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nosocomial diarrhea: evaluation and treatment of causes other than clostridium difficile.diarrhea is common among hospitalized patients but the causes are distinct from those of diarrhea in the community. we review existing data about the epidemiology of nosocomial diarrhea and summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of diarrhea. clinicians should recognize that most cases of nosocomial diarrhea have a noninfectious etiology, including medications, underlying illness, and enteral feeding. apart from clostridium difficile, the frequency of infectious causes such as ...201222700831
microbiologic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria from hospitalized trauma patients who survived wenchuan earthquake.the purpose of this study is to investigate the microbiological characterization of pathogenic bacteria isolated from trauma patients after wenchuan earthquake in 2008. most infections were identified in the patients over 60 years of age, with an incidence rate of 78.5%, and more infections in wound (43.3%) and respiratory tract (37.1%) sites were identified. a total of 97 non-duplicated clinical pathogens were isolated from 91 trauma patients. of those pathogens, 62 (63.9%) were gram-negative b ...201222910807
opportunistic pathogens and faecal indicators in drinking water associated biofilms in cluj, romania.biofouling occurs without exception in all water systems, with undesirable effects such as biocorrosion and deterioration of water quality. drinking water associated biofilms represent a potential risk to human health by harbouring pathogenic or toxin-releasing microorganisms. this is the first study investigating the attached microbiota, with potential threat to human health, in a public water system in romania. the presence and the seasonal variation of viable faecal indicators and opportunist ...201222960491
coenzyme depletion by members of the aerolysin family of pore-forming toxins leads to diminished atp levels and cell death.recent studies demonstrated that a variety of bacterial pore-forming toxins induce cell death through a process of programmed necrosis characterized by the rapid depletion of cellular atp. however, events leading to the necrosis and depletion of atp are not thoroughly understood. we demonstrate that atp-depletion induced by two pore-forming toxins, the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and the aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin toxin, is associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential ...201222688384
efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens leads to serious economical losses to the poultry industry. there is a growing need to find effective, nontoxic, antibiotic alternatives to prevent and cure the disease. in our study, the efficacy of protected sodium butyrate at 1.5 g/kg (bp70), a bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension with 10(9) cfu/g (bal; ecobiol), a protected blend of essential oils (1%) at 1.5 g/kg (eo), and a combination of sodium butyrate with essential oils (1%) p ...201222399722
interactions of high-affinity cationic blockers with the translocation pores of b. anthracis, c. botulinum, and c. perfringens binary toxins.cationic β-cyclodextrin derivatives were recently introduced as highly effective, potentially universal blockers of three binary bacterial toxins: anthrax toxin of bacillus anthracis, c2 toxin of clostridium botulinum, and iota toxin of clostridium perfringens. the binary toxins are made of two separate components: the enzymatic a component, which acts on certain intracellular targets, and the binding/translocation b component, which forms oligomeric channels in the target cell membrane. here we ...201222995493
bacteria and their toxins tamed for immunotherapy.bacterial toxins share the ability to enter host cells to target various intracellular proteins and to modulate host immune responses. over the last 20 years, toxins and their mutated variants, as well as live attenuated bacteria, have been exploited for vaccination and immunotherapy of various infectious, malignant and autoimmune diseases. the ability of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to translocate its adenylate cyclase domain across the host cell membrane, as well as the pathway ...201222339216
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for simultaneous recovery of viruses, bacteria and parasites from reclaimed water.Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) is a technique that has been reported to be effective for recovering a diverse array of microbes from water, and may also be potentially useful for microbial monitoring of effluent from water reclamation facilities. However, few data are available to indicate the potential limitations and efficacy of the UF technique for treated wastewater. In this study, recovery efficiencies were determined for various options available for performing the tangential-flow UF te ...201222108496
Antimicrobial properties of a chitosan dextran-based hydrogel for surgical use.A chitosan dextran-based (CD) hydrogel, developed for use in endoscopic sinus surgery, was tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro against a range of pathogenic microorganisms. The microdilution technique was used to determine minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentrations. In addition, the time-kill efficacy of CD hydrogel was determined for two bacterial species. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to elucidate the antimicrobial me ...201222024824
the application of an alanine-substituted mutant of the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a mucosal vaccine in mice.efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal immune tissues is an essential part of mucosal vaccination. claudin-4 is expressed on the epithelial cells that cover the mucosal immune tissues. we previously found that claudin-4-targeting is a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination by using a claudin-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe). substitution of asn and ser at positions 309 and 313, respectively, with alanine increased the affinity of c-cpe for cl ...201221983135
sugar inhibits the production of the toxins that trigger clostridial gas gangrene.histotoxic strains of clostridium perfringens cause human gas gangrene, a devastating infection during which potent tissue-degrading toxins are produced and secreted. although this pathogen only grows in anaerobic-nutrient-rich habitats such as deep wounds, very little is known regarding how nutritional signals influence gas gangrene-related toxin production. we hypothesize that sugars, which have been used throughout history to prevent wound infection, may represent a nutritional signal against ...201222079896
evidence that the agr-like quorum sensing system regulates the toxin production, cytotoxicity and pathogenicity of clostridium perfringens type c isolate cn3685.clostridium perfringens possesses at least two functional quorum sensing (qs) systems, i.e. an agr-like system and a luxs-dependent ai-2 system. both of those qs systems can reportedly control in vitro toxin production by c. perfringens but their importance for virulence has not been evaluated. therefore, the current study assessed whether these qs systems might regulate the pathogenicity of cn3685, a c. perfringens type c strain. since type c isolates cause both haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis ...201222150719
diversity and bioactive potential of endospore-forming bacteria cultured from the marine sponge haliclona simulans.despite the frequent isolation of endospore-formers from marine sponges, little is known about the diversity and characterization of individual isolates. the main aims of this study were to isolate and characterize the spore-forming bacteria from the marine sponge haliclona simulans and to examine their potential as a source for bioactive compounds.201221985154
determination of microbial quality and plasmid-mediated multidrug resistant bacteria in fountain drinking water sources in turkey.the bacterial contamination as the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform numbers were determined and analyzed for temperature, ph, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in seasonally collected water samples from fifteen different stations placed in adana-tufanbeyli road line during march 2008 - january 2009. in addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were examined against frequently used antibiotics, and analyzed plasmid dnaof multiple antibiotic resistant (mar) isolates. ...201223741812
review of antimicrobial therapy of selected bacterial diseases in broiler chickens in canada.this paper reviews common therapeutic applications of antimicrobials in broiler chicken production in relation to canadian guidelines, surveillance data, and emerging public health concerns about antimicrobial use (amu). escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus spp., were reviewed because of their animal health and economic significance. enterococcus cecorum and salmonella were included because of their importance in antimicrobial resistance (amr) surveillance. this review i ...201223729827
genome-wide differential gene expression profiles in broiler chickens with gangrenous dermatitis.gangrenous dermatitis (gd) is a disease of poultry characterized by necrosis of the skin and severe cellulitis of the subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with clostridium septicum (cs) and/or clostridium perfringens (cp) type a. while gd causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss to the poultry industry, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this host-pathogen interaction are relatively unknown. this study used comparative global gene expression microarray analysis of gd-aff ...201223397837
longitudinal analyses of gut mucosal microbiotas in ulcerative colitis in relation to patient age and disease severity and duration.bacteria belonging to the normal colonic microbiota are associated with the etiology of ulcerative colitis (uc). although several mucosal species have been implicated in the disease process, the organisms and mechanisms involved are unknown. the aim of this investigation was to characterize mucosal biofilm communities over time and to determine the relationship of these bacteria to patient age and disease severity and duration. multiple rectal biopsy specimens were taken from 33 patients with ac ...201223269735
pork implicated in a shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak in ontario, canada.to describe an outbreak of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 infection following a four-day family gathering in ontario. this is the first published account of a stec o157 outbreak in canada linked to consumption of pork.201223617981
toxin-associated and other genes in clostridium perfringens type a isolates from bovine clostridial abomasitis (bca) and jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs).this study examined known or possible virulence-associated genes in type a clostridium perfringens from cases of both bovine clostridial abomasitis (bca) and jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs) and compared these to isolates from calves that were healthy or had undifferentiated diarrheal illness. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to genotype the 218 c. perfringens isolates. isolates were sourced from healthy and diarrheic young and mature cattle (n = 191), from calves with ...201223543949
prevalence of clostridium perfringens type a isolates in commercial broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens in egypt.the aim of this study was to determine the presence of genes coding for alpha (cpalpha), beta (cpbeta), epsilon (epsilontx), iota (iotaa), enterotoxin (cpepsilon) and beta2 (cpbeta2) toxins in clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens and parent broiler breeder hens, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the prevalence of c. perfringens in the intestinal segments and the effects of age were also investigated. the highest isolation rate was from the duodenum, at 41.7 ...201223520746
bacillus anthracis inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase in action: the first bacterial series of structures of phosphate ion-, substrate-, and product-bound complexes.inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) catalyzes the first unique step of the gmp branch of the purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. this enzyme is found in organisms of all three kingdoms. impdh inhibitors have broad clinical applications in cancer treatment, as antiviral drugs and as immunosuppressants, and have also displayed antibiotic activity. we have determined three crystal structures of bacillus anthracis impdh, in a phosphate ion-bound (termed "apo") form and in complex with ...201222788966
identification of the cellular receptor of clostridium spiroforme toxin.clostridium spiroforme produces the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxin cst (c. spiroforme toxin), which has been proposed to be responsible for diarrhea, enterocolitis and, eventually, death especially in rabbits. here, we report on the recombinant production of the enzyme component (csta) and the binding component (cstb) of c. spiroforme toxin in bacillus megaterium. by using the recombinant toxin components we show that cst enters target cells via the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor ...201222252869
use of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and the enterotoxin receptor-binding domain (c-cpe) for cancer treatment: opportunities and challenges.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the symptoms associated with several common gastrointestinal diseases. cpe is a 35 kda polypeptide consisting of three structured domains, that is, c-terminal domain i (responsible for receptor binding), domain ii (responsible for oligomerization and membrane insertion), and domain iii (which may participate in physical changes when the cpe protein inserts into membranes). native cpe binds to claudin receptors, which are components of the tight ju ...201221941545
[diagnosis and control of human food poisoning outbreaks].medical microbiology laboratories play a key role in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks. bacterial pathogens (salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, etc) have historically been implicated in foodborne illness, while the role of viruses (especially norovirus) appears to have been underestimated. culture-based diagnosis has gradually been complemented, or replaced, by rapid molecular methods applied directly to bi ...201224313020
phytochemical profiles of volatile constituents from centaurea ragusina leaves and flowers and their antimicrobial effects.the volatile oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of the croatian endemic plant centaurea ragusina l. were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. the chemical compositions, determined by gc and gc-ms, were complex, with sesquiterpenes the most abundant class of compound. nonterpene hydrocarbons were also identified in high quantities, while acids and ketones were found in high quantities only in the leaf volatile oil. aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other compounds were identified in lower q ...201222978236
prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) in food samples associated with foodborne illness in alberta, canada from 2007 to 2010.consumption of foods containing staphylococcus aureus can cause severe gastro-intestinal illness. given the fact that over the past decade, canada has seen increasing rates of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) carriage and infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa) and mrsa on foodborne illness in alberta, canada. between january 2007 and december 2010, there were 693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations ...201222850394
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).201222508645
assessment of microbial quality of commercial and home-made tiger-nut beverages.we aimed to assess the microbiological quality of spanish commercial tiger-nut beverages as well as home-made samples collected from supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars and ice-cream parlours located in valencia.201222283438
treatment of bran containing bread by baking enzymes; effect on the growth of probiotic bacteria on soluble dietary fiber extract in vitro.different ways of treating bran by baking enzymes prior to dough making and the baking process were used to increase the amount of water-soluble dietary fiber (df) in wheat bread with added bran. soluble df was extracted from the bread with water and separated from the digestible material with gastrointestinal tract enzymes and by solvent precipitation. the baking enzyme mixtures tested (xylanase and glucanase/cellulase, with and without lipase) increased the amounts of soluble arabinoxylan and ...201222790935
oxygen tolerance in anaerobic pathogenic bacteria.a prerequisite for successful identification of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria from samples of clinical material is the method of cultivation. currently, several methods of cultivation in anaerobic environment are used: cultivation in anaerobic box, anaerobic jar, and in nonrecurring cultivation system. here, we determined the suitability of the above methods of cultivation using the estimation of the growth (diameters of colony size) of commonly isolated anaerobic pathogens (bacteroides fragilis ...201222573259
distinct gut microbiota in southeastern african and northern european infants.the intestinal microbiota composition in infants reflects the early environment. our objective was to compare the gut microbiota in 6-month-old infants living in rural malawi with children of the same age living in urban finland, both being breast-fed and having an age-appropriate diet typical for each area.201222228076
the effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon.prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics can be used to modulate both the composition and activity of the gut microbiota and thereby potentially affecting host health beneficially. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight synbiotic combinations on the composition and activity of human fecal microbiota using a four-stage semicontinuous model system of the human colon.201223082149
evaluation of impact of exposure of sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria.sudan azo dyes are banned for food usage in most countries, but they are illegally used to maintain or enhance the color of food products due to low cost, bright staining, and wide availability of the dyes. in this report, we examined the toxic effects of these azo dyes and their potential reduction metabolites on 11 prevalent human intestinal bacterial strains. among the tested bacteria, cell growth of 2, 3, 5, 5, and 1 strains was inhibited by sudan i, ii, iii, iv, and para red, respectively. ...201222634331
garlic derivative propyl propane thiosulfonate is effective against broiler enteropathogens in vivo.two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary supplementation with the garlic (allium sativum)-derived product propyl propane thiosulfonate (pts-o) on the intestinal log(10) number of copies of enteropathogens in broiler chickens, together with their intestinal morphology and growth performance. the additive had no significant effect on feed intake at any dose assayed. in experiment 1 (1 to 21 d of age), the bw of chickens fed on 45 mg of pts-o/kg of diet was higher (p < 0.01) ...201222912448
lyophilized carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin preparation improves performance of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.the present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin (divercin as7) on growth performance, digestibility, fermentation processes, selected microbial populations, and histomorphology in broiler chickens challenged with a mixture of 3 clostridium perfringens isolates. in total, 480 one-day-old male ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (12 replicate pens of 10 birds per treatment). the diets were either nonsupplemented or suppleme ...201222802184
enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812470
cd44 promotes intoxication by the clostridial iota-family toxins.various pathogenic clostridia produce binary protein toxins associated with enteric diseases of humans and animals. separate binding/translocation (b) components bind to a protein receptor on the cell surface, assemble with enzymatic (a) component(s), and mediate endocytosis of the toxin complex. ultimately there is translocation of a component(s) from acidified endosomes into the cytosol, leading to destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. our results revealed that cd44, a multifunctional surface ...201223236484
nosocomial infections in leukemic and solid-tumor cancer patients: distribution, outcome and microbial spectrum of anaerobes.nosocomial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. as a result of their debilitated immune system, cancer patients are likely candidates for colonization with anaerobes. we sought to compare the distribution of nosocomial infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients and to calculate the associated mortality rates.201223231490
sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils.the microbiota of the intestinal tract plays an important role in colonic health, mediating many effects of dietary components on colonic health and during enteric infections. in the context of the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria, complementary therapies are required for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. here we report the potential application of essential oils (eo) and pure eo compounds to improve human gut health. nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and ...201222878397
presence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses.clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are commonly associated with colitis in equids, but healthy carriers exist. scarce information is available on the prevalence of clostridium spp. in gastrointestinal compartments other than faeces in healthy horses, and it is unknown whether faecal samples are representative of proximal compartments. the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of c. difficile and c. perfringens in different intestinal compartments of healthy adult horses an ...201222748233
prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of clostridium difficile.prophages are encoded in most genomes of sequenced clostridium difficile strains. they are key components of the mobile genetic elements and, as such, are likely to influence the biology of their host strains. the majority of these phages are not amenable to propagation, and therefore the development of a molecular marker is a useful tool with which to establish the extent and diversity of c. difficile prophage carriage within clinical strains. to design markers, several candidate genes were ana ...201222706062
adherence of clostridium difficile spores to caco-2 cells in culture.clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea cases. c. difficile spores are recognized as the persistent and infectious morphotype as well as the vehicle of transmission of cdi. however, there is a lack of knowledge on how c. difficile spores interact with the host's epithelial surfaces. in this context, we have characterized the ability of c. difficile spores to adhere to human caco-2 cells. despite the similarities in spore-surface hydrophobic ...201222595914
treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units.the use of anti-ulcer medication in the neonatal intensive care unit (icu) is common due to the concern for development of catastrophic gastric ulcerdisease. in man, however, the use of acid-suppressive medication has been shown in some studies to be a substantial riskfactorfor the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis.201222594032
longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting.point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. commensal e. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. the objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic ...201222554764
bidirectional attack on the actin cytoskeleton. bacterial protein toxins causing polymerization or depolymerization of actin.the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major targets of bacterial protein toxins. the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins, including clostridium difficile transferase cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, modifies arginine-177 of actin. thereby actin polymerization is blocked. by contrast, actin polymerization is facilitated by the tripartite photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex including tccc3, which modifies actin at threonine-148. the review di ...201222543189
fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells.the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ...201222420783
comparative in vitro activities of lff571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.the in vitro activities of lff571, a novel analog of ge2270a that inhibits bacterial growth by binding with high affinity for protein synthesis elongation factor tu, fidaxomicin, and 10 other antimicrobial agents were determined against 50 strains of clostridium difficile and 630 other anaerobic and aerobic organisms of intestinal origin. lff571 possesses potent activity against c. difficile and most other gram-positive anaerobes (mic(90), ≤ 0.25 μg/ml), with the exception of bifidobacteria and ...201222290948
myonecrosis by clostridium septicum in a dog, diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr.clostridial myositis is an acute, generally fatal toxemia that is considered to be rare in pet animals. the present report describes an unusual canine clostridial myositis that was diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr (mpcr) designed for simultaneous identification of clostridium sordellii, clostridium septicum, clostridium perfringens type a, clostridium chauvoei, and clostridium novyi type a. a ten-month-old male rottweiler dog, that had displayed lameness and swelling of the left limb for 12 h, w ...201222975141
cytokine response of human mononuclear cells induced by intestinal clostridium species.altered composition of intestinal microbiota has been associated with various immunological disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. although clostridium species are major inhabitants of the intestinal tract, their interaction with the host immunological system is yet poorly characterized. in this study, cytokine responses of human monocytic cell line thp-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to six type strains representing common intestinal clostridial species were determined. t ...201323168133
inhibition of clostridium perfringens growth by potassium lactate during an extended cooling of cooked uncured ground turkey breasts.the u.s. department of agriculture's food safety and inspection service compliance guideline known as appendix b specifies chilling time and temperature limits for cured and uncured meat products to inhibit growth of spore-forming bacteria, particularly clostridium perfringens. sodium lactate and potassium lactate inhibit toxigenic growth of clostridium botulinum, and inhibition of c. perfringens has been reported. in this study, a cocktail of spores of three c. perfringens strains (atcc 13124, ...201324215704
evaluation of cp chromo select agar for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens from water.the european directive on drinking water quality has included mcp agar as the reference method for recovering clostridium perfringens from drinking waters. in the present study, three media (mcp, tscf and cp chromo select agar) were evaluated for recovery of c. perfringens in different surface water samples. out of 139 water samples, using a membrane filtration technique, 131 samples (94.2%) were found to be presumptively positive for c. perfringens in at least one of the culture media. green co ...201323816139
phospholipase c produced by clostridium botulinum types c and d: comparison of gene, enzymatic, and biological activities with those of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium botulinum type c and d strains recently have been found to produce plc on egg yolk agar plates. to characterize the gene, enzymatic and biological activities of c. botulinum plcs (cb-plcs), the cb-plc genes from 8 strains were sequenced, and 1 representative gene was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein. the enzymatic and hemolytic activities of the recombinant cb-plc were measured and compared with those of the clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. each of the eight cb-plc g ...201323439504
an investigation into the association between cpb2-encoding clostridium perfringens type a and diarrhea in neonatal piglets.to investigate the possible role of cpb2-positive type a clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrheal illness in pigs, the jejunum and colon of matched normal and diarrheic piglets from 10 farms with a history of neonatal diarrhea were examined grossly and by histopathology, and tested for c. perfringens, for c. perfringens beta2 (cpb2) toxin, as well as for clostridium difficile toxins, salmonella, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus, and cocc ...201323814355
in vitro selective inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline against bifidobacteria and clostridia.8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) inhibited clostridium tertium, clostridium clostridioforme, clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in vitro with mics of 8, 16, 32 and 32 μg/ml, respectively. in contrast, mics of most bifidobacteria (84%) were 512 μg/ml or higher. thus, 8hq could be used as anti-clostridial agent or in selective media for bifidobacteria isolation.201323770542
diarrhea-associated pathogens, lactobacilli and cellulolytic bacteria in equine feces: responses to antibiotic challenge.antibiotics are important to equine medicine, but antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) can lead to poor performance and even mortality. aad is attributed to disruption of the hindgut microbiota, which permits proliferation of pathogenic microbes. the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of common antibiotics on cellulolytic bacteria, lactobacilli, and aad-associated pathogens in the feces of healthy horses. fifteen horses were assigned to three treatment groups (blocked by age and sex) ...201323769300
genetic characteristics of toxigenic clostridia and toxin gene evolution.clostridia comprise a heterogenous group of environmental bacteria containing 15 pathogenic species, which produce the most potent toxins. the origin of toxins is still enigmatic. it is hypothesized that toxins exhibiting an enzymatic activity have derived from hydrolytic enzymes, which are abundantly secreted by these bacteria, and that pore-forming toxins have evolved from an ancestor transmembrane protein. the presence of related toxin genes in distinct clostridium species and the variability ...201323707611
clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review.clostridium difficile is considered one of the most important causes of diarrhea and enterocolitis in horses. foals and adult horses are equally susceptible to the infection. the highly resistant spore of c. difficile is the infectious unit of transmission, which occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, with sources of infection including equine feces, contaminated soil, animal hospitals, and feces of other animals. two major risk factors for the development of c. difficile associated disease ...201323642413
diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry.the world's poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because man ...201323572451
detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals.toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens.201323452044
detection of toxins a/b and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from dogs in minas gerais, brazil.the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile a/b toxins and to isolate strains of c. perfringens and c. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in brazil. stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected by elisa, and c. perfringens and c. difficile were identified by multiplex pcr. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarr ...201324159295
a retrospective study on the etiological diagnoses of diarrhea in neonatal piglets in ontario, canada, between 2001 and 2010.laboratory surveillance data from the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, on the etiological diagnoses of neonatal diarrhea in piglets were analyzed to determine the relative importance and trends of different enteric pathogens in ontario. a total of 237 cases, including live and dead 1- to 7-day-old piglets, were submitted for diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness between 2001 and 2010. the combined frequencies for cases of gastrointestinal illness involving escherichia coli, clostr ...201324124267
microbiological, pathological and histological findings in four danish pig herds affected by a new neonatal diarrhoea syndrome.neonatal diarrhoea is a frequent clinical condition in commercial swine herds, previously regarded to be uncomplicated to treat. however, since 2008 it seems that a new neonatal diarrhoeic syndrome unresponsive to antibiotics and common management practices has emerged. routine laboratory examinations have not detected any pathogen related to this syndrome. the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate if well-known enteric pathogens could be associated with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea, ...201324119974
[nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit: other than clostridium difficile].to investigate the incidence and clinical features of non-clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit (icu) caused by klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium perfringens.201324059125
immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken.bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as salmonella and campylobacter. as such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to salmonella. in this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role ...201323648643
case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea.calf diarrhea is a major economic burden for the us cattle industry. a variety of infectious agents are implicated in calf diarrhea and co-infection of multiple pathogens is not uncommon in diarrheic calves. a case-control study was conducted to assess infectious etiologies associated with calf diarrhea in midwest cattle farms. a total of 199 and 245 fecal samples were obtained from diarrheic and healthy calves, respectively, from 165 cattle farms. samples were tested by a panel of multiplex pcr ...201323886509
the pathology of enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c in calves.the pathology of clostridium perfringens type c infection has been described with detail only in foals and piglets. the current report describes the diagnostic workup and detailed pathology of 3 cases of c. perfringens type c infection in calves. a 2-day-old jersey calf and fresh and fixed tissues from a 4-week-old angus calf and from a 1-week-old jersey calf were received at the california animal health and food safety laboratory system with a history of digestive disease and death. the gross c ...201323592750
in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains.probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ...201323471038
a probiotics-containing biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.evaluation of the impact of a biscuit containing the probiotics bifidobacterium longum bar33 and lactobacillus helveticus bar13 on the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.201323364497
the principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota.breast-fed infant microbiota is typically rich in bifidobacteria. herein, major human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are assessed for their ability to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and to acidify their environment, key features of prebiotics. during in vitro anaerobic fermentation of infant microbiota, supplementation by hmos significantly decreased the ph even greater than supplementation by fructooligosaccharide (fos), a prebiotic positive control. hmos elevated lactate concentrations, in ...201323028202
pathogenic microbiological baseline survey of pork carcasses in taiwan.from 2004 to 2010, pork carcass swabs from state-inspected slaughter plants in taiwan were intermittently analyzed to determine the prevalence of selected pathogenic microorganisms associated with foodborne illness. the prevalences of staphylococcus aureus each year from 2006 to 2010 were 6.6, 10.8, 5.1, 6.4, and 7.4%, respectively, while those of listeria monocytogenes were 1.2% in 2004, 1.3% in 2005, and 3.5% in 2008. the prevalences of clostridium perfringens were 0.9% in 2004, 3.2% in 2005, ...201323726203
potentialities of newly isolated bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus sp for curd preparation and a comparative study of its physico-chemical parameters with other marketed curds.two bacillus sp. were isolated from the local fermented milk and identified on the basis 16s rrna sequence profile as bacillus subtilis akl1 and by biochemical process as lactobacillus acidophilus akl2. these isolates were used as fresh inoculums for curd preparation individually and in combinations. different physico-chemical and therapeutic properties of the newly prepared curd were examined and compared with marketed local (sweet and sour) and branded (mother dairy and thackar) curds. the tot ...201324416925
growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria.the growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of seven constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on 14 intestinal bacteria were compared with those of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin.201324083511
comparative in vitro activities of gsk2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.we studied the comparative in vitro activity of gsk2251052, a novel boron leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 clinical anaerobic isolates using clsi methods. the gsk mic50/mic90 for all isolates tested were 2 and 4 μg/ml, and the mic90s against 302 bacteroides fragilis and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strains were 4 and 8 μg/ml, respectively. all clostridium perfringens strains had gsk2251052 mics of >32 μg/ml. there was no relationship between increased mics for any other antibiotics ...201323459482
ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination.avibactam (formerly nxl104, ave1330a) is a synthetic non-β-lactam, β-lactamase inhibitor that inhibits the activities of ambler class a and c β-lactamases and some ambler class d enzymes. this review summarizes the existing data published for ceftazidime-avibactam, including relevant chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy and safety data from animal and human trials. although not a β-lactam, the chemical structure of avibact ...201323371303
population-based assessment of the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of anaerobic bloodstream infections.anaerobes are a relatively uncommon but important cause of bloodstream infection. however, their epidemiology has not been well defined in non-selected populations. we sought to describe the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes associated with anaerobic bacteremia.201323292663
new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species.three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ...201324045008
foodborne disease outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus--united states, 1998-2008.from 1998 to 2008, 1229 foodborne outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus were reported in the united states; 39% were reported with a confirmed etiology. vomiting was commonly reported in b. cereus (median, 75% of cases) and s. aureus outbreaks (median, 87%), but rarely in c. perfringens outbreaks (median, 9%). meat or poultry dishes were commonly implicated in c. perfringens (63%) and s. aureus (55%) outbreaks, and rice dishes were commonly impli ...201323592829
antimicrobial activity of essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage bacteria.the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from a variety of aromatic plants, often used in the portuguese gastronomy was studied in vitro by the agar diffusion method. the essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, verbena, basil, peppermint, pennyroyal and mint were tested against gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative stra ...201323444311
sterility testing of apheresis hematopoietic progenitor cell products using an automated blood culture system.aabb standards require monitoring of hematopoietic progenitor cell (hpc) products for microbial contamination. to date, there is no automated blood culture system cleared by the food and drug administration for this application. our objective was to validate the versatrek system (trek diagnostic systems) for sterility testing of apheresis hpc products.201323438051
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
cyclodextrin derivatives as anti-infectives.cyclodextrin derivatives can be utilized as anti-infectives with pore-forming proteins as the targets. the highly efficient selection of potent inhibitors was achieved because per-substituted cyclodextrins have the same symmetry as the target pores. inhibitors of several bacterial toxins produced by bacillus anthracis, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum, and clostridium difficile were identified from a library of ∼200 cd derivatives. it was demonstrated that mu ...201324011515
medical aspects of bio-terrorism.bioterrorism is a terrorist action involving the intentional release or dissemination of a biological warfare agent (bwa), which includes some bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi or biological toxins. bwa is a naturally occurring or human-modified form that may kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war or terrorism. bwa is a weapon of choice for mass destruction and terrorism, because of the incubation period, less effective amount than chemical warfare agents, easily dis ...201323339855
food-borne pathogens of animal origin-diagnosis, prevention, control and their zoonotic significance: a review.the term food borne diseases or food-borne illnesses or more commonly food poisoning are used to denote gastrointestinal complications that occur following recent consumption of a particular food or drink. millions of people suffer worldwide every year and the situation is quiet grave in developing nations creating social and economic strain. the food borne pathogens include various bacteria viz., salmonella, campylobacter, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, staph ...201324506006
further characterization of cys-type and ser-type anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzymes suggests a commonality in the mechanism of catalysis.the anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme from clostridium perfringens (ansmecpe) catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of a cysteinyl residue on a cognate protein to a formylglycyl residue (fgly) using a mechanism that involves organic radicals. the fgly residue plays a unique role as a cofactor in a class of enzymes termed arylsulfatases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various organosulfate monoesters. ansmecpe has been shown to be a member of the radical s-adenosylmethionine (sam) family of ...201323477283
synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: a case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications.silver has long been advocated as an effective antimicrobial. however, toxicity issues with silver have led to limited use of silver in nanoform, especially for food preservation. with the aim of exploring combinatorial options that could increase the antibacterial potency of silver nanoparticles and reduce the effective dosage of silver, we evaluated the extent of synergy that a combination of silver nanoparticles and an essential oil representative (cinnamaldehyde) could offer. a battery of gr ...201324376352
synergistic antibacterial effect of honey and herba ocimi basilici against some bacterial pathogens.to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the combination of different honey brands and methanolic fraction of herba ocimi basilici using agar well diffusion assay.201324660616
the effect of a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial supplemented to sows on the gastrointestinal microbiota of their neonatal piglets.direct-fed microbials (dfm) supplemented in sow diets may confer health benefits to the host and their piglets by reducing pathogens in the sow and environment. in this study we evaluated the effect of a bacillus-based dfm on the gastrointestinal microbiota of neonatal piglets. a total of 208 sows were divided into 2 treatments: a control diet and the control diet supplemented with a bacillus subtilis-based dfm (3.75 × 10(5) cfu/g feed). twenty-one piglets sampled from each sow treatment group w ...201323572261
municipal landfill sites as sources of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to humans.the present research was aimed at assessing the quality of air and soil on the premises and in the vicinity of the municipal landfill sites in toruń with regard to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, potentially dangerous to humans. air samples (the impaction method using a mas-100 impactor) and soil samples were collected from seven sampling sites including the operating and closed landfill cells, sampling sites located near leachate ponds, and sampling sites located outside the above premises ...201323563361
bacillus subtilis pb6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by clostridium perfringens that results in significant economic losses, averaging damage of $0.05 per bird. the present study investigated the influence of a dietary supplement, bacillus subtilis pb6, on performance, intestinal health, and gut integrity against c. perfringens-induced ne in broiler birds. bacillus subtilis pb6 (atcc-pta 6737) is a natural strain isolated from healthy chicken gut that has been shown in in vitro to produce ...201323300303
dietary nisin modulates the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens.due to antimicrobial properties, nisin is one of the most commonly used and investigated bacteriocins for food preservation. surprisingly, nisin has had limited use in animal feed as well as there are only few reports on its influence on microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract (git). the present study therefore aimed at investigating effects of dietary nisin on broiler chicken git microbial ecology and performance in comparison to salinomycin, the widely used ionophore coccidiostat. in t ...201324376878
nationwide surveillance for pathogenic microorganisms in groundwater near carcass burials constructed in south korea in 2010.widespread outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza occurred in south korea during 2010. in response to the culling of many animals to attenuate the spread of disease, south korea used mass burial sites to dispose of the large number of carcasses; consequently, concerns about groundwater contamination by leachate from these burial sites are increasing. groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water, and its cleanliness is directly related to public health. thus, this stu ...201324351737
effect of bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials on immune status in broiler chickens raised on fresh or used litter.type of dietary direct-fed microbials (dfms) or poultry litter could directly influence the composition of gut microbiota. gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of the mature immune system in mammal and chickens. the present study was carried out to investigate the interaction among litter, dfms and immunity in broiler chickens exposed to a field-simulated environment. immune status of broiler chickens was assessed by serum ...201325049746
the effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro.the use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. the aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. the presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as salmonella entritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. however, most of beneficial bac ...201323224412
understanding jejunal hemorrhage syndrome.jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs) is an acute, highly fatal enterotoxemic disorder in dairy cattle that has been reported during the last few decades. no specific cause of this syndrome has been identified; however, several studies have revealed a strong association between jhs and infection with clostridium perfringens type a. a common mold, aspergillus fumigatus, has also been implicated as a potential causative agent in this disease syndrome. clinical signs of jhs (including sudden decreases ...201323865877
enzymatic depolymerization of gum tragacanth: bifidogenic potential of low molecular weight oligosaccharides.gum tragacanth derived from the plant "goat's horn" (astragalus sp.) has a long history of use as a stabilizing, viscosity-enhancing agent in food emulsions. the gum contains pectinaceous arabinogalactans and fucose-substituted xylogalacturonans. in this work, gum tragacanth from astragalus gossypinus was enzymatically depolymerized using aspergillus niger pectinases (pectinex be color). the enzymatically degraded products were divided into three molecular weight fractions via membrane separatio ...201323343141
antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish (armoracia rusticana) root against oral microorganisms.the antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish root was investigated against oral microorganisms: 6 strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sobrinus, lactobacillus casei, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; one strain of yeast, candida albicans, and 3 strains of anaerobic bacteria, fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella nigrescens, and clostridium perfringens. the itcs extract ...201324077540
clostridium perfringens is not suitable for the indication of fecal pollution from ruminant wildlife but is associated with excreta from nonherbivorous animals and human sewage.during a 3-year study, clostridium perfringens was investigated in defined fecal sources from a temperate alluvial backwater area of a large river system. the results reveal that using c. perfringens as a conservative water quality indicator for total fecal pollution monitoring is no longer justified but suggest that it can be used as a tracer for excreta from nonherbivorous wildlife and human sewage.201323747707
antimicrobial therapy of selected diseases in turkeys, laying hens, and minor poultry species in canada.this paper identifies common poultry diseases requiring antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobials deemed efficacious to treat these diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (amr) in these commodity-pathogen combinations, and describes current residue issues and minor use minor species (mums) guidelines. veterinarians with turkey/layer expertise and diagnosticians were surveyed to determine the bacterial and protozoal diseases diagnosed in the last 5 years. avian pathogenic escherichia coli, staphyloco ...201324179239
opportunistic infection of aspergillus and bacteria in captive cape vultures (gyps coprotheres).to describe clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of cape vultures in which aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) and mixed species of bacteria were isolated.201323646305
biochemistry and physiology of the β class carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13.the carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, the only carbonic anhydrase encoded in the genome, was characterized both biochemically and physiologically. heterologously produced and purified cpb was shown to belong to the type i subclass of the β class, the first β class enzyme investigated from a strictly anaerobic species of the domain bacteria. kinetic analyses revealed a two-step, ping-pong, zinc-hydroxide mechanism of catalysis with km and kcat/km values of 3.1 mm co ...201323475974
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