protein synthesis. in this study, the expression of claudin‑4 (cldn4) in various cancer cells was analysed as a potential ...201323563899
inactivation strategy for clostridium perfringens spores adhered to food contact surfaces.the contamination of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens spores on food contact surfaces posses a serious concern to food industry due to their high resistance to various preservation methods typically applied to control foodborne pathogens. in this study, we aimed to develop an strategy to inactivate c. perfringens spores on stainless steel (ss) surfaces by inducing spore germination and killing of germinated spores with commonly used disinfectants. the mixture of l-asparagine and kcl (ak) ...201323541199
dynamics of predominant microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract and change in luminal enzymes and immunoglobulin profile during high-altitude adaptation.high-altitude (ha) visitors like pilgrims, trackers, scientists and military personnel face a group of nonspecific gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms during acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia. in order to investigate the alteration of indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota in the development of such gi symptoms, an experiment was conducted for the enumeration of dominant cultivable faecal microbiota of 15 soldiers at base level (delhi) and during their 15-day acclimatization at 3,505 m ha (leh). a ...201323536261
a simple and sensitive quality control method of the anaerobic atmosphere for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.the maintenance of a strict anaerobic atmosphere is essential for the culture of strict anaerobic bacteria. we describe a simple and sensitive quality control method of the anaerobic atmosphere, based on the measurement of the zone diameter around a 5-μg metronidazole disk when testing an aerotolerant clostridium perfringens strain. a zone diameter above 27 mm was indicative of acceptable anaerobic conditions.201323535206
blocking the butyrate-formation pathway impairs hydrogen production in clostridium perfringens.inactivating competitive pathways will improve fermentative hydrogen production by obligate anaerobes, such as those of genus clostridium. in our previous study, the hydrogen yield of clostridium perfringens w13 in which l-lactate dehydrogenase was inactivated increased by 44% when compared with its original strain w12. in this study, we explored whether blocking butyrate formation pathway would increase hydrogen yield. the acetyl-coa acetyltransferase gene (atob) encodes the first enzyme in thi ...201323532061
embryonated chicken eggs as an alternative model for mixed clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella infection in chickens.the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of chicken embryo eggs is a suitable model for viral and bacterial infections. in the present study, a new approach for testing the pathogenesis and virulence of clostridium perfringens and eimeria tenella dual infections as a model using the cam of embryonated chicken eggs was developed. for this purpose, 24 specific pathogen-free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs were divided into four groups (n = 6) and designated group e, group cp, group cpe, and nc. sporozoit ...201323515571
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin h149a mutant as a platform for receptor binding studies.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx) is a pore-forming toxin responsible for a severe and rapidly fatal enterotoxemia of ruminants. the toxin is classified as a category b bioterrorism agent by the u.s. government centres for disease control and prevention (cdc), making work with recombinant toxin difficult. to reduce the hazard posed by work with recombinant etx, we have used a variant of etx that contains a h149a mutation (etx-h149a), previously reported to have reduced, but not abolish ...201323504825
clostridial abdominal gas gangrene masquerading as a bowel perforation in an advanced-stage ovarian cancer patient.the coexistence of clostridial gas gangrene and a gynecologic malignancy is extremely rare, with very few cases involving ovarian cancer. a patient originally presented to our gynecologic oncology service with stage iv ovarian cancer; she underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. on postoperative day 6, the patient developed severe abdominal pain, nausea, and emesis, suggestive of a bowel perforation. further evaluation confirmed that her symptoms were attributed to clostr ...201323494868
efficacy of low-dose tylvalosin for the control of clostridiosis in broilers and its effect on productive parameters.the study was carried out under field conditions in a commercial farm, and 1,440 as-hatched ross-308 broilers were included. broilers were randomly distributed into 24 experimental 4-m(2) pens (60 broilers/pen). pens were randomized to the 3 treatment groups: a) tylvalosin 10 mg/kg of live bw during 2 d, b) positive control (tylosin during 2 d), and c) negative control (no treatment). the drugs were provided in the water supply. mortality, individual bw, and feed intake were assessed. clostridiu ...201323472021
a clostridium perfringens outbreak traced to temperature-abused beef stew, norway, 2012. 201323470019
comparison of live eimeria vaccination with in-feed salinomycin on growth and immune status in broiler chickens.coccidiosis vaccines and anticoccidial drugs are commonly used to control eimeria infection during commercial poultry production. the present study was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of these two disease control strategies in broiler chickens in an experimental research facility. birds were orally vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine (inovocox), or were provided with in-feed salinomycin (bio-cox), and body weights, serum levels of nitric oxide (no) and antibodies against e ...201323465765
comparative transcription analysis and toxin production of two fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of clostridium perfringens.fluoroquinolone use has been listed as a risk factor for the emergence of virulent clinical strains of some bacteria. the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of fluoroquinolone (gatifloxacin) resistance selection on differential gene expression, including the toxin genes involved in virulence, in two fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of clostridium perfringens by comparison with their wild-type isogenic strains.201323452396
percolation analysis in electrical conductivity of madin-darby canine kidney and caco-2 cells by permeation-enhancing agents.the control of permeability through the paracellular route has been paid great attention to for enhanced bioavailability of macromolecular and hydrophilic drugs. the paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junctions (tj), and claudins are the major constituents of tj. despite numerous studies on tj modulation, the dynamics is not well understood, although it could be crucial for clinical applications. here, we studied the time (t) course of electrical conductivity (σ) in a monolayer of ...201323449326
a nitrophenyl-based prodrug type for colorectal targeting of prednisolone, budesonide and celecoxib.celecoxib is a cox-2 inhibitor drug that can be used to reduce the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma. glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. a limitation to the use of both drug types is that they undergo absorption from the intestinal tract with serious side effects. the prodrug systems introduced here involve forming a nitro-substituted acylsulfonamide group in the case of celecoxib and a nitro-substituted 21-ester for the glucocorticoids. drug release is trig ...201323416011
impact of dietary protein on microbiota composition and activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets in relation to gut health: a review.in pigs, the microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract (git) is influenced by various factors; however, variations in diet composition have been identified as one of the most important determinants. marked changes in fermentation activities and microbial ecology may occur when altering the diet, for example, from milk to solid feed during weaning. in that way, access of pathogens to the disturbed ecosystem is alleviated, leading to infectious diseases and diarrhea. thus, there is increas ...201323410993
ischaemic intestinal perforation complicated by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a diabetic patient. 201323389817
structural and functional analysis of the pore-forming toxin netb from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that causes numerous important human and animal diseases, primarily as a result of its ability to produce many different protein toxins. in chickens, c. perfringens causes necrotic enteritis, a disease of economic importance to the worldwide poultry industry. the secreted pore-forming toxin netb is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis and is similar to alpha-hemolysin, a β-barrel pore-forming toxin from staphyloc ...201323386432
bacteriocin production by bifidobacterium spp. a review.bacteriocins are ribosomally-synthesized antibacterial peptides. these compounds are produced by a broad variety of different bacteria belonging mainly to the genus bifidobacterium, to which health promoting properties have frequently been attributed. however, despite the fact that the identification of bifidobacterium-associated bacteriocins was first reported in 1980 and that they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfr ...201323384878
emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity.emphysematous cholecystitis is a rare variant of acute cholecystitis with a high mortality rate. the combination of emphysematous cholecystitis and pneumoperitoneum is also rare. we herein describe a case of emphysematous cholecystitis with massive gas in the abdominal cavity. a 77-year-old male presented with epigastric pain and lassitude lasting for one week. a computed tomography scan demonstrated massive gas in the abdominal cavity. gas was also detectable inside the gallbladder. massive asc ...201323382645
arginine adp-ribosylation mechanism based on structural snapshots of iota-toxin and actin complex.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin (ia) mono-adp ribosylates arg177 of actin, leading to cytoskeletal disorganization and cell death. to fully understand the reaction mechanism of arginine-specific mono-adp ribosyl transferase, the structure of the toxin-substrate protein complex must be characterized. recently, we solved the crystal structure of ia in complex with actin and the nonhydrolyzable nad(+) analog βtad (thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide); however, the structures of the nad(+ ...201323382240
brain lesions associated with clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in a holstein heifer calf.a 6-month-old dairy heifer calf with no premonitory signs was acutely down after the morning feeding and could not rise. on presentation, the heifer was in right lateral recumbency and moribund with opisthotonus and left hind limb paddling. following euthanasia, gross examination of the brain revealed multifocal loss of gray-white matter distinction and extensive petechiae throughout the brainstem. on histopathological examination, there was striking white matter edema and marked perivascular pr ...201323381925
epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by clostridium perfringens, united states, 1998-2010.clostridium perfringens is estimated to be the second most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the united states, causing one million illnesses each year. local, state, and territorial health departments voluntarily report c. perfringens outbreaks to the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention through the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system. our analysis included outbreaks confirmed by laboratory evidence during 1998-2010. a food item was implicated if c. perfringen ...201323379281
strongyloidiasis in a nonagenarian who previously worked in conservancy services.we report a case of strongyloidiasis in a patient born in hong kong and was possibly infected via her prior occupation in conservancy services. she presented with chronic diarrhoea, anorexia, and extensive scratch marks over the lower extremities. further assessment yielded eosinophilia, intermittent dyspepsia, and an episode of unexplained clostridium perfringens bacteraemia. she was treated with a course of albendazole. subsequently, the eosinophilia and diarrhoea subsided.201323378359
intestinal clostridial counts have no diagnostic value in the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in veal calves.enterotoxaemia is an important cause of sudden death in veal calves. this study aimed to evaluate intestinal clostridium perfringens counts as a diagnostic tool for enterotoxaemia. field necropsies were conducted on 48 sudden death cases in belgian blue veal farms. in 31/48 suddenly deceased calves, the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia was made based on haemorrhagic lesions in the small intestines, while in seven of these cases, no clear-cut diagnosis could be made based on macroscopic appearance of ...201323362178
sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with clostridium perfringens type e.clostridium perfringens type e is considered a rare toxinotype and an infrequent cause of enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, and rabbits. until now, only cases of young animal of c. perfringens type e bovine enterotoxemia, characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis and sudden death, have been reported. the present report details the genotypic characterization of c. perfringens type e isolates obtained from intestinal samples of adult cattle during an outbreak of enterotoxemia in argentina. the sequence ...201323354004
lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves.clostridium perfringens-associated enterotoxaemia is a fatal disease in fast growing suckler and veal calves. an intestinal loop model was developed to study the pathogenesis of the disease. loops were injected with stationary and logarithmic c. perfringens cultures with or without, a milk protein-based commercial milk replacer for calves. isolates tested were from cases of bovine enterotoxaemia and from calves without signs of enterotoxaemia, in addition to netb-positive and -negative isolates ...201323351504
antibiotic resistance of clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens in egypt.the use of antibiotic feed additives in broiler chickens results in a high prevalence of resistance among their enteric bacteria, with a consequent emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteropathogens. despite growing concerns about the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which show varying prevalences in different geographic regions, little work has been done to investigate this issue in the middle east. this study provides insight into one of the world's most common and financ ...201324761735
in vivo antimicrobial potentials of garlic against clostridium perfringens and its promotant effects on performance of broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate in vivo antimicrobial potential of garlic against clostridium perferinges and resultant promotant effects on performance of the broiler chickens. garlic powder was used as an alternative to gpas (growth promotant antibiotics) to prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis (ne) due to c. perferinges. 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six treatment groups of 20 chicks each (2 replicates(-10) chicks). six isonutrient diets supplemented with g ...201324517015
clostridium perfringens infection following carpal tunnel release. 201324426895
analysis of alteration of gut microbial population under the exposure of graded hyperbaric pressures: application of metagenomic approach.gastroenterological disorders are very common at hyperbaric conditions. the present study was conducted to find out the impact of gut flora on the gastrointestinal disorders created at such environmental circumstances. for this, male albino rat were exposed to graded hyperbaric pressures (915 and 1277 mmhg) and large intestinal content was examined for microbial composition using culture based and pcr-dgge tools. after 30 day exposure, total aerobes (38.54 and 375.57 folds, 1.35 and 1.58 gdi) an ...201324416931
exploitation of fermented shrimp-shells hydrolysate as functional food: assessment of antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic activities.in the present study the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides of fermented shrimp-shell hydrolysate (ssh) in respect to hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and prebiotic activity were tested in male albino rat. rats were treated with four different diets, viz., (i) cholesterol-rich (5%) basal diet (chb), (ii) chb+10% chitin, (iii) chb+10% ssh and (iv) control group (without cholesterol). after 4 weeks of treatment, body mass index, liver weight, serum total cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol in grou ...201324416927
use of a multiplex pcr for the detection of toxin-encoding genes netb and tpel in strains of clostridium perfringens.some studies have shown that the netb toxin may be an important virulence factor of clostridium perfringens associated necrotic enteritis in poultry. additionally, research has shown that strains of c. perfringens positive for both the netb gene and a second toxin-encoding gene, tpel, appear to be more virulent than strains with only netb. in the past, detection of these genes has been performed relatively inefficiently using two single locus pcrs. this report describes a novel multiplex pcr dev ...201324396606
[two cases of liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization].case 1 involved a 74-year-old man. after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization( tace) for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), abdominal computed tomography (ct) revealed a gas-containing lesion in the liver. the patient was diagnosed as having a gas-containing liver abscess, necessitating emergency drainage under laparotomy. blood culture revealed clostridium perfringens. he was discharged on day 63 after surgery. case 2 involved a 70-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for obstructive ...201324393925
vaccines against clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is thought to be an important agent in gas gangrene, which is a lifethreatening infection with fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. the toxin (370 residues) is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 residues, n-domain) in which the catalytic site is found and a c-terminal domain (251-370 residues, c-domain) responsible for binding to membranes. during the past decade, recombinant dna technology has been employed to develop second-generation va ...201324372250
in silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of binding affinity between n and c-domains of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha toxin/phospholipase c (cp-plc) is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known to cause soft tissue infections like gas gangrene in humans and animals. it is the first bacterial toxin demonstrated to be an enzyme with phospholipase, sphingomyelinase and lecithinase activities. the toxin is comprised of an enzymatic n-domain and a binding c-domain interconnected by a flexible linker. the n-domain alone is non-toxic to mammalian cells, but incubation with c-domain re ...201324349173
[the diagnostic of anaerobic infection induced by clostridium perfringens in patient with post-traumatic phlegmon: a clinical case].the article presents uncommon clinical case of anaerobic gas-producing infection induced by clostridium perfringens. the disease resulted in lethal outcome at fourth day after admission of patient into hospital. the successful treatment requires timely diagnostic of clostridium infection based on complex of microbiologic, clinical and laboratory data. the early diagnostic is possible in case of bacteriologic analysis of native material.201324340950
[harmonization of microbiologicaland parasitological indices of epidemic safety of drinking water with the international requirements].for the purpose of harmonization of microbiological and parasitological indices and benchmarks there was performed the comparative analysis of the requirements for the quality of drinking water in respect of the epidemic safety on the basic regulations of russia, the directive council of the european union eu, who, the united states, canada, australia, finland, sweden, brazil, france, japan and china. as a result, there were revealed the priority bacteriological, virological and parasitological ...201324340910
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